320:(police officers reporting other officers' misconduct) is not common. The low number of officers coming forward may have to do with the understanding that things happen in the heat of the moment that some officers would rather keep personal. Another reason officers may hesitate to go against the blue code may be that challenging the blue code would mean challenging long-standing traditions and feelings of brotherhood within the institution. The fear of consequences may play a large role as well. These consequences can include being shunned, losing friends, and losing back-up, as well as receiving physical threats or having one's own misconduct exposed.
138:" or failing to report any officer who is participating in corruption. If an officer is in violation of any of the officer misconduct federal laws, only the federal government can issue a suit. The police department is only responsible for preventing corruption among officers. If an officer is convicted, they may be forced to pay high fines or be imprisoned. To be convicted, the plaintiffs must prove that the officer was following the "code" or participating in negligence and unlawful conduct. It is often hard to convict an officer of following the code or other forms of corruption because officers are protected by defense of
261:"Additionally, a string of landmark Supreme Court decisions during the era gave new force both to individual privacy rights as well as to curbs upon Police Power: highly influential cases resulted in the strengthening of Fourth Amendment rights against unreasonable Search and Seizure, evidentiary rules forbidding the use at trial of evidence tainted by unconstitutional police actions, and the establishment of the so-called Miranda Warning requiring officers to advise detained suspects of their constitutional rights."
2165:
90:) undertook a two-year investigation on perjury in law enforcement. They discovered that some officers falsified documents such as arrest reports, warrants and evidence to provide "cover" for an illegal arrest or search. Some police officers also fabricated stories when testifying before a jury. The commission found that the officers were not lying for greed but because they believed that they were imprisoning people who deserved it. Many
204:, commissioned to investigate reports of police corruption in New York City, noted that "The pervasiveness of the code of silence is itself alarming." One New York City police officer said, "If a cop decided to tell on me, his career's ruined... He's going to be labeled as a rat." The following year saw the founding of the
79:
for personal matters or in order to protect or support fellow officers. All of these are considered illegal offenses and are grounds for suspension or immediate dismissal. Officers who follow the code are unable to report fellow officers who participate in corruption due to the unwritten laws of their "police family".
280:
Police culture, or "cop culture", as it is sometimes called by police officers, has resulted in a barrier against stopping corrupt officers. Police culture involves a set of values and rules that have evolved through the experiences of officers and which are affected by the environment in which they
78:
The code is one example of police corruption and misconduct. Officers who engaged in discriminatory arrests, physical or verbal harassment, and selective enforcement of the law are considered to be corrupt, while officers who follow the code may participate in some of these acts during their careers
327:
because they want to uphold the law; the blue code goes against this ideal. Some officers inform on fellow officers' misconduct for less noble motives, such as to retaliate for mistreatment by fellow officers, to seek administrative recognition, or to prove loyalty to the department. Additionally,
344:
was the crime most commonly shielded by the code. Two studies suggest that some police feel that the code is applicable in cases of "illegal brutality or bending of the rules in order to protect colleagues from criminal proceedings," but not those of illegal actions with an "acquisitive motive".
381:
testing, and psychological evaluations, certain departments are better able to select individuals who are less likely to condone wrongdoing. In these departments, police are exposed to a basic training curriculum that instructs on ethical behavior; this instruction is reinforced in seminars and
308:
These values are claimed to lead to the code; isolation and solidarity leading to police officers sticking to their own kind, producing an us-against-them mentality. The us-against-them mentality that can result leads to officers backing each other up and staying loyal to one another; in some
271:
exists of perceived rewards or a dismissal of charges for an officer with overwhelming evidence of guilt for unlawful criminal offenses. This double standard is further supported by police commands providing the “slap on the wrist” after strategizing a delay to reduce public media attention.
85:
or "testilying" (in United States police slang) is when an officer gives false testimony in court. Officers who do not lie in court may sometimes be threatened and ostracized by fellow police officers. In 1992, the
Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption (also known as the
328:
some officers are recruited by their administration to inform. If it is in an officer's job description to find misconduct by other officers, they are more likely to go against the blue code. Officers who go against the blue code may have a deal to avoid being fired or to receive
183:
but highlighted a longstanding obstacle to investigating these abuses: the fraternal understanding among police officers known variously as "the Code of
Silence" and "the Blue Curtain" under which officers regard testimony against a fellow officer as betrayal. In 1991, the
372:
One method of minimizing the effects of the blue wall of silence is exposing those who follow it. Many states have taken measures in police academies to promote the exposure of the blue code. In most cities, before being admitted into the academy one must pass a criminal
227:. The officers involved were expected to have been following the "blue code". They claimed that the beating was lawful, but it was not until a videotape of the incident was released when it was confirmed that the officers had collectively fabricated their stories.
602:
2064:
284:
While learning jobs and duties, recruits will also learn the values needed to make it to a high rank in their organization. Some words used to describe these values are as follows: a sense of mission, action,
301:. The unique demands that are placed on police officers, such as the threat of danger, as well as scrutiny by the public, generate a tightly woven environment conducive to the development of feelings of
1851:
1203:
254:
was known for using police officers to violently end strikes. Many members of the Ku Klux Klan were police officers who protected each other when conducting racist acts. This later gave rise to the
114:. There are also some state laws put in place to help protect civilians and criminals from corrupt officers. If the officer is found guilty, officers can be sued by the victim for damage caused by
1893:
60:. If questioned about an incident of alleged misconduct involving another officer (e.g., during the course of an official inquiry), while following the code, the officer being questioned would
594:
1198:
264:
This would result in the criminalization of officers who (1) did not have the necessary paperwork to conduct a search or (2) were involved in falsifying documents or committing perjury.
385:
Several campaigns against the blue code of silence or for making it more visible in the public eye have taken place in the United States. One of the first of these campaigns was the
2101:
938:
1667:
1655:
1163:
2211:
1823:
1638:
2106:
356:
cases demonstrate that blue code culture can extend to cover-ups of other levels of crime, acquisitive or not. The code has been called "America's Most
Successful
1581:
1268:
1811:
1218:
505:; Wells, Scott (1998). "The "Blue Wall of Silence" and "the Blue Curtain of Secrecy" as Evidence of Bias and Motive to Lie: A New Approach to Police Perjury".
1898:
1888:
1273:
1952:
544:
1278:
1188:
705:
1233:
797:
242:
found evidence of growing police involvement in drug sales, theft of drugs and money from drug dealers, and perjured testimony about illegal searches.
234:
arrested 42 officers from five law enforcement agencies in 1998 on charges of conspiracy to distribute cocaine. In a 1998, report to U.S. Congressman
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has consistently held that officers be given the benefit of the doubt that they acted lawfully in fulfilling their duties, a position reaffirmed in
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668:
2206:
2148:
1113:
1054:
409:, and to recommend changes to improve these procedures. These and other investigations have revealed details of the inner workings of the NYPD.
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2143:
1672:
216:
1856:
1769:
728:
1624:
1549:
1542:
1908:
928:
1973:
1920:
1478:
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1300:
905:
1873:
1614:
1790:
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1461:
1446:
766:
1795:
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1439:
1419:
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57:
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1957:
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Police officers are more likely to cover up certain kinds of crimes by their colleagues. One study showed that excessive
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1589:
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1389:
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433:
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1327:
1175:
1099:
1045:"America's Most Successful Stop Snitchin' Campaign: The failure to protect whistle-blowing cops is inexcusable"
536:
208:, an all-civilian board tasked with investigating civil complaints about alleged misconduct on the part of the
26:
697:
323:
There are also forces that work against the code and promote whistleblowing. Many police officers do join the
2091:
1947:
1913:
1883:
1677:
1527:
1456:
1349:
224:
197:
1078:(Ed.) (1997) New York City Police Corruption Investigation Commissions. New York: William S. Hein & Co.
960:
Rothwell, Gary R.; Baldwin, J. Norman (2007). "Whistle-Blowing and the Code of
Conduct in Police Agencies".
789:
423:
1708:
1213:
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work. From the beginning of their career at their academies, police are brought into this "cop culture".
878:"Civilianising the 'Blue Code'? An Examination of Attitudes to Misconduct in the Police Extended Family"
2005:
142:, which is an exemption from penalties and burdens that the law generally places on private citizens.
1044:
2111:
2049:
1983:
1693:
1144:
329:
2071:
1868:
1713:
255:
22:
2221:
2034:
2029:
2020:
2010:
1988:
1978:
1698:
286:
999:
360:
Campaign", referring to cases where police covered up the misdeeds of fellow officers and where
134:. Federal laws strongly prohibit officer misconduct, including officers who follow the code by "
1158:
1126:
185:
518:
2116:
2054:
2039:
1122:
567:
127:
595:"Breaking the Blue Wall of Silence: Changing the Social Narrative About Policing in America"
1755:
1703:
258:, which gave new protections to the victims who had long suffered discriminatory policing.
219:
made a code of police conduct publication and rigorously trained police officers. In 1991,
405:
to investigate the nature and extent of corruption in the New York City Police
Department
106:. They train new recruits and investigate police officers if they have a complaint from a
8:
2000:
1863:
1091:
877:
180:
2131:
2076:
1762:
1019:
977:
897:
839:
701:
464:
418:
146:
139:
123:
1776:
1079:
1049:
1023:
981:
901:
856:
843:
644:
573:
514:
443:
398:
357:
353:
332:. Some officers have also been known to break the code to sell a story to the media.
201:
87:
73:
2196:
2086:
1878:
1816:
1011:
969:
889:
831:
386:
374:
168:
115:
250:
The code and police corruption stems from the mid-to-late nineteenth century. The
1223:
1075:
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502:
438:
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349:
268:
151:
103:
49:
45:
2015:
1993:
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1839:
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790:"Duty To Intervene Policies Aim To Prevent Officers From Using Excessive Force"
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131:
82:
61:
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835:
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973:
427:
402:
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53:
16:
Informal rule that
American police do not report misconduct by other officers
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1040:
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459:
341:
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294:
119:
1942:
220:
193:
189:
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135:
91:
2126:
479:
378:
364:
were harassed, professionally sanctioned, or forced into retirement.
822:
Skolnick, Jerome (2002). "Corruption and the Blue Code of
Silence".
448:
771:
767:"Denver Police Technician Cleared of Double Dipping - CBS Colorado"
751:
290:
111:
107:
302:
179:'s startling testimony against fellow officers not only revealed
1000:"Police Ethics and Integrity: Breaking the Blue Code of Silence"
747:"1 Year Later, DPD 'Double Dip' Case Unresolved - CBS Colorado"
851:
Sarre, Rick; Das, Dilip K.; Albrecht, Hans-Jörg, eds. (2005).
406:
56:'s errors, misconduct, or crimes, especially as related to
21:"Blue code" redirects here. For Code Blue emergencies, see
1121:
309:
situations it leads to not "ratting" on fellow officers.
2102:
Monument and memorial controversies in the United States
882:
International
Journal of Police Science & Management
426:, a police officer criminally charged and convicted of
223:
was brutally beaten by multiple police officers of the
64:
by feigning ignorance of another officer's wrongdoing.
2107:
Monuments and memorials in Canada removed in 2020–2022
1812:
2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States
397:
in 1970. Over 20 years after the Knapp
Commission the
1953:
171:
to hold hearings on the extent of corruption in the
643:(2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. pp. 6–8.
391:
Commission to Investigate Alleged Police Corruption
2212:Law enforcement controversies in the United States
451: – Southern Italian code of honor and silence
565:
2183:
1035:
1033:
850:
669:National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers
102:Many police departments have their own official
959:
853:Policing Corruption: International Perspectives
729:"Fairfield agrees to pay settlement to Rilling"
401:was established in 1992 by New York City Mayor
855:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 301–316.
1107:
1030:
217:International Association of Chiefs of Police
196:in March of that year by four members of the
25:. For the episode of Person of Interest, see
1857:Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm
1770:When the looting starts, the shooting starts
784:
782:
638:
997:
817:
815:
641:West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Vol. 8
566:Thurman, Quint; Giacomazzi, Andrew (2010).
430:, but allegedly protected by his colleagues
1852:Actions against memorials in Great Britain
1673:Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church
1114:
1100:
639:Lehman, Jeffrey; Phelps, Shirelle (2005).
534:
94:allowed police perjury to occur, as well.
926:
779:
501:
497:
495:
821:
812:
377:. Through additional background checks,
849:A similar version was published within
708:from the original on September 16, 2016
44:, are terms used to denote an informal
2207:Police misconduct in the United States
2184:
875:
530:
528:
492:
2217:Police brutality in the United States
2139:Police brutality in the United States
1974:2020–2023 United States racial unrest
1095:
1057:from the original on October 18, 2010
1039:
692:
690:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
592:
389:in New York (officially known as the
58:police brutality in the United States
1958:George Floyd Justice in Policing Act
1719:Aaron Danielson and Michael Reinoehl
1209:George Floyd Square occupied protest
367:
67:
525:
507:University of Pittsburgh Law Review
252:Pinkerton National Detective Agency
13:
908:from the original on July 25, 2021
800:from the original on July 20, 2020
726:
687:
665:"'Testilying' to Get the Job Done"
617:
605:from the original on July 14, 2020
434:Internal affairs (law enforcement)
335:
14:
2233:
1921:Strike for Black Lives (academic)
941:from the original on July 1, 2020
929:"Police Punish the 'Good Apples'"
547:from the original on June 3, 2020
470:West Midlands Serious Crime Squad
312:
275:
2164:
2163:
1909:Strike for Black Lives (general)
1874:Black Lives Matter street murals
927:al-Gharbi, Musa (July 1, 2020).
382:classes annually in some cases.
2060:Killing of Winston Boogie Smith
1894:Monuments and memorials removed
1661:Buffalo police shoving incident
1069:
991:
953:
920:
869:
759:
535:Ann Mullen (November 8, 2000).
210:New York City Police Department
206:Civilian Complaint Review Board
2045:Killing of Marcellis Stinnette
739:
720:
657:
593:Dubey, Narain (June 3, 2019).
586:
559:
192:in response to the beating of
27:Blue Code (Person of Interest)
1:
2149:Use of deadly force by police
2092:Minneapolis Police Department
1948:Ending Qualified Immunity Act
1884:Capitol Hill Occupied Protest
1678:St. Louis gun-toting incident
1219:2020–2023 local racial unrest
485:
225:Los Angeles Police Department
198:Los Angeles Police Department
998:Westmarland, Louise (2005).
824:Police Practice and Research
393:) which was headed by Mayor
52:in the United States not to
7:
2192:Law enforcement terminology
1214:2021 Minneapolis Question 2
412:
10:
2238:
2006:Killing of Rayshard Brooks
894:10.1350/ijps.2010.12.3.190
245:
71:
20:
2159:
2112:Police abolition movement
2050:Killing of Walter Wallace
1984:Killing of Breonna Taylor
1966:
1933:
1832:
1804:
1786:
1747:
1727:
1686:
1668:Vehicle-ramming incidents
1656:Police violence incidents
1648:
1637:
1580:
1232:
1187:
1174:
1133:
1016:10.1080/10439460500071721
836:10.1080/15614260290011309
569:Controversies in Policing
330:immunity from prosecution
240:General Accounting Office
2144:Use of torture by police
1869:Black Lives Matter Plaza
974:10.1177/0011128706295048
572:. Elsevier. p. 62.
537:"Breaking the blue code"
256:Civil Rights Act of 1964
230:In the later 1990s, the
173:city's police department
158:
23:Hospital emergency codes
2202:Criminal justice ethics
2065:List of other incidents
2035:Killing of Daniel Prude
2030:Killing of Dijon Kizzee
2011:Shooting of Jacob Blake
1989:Breonna Taylor protests
1979:Murder of Ahmaud Arbery
987:(subscription required)
155:, 533 U.S. 194 (2001).
97:
1279:San Francisco Bay Area
1127:murder of George Floyd
876:Wright, Barry (2010).
186:Christopher Commission
2117:Police accountability
2055:Killing of Andre Hill
2040:Killing of Alvin Cole
962:Crime and Delinquency
128:malicious prosecution
54:report on a colleague
2122:Blue wall of silence
1301:District of Columbia
1043:(October 18, 2010).
1004:Policing and Society
755:. December 16, 2015.
34:blue wall of silence
2001:Killing of Nina Pop
1864:George Floyd Square
1833:Social and cultural
727:Tepfer, By Daniel.
181:systemic corruption
2132:Qualified immunity
2077:Black Lives Matter
1269:Los Angeles County
702:Human Rights Watch
465:Adrian Schoolcraft
419:Christopher Dorner
348:Cases such as the
147:U.S. Supreme Court
62:perjure themselves
2179:
2178:
1929:
1928:
1777:Defund the police
1743:
1742:
1633:
1632:
1084:978-1-57588-211-6
862:978-0-7391-0809-3
796:. July 20, 2020.
698:"Code of Silence"
444:Spiral of silence
399:Mollen Commission
368:Exposing the code
354:police corruption
236:Charles B. Rangel
202:Mollen Commission
175:. Police officer
88:Mollen Commission
74:Police corruption
68:Police corruption
2229:
2167:
2166:
2087:Darnella Frazier
1879:Blackout Tuesday
1817:Operation Legend
1802:
1801:
1646:
1645:
1582:Outside the U.S.
1274:San Diego County
1185:
1184:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1093:
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1086:
1073:
1067:
1066:
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775:. July 28, 2016.
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736:
733:Connecticut Post
724:
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675:on March 9, 2010
671:. Archived from
661:
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428:DUI manslaughter
387:Knapp Commission
375:background check
297:, isolation and
215:After that, the
169:Knapp Commission
116:police brutality
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1962:
1935:
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1805:Law enforcement
1796:to the protests
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1782:
1763:I can't breathe
1739:
1723:
1709:Sean Monterrosa
1682:
1640:
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1576:
1235:
1228:
1224:Save the Boards
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1076:Gabriel J. Chin
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439:Rampart scandal
415:
395:John V. Lindsay
370:
352:and many other
350:Rampart scandal
338:
336:Levels of crime
315:
278:
269:double standard
248:
200:. In 1992, the
161:
152:Saucier v. Katz
104:code of conduct
100:
76:
70:
50:police officers
46:code of silence
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2222:Accountability
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2016:Kenosha unrest
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1994:Breonna Taylor
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362:whistleblowers
358:Stop Snitchin'
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313:Whistleblowing
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276:Police culture
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188:was formed in
167:organized the
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110:or an alleged
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2097:Wall of Moms
1899:Name changes
1889:Changes made
1844:
1735:Omar Jimenez
1699:David McAtee
1639:Violence and
1513:South Dakota
1503:Rhode Island
1491:Philadelphia
1486:Pennsylvania
1452:North Dakota
1234:Elsewhere in
1204:Arson damage
1189:Minneapolis–
1151:
1139:George Floyd
1137:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1048:
1007:
1003:
993:
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955:
943:. Retrieved
934:The Atlantic
932:
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910:. Retrieved
885:
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823:
802:. Retrieved
793:
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722:
710:. Retrieved
677:. Retrieved
673:the original
659:
640:
607:. Retrieved
598:
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568:
561:
551:December 29,
549:. Retrieved
540:
510:
506:
460:Robert Leuci
390:
384:
371:
347:
342:use of force
339:
325:police force
322:
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295:conservatism
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124:imprisonment
120:false arrest
101:
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31:
18:
1943:BREATHE Act
1936:legislation
1620:New Zealand
1615:Netherlands
1498:Puerto Rico
1395:Mississippi
1291:Connecticut
1061:October 18,
968:(4): 8–10.
830:(1): 7–19.
541:Metro Times
455:Joe Sánchez
424:Joseph Gray
221:Rodney King
194:Rodney King
190:Los Angeles
92:prosecutors
42:blue shield
2186:Categories
2127:Gypsy cops
1704:David Dorn
1550:Washington
1430:New Mexico
1425:New Jersey
1264:California
1191:Saint Paul
486:References
299:solidarity
136:testilying
2072:Anonymous
1787:Reactions
1649:Incidents
1590:Australia
1567:Wisconsin
1518:Tennessee
1390:Minnesota
1365:Louisiana
1199:Aftermath
1176:Locations
1145:memorials
1024:144402532
982:144899577
902:143867746
844:144512106
712:April 12,
679:April 12,
480:Gypsy cop
379:polygraph
163:In 1970,
38:blue code
2170:Category
2021:shooting
1934:Proposed
1543:Richmond
1538:Virginia
1479:Portland
1469:Oklahoma
1462:Columbus
1435:New York
1410:Nebraska
1400:Missouri
1385:Michigan
1375:Maryland
1360:Kentucky
1333:Illinois
1296:Delaware
1286:Colorado
1259:Arkansas
1236:the U.S.
1123:Protests
1055:Archived
939:Archived
906:Archived
804:July 20,
798:Archived
772:CBS News
752:CBS News
706:Archived
609:June 11,
603:Archived
545:Archived
413:See also
291:machismo
287:cynicism
140:immunity
112:criminal
108:civilian
2197:Secrecy
1967:Related
1748:Slogans
1728:Arrests
1605:Germany
1595:Belgium
1572:Wyoming
1555:Seattle
1533:Vermont
1405:Montana
1345:Indiana
1338:Chicago
1316:Atlanta
1311:Georgia
1306:Florida
1254:Arizona
1244:Alabama
1125:of the
945:July 2,
912:June 7,
519:1810012
513:: 233.
303:loyalty
246:History
36:, also
1687:Deaths
1600:Canada
1474:Oregon
1415:Nevada
1355:Kansas
1323:Hawaii
1249:Alaska
1082:
1050:Reason
1022:
980:
900:
859:
842:
647:
576:
517:
449:OmertĂ
130:, and
48:among
1610:Italy
1523:Texas
1370:Maine
1328:Idaho
1180:(map)
1159:trial
1020:S2CID
978:S2CID
898:S2CID
840:S2CID
159:Cases
1846:8:46
1756:8:46
1528:Utah
1457:Ohio
1350:Iowa
1080:ISBN
1063:2010
947:2020
914:2021
857:ISBN
806:2020
794:WBUR
714:2011
681:2011
645:ISBN
611:2020
574:ISBN
553:2014
515:SSRN
407:NYPD
145:The
122:and
98:Laws
40:and
32:The
1012:doi
970:doi
890:doi
832:doi
232:FBI
2188::
1793:·
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1032:^
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29:.
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