521:
Only Poles could be the citizens, but he also recognized
Belarusians and Ukrainians as Poles, but excluded Germans, Jews and others from this group. The state was to be governed by the Political Organization of the Nation, its members elected the Superior for a 5-year term and the legislature (a collegial body). The Superior appointed the government. The system also provided for a referendum among the Organization's members. The education of children would be handled by the Political and Educational Organization of the Nation, mainly concerned with the selection of the best, as well as the Polonization of Slavic minorities. Piasecki also developed the theory of the "ideological attack," a sudden ideological transformation of Polish society, achieved through the activities of the nationalist youth. His main political adversary in
757:, around which he began gathering his supporters and also published the ideological manifesto "The Grand Ideology of the Polish Nation". The political goals and objectives expressed therein became the basis of the organizations led by Piasecki. In "The Grand Ideology," Piasecki outlined a vision of a Poland ruled by a morally high and law-abiding elite that would lead the nation to its historical goal, that is, the creation of a Slavic Empire, in which Poland is to be a guiding force. In Piasecki's thought, compared to the pre-war period, there is a shift away from totalitarian ideals to "universalism," while maintaining an aversion to democracy. Piasecki's program remained strongly
33:
568:
496:. However, it was quickly dominated by radical activists originating from the OWP Youth Movement (Ruch Młodych OWP). The Academic Branch was the Warsaw University-only counterpart of the All-Polish Youth, which was the main student organization of the nationalist movement. He quickly became one of the leading activists of the Academic Branch, and was ahead of others in the radicalism of his views. In 1932, a brochure published by the Academic Branch of the PLO appeared:
822:), that is, to take military action that would eventually lead to the realization of the idea of a Slavic Empire. In Piasecki's mind, the German-Soviet struggle will not end in victory for either side, and into the resulting vacuum will step the troops he is creating, whose bold strike will impress the masses who will follow in their footsteps. To this end, he undertook the organization of partisan units that were to set out for the
803:
794:
organizations to leave. As a result, by the spring of 1942, only
Piasecki's supporters remained in the KN, and he became its undisputed leader as the Main Commander. His deputy was, with the title of Head of the Home Organization or Head of the New Poland Movement, Jan Moszyński, and, after his arrest, Jerzy Hagmajer. Piasecki directly controlled the strike (combat) section.
610:, on 28 October 1937 Rutkowski formally became the head of the ZMP. Rutkowski was an associate of the ONR Falanga. Officially, Koc denied any connection with Falanga and Piasecki, but de facto ZMP soon came under Piasecki's influence. Koc himself was deeply fascinated by the young, then 22-year-old nationalist. At the same time Piasecki formed the terrorist
996:, where it fought a long battle to capture a fortified German point. This battle was successful, however, further advance collapsed. The Home Army resumed fighting alongside Soviet troops, and the Soviet occupation of Vilnius began on 13 July. The UBK (3rd Battalion, 77th AK Infantry) suffered losses of up to 40%.
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The parents of
Piasecki were Ludomir Piasecki and Pelagia Piasecka nee Kotnowska, both from a minor noble background. Piasecki was born in Łódź, but when he was two years old, his parents moved to Warsaw, where his father took a position as the manager of estates and forests of the Prison Department.
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organization (the acronym in Polish stands for either the
National Revolutionary Camp or the National Radical Organization), which attempted to collaborate with the Germans. Given Piasecki's strong anti-Germanism, this is unlikely. It seems more likely that he collaborated with the National People's
965:
The aim of
Operation Ostra Brama was to take advantage of the Soviet offensive and seize Vilnius during the retreat of the German army before the Soviet army arrived in the city, so that the Polish army would welcome the Soviet army as a host. Piasecki's unit was part of the eastern grouping of the
503:
Piasecki also became a member of the elite
National Guard, which was secretive internally within the nationalist camp. It was active in all leadership bodies of the SN and OWP. It was divided into three grades: White Eagle, Zet and the highest Home Fire, headed by Roman Dmowski. Piasecki had been a
676:, who, released from prison, sought revenge on the people who had led to his imprisonment. Brochowicz collaborated with the Gestapo and denounced a number of ONR members, including Piasecki, who were arrested on 13 December 1939. Piasecki was released on 16 April 1940 thanks to the intercession of
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in 1933, around which he began to gather like-minded activists. In the articles he published, he concretized his own theory of a future totalitarian Polish state. In his mind, power was to belong to the best, judged by their intellectual level, quality of character and degree of social commitment.
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demanding that the UBK be disbanded and the soldiers conscripted into the AK. Piasecki was not strong enough to refuse, but dragged out the talks. However, he did not stop the implementation of the Strike. He sent a patrol beyond the Bug River in
January 1943, under the command of Ryszard Reiff
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took over the latter. The Armed
Confederation merged with the Union of Armed Struggle during 1941. The KN, meanwhile, continued to take a position that was hostile to the Polish government in exile and its representatives in the country, while respecting their legality, causing other affiliated
927:. In February 1944 he was again in the unit. In March, the district commander Świda faced a field court for contacts with the Germans. Piasecki, as a lawyer, was on the jury. A death sentence was issued, which was suspended but Świda was forced to leave the district area, he was replaced by
1918:
500:. The pamphlet was anonymous, but Piasecki was most likely one of the authors. The brochure advocated depriving Jews of most of their civil rights, giving them the status of " belongers," as well as the universalization of property, and limiting the influence of big capital.
629:
severed any cooperation between the OZN and the ONR. Contributing to Koc's downfall were rumors that, at the behest of Gen. Edward Rydz-Śmigły, he was preparing, in cooperation with
Piasecki, an assassination attempt on the Śmigły's political opponents in the Sanation camp.
900:'s order of 17 August 1943, the units of Confederation of the Nation officially became part of the Home Army. They were to undertake activities in the Nowogródek District of the AK. He then decided to return to the unit, handing over the leadership of the KN temporarily to
788:
At the beginning of 1941, the
Confederation of the Nation was split into two branches: the political, which remained with the name Confederation of the Nation, and the military, which took the name Armed Confederation. Piasecki took over the leadership of the former, while
242:. During the war, he was active in the anti-German and anti-Soviet armed underground. Initially of national radical views, he became associated after the war with the ruling Polish communists and led a group of lay Catholics who collaborated with the communist regime.
515:
These events influenced Piasecki, who decided to form his own radical organization in the belief that the struggle between Endecja and Sanation would lead to radicals taking power in both camps. He was given an opportunity to do so by becoming editor-in-chief of
587:. From the name of the latter the name ONR Falanga adhered to the group. Piasecki sought to expand the group's influence and, in 1936, established the Youth Press Committee, which was tasked with the cooperation of all right-wing, anti-communist magazines.
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area. This first expedition ended in failure, the unit was broken up by the Germans, 4 members were killed, 30 were taken prisoner, some returned to Warsaw. The defeat of the expedition caused dissatisfaction in the AK Headquarters, with General
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a magazine edited and published by students, there he published theoretical texts in which he for the first time expressed the basis of his later political activity and beliefs: anti-individualism, the role of social activity, mono-ethnicity.
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member of the White Eagle since 1932 and Zet since 1934. The National Guard existed to sustain activity in the event of the outlawing of the openly operating OWP and SN. In mid-1932 this actually happened in the two strongest voivodeships,
663:
ordered the destruction of equipment. Piasecki decided to return to Warsaw, where he arrived in early October. Piasecki's steps after returning to Warsaw are not clear. According to some accounts, he was supposed to cooperate with the
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village and was to attack the city from the east towards Subocz Street (today Subačiaus gatvė). Piasecki's unit numbered 711 soldiers, entered the battle at midnight from 6 to 7 July 1944, met resistance in the area of the village of
512:. In 1933, the OWP protested against the planned abolition of university autonomy. The strike, co-organized by Piasecki, collapsed and was a pretext for the complete outlawing of the OWP which happened in March 1933.
904:. Piasecki then rejoined the unit and reached the Nowogródek District of the Home Army in October. There, the UBK was named the 3rd Battalion of the 77th Infantry Regiment of the Home Army. His direct superior was
624:
It was the highest point in Piasecki's pre-war career. However, it ended rather quickly. The OZN's cooperation with the ONR discredited Koc, who was removed from his post, and on 22 April 1938 new chief of OZN
1937:
Mikołaj Kunicki (2005). "The Red and the Brown: Boleslaw Piasecki, the Polish Communists, and the Anti-Zionist Campaign in Poland, 1967-68". East European Politics & Societies 19 (2): pp. 185–225.
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Several attempts to re-establish cooperation with the Sanation were unsuccessful, and Piasecki's organization was losing ground, with more collaborators leaving him. In July 1939 he was forced to close
1073:
and was the chairman of its governing body (until his death). Piasecki described the newspaper's primary aim as "the reconstruction of a Catholic doctrine with respect to the ongoing conflict between
946:, over to his side. To this end, he sent patrols to the territory of pre-war Lithuania, and also entered into talks with the AK district command on his plans. These attempts, however, led to nothing.
1096:, revolted and quit their posts at the party and newspapers. Afterwards, the importance of PAX diminished (and Piasecki's role along with it). Piasecki had also never been accepted by the mainstream
395:, revolted and quit their posts at the party and newspapers. Afterwards, the importance of PAX diminished (and Piasecki's role along with it). Piasecki had also never been accepted by the mainstream
826:
and take up arms there against the Germans and the Soviet partisans. Piasecki's group was small in number, but supported but one of the most important cultural periodicals of the Polish Underground
372:
and was the chairman of its governing body until his death. Piasecki described the newspaper's primary aim as "the reconstruction of a Catholic doctrine with respect to the ongoing conflict between
616:
2035:
704:
446:
2030:
2025:
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The NOG was a clandestine youth organization of the National Party operating in high schools where political activity was prohibited. Soon Piasecki became the administrator of
1025:
decided to march towards Warsaw. Piasecki arrived there in mid-August, when the uprising was already underway. He did not decide to break through to the city. Piasecki's wife
1015:
909:
869:"Jacek", which turned into a detachment of the 8th Striking Cadre Battalion. In May, the 1st, 4th, and 6th UBKs went into the field, heading towards the village of
526:
896:
After the arrest of Stefan Rowecki, Bolesław Piasecki returned to Warsaw. There, he quickly concluded merger talks with the Home Army and, on the basis of General
877:. On 28 May Piasecki joined the units. However, clumsy synchronisation resulted in the troops being surrounded by the Germans, who managed to break through near
2040:
472:). According to his associates, as a reason for his sudden interest in politics he reportedly replied at the time, "I realized that I will be ruling Poland."
445:
prevailed, but initially, Piasecki did not show an active interest in politics. This changed dramatically in 1929 when, at the age of 14, Piasecki joined the
893:"Szczęsny", Julian Jagodziński, Zbigniew Łakiński "Grodniak" and Zbigniew Czarnocki "Czarny". Bolesław Piasecki was in the unit commanded by Ryszard Reiff.
1043:
As a result of the betrayal of UBK soldier Ryszard Romanowski "Babinicz", Bolesław Piasecki was arrested on the night of 11-12 November 1944 in Józefów.
1108:
from subscribing to Piasecki's newspapers. In 1957 Piasecki's teenage son Bohdan was abducted and later found murdered, possibly by agents of the Polish
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733:
organisation. In April 1940, these organizations formed the Committee of Agreement of Independence Organizations, and in September 1940 the more compact
2010:
905:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
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492:(OWP). The OWP was intended as an organization founded by National Democracy activists to bring together all right-wing parties against the rule of
901:
715:
621:. Piasecki's militia carried out anti-Semitic attacks, attacked left-wing organizations, and fought against a rival part of the ONR, the ONR ABC.
1240:
1000:
881:. The grouping of 160-200 men was divided into three parts. One of them was almost completely broken up, the others reached the vicinity of
938:
Piasecki did not abandon his plans to create a Slavic Empire. To this end, he attempted to pull the Litauische Sonderverbände (also called
2060:
2045:
974:
304:
957:, the Nowogródek District of the AK was subordinated to the Wilno District, with Aleksander Krzyżanowski "Wilk" as commander of both.
1975:
913:
1062:
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361:
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from subscribing to Piasecki's newspapers. In 1957 Piasecki's teenage son Bohdan was abducted, possibly by agents of the Polish
684:. After his release from prison, he descended into the underground. On 24 May, a German special court sentenced him to death.
509:
1960:
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on 16 July, at which Polish officers were arrested. However, Piasecki, not trusting the Soviets, departed in the direction of
548:
1216:
505:
2020:
1109:
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923:. Piasecki was wounded and went to Warsaw for recuperation. There he helped organize another UBK unit under the command of
575:
At this point, a split occurred in the ONR. Piasecki's group (called bepists after his initials) first gathered around the
408:
289:
931:"Kotwicz". In March, Piasecki's unit, then numbering between 480 and 700 men, became part of the Group East, commanded by
709:
488:
In 1931, Piasecki enrolled in the Faculty of Law at Warsaw University. As a student, he joined the Academic Branch of the
451:
1066:
659:. The brigade fought until 20 September, when, faced with the impossibility of further fighting, its commander Colonel
365:
2050:
656:
1119:
from 1965, where he presided over the grouping of members associated with PAX. In 1971-1979 he was a member of the
602:. On 22 June 1937, the OZN youth organization, the Union of Young Poland, was established. Formally at its head was
418:
from 1965, where he presided over the grouping of members associated with PAX. In 1971-1979 he was a member of the
2055:
1985:
1965:
935:"Pal," and undertook a series of combat actions: six against Soviet partisans and thirteen against Germans.
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267:
276:
totalitarianism" and is considered by many to have been a fascist movement with ideological influences from
1970:
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918:
878:
2015:
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807:
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1112:. Nonetheless Pax remained a prominent organisation until 1989 and its successors still exist today.
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852:
411:. Nonetheless Pax remained a prominent organisation until 1989 and its successors still exist today.
396:
1014:, where he encountered other AK units that avoided the Soviet trap. Piasecki and Lieutenant Colonel
912:. There were about 5500 soldiers in the district. On 9 December, the UBK was attacked by Germans in
897:
890:
782:
687:
During this period, Piasecki became close to the conspiratorial nationalist organization Pobudka (
1120:
1082:
726:
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419:
381:
943:
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Military Organization or attempted to form his own organization: National Fight Organization.
595:
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After the war, in 1945, he co-founded and directed a so-called social progressive movement of
673:
350:
After the war, in 1945, he co-founded and directed a so-called social progressive movement of
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860:
766:
544:
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There, Piasecki attended the prestigious Jan Zamoyski Gymnasium. Both at home and at school,
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153:
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8:
1980:
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343:, in a drastic conversion from his previous stance began to cooperate with the Communist
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Piasecki was due to go after the fighting to a meeting of Polish and Soviet officers in
400:
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From this point on, Piasecki focused on carrying out the ambitious plan of the Strike (
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Guidelines on issues: Jewish, Slavic minorities, German, principles of economic policy
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1212:
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725:. Pobudka was one of the organizations that refused to subordinate themselves to the
720:
227:
Leon Całka, Wojciech z Królewca, Sablewski (18 February 1915 – 1 January 1979) was a
828:
1162:
681:
300:
2066:
Recipients of the Medal of the 10th Anniversary of the People's Republic of Poland
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The beginnings of conspiratorial activity were interrupted by the arrival of
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1081:." The organization also managed the Polish branch of the Catholic charity
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At the beginning of 1934, Piasecki became head of the Youth Section of the
380:." The organization also managed the Polish branch of the Catholic charity
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208:
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855:(UBK) began on 18 and 19 October 1942, with the fighters heading for the
806:
The vision of a Slavic Empire created during the Second World War by the
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In September 1939, he took part in the defense of Poland against the
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885:. There the grouping was divided into 5 detachments, commanded by:
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Speech by ONR Falanga leader Bolesław Piasecki, 28 November 1937
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National Fighting Organization "Life and Death for the Nation"
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Iron curtain : the crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944-1956
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by Ukrainian nationalists, 600 ONR activists ended up in the
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politicians, playing an important role in the leadership of
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737:(KN). At that time, he also began editing the KN newspaper
579:. After it was banned, it began publishing a new magazine,
415:
332:
261:. After his release, he became the leader of the illegal,
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In 1937, Piasecki established cooperation with the ruling
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Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1944–1989)
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1413:
1401:
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1374:
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1061:(Polish: Today and Tomorrow). The magazine attacked the
1338:
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1172:(1964), previously awarded the Commander's Cross (1955)
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The grouping concentrated on 4 July in the area of the
848:) which gave their cause significant symbolical halo.
2031:
Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta
2026:
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
1910:
Bolesław Piasecki. An attempt at a political biography
1261:
288:. Nevertheless Piasecki refused to cooperate with the
1115:
In later years, Piasecki was a member of the Polish
1088:
In 1955 several important members of Pax, including
414:
In later years, Piasecki was a member of the Polish
387:
In 1955 several important members of Pax, including
483:
1921:[Fanatic of politics (Bolesław Piasecki)]
583:(Youth Movement), and in July 1936, the magazine
1942:
714:. There Piasecki became close to a group led by
315:in 1943) and taking part in the fighting around
729:(ZWZ), which at that time was considered to be
323:in 1939, and after his release fought with the
1906:Bolesław Piasecki. Próba biografii politycznej
1065:opposition and endorsed the government in the
646:
606:, but in fact its leadership was exercised by
364:opposition and endorsed the government in the
2041:Recipients of the Order of the Banner of Work
1085:after it was nationalized by the government.
384:after it was nationalized by the government.
331:. Afterwards, he was arrested by the Soviet
1136:
833:
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688:
457:
45:Leader of the Falanga National Radical Camp
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1239:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
942:), formed by the Germans and commanded by
163:Leon Całka, Wojciech z Królewca, Sablewski
31:
2011:Polish military personnel of World War II
1206:
1126:
1055:, grouped around the weekly publication
801:
566:
354:, grouped around the weekly publication
16:Polish politician and writer (1915–1979)
1904:Dudek, Antoni; Pytel, Grzegorz (1990).
1151:), Warsaw June-July 1940. (clandestine)
1146:The Grand Ideology of the Polish Nation
908:"Lech," and the district commander was
1943:
1919:"Fanatyk polityki (Bolesław Piasecki)"
703:) led by pre-war ONR-Falanga activist
339:. After being interrogated by Marshal
1155:
2006:Members of the Polish Sejm 1976–1980
2001:Members of the Polish Sejm 1972–1976
1996:Members of the Polish Sejm 1969–1972
1991:Members of the Polish Sejm 1965–1969
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
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940:Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force
559:. Among them was Bolesław Piasecki.
1168:Commander's Cross with Star of the
1046:
641:
13:
1927:Kwartalnik Historii Prasy Polskiej
1897:
430:
14:
2077:
2061:Inmates of Bereza Kartuska Prison
2046:National Radical Camp politicians
1912:] (in Polish). London: Aneks.
1255:"Archiwum Polityki - Polityka.pl"
1189:
1133:Wielka Ideologia Narodu Polskiego
1069:campaign. In 1947 he created the
680:, who maybe even intervened with
368:campaign. In 1947 he created the
249:he was one of the more prominent
1976:Camp of Great Poland politicians
657:Warsaw Armored Motorized Brigade
484:Beginnings of political activity
1067:1946 Polish people's referendum
949:In May, in preparation for the
638:magazine due to lack of funds.
447:National Gymnasium Organization
366:1946 Polish people's referendum
1247:
966:Home Army, commanded by Major
960:
705:Witold Rothenburg-Rościszewski
1:
1182:
824:eastern territories of Poland
797:
456:(NOG), also known as "Noga",
435:
272:This organisation advocated "
257:. In 1934 he was interned in
1917:Jakubowska, Urszula (1992).
425:
360:. The magazine attacked the
7:
2021:University of Warsaw alumni
1176:Order of the Banner of Work
1110:Ministry of Public Security
808:Confederation of the Nation
735:Confederation of the Nation
647:Confederation of the Nation
543:, and later co-founded the
409:Ministry of Public Security
319:. He was imprisoned by the
309:Confederation of the Nation
10:
2082:
1170:Order of Polonia Restituta
1092:and future Prime Minister
810:, led by Bolesław Piasecki
678:Luciana Frassati Gawronska
562:
391:and future Prime Minister
1098:Catholic Church in Poland
397:Catholic Church in Poland
214:
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127:
100:
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79:
68:
63:Leader of PAX Association
61:
50:
43:
39:
30:
23:
2051:Polish magazine founders
1207:Applebaum, Anne (2013).
853:Striking Cadre Battalion
345:Polish People's Republic
221:Bolesław Bogdan Piasecki
2056:Polish magazine editors
1986:PAX Association members
1121:Polish Council of State
1083:Caritas Internationalis
1016:Janusz Prawdzic-Szlaski
910:Janusz Prawdzic-Szlaski
727:Union of Armed Struggle
420:Polish Council of State
382:Caritas Internationalis
307:, leading the grouping
303:he was a member of the
195:Confederation of Nation
1966:Polish Roman Catholics
1888:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1876:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1864:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1852:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1837:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1822:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1810:Dudek & Pytel 1990
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1762:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1750:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1738:Dudek & Pytel 1990
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1714:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1702:Dudek & Pytel 1990
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1615:Dudek & Pytel 1990
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1588:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1576:Dudek & Pytel 1990
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1540:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1456:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1444:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1432:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1420:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1408:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1396:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1384:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1369:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1357:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1345:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1333:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1321:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1309:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1297:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1280:Dudek & Pytel 1990
1268:Dudek & Pytel 1990
891:Stanisław Karołkiewicz
819:
811:
596:Camp of National Unity
572:
259:Bereza Kartuska Prison
247:Second Polish Republic
1961:Politicians from Łódź
1127:Selected publications
1063:Polish People's Party
955:Operation Ostra Brama
851:The march of the 1st
805:
594:, primarily with the
570:
551:of Interior Minister
545:National-Radical Camp
362:Polish People's Party
255:National Radical Camp
173:Years of service
1161:Silver Cross of the
944:Povilas Plechavičius
674:Stanisław Brochowicz
655:as a soldier in the
557:Bereza Kartuska camp
527:Wojciech Wasiutyński
525:editorial staff was
490:Camp of Great Poland
290:occupation of Poland
154:University of Warsaw
1971:Polish nationalists
929:Maciej Kalenkiewicz
785:aspects appeared.
443:national traditions
2016:Home Army officers
1824:, p. 144-145.
1812:, p. 143-144.
1800:, p. 142-143.
1728:, p. 131-134.
1716:, p. 130-131.
1692:, p. 125-128.
1668:, p. 121-122.
1644:, p. 115-119.
1590:, p. 111-112.
1566:, p. 107-110.
1542:, p. 106-107.
1497:, p. 222-223.
1178:, 1st Class (1969)
1156:Honours and awards
1094:Tadeusz Mazowiecki
968:Antoni Olechnowicz
898:Tadeusz Komorowski
812:
573:
553:Bronisław Pieracki
393:Tadeusz Mazowiecki
335:and imprisoned in
251:Polish nationalist
240:political theorist
1218:978-1-4000-9593-3
951:Operation Tempest
933:Stanislaw Dedelis
791:Jan Włodarkiewicz
627:Adam Skwarczyński
547:(ONR). After the
311:(merged into the
305:Polish resistance
282:Spanish Falangism
218:
217:
25:Bolesław Piasecki
2073:
1934:
1924:
1913:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1458:, p. 28-33.
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1434:, p. 26-27.
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1372:
1371:, p. 22-23.
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1311:, p. 12-13.
1306:
1300:
1294:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1230:
1204:
1163:Virtuti Militari
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1104:prohibiting the
1102:Stefan Wyszyński
1100:, with Cardinal
1047:Communist Poland
1035:
1024:
1012:Rūdninkai Forest
1009:
995:
983:
922:
861:Sokołów Podlaski
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
724:
713:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
642:Second World War
620:
535:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
455:
403:prohibiting the
401:Stefan Wyszyński
399:, with Cardinal
301:Second World War
271:
168:Military service
134:
111:18 February 1915
110:
108:
96:Personal details
82:
73:
55:
35:
21:
20:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
1941:
1940:
1933:(3–4): 221–229.
1922:
1900:
1898:Further reading
1895:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1528:Jakubowska 1992
1526:
1522:
1516:Jakubowska 1992
1514:
1501:
1495:Jakubowska 1992
1493:
1489:
1483:Jakubowska 1992
1481:
1474:
1468:Jakubowska 1992
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1232:
1231:
1219:
1205:
1190:
1185:
1158:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1129:
1090:Janusz Zabłocki
1071:PAX Association
1049:
1029:
1027:Halina Piasecka
1018:
1003:
989:
977:
963:
916:
859:forests in the
845:
842:
839:
836:
800:
754:
751:
748:
745:
718:
707:
700:
697:
694:
691:
653:German invasion
649:
644:
614:
608:Jerzy Rutkowski
577:Akademik Polski
565:
529:
523:Academic Polski
518:Akademik Polski
486:
469:
466:
463:
460:
449:
438:
433:
431:Interwar period
428:
389:Janusz Zabłocki
370:PAX Association
329:Warsaw Uprising
286:Italian Fascism
266:
136:
132:
118:Congress Poland
112:
106:
104:
80:
74:
69:
56:
51:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1914:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:, p. 150.
1880:
1878:, p. 149.
1868:
1866:, p. 148.
1856:
1854:, p. 147.
1841:
1839:, p. 145.
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1788:, p. 142.
1778:
1776:, p. 140.
1766:
1764:, p. 138.
1754:
1752:, p. 137.
1742:
1740:, p. 136.
1730:
1718:
1706:
1704:, p. 127.
1694:
1682:
1680:, p. 124.
1670:
1658:
1656:, p. 120.
1646:
1634:
1632:, p. 114.
1619:
1617:, p. 113.
1604:
1602:, p. 112.
1592:
1580:
1578:, p. 111.
1568:
1556:
1554:, p. 110.
1544:
1532:
1530:, p. 224.
1520:
1518:, p. 223.
1499:
1487:
1485:, p. 222.
1472:
1470:, p. 221.
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1246:
1217:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1128:
1125:
1048:
1045:
962:
959:
902:Jerzy Hagmajer
866:Stefan Rowecki
843:Art and Nation
829:Sztuka i Naród
799:
796:
783:anti-Ukrainian
759:anti-communist
716:Jerzy Hagmajer
661:Stefan Rowecki
648:
645:
643:
640:
564:
561:
541:National Party
485:
482:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
216:
215:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:
135:(aged 63)
131:1 January 1979
129:
125:
124:
122:Russian Empire
102:
98:
97:
93:
92:
89:
88:
83:
77:
76:
66:
65:
59:
58:
48:
47:
41:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2078:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1446:, p. 33.
1445:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1422:, p. 26.
1421:
1416:
1410:, p. 24.
1409:
1404:
1398:, p. 34.
1397:
1392:
1386:, p. 23.
1385:
1380:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1359:, p. 22.
1358:
1353:
1347:, p. 19.
1346:
1341:
1335:, p. 17.
1334:
1329:
1323:, p. 18.
1322:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1299:, p. 11.
1298:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1282:, p. 10.
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1053:lay Catholics
1044:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
988:
981:
976:
971:
970:"Pohorecki".
969:
958:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
926:
925:Ryszard Reiff
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
887:Ryszard Reiff
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
862:
858:
854:
849:
831:
830:
825:
821:
817:
809:
804:
795:
792:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
740:
736:
732:
728:
722:
717:
711:
706:
685:
683:
679:
675:
670:
667:
662:
658:
654:
639:
637:
631:
628:
622:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
569:
560:
558:
554:
550:
549:assassination
546:
542:
537:
533:
528:
524:
519:
513:
511:
507:
501:
499:
495:
491:
481:
478:
473:
453:
448:
444:
423:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:
353:
352:lay Catholics
348:
346:
342:
338:
337:Lublin Castle
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:Armia Krajowa
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
294:Nazi invasion
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:anti-Semitism
275:
269:
264:
263:extreme right
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
230:
226:
222:
213:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
162:
158:
155:
152:
150:
146:
143:
139:
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
103:
99:
94:
90:
87:
86:Ryszard Reiff
84:
78:
72:
67:
64:
60:
54:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1930:
1926:
1909:
1905:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1490:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1275:
1270:, p. 9.
1263:
1249:
1211:. New York.
1208:
1132:
1114:
1087:
1058:Dziś i Jutro
1056:
1050:
1042:
998:
972:
964:
948:
937:
895:
850:
827:
813:
787:
775:anti-liberal
771:anti-Russian
763:anti-Semitic
738:
686:
671:
650:
635:
632:
623:
589:
584:
581:Ruch Młodych
580:
576:
574:
538:
522:
517:
514:
502:
497:
487:
477:Życie Szkoły
476:
474:
439:
413:
386:
357:Dziś i Jutro
355:
349:
298:
244:
220:
219:
209:World War II
205:Battles/wars
133:(1979-01-01)
81:Succeeded by
70:
52:
18:
1956:1979 deaths
1951:1915 births
1030: [
1019: [
1004: [
990: [
978: [
961:Ostra Brama
917: [
906:Józef Świda
767:anti-German
739:Nowa Polska
731:sanationist
719: [
708: [
615: [
530: [
450: [
299:During the
268:ONR-Falanga
160:Nickname(s)
1981:Falangists
1945:Categories
1183:References
1079:capitalism
798:The Strike
752:New Poland
510:Pomeranian
436:Early life
378:capitalism
341:Ivan Serov
292:after the
236:politician
185:Lieutenant
149:Alma mater
107:1915-02-18
1235:cite book
1227:818318116
879:Trzcianka
820:Uderzenie
698:Awakening
682:Mussolini
426:Biography
325:Home Army
296:of 1939.
199:Home Army
176:1939–1945
75:1947–1979
71:In office
57:1935–1939
53:In office
1038:uprising
1001:Bagušiai
975:Sajliuki
604:Adam Koc
600:Adam Koc
592:Sanation
494:Sanation
274:Catholic
265:faction
1140:
1075:Marxism
914:Burnosy
883:Knyszyn
875:Wyszków
873:, near
871:Dalekie
857:Sterdyń
837:
779:elitist
746:
692:
636:Falanga
598:led by
585:Falanga
563:Falanga
461:
374:Marxism
327:in the
321:Gestapo
317:Vilnius
245:In the
1225:
1215:
1165:(1944)
1106:clergy
987:Guriai
816:Polish
781:, but
777:, and
506:Poznań
405:clergy
284:, and
232:writer
229:Polish
142:Poland
138:Warsaw
1923:(PDF)
1908:[
1034:]
1023:]
1008:]
994:]
982:]
921:]
723:]
712:]
619:]
534:]
467:a leg
454:]
225:alias
1241:link
1223:OCLC
1213:ISBN
1137:lit.
1117:Sejm
1077:and
953:and
834:lit.
743:lit.
689:lit.
508:and
458:lit.
416:Sejm
376:and
333:NKVD
238:and
191:Unit
181:Rank
128:Died
114:Łódź
101:Born
666:NOR
1947::
1931:31
1929:.
1925:.
1844:^
1829:^
1622:^
1607:^
1502:^
1475:^
1376:^
1287:^
1237:}}
1233:{{
1221:.
1191:^
1123:.
1040:.
1032:pl
1021:pl
1006:lt
992:lt
980:be
919:be
889:,
818::
773:,
769:,
765:,
761:,
721:pl
710:pl
617:pl
536:.
532:pl
452:pl
422:.
347:.
280:,
234:,
223:,
197:,
140:,
120:,
116:,
1257:.
1243:)
1229:.
1149:'
1143:'
1135:(
846:'
840:'
832:(
755:'
749:'
741:(
701:'
695:'
470:'
464:'
270:.
109:)
105:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
