1696:
makes any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation; or (3) makes or uses any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry; shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years or, if the offense involves international or domestic terrorism (as defined in section 2331), imprisoned not more than 8 years, or both. If the matter relates to an offense under chapter 109A, 109B, 110, or 117, or section 1591, then the term of imprisonment imposed under this section shall be not more than 8 years.
1664:
privileges, or immunities secured by the
Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress, except that in any action brought against a judicial officer for an act or omission taken in such officer's judicial capacity, injunctive relief shall not be granted unless a declaratory decree was violated or declaratory relief was unavailable. For the purposes of this section, any Act of Congress applicable exclusively to the District of Columbia shall be considered to be a statute of the District of Columbia.
1368:. The store owner who reported the theft arrived at the scene and stated Sorrell and his friends were not the ones who had stolen from him. However, the officer still arrested Sorrell for possession of a concealed weapon, because he was carrying a folding knife with a 3 inch long blade in his pocket. In Maryland, non-automatic folding knives are not considered weapons under state law regardless of their length, and the lack of length limit had been upheld multiple times in the state's
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1372:. However, the officer erroneously believed the knife to be a weapon. Sorrell was released immediately after booking and was never prosecuted as there was technically no crime, and sued the police officer for false arrest. The officer's qualified immunity was denied by the court, and this decision was upheld in the US Court of Appeals.
1695:
a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, whoever, in any matter within the jurisdiction of the executive, legislative, or judicial branch of the
Government of the United States, knowingly and willfully— (1) falsifies, conceals, or covers up by any trick, scheme, or device a material fact; (2)
1352:
test. This doctrine can protect officials from liability when engaged in legal grey areas including qualifying discretionary actions in the arrests of suspects. However, the officer's actions must still not violate "clearly established law," or this protection is void. This includes executing an
1663:
Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or
Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights,
1330:
been committed. For example, a guard does not have reasonable and probable cause if a shopper has not yet paid for merchandise they are carrying in the belief that the person intends to leave without making payment. Instead, there must be an actual act committed – the person
1107:
In the United
Kingdom, a police officer may arrest a person if they are executing a warrant, if they have a "reasonable belief" that someone is involved in a criminal offence, or if they have a reasonable belief that someone is about to be involved in a criminal offence
1309:, as long as the arresting person believes the suspect is attempting to flee the scene of the felony scene. A person cannot be arrested on suspicion of committing a felony well after the fact unless the arresting officer possesses an arrest warrant.
1343:
In the United States and other jurisdictions, police officers and other government officials are liable for clear deprivation of rights, but are partially shielded from false arrest lawsuits through the doctrine of
1497:
Former Iraqi president and dictator Saddam
Hussein subjected people to arbitrary arrest, including people in Kuwait during the First Gulf war. Saudi Arabia and Iran also do similar things.
1235:
After an arrest, if the charges are dropped, a person will sometimes file legal action or a complaint against the appropriate arresting agency. In most jurisdictions, the arrest powers of
1326:
and retail stores. A guard cannot arrest someone merely on the suspicion that person is going to commit a theft. In most jurisdictions, there must be some proof that a criminal act has
1391:, where they have no extra powers beyond those of ordinary citizens and only police officers may execute warrants. In at least two prominent cases, bounty hunters were charged with
1112:
it is necessary to arrest that person. Proof of wrongful arrest depends on proving that an officer did not have a reasonable belief and that it was not necessary to arrest someone.
1095:, or without an order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction. Although it is possible to sue law enforcement officials for false arrest, the usual defendants in such cases are
1364:
2002). A police officer (McGuigan) detained a man shopping at a mall (Sorrell) based on the description of a suspect who had committed a theft at a store nearby, and proceeded to
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There have been some cases where police officers or bounty hunters have executed valid arrest warrants against the wrong person. Although many false arrest suits result in only
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arrest warrant against the wrong person. False statements by public servants to justify or cover up an illegal arrest are another violation of federal law.
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Individuals who realize that they are the target of false arrest might attempt to resist or flee. Fourteen U.S. states as of 2012 recognize the target's
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1939:
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185:
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The specific legislation governing, in
England and Wales, the reasons for which a police officer may arrest a person are in section 24 of the
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after taking custody of a bail jumper outside of the United States and bringing them back to the court that issued the warrant. One of them,
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In such jurisdictions – and under the narrowly-defined circumstances described above – resisting unlawful arrest may be used as a
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1932:
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Damages for unlawful arrest depend primarily on the time in custody and can be aggravated if the police acted maliciously.
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situations would generally not warrant attempting to elude law enforcement. However, there are some that would, such as:
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A police officer, or a person authorized by a jurisdiction's police powers act, may arrest anyone whom the officer has
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Justification for such action is often hard to prove in court, and only justified in certain circumstances. Simple
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the person making the arrest never identifying themselves, causing the defendant to believe they are the target of
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1776:"Saudi Arabia: arrests of dissidents and torture allegations continue | Saudi Arabia | The Guardian"
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to appear in court, unless there is reason to believe they will not appear in answer to the summons.
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Most cases where unlawful arrest was determined emerge from a claim that an arrest was unnecessary.
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1736:"The Perils of Bounty Hunting: Duane Lee "Dog" Chapman's Possible Extradition Fight"
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to such an extent as necessary to protect oneself from great bodily harm or death.
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1833:"Jamal Khashoggi: Saudi embassy street in US renamed after murdered journalist"
1406:, such mistakes usually result in large awards against the arresting officers.
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make an actual attempt to leave the store without paying for the merchandise.
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and police agents are in excess of those afforded to ordinary citizens (see
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the arresting officer used more force than necessary to effect the arrest,
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have been subject to suits for false arrest after attempting to execute
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2012:
2002:
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1163: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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970:
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1884:"Belgian aid worker jailed in Iran is freed after prisoner swap deal"
1858:"Iran protests: Secret committee 'punished celebrities over dissent'"
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issued by an appropriate court. In the United States, this includes
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offence) the officer may arrest the suspect only long enough to
1302:
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845:
1659:"42 U.S. Code § 1983 - Civil action for deprivation of rights"
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the reasonable belief that the person making the arrest is an
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for such resistance where it would otherwise be a crime (i.e.
1882:
Frater, Mostafa Salem,Catherine
Nicholls,James (2023-05-26).
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655:
1080:
262:
1348:, when such a violation qualifies as "not obvious," by a
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Any person may arrest someone suspected of committing a
1691:"18 U.S. Code § 1001 - Statements or entries generally"
1286:
offence, or non-criminal offence (such as a municipal
1716:
United States Court of
Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1318:Most cases of false arrest involve accusations of
1247:Anyone may arrest a person if in possession of an
2232:Race in the United States criminal justice system
2170:List of wrongful convictions in the United States
1424:so as to resist unlawful arrest. Typically, this
2359:
2331:List of death row inmates in the United States
1765:, 34 N.E. 968 (Ind. 1893).
1933:
1488:with the intent of victimizing the defendant.
1046:
182:The examples and perspective in this article
1906:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1409:
1399:, was extradited from the US and convicted.
1356:An example of this doctrine being tested is
306:Intentional infliction of emotional distress
2185:Overturned convictions in the United States
1638:Donald Race & Newton Solicitors Burnley
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1947:
1940:
1926:
1313:
1053:
1039:
446:Negligent infliction of emotional distress
1223:Learn how and when to remove this message
238:Learn how and when to remove this message
220:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
2319:Capital punishment in the United States
1610:"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984"
2360:
1881:
1263:to bring a criminal defendant who has
1921:
1801:"The Rape and Rescue of Kuwaiti City"
1798:
1120:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
2180:List of miscarriage of justice cases
2175:List of exonerated death row inmates
1677:"Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800"
1161:adding citations to reliable sources
1132:
168:
95:adding citations to reliable sources
66:
25:
1294:the suspect and give the suspect a
1278:offence. However, in the case of a
13:
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1259:) acting under the authority of a
14:
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2257:Ineffective assistance of counsel
2211:National Registry of Exonerations
1375:
1102:
41:This article has multiple issues.
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16:Unlawful arrest of an individual
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1454:, flight to avoid prosecution,
1148:needs additional citations for
772:Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
82:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
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1602:
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1512:Arbitrary arrest and detention
1:
1799:Kelly, Michael (1991-03-24).
1585:"When is an arrest unlawful?"
1522:
1274:to believe has committed any
882:(term used for torts in some
7:
2373:Law enforcement terminology
2237:Innocent prisoner's dilemma
1500:
778:Joint and several liability
196:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2409:
1537:"What is wrongful arrest?"
1413:
1322:, and are brought against
1087:alleges they were held in
552:Comparative responsibility
18:
2383:Abuse of the legal system
2339:
2311:
2270:
2224:
2198:
2160:
2130:Eyewitness identification
2076:
1955:
1679:. US Supreme Court. 1982.
1410:Resisting unlawful arrest
867:Non-economic damages caps
2303:Innocence Protection Act
1963:Prosecutorial misconduct
900:Private attorney general
854:Other topics in tort law
482:Principles of negligence
411:Alienation of affections
2298:Equal Protection Clause
2216:Investigating Innocence
2147:Tampering with evidence
1314:Citizens and businesses
765:Volenti non fit injuria
590:Ultrahazardous activity
557:Contributory negligence
2063:Spoliation of evidence
1949:Miscarriage of justice
1614:www.legislation.gov.uk
1366:search him for weapons
783:Market share liability
716:Shopkeeper's privilege
694:Statute of limitations
537:Restitutio ad integrum
386:Intrusion on seclusion
281:Trespass to the person
2288:Right to a fair trial
2142:Misinformation effect
1988:Selective enforcement
1983:Malicious prosecution
1978:Selective prosecution
1709:"Sorrell v. McGuigan"
1422:right of self-defense
895:Conflict of tort laws
661:Tortious interference
416:Criminal conversation
403:Malicious prosecution
2283:Exculpatory evidence
2262:Prosecutor's fallacy
2242:Blue wall of silence
2225:Contributing factors
2162:Wrongful convictions
1157:improve this article
393:Breach of confidence
202:create a new article
194:improve this article
184:may not represent a
91:improve this article
2008:Abuse of discretion
1998:Attorney misconduct
1956:Types of misconduct
1780:amp.theguardian.com
1565:ukpolicelawblog.com
1541:Hudgell Solicitors™
1358:Sorrell v. McGuigan
1267:to court for trial.
888:mixed legal systems
758:Respondeat superior
752:Vicarious liability
711:Defence of property
648:Insurance bad faith
562:Attractive nuisance
381:Invasion of privacy
21:False Arrest (film)
2325:Batson v. Kentucky
2271:Norms and remedies
2190:Wrongful execution
2108:Child sexual abuse
1589:www.saunders.co.uk
1517:False imprisonment
1438:the resistance is
1346:qualified immunity
1307:indictable offence
1284:summary conviction
788:Transferred intent
679:Assumption of risk
643:Restraint of trade
619:Rylands v Fletcher
451:Employment-related
300:False imprisonment
19:For the film, see
2388:Police misconduct
2355:
2354:
2206:Innocence Project
2135:Cross-race effect
2125:Eyewitness memory
2120:Mistaken identity
2091:Forced confession
2053:Witness tampering
2028:Legal malpractice
2023:Gaming the system
1973:Police corruption
1968:Police misconduct
1634:"Wrongful Arrest"
1462:for this reason.
1233:
1232:
1225:
1207:
1063:
1062:
936:England and Wales
891:
742:Last clear chance
737:Intentional torts
721:Neutral reportage
704:Defense of others
652:
585:Product liability
531:Res ipsa loquitur
518:Reasonable person
426:Breach of promise
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248:
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230:
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204:, as appropriate.
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2312:Related concepts
2293:Actual innocence
2247:Racial profiling
2098:False accusation
2086:False confession
2058:Brady disclosure
1993:Abuse of process
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1640:. 3 October 2018
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1350:US Supreme Court
1241:citizen's arrest
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513:Standard of care
398:Abuse of process
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1467:mistake of fact
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1387:outside of the
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1324:security guards
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1074:wrongful arrest
1070:unlawful arrest
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913:By jurisdiction
613:Public nuisance
542:Rescue doctrine
525:Proximate cause
437:Negligent torts
349:Dignitary torts
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2078:False evidence
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2048:Jury tampering
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2043:Sharp practice
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1591:. 29 June 2017
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1385:bench warrants
1381:Bounty hunters
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1376:Bounty hunters
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1299:
1272:probable cause
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1253:bounty hunters
1249:arrest warrant
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1172:"False arrest"
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1103:United Kingdom
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1093:probable cause
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651:(American law)
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629:Economic torts
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547:Duty to rescue
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315:Property torts
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188:of the subject
186:worldwide view
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106:"False arrest"
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1448:justification
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1389:United States
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1370:highest court
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1257:bail bondsmen
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1174: –
1173:
1169:
1168:Find sources:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1146:This section
1144:
1140:
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1129:United States
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961:United States
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442:
441:
438:
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427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:Sexual torts
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
387:
384:
383:
382:
379:
377:
374:
369:
366:
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359:
358:Appropriation
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210:December 2010
203:
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189:
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171:
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161:
158:
150:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108: –
107:
103:
102:Find sources:
96:
92:
86:
85:
80:This article
78:
74:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
2378:Criminal law
2323:
2278:Legal ethics
2018:False arrest
2017:
1891:. Retrieved
1887:
1877:
1866:. Retrieved
1864:. 2023-04-25
1861:
1852:
1841:. Retrieved
1839:. 2022-06-16
1836:
1827:
1816:. Retrieved
1804:
1794:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:
1770:
1759:
1754:
1743:. Retrieved
1739:
1730:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1642:. Retrieved
1637:
1628:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:
1604:
1593:. Retrieved
1588:
1579:
1568:. Retrieved
1564:
1555:
1544:. Retrieved
1540:
1531:
1507:Arrest quota
1496:
1486:impersonator
1464:
1460:manslaughter
1445:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1419:
1416:Use of force
1401:
1379:
1357:
1355:
1342:
1332:
1327:
1317:
1280:misdemeanour
1265:skipped bail
1234:
1219:
1210:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1167:
1155:Please help
1150:verification
1147:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1073:
1069:
1066:False arrest
1065:
1064:
986:Criminal law
905:Class action
770:
763:
756:
699:Self-defense
617:
595:Deep pockets
529:
491:Duty of care
253:Part of the
234:
216:
207:
183:
153:
144:
134:
127:
120:
113:
101:
89:Please help
84:verification
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
2068:Civil wrong
1397:Daniel Kear
1320:shoplifting
1255:(agents of
862:Tort reform
496:Trespassers
461:Malpractice
456:Entrustment
376:False light
2362:Categories
2038:Show trial
2013:Entrapment
2003:Bad apples
1893:2023-09-15
1868:2023-09-15
1843:2023-09-15
1818:2023-09-15
1785:2023-09-15
1745:2010-08-29
1721:2008-07-22
1644:2020-06-08
1619:2020-06-08
1595:2020-06-08
1570:2020-06-08
1546:2020-06-08
1523:References
1475:kidnapping
1414:See also:
1393:kidnapping
1183:newspapers
1083:, where a
1078:common law
971:common law
874:Quasi-tort
826:Injunction
819:Incidental
638:Conspiracy
363:Defamation
340:Conversion
255:common law
117:newspapers
46:improve it
1813:0028-6583
1213:July 2020
1085:plaintiff
981:Contracts
921:Australia
729:Liability
689:Necessity
577:liability
501:Licensees
421:Seduction
198:talk page
52:talk page
2368:Tort law
2252:Loophole
2199:Advocacy
1902:cite web
1862:BBC News
1837:BBC News
1501:See also
1362:4th Cir.
1328:actually
1292:identify
1276:criminal
1091:without
996:Property
991:Evidence
841:Replevin
809:Punitive
796:Remedies
670:Defences
604:Nuisance
575:absolute
506:Invitees
333:chattels
323:Trespass
263:Tort law
192:You may
2393:Arrests
2152:Frameup
1740:FindLaw
1479:robbery
1456:assault
1296:summons
1197:scholar
1099:firms.
1089:custody
1009:estates
836:Detinue
831:Tracing
814:Special
804:Damages
684:Consent
471:medical
367:Slander
295:Battery
290:Assault
272:Outline
131:scholar
1811:
1303:felony
1288:by-law
1237:police
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1007:, and
1005:trusts
969:Other
956:Taiwan
926:Canada
879:Delict
846:Trover
571:Strict
257:series
133:
126:
119:
112:
104:
1712:(PDF)
1204:JSTOR
1190:books
1076:is a
1001:Wills
973:areas
951:Japan
946:India
931:China
884:civil
656:Fraud
466:legal
370:Libel
200:, or
138:JSTOR
124:books
2103:Rape
1908:link
1809:ISSN
1440:only
1426:only
1333:must
1176:news
1081:tort
886:and
573:and
328:land
110:news
1888:CNN
1477:or
1434:and
1305:or
1159:by
1110:and
1072:or
93:by
2364::
1904:}}
1900:{{
1886:.
1860:.
1835:.
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1714:.
1693:.
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1563:.
1539:.
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1360:(
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1220:(
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217:(
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135:·
128:·
121:·
114:·
87:.
62:)
58:(
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