419:, and the battle for the control of the city erupted against Piłsudski's legionaries. It was a high-stakes gamble with all sides attempting to establish a new regime ahead of the European peace conference in Versailles of January 1919. Similar Polish uprisings erupted in Poznań on 27 December 1918, Upper Silesia in August 1919 then again in 1920 and May 1921 — separated by the ad-hoc (or outright illegitimate) plebiscites with trainloads of German agents acting as local inhabitants. In the spring of 1919, the Blue Army (no longer needed in the West) was transported to Poland by train. The German forces were very slow to withdraw. In all, some 2,100 soldiers of the Blue Army who enlisted in France from the Polish diasporas died in the fighting, including over 50 officers serving with Haller. Over 1,600 men were wounded. Haller's army included 25,000 ethnic Poles drafted against their will by the German and Austrian armies, out of 50,000 conscripts from across partitioned Poland. They joined Haller from the POW camps in Italy in 1919. The final borders of Poland were set only in October, 1921 by the
371:
1097:
390:
1089:
867:, some perpetrators of anti-Jewish violence legitimized their actions in the name of national self defense. Officers and soldiers in the Blue Army expressed these tendencies, and often treated all Jews as communists, despite the traditional religious character and political diversity of Jewish communities. Some of the more significant incidents of abuse were inflicted by the Polish-American volunteers. It is likely that the cultural shock of finding themselves confronted by a multitude of unfamiliar ethnic, political and religious groups that inhabited Western Ukraine led to a feeling of vulnerability, that in turn provoked the violent outbursts. Encyclopaedia Judaica writes that because of its French ties the Blue Army enjoyed independence from the main Polish command, and some of its soldiers exploited this when engaging in undisciplined action against Jewish communities in Galicia.
957:
1081:
277:
904:
916:
826:, was shot and wounded while on patrol. A Jewish tailor was suspected of the shooting, and was promptly executed by Haller's soldiers and accompanying civilians, who proceeded to loot Jewish homes and businesses, killing 5-10 Jews and injuring several dozen more. Pavel Korzec wrote that as the army traveled further east, some of Haller's soldiers, as a way to exact retribution, continued to loot Jewish properties and engage in violence. Willian Hagen described Haller's troops together with civilian mobs as assaulting Jewish policemen, beating worshipers and destroying Jewish prayer books in synagogues in eastern
892:
552:
765:
437:
640:
837:, in the year and a half prior to the Blue Army's arrival, the total number of Jewish casualties in the region was between 400 and 500; Haller's troops' violence caused this number to double. The Morgenthau Report estimated that the total number of Jews killed as a result of actions made by the Polish military (including the Blue Army) did not exceed 200–300. As a result of the Blue Army's activities, General Haller's visit to the United States was met with protests from American Jewish and Ukrainian communities.
750:
187:
353:
Polish-Americans were eager to fight for freedom and the
American-style democracy because they themselves escaped persecution by the empires who partitioned Poland a century earlier. When the war erupted, the American Polonia created the Polish Central Relief Committee to help with the war effort, although ethnically Polish volunteers arrived in France from all Polish diasporas at the same time numbering over 90,000 soldiers eventually. The
96:
85:
57:
2190:
855:
viewing the looting of Jews as partial re-compensation for their service. For soldiers from
Western Poland who remembered how many Jews have previously collaborated with Germany during a recent Polish-German conflict in 1919, this allowed framing of anti-semitic attacks as retribution on enemies of the Polish nation. Further, for many Poles Jews were associated with Bolshevism, and the
691:. Despite the diplomatic conditions, the Poles dispatched Haller's Army against the Ukrainians first, instead of the Bolsheviks. The tactical initiative was done in order to break the stalemate in eastern Galicia. In response, the allies sent several telegrams ordering the Polish government to halt its offensive, as using the allied-equipped army against the
585:, across Germany in sealed train cars. Weapons were secured in separate compartments and kept under guard to appease German concerns about a foreign army traversing its territory. Immediately after its arrival, the divisions were integrated into the regular Polish Army and sent to the front lines to fight in the
841:
wrote that in most cases it's impossible to disentangle gratuitous antisemitism from commonplace looting and soldier brutality. He claims that the term "pogrom" in the accepted sense of the deliberate killing of Jewish civilians could not be applied to the great majority of the incidents in which the
605:
On 15 April 1919 the regiment began its trip to Poland from the Bayon railroad station in four transports, via Mainz, Erfurt, Leipzig, Kalisz, and Warsaw, and arrived in Poland, where it was quartered in individual battalions; in Chełm 1st
Battalion, supernumerary company and command of the regiment;
598:
Preparations for the departure lasted for some time. The question of transit became a difficult and complicated problem. Finally after a long wait a decision was made and officially agreed upon between the Allies and
Germany. The first transports with the Blue Army set out in the first half of April,
1507:
Haller's army ("Blue Army"), force of Polish volunteers organized in France during the last year of World War I, responsible for the murder of Jews and anti-Jewish pogroms in
Galicia and the Ukraine... Attacks on individual Jews on the streets and highways, murderous pogroms on Jewish settlements,
740:
in Polish) on 18 June 1919. After pushing the
Bolsheviks east, the Blue Army advance halted and the troops engaged in small skirmishes until the end of the war. Haller's troops would try to entrap small units of Bolshevik soldiers as well as raid garrisons for food, ammunition and to spread panic
695:
specifically contradicted the status of the French military advisors, but the demands were ignored. The offensive by the Blue Army succeeded in breaking the stalemate and brought about a collapse of the West
Ukrainian army. In July 1919, after securing victory on the Ukrainian front, the Blue Army
884:
volunteers who served within Haller's Army were not recognized as veterans by either the
American or Polish governments. This led to friction between the Polish community in the United States and the Polish government, and resulted in the subsequent refusal by Polish-Americans to again help the
854:
there were a number of causes for the anti-semitic acts of the Polish forces. Socioeconomic tensions regarding land reforms and conflation of Jews with the landed class led to the feelings of hostility. Also, the lack of appropriate government compensation to the Polish soldiers led to soldiers
987:
served in the Blue Army. During World War I, he was drafted into the German Army in 1915 and fought on the western front. After being taken as a prisoner of war in France, he joined the Blue Army, and subsequently fought in the Polish-Ukrainian and Polish-Soviet wars. After ending his service
294:
Beginning in 1914, the Polish community in North
America began to organize in hopes of setting up a military organization with an end-goal of an independent Poland. In late 1914 a delegation was sent by the Polish-American group PCKR (Polski Centralny Komitet Ratunkowy / Polish Central Relief
352:
to accept Polish-American volunteers for service on the
Western Front in the name of Poland's independence. Some 24,000 Poles were taken in (out of 38,000 who applied) and after a brief military training, they were sent to France to join General Haller, including many women volunteers (PSK).
406:
who was just released by the Germans from Magdeburg. On 16 November 1918, Poland declared independence. A decree defining the new republic was issued in Warsaw on 22 November 1918. A month later, Paderewski joined in from France. At about the same time, heavily armed Ukrainians from the
299:
in hopes of setting up a Polish unit made up of North Americans of Polish ancestry, but the Canadian government rebuffed them. As the war dragged on, they tried again and found a supporter in Quebec industrialist William Evan Price III. With his contacts, the Polish delegation met
401:
between the Allies and Germany. Meanwhile, three interim Polish governments emerged independently of one another. A socialist government led by Daszyński was formed in Lublin. The National Committee emerged in Kraków. Daszyński (lacking support) decided to join forces with
361:
formed in France (led by Dmowski) as Poland's interim government, with Wilson's written promise (issued on 8 January 1918) to recreate a sovereign Polish state after their victory. Poland's long-term occupier, Tsarist Russia, got out of the war, overrun by the
629:
Weeks passed. April 1919 arrived – then plans were changed: it was decided irrevocably to transport our army to Gdańsk instead by trains, through Germany. Many officers came from Poland, among them Major Gorecki, to coordinate technical details with General
563:
The army continued to gather recruits after the end of World War I. Many of these new volunteers were ethnic Poles who were conscripted into the German, Austrian and Russian armies, and later discharged following the signing of the
308:, and pitched a "Polish Legion of Canada" composed of three battalions. This time there was considerable interest, and the Canadians sought and were given permission by British high command to start setting up a Polish Army Camp in
366:
who signed a treaty in Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918, which was voided after Imperial Germany was overthrown in November 1918 and the successor revolutionary government surrendered in the 11 November 1918 armistice.
915:
621:
Finally on 18 April 1919 the regiment's first transport set out for Poland. On 23 April 1919 the leading divisions of the 3rd Regiment of Polish Riflemen set foot on Polish soil, now free thanks to their own
613:
On 13 April 1919 the regiment set out across Germany for Poland, to reinforce other units of the Polish army being created in the homeland amid battle, shielding with their youthful breasts the resurrected
568:
on 11 November 1918. By early 1919, the Blue Army numbered 68,500 men and was fully equipped by the French government. After being denied permission by German officials to enter Poland via the
515:
that officially recognized the Polish military units in France as "the only independent, allied and co-belligerent Polish army." On 4 October 1918, the National Committee appointed General
2269:
256:, where it joined other Polish military formations fighting for the return of Poland's independence. The Blue Army played a pivotal role in ensuring Polish victory in the
370:
1919:
811:
Throughout the fighting on the Ukrainian front, soldiers from the Blue Army assaulted local Jews, believing that some of them were cooperating with Poland's enemies. In
2264:
1552:
Alexander Victor Prusin (2005). Nationalizing a Borderland: War, Ethnicity, and Anti-Jewish Violence in East Galicia, 1914–1920. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama
2111:
2234:
903:
1486:
1007:
shows the hierarchical organization of an armed force participating in a military operation or campaign. The Blue Army order of battle was as follows:
891:
328:. Over 20,000 men trained in Canada, equipped and paid by France. Yet even though the camp was in Canada and supported financially by the French, the
2274:
1907:
944:
enlisted and fought alongside ethnic Poles within the Blue Army, serving as soldiers, doctors and nurses. According to Edward Goldstein writing in
389:
948:, on examining a list of 1,381 casualty names compiled by Paul Valasek, he identified 62 (or approximately 5%) Jewish sounding names in the list.
2279:
593:. The perilous journey from France (through revolutionary Germany) to Poland in the spring of 1919 was documented by those who lived through it.
956:
1577:
Carole Finke. (2006). Defending the Rights of Others The Great Powers, the Jews, and International Minority Protection, 1878–1938. Cambridge:
2259:
1096:
1221:
Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities
499:, and soon after that, the army was directly commanded by independent Polish authorities. Also, more units were formed, most notably the
2113:
The Daily Life of Polish Soldiers Niagara Camp, 1917-1919 The Newspaper Columns of Elizabeth Ascher, St. Catharines Standard, 1917-1919
1088:
2229:
1299:
374:
358:
2244:
692:
349:
2091:
The Polish Army in France: Immigrants in America, World War I Volunteers in France, Defenders of the Recreated State in Poland
1377:
Outline of the Wartime History of the 45th Regiment of Eastern Frontier Infantry Riflemen, Major Jerzy Dabrowski, Warsaw 1928
1602:
1441:
1359:
Outline of the Wartime History of the 43rd regiment of the Eastern Frontier Riflemen, Major Stefan Wyczolkowski, Warsaw 1928
1275:
1229:
496:
481:
582:
732:
tanks, also played a significant role in the war. The Polish-American first engaged the Bolshevik forces near the town of
2194:
2120:
1368:
Outline of the Wartime History of the 44th Regiment of Eastern Frontier Riflemen, Major Stanislaw Bobrowski, Warsaw 1929
2249:
1695:
1632:
William W. Hagen. (2018). Anti-Jewish Violence in Poland, 1914–1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.316-322
2169:
2147:
1859:
1828:
1722:
Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947
1309:
1110:
822:
On 27 May 1919 a soldier by the name of Stanisław Dziadecki who served in one of the Blue Army's rifle divisions in
1494:
1080:
838:
1883:
1814:
1669:
991:
2284:
784:
777:
717:
341:
305:
565:
398:
226:
2254:
2224:
2219:
1749:
1405:
2025:
516:
230:
165:
62:
1540:
Defending the Rights of Others: The Great Powers, the Jews, and International Minority Protection, 1878–1938.
1115:
234:
124:
1772:
1539:
1524:
1350:
The Blue Division, Stanislaw I. Nastal, Polish Army Veteran's Association in America, Cleveland, Ohio 1922
1741:
856:
465:
441:
249:
1562:
712:
several Blue Army formations were merged with the regular Polish army, and jointed together to form the
671:. Their arrival allowed the Poles to repel the Ukrainians and establish a demarcation line at the river
276:
229:
worn by the soldiers. The symbolic term used to describe the troops was subsequently adopted by General
1845:
1760:
1578:
773:
713:
457:
20:
1699:
1673:
1037:
1032:
504:
500:
2003:(4). University of Illinois Press on behalf of the Immigration & Ethnic History Society: 38–60.
1092:'E' Company, 1st Depot Battalion Polish Contingent, Niagara Camp in Ontario Canada, 16 November 1917
700:, where it prepared defensive positions against a possible German invasion of Poland from the west.
472:
armies. Many other Poles also joined from all over the world—these units included recruits from the
2095:
1658:. Chicago : National Polish Committee of America. 8 October 2018 – via Internet Archive.
812:
664:
656:
590:
586:
329:
257:
146:
448:
The first divisions were formed after the official signing of a 1917 alliance by French President
1878:
1100:
Jan 11, 1918, Polish Blue Army 2nd Depot Battalion Polish Contingent at the Canadian Niagara Camp
816:
688:
556:
491:
The Blue Army was initially placed under direct French military control and commanded by General
469:
2239:
1737:
Nationalizing a Borderland: War, Ethnicity, and Anti-Jewish Violence in East Galicia, 1914–1920
551:
456:. The majority of the recruits, approximately 35,000 of them, were either Poles serving in the
253:
100:
1735:
1592:
1433:
1335:
1219:
830:. Polish police and regular army soldiers were occasionally able to restrain Haller's troops.
317:
1995:
Hapak, Joseph T. (1991). "Selective service and Polish Army recruitment during World War I".
684:
676:
453:
382:
354:
345:
265:
241:
150:
110:
89:
1265:
313:
764:
709:
528:
511:. On 28 September 1919, Russian government officials formally signed an agreement with the
240:
The army was formed on 4 June 1917, and was made up of Polish volunteers serving alongside
519:
as chief commander of the Polish Legions in France. The first unit to enter combat on the
8:
1656:"The Jews in Poland: official reports of the American and British Investigating Missions"
725:
721:
679:, and supported by experienced French officers specifically ordered to fight against the
520:
309:
449:
2060:
2012:
1967:
1787:
Moshe Landau (2007). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Macmillan Reference Detroit, USA. Volume 8.
1084:
1st Depot Battalion Polish Contingent, Niagara Camp in Ontario Canada, 16 November 1917
535:. By October, the entire 1st Rifle Division had joined the campaign around the area of
325:
540:
495:. However, on 23 February 1918, political and military sovereignty was granted to the
2165:
2143:
2139:
2076:
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2052:
2043:
2004:
1983:
1975:
1959:
1950:
1855:
1824:
1745:
1598:
1437:
1426:
1401:
1305:
1271:
1225:
925:
860:
792:
420:
720:. Haller's well trained and highly motivated troops, as well as their British built
639:
436:
65:
swearing for the Polish flag when he was nominated to command the Blue Army, c. 1918
921:
851:
532:
1386:
The Polish Army in France in Light of the Facts, Wincenty Skarzynski, Warsaw 1929
1528:
Central European University Press; pg. 215, via Google Books. Notes not included.
1334:
Reddaway, William Fiddian; Penson, J. H.; Halecki, O.; Dyboski, R., eds. (1971).
1261:
1004:
881:
508:
492:
477:
461:
321:
206:
198:
175:
1948:
Biskupski, M. B. (1999). "Canada and the Creation of a Polish Army, 1914–1918".
2089:
1800:
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864:
512:
114:
823:
2213:
2080:
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2008:
1987:
1963:
1519:
984:
976:
972:
964:
960:
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834:
599:
1919. Train after train tore along though Germany to the homeland, to Poland.
536:
473:
412:
1482:
1211:
800:
788:
749:
1775:
Poland's threatening other: the image of the Jew from 1880 to the present
1337:
The Cambridge History of Poland: From Augustus II to Pilsudski (1697–1935)
403:
393:
Flag offered to the Polish Army in France from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
2136:
Current Research on Anti-Semitism: Hostages of Modernization, Volumes 2-3
941:
245:
222:
186:
142:
2064:
2016:
1971:
1931:
754:
581:
Between April and June of that year, all the army units were moved to a
1465:"The Polish Army in France, Haller Army, Blue Army - Battles in France"
796:
680:
569:
363:
301:
261:
56:
260:. Later Haller's troops took part in Poland's defeat of the advancing
1340:. Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 477. GGKEY:2G7C1LPZ3RN.
980:
772:
The Blue Army's 15th Infantry Rifle Regiment formed a basis for the
574:
312:. With permission granted the Polish army-in-exile called its camp "
2041:
Pliska, Stanley R. (1965). "The 'Polish-American Army' 1917–1921".
1885:
The Galitzianer, the quarterly journal of Gesher Galicia, May 2002.
668:
1798:
Europe in exile: European exile communities in Britain, 1940–1945.
827:
697:
416:
2072:
1979:
648:
2189:
1643:
Dreamland: Europeans and Jews in the Aftermath of the Great War
1267:
The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War
875:
758:
672:
485:
340:
The emergence of the Blue Army was closely associated with the
296:
218:
95:
84:
2202:
488:
joined the army, with more than 300 men volunteering as well.
1920:
All in the Family: Chancellor Merkel's Heritage Pleases Poles
1297:
733:
729:
644:
555:
American recruitment poster for the Polish Army in France by
397:
The Blue Army was formally merged into the Polish Army after
1333:
606:
3rd Battalion in Kowel; and the 2nd Battalion in Wlodzimierz
1823:] (in Polish). Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa.
1816:Żydzi bojownicy o niepodległość Polski: 1918-1939: reprint
1813:
Getter, Norbert; Schall, Jakub; Schipper, Zygmunt (1939).
909:
Polish Veterans Association Elizabeth City New Jersey 1928
897:
Polish Veterans Association Convention Cleveland Ohio 1921
1571:
464:, who were conscripted and forced to serve in the German
994:, Commander of the II Batallon of the 1st Tank Regiment.
1733:
1616:
1614:
2270:
Military units and formations of Poland in World War I
1543:
Cambridge University Press; pg. 227, via Google Books.
1224:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 260.
1812:
1611:
975:, the paternal grandfather of the German chancellor
2026:"Polish Patriots: in Niagara-on-the-Lake 1917-1918"
1727:
1594:
From Collective Memories to Intercultural Exchanges
1508:
and deliberate provocative acts became commonplace.
1138:
1136:
316:Camp," honouring a Polish patriot who led the 1794
1908:Kanzlerin Angela Merkel ist zu einem Viertel Polin
1763:inside this book. It refers to it as Haller's Army
1425:
1210:
963:the paternal grandfather of the German chancellor
675:on 14 May 1919. The Blue Army was equipped by the
2265:Military units and formations established in 1917
815:this included fighting a Jewish battalion of the
689:forces of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic
385:as a provisional Polish government in Paris, 1918
2211:
1696:"Bnai Brith of Boston Decry Reception to Haller"
1567:. Ukrainian Congress Committee of America. 1987.
1148:
1133:
663:Haller's troops changed the balance of power in
1590:
1160:
2235:Military history of the Second Polish Republic
1821:Jewish fighters for the independence of Poland
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
696:was transferred to the border with Germany in
484:. Members of the Polish diaspora community in
217:, was a Polish military contingent created in
1531:
2109:
1888:
1873:
1871:
1670:"General Haller's Visit to Boston Curtailed"
1584:
1414:
1353:
1154:
1142:
924:who fought in the Blue Army. Image taken in
876:Veteran status of Polish-American volunteers
46:
40:
2119:. Niagara Historical Museum. Archived from
1898:Central European University Press, pg. 215
1847:SŁOWNIK BIOGRAFICZNY Żydów z Podkarpackiego
1790:
1766:
1398:Bitter Glory: Poland and its fate 1918–1939
1344:
1318:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
332:viewed it as a threat to their neutrality.
1380:
1270:. Harvard University Press. pp. 5–9.
1186:
819:under the leadership of Solomon Leinberg.
1947:
1868:
1371:
1362:
1260:
1177:
1175:
1166:
859:in particular promoted the stereotype of
578:), transportation was arranged via rail.
335:
2275:Jewish Galician (Eastern Europe) history
2087:
1932:Merkel's Polish roots emerge in new book
1777:. University of Nebraska Press, pg. 117
1420:
1395:
1245:
1192:
1095:
1087:
1079:
955:
763:
748:
638:
550:
435:
388:
369:
275:
2159:
2133:
2088:Ruskoski, David Thomas (28 July 2006).
1843:
1796:Martin Conway, José Gotovitch. (2001).
1620:
1432:. University of Toronto Press. p.
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
806:
703:
634:
589:, which was being contested in eastern
225:. The name came from the French-issued
2280:Anti-communist organisations in Poland
2212:
2040:
1475:
1298:Anna D. Jaroszynska-Kirchmann (2013).
1172:
988:Kaźmierczak emigrated back to Germany.
768:Uniform of a Blue Army officer (right)
1994:
1852:A BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF THE JEWS
791:, most of the history related to the
724:reconnaissance planes, Italian made
546:
482:Russian Expeditionary Force in France
357:responded in kind by recognizing the
2023:
1591:Marija Wakounig (28 November 2012).
1513:
1389:
1197:
1181:
936:
480:volunteers and former troops of the
1597:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 196.
693:Western Ukrainian People's Republic
289:
13:
1997:Journal of American Ethnic History
1481:
1304:. Lexington Books. pp. 464–.
1291:
998:
951:
320:aimed at freeing the country from
185:
14:
2296:
2182:
1111:French Military Mission to Poland
799:, distorted and repressed by the
778:11th Carpathian Infantry Division
381:) sanctioned by France and other
344:in April, 1917. A month earlier,
233:to represent all newly organized
2260:France–Poland military relations
2188:
2024:Hind, Andrew (27 January 2015).
1896:A history of East European Jews
1759:the exact phrase 'Blue Army' is
1734:Alexander Victor Prusin (2005).
1623:, pp. 1034–1035 footnote 20
1525:A History of East European Jews.
1400:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
1301:Polish American Press, 1902–1969
914:
902:
890:
780:) after the end of World War I.
431:
280:The leaders of the Polish armies
94:
83:
55:
2230:Poland in the Russian Civil War
1925:
1913:
1901:
1837:
1806:
1781:
1714:
1688:
1662:
1648:
1635:
1626:
1555:
1546:
1457:
1121:
342:American entry into World War I
306:Minister of Militia and Defence
2162:Haller's Polish Army in France
1854:]. CARPATHIA. p. 74.
1218:; Skoggard, Ian, eds. (2004).
426:
252:, the army was transferred to
1:
2245:Polish diaspora organizations
1116:Polish Legions in World War I
979:, and an ethnic Pole born in
596:Captain Stanisław I. Nastal:
527:) fighting from July 1918 in
350:U.S. House of Representatives
284:
2134:Strauss, Herbert A. (1993).
1720:Tadeusz Piotrowski. (1998).
1645:, Random House LLC: page 25.
1055:3rd Heavy Artillery Regiment
1022:1st Heavy Artillery Regiment
967:, in Blue Army uniform, 1919
870:
753:Blue Army's monument in the
523:was the 1st Rifle Regiment (
237:fighting in western Europe.
221:during the latter stages of
7:
2110:Skrzeszewski, Stan (2014).
1773:Joanna B. Michlic. (2006).
1742:University of Alabama Press
1104:
744:
611:Major Stanisław Bobrowski:
603:Major Stefan Wyczółkowski:
517:Józef Haller von Hallenburg
231:Józef Haller von Hallenburg
166:Józef Haller von Hallenburg
10:
2301:
1641:Howard M. Sachar. (2007).
1579:Cambridge University Press
787:crackdown in Poland after
774:49th Hutsul Rifle Regiment
728:fighter planes and French
714:49th Hutsul Rifle Regiment
476:with an additional 23,000
460:or former captured Polish
271:
21:Blue Army (disambiguation)
18:
2250:Polish diaspora in Europe
2160:Valasek, Paul S. (2006).
1844:Potocki, Andrzej (2010).
1700:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1674:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
973:Ludwik Marian Kaźmierczak
961:Ludwik Marian Kaźmierczak
885:Polish cause militarily.
863:. Likewise, according to
845:
627:Lt. Wincenty Skarzyński:
525:1 Pułk Strzelców Polskich
497:Polish National Committee
452:and the Polish statesman
379:Polish National Committee
359:Polish National Committee
171:
161:
156:
138:
130:
120:
106:
78:
70:
54:
39:
30:
16:Military unit (1917–1921)
2096:Georgia State University
842:Blue Army was involved.
583:newly independent Poland
348:submitted a proposal to
248:. After fighting on the
115:Whites (anti-Bolsheviks)
1894:Heiko Haumann. (2002).
1564:The Ukrainian Quarterly
928:(1955) and featured in
817:Ukrainian Galician Army
647:tanks near the city of
619:Major Jerzy Dąbrowski:
470:Imperial-Royal Landwehr
375:Komitet Narodowy Polski
2285:Antisemitism in Poland
2164:. Whitehall Printing.
1880:Jews in Haller's Army.
1101:
1093:
1085:
968:
795:and the Blue Army was
769:
761:
718:18th Infantry Division
660:
560:
445:
394:
386:
336:America enters the war
281:
227:blue military uniforms
190:
47:
41:
2225:Poland in World War I
2220:France in World War I
1724:, McFarland: page 43.
1099:
1091:
1083:
959:
767:
752:
642:
572:port city of Danzig (
554:
454:Ignacy Jan Paderewski
439:
415:) seized the city of
392:
373:
346:Ignacy Jan Paderewski
279:
189:
2197:at Wikimedia Commons
2155:- Total pages: 1427
1537:Carole Fink (2006),
1491:Encyclopedia Judaica
807:Anti-Jewish violence
710:Polish-Bolshevik War
704:Polish–Bolshevik War
657:Polish–Ukrainian War
635:Polish–Ukrainian War
587:Polish–Ukrainian War
258:Polish–Ukrainian War
147:Polish–Ukrainian War
19:For other uses, see
2177:- Total pages: 432
2126:on 10 October 2018.
1877:Goldstein, Edward.
1469:www.hallersarmy.com
992:Stanislaw Jackowski
880:After the war, the
741:amongst the enemy.
726:Ansaldo A.1 Balilla
566:armistice agreement
507:Rifle Divisions in
318:Kościuszko Uprising
310:Niagara-on-the-Lake
2195:Blue Army (Poland)
2129:- Total pages: 100
1740:. Tuscaloosa, AL:
1702:. 13 November 1923
1676:. 27 November 1923
1428:Ukraine: A History
1102:
1094:
1086:
1065:7th Rifle Division
1052:6th Rifle Division
1049:3rd Rifle Division
1038:5th Rifle Division
1033:4th Rifle Division
1019:2nd Rifle Division
1016:1st Rifle Division
969:
839:Tadeusz Piotrowski
801:Soviet authorities
770:
762:
661:
561:
547:Transfer to Poland
446:
444:in Siberia, c.1919
442:5th Rifle Division
395:
387:
326:Kingdom of Prussia
314:Tadeusz Kościuszko
282:
191:
2255:Polish–Soviet War
2193:Media related to
2178:
2156:
2140:Walter de Gruyter
2130:
2044:The Polish Review
1951:The Polish Review
1604:978-3-643-90287-0
1443:978-0-8020-8390-6
1396:Watt, R. (1982).
1277:978-0-674-06816-2
1231:978-0-306-48321-9
1155:Skrzeszewski 2014
1143:Skrzeszewski 2014
1072:Training Division
1068:1st Tank Regiment
1061:Independent Units
937:Jewish volunteers
926:Detroit, Michigan
861:Jewish Bolshevism
793:Polish-Soviet War
685:Polish–Soviet War
421:League of Nations
409:Sitchovi Stril'ci
266:Polish–Soviet War
244:in France during
181:
180:
151:Polish–Soviet War
35:
2292:
2206:
2205:
2203:Official website
2192:
2176:
2175:
2154:
2153:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2118:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2084:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2028:. Today Magazine
2020:
1991:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1841:
1835:
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1810:
1804:
1794:
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1785:
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1755:
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1639:
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1588:
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1575:
1569:
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1559:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1529:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1493:. Archived from
1479:
1473:
1472:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1431:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1393:
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1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1316:
1315:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1262:Kochanski, Halik
1258:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1208:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1045:III Polish Corps
922:Polish-Americans
918:
906:
894:
852:Alexander Prusin
533:Vosges mountains
462:prisoners of war
450:Raymond Poincaré
440:Soldiers of the
290:Canadian origins
99:
98:
88:
87:
59:
50:
44:
33:
28:
27:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2185:
2172:
2150:
2123:
2116:
2100:
2098:
2031:
2029:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1889:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1811:
1807:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1771:
1767:
1752:
1744:. p. 103.
1732:
1728:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
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1561:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1536:
1532:
1518:
1514:
1500:
1498:
1497:on 17 July 2011
1487:"Haller's Army"
1480:
1476:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1422:Subtelny, Orest
1419:
1415:
1408:
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1390:
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1312:
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1259:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1216:Ember, Carol R.
1209:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1134:
1124:
1107:
1028:II Polish Corps
1005:order of battle
1001:
999:Order of battle
954:
952:Notable persons
946:The Galitzianer
939:
932:
919:
910:
907:
898:
895:
882:Polish-American
878:
873:
848:
813:eastern Galicia
809:
747:
706:
637:
549:
493:Louis Archinard
478:Polish-American
434:
429:
338:
322:Imperial Russia
304:, the Canadian
292:
287:
274:
184:
176:Louis Archinard
149:
145:
113:
93:
92:
82:
66:
45:
32:
24:
17:
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2198:
2184:
2183:External links
2181:
2180:
2179:
2170:
2157:
2148:
2131:
2107:
2094:(PhD thesis).
2085:
2038:
2021:
1992:
1958:(3): 339–380.
1937:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1887:
1867:
1860:
1836:
1829:
1805:
1801:Berghahn Books
1789:
1780:
1765:
1761:not being used
1750:
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1167:Biskupski 1999
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1017:
1012:I Polish Corps
1000:
997:
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995:
989:
981:Posen (Poznań)
953:
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869:
865:Joanna Michlic
847:
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746:
743:
705:
702:
687:, but not the
677:Western Allies
636:
633:
548:
545:
433:
430:
428:
425:
383:Western Allies
337:
334:
295:Committee) to
291:
288:
286:
283:
273:
270:
264:forces in the
235:Polish Legions
203:Błękitna Armia
182:
179:
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173:
169:
168:
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159:
158:
154:
153:
140:
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132:
128:
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125:Polish Legions
122:
118:
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111:Entente Powers
108:
104:
103:
80:
76:
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72:
68:
67:
60:
52:
51:
42:Błękitna Armia
37:
36:
15:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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2240:Polish armies
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2199:
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2171:9780977975709
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2163:
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2149:9783110137156
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2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1928:
1922:, Der Spiegel
1921:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1861:9788362076246
1857:
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1830:9788391666333
1826:
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1574:
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1558:
1549:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1520:Heiko Haumann
1516:
1509:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:Landau, Moshe
1478:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1445:
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1311:9780739188736
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1223:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1212:Ember, Melvin
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1194:
1193:Ruskoski 2006
1189:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1169:, p. 339
1168:
1163:
1156:
1151:
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1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1006:
993:
990:
986:
985:German Empire
982:
978:
977:Angela Merkel
974:
971:
970:
966:
965:Angela Merkel
962:
958:
949:
947:
943:
931:
930:Life Magazine
927:
923:
917:
912:
905:
900:
893:
888:
887:
886:
883:
868:
866:
862:
858:
853:
850:According to
843:
840:
836:
835:Howard Sachar
833:According to
831:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
776:(part of the
775:
766:
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742:
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731:
727:
723:
719:
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544:
542:
538:
537:Rambervillers
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:Western Front
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:United States
471:
468:and Austrian
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
443:
438:
432:Western Front
424:
422:
418:
414:
413:Sich Riflemen
410:
405:
400:
399:the Armistice
391:
384:
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376:
372:
368:
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259:
255:
251:
250:Western Front
247:
243:
242:allied forces
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:Haller's Army
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
188:
183:Military unit
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119:
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91:
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81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
58:
53:
49:
43:
38:
34:Haller's Army
29:
26:
22:
2161:
2135:
2121:the original
2112:
2099:. Retrieved
2090:
2051:(3): 46–59.
2048:
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2000:
1996:
1955:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1895:
1890:
1879:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1797:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1756:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1664:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1628:
1621:Strauss 1993
1593:
1586:
1573:
1563:
1557:
1548:
1538:
1533:
1523:
1515:
1506:
1499:. Retrieved
1495:the original
1490:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1427:
1416:
1397:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1336:
1300:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1266:
1235:. Retrieved
1220:
1188:
1162:
1150:
1126:
1125:
1122:Bibliography
1071:
1060:
1044:
1027:
1011:
1002:
945:
940:
879:
849:
832:
821:
810:
789:World War II
782:
771:
757:district of
737:
707:
662:
652:
643:Blue Army's
628:
626:
620:
618:
612:
610:
604:
602:
597:
595:
580:
573:
562:
541:Raon-l'Étape
524:
490:
447:
408:
396:
378:
339:
293:
239:
214:
210:
202:
194:
192:
63:Józef Haller
25:
2101:30 November
2032:30 November
1934:, The Local
1157:, p. 4
1145:, p. 3
942:Polish Jews
824:Częstochowa
783:During the
722:Bristol F.2
708:During the
458:French Army
427:World War I
246:World War I
223:World War I
211:Armée bleue
143:World War I
139:Engagements
48:Armée bleue
2214:Categories
1942:References
1910:, Die Welt
1751:0817314598
1407:0671453793
681:Bolsheviks
557:W.T. Benda
364:Bolsheviks
302:Sam Hughes
285:Background
157:Commanders
107:Allegiance
2081:260158745
2057:2330-0841
2009:0278-5927
1988:260158745
1964:2330-0841
1581:, pg. 230
1501:5 October
1182:Hind 2015
871:Personnel
785:Communist
529:Champagne
404:Piłsudski
330:Americans
262:Bolshevik
195:Blue Army
74:1917–1919
31:Blue Army
2073:57034642
2065:25776612
2017:27500870
1980:57034642
1972:25779141
1522:(2002),
1424:(2000).
1264:(2012).
1105:See also
797:censored
755:Żoliborz
745:Post-war
669:Volhynia
659:, c.1919
531:and the
324:and the
61:General
1803:pg. 191
1706:22 July
1680:22 July
1449:23 July
1283:23 July
1237:22 July
1074:– cadre
698:Silesia
683:in the
665:Galicia
630:Haller.
622:efforts
591:Galicia
513:Entente
417:Lemberg
355:Entente
272:History
172:General
162:General
79:Country
2168:
2146:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2015:
2007:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1858:
1827:
1748:
1601:
1440:
1404:
1308:
1274:
1228:
857:Endeks
846:Causes
759:Warsaw
673:Zbruch
614:Poland
575:Gdańsk
570:Baltic
509:Russia
486:Brazil
297:Canada
254:Poland
219:France
213:), or
207:French
199:Polish
134:68,500
121:Branch
101:Poland
90:France
71:Active
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2117:(PDF)
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