485:, Dr. M., performed an exercise with him. The doctor helped Mr. J. to a chair, had him sit down, and then asked to borrow his cane. The doctor then asked, "Mr. J., please look straight ahead. Keep looking that way, and don't move your eyes or turn your head. I know that you can see a little bit straight ahead of you, and I don't want you to use that piece of vision for what I'm going to ask you to do. Fine. Now, I'd like you to reach out with your right hand point to what I'm holding." Mr. J. then replied, "But I don't see anything—I'm blind!" The doctor then said, "I know, but please try, anyway." Mr. J then shrugged and pointed, and was surprised when his finger encountered the end of the cane which the doctor was pointing toward him. After this, Mr. J. said that "it was just luck". The doctor then turned the cane around so that the handle side was pointing towards Mr. J. He then asked for Mr. J. to grab hold of the cane. Mr. J. reached out with an open hand and grabbed hold of the cane. After this, the doctor said, "Good. Now put your hand down, please." The doctor then rotated the cane 90 degrees, so that the handle was oriented vertically. The doctor then asked Mr. J. to reach for the cane again. Mr. J. did this, turning his wrist so that his hand matched the orientation of the handle. This case study shows that, although (on a conscious level) Mr. J. was completely unaware of any visual abilities that he may have had, he was able to orient his grabbing motions as if he had no visual impairments.
415:
without conscious awareness of visual stimuli, humans could still determine certain visual features such as presence in the visual field, shape, orientation and movement. But, in a newer study evidence showed that if damage to the visual cortex occurs in areas above the primary visual cortex, the conscious awareness of visual stimuli itself is not damaged. Blindsight shows that even when the primary visual cortex is damaged or removed a person can still perform actions guided by unconscious visual information. Despite damage occurring in the area necessary for conscious awareness of visual information, other functions of the processing of these visual percepts are still available to the individual. The same also goes for damage to other areas of the visual cortex. If an area of the cortex that is responsible for a certain function is damaged, it will only result in the loss of that particular function or aspect, functions that other parts of the visual cortex are responsible for remain intact.
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directions. Before the target would appear an arrow would become visible on the screen, sometimes pointing to the correct position of the target line and less frequently not. This arrow was the cue for the subject. The participant would press a key to indicate whether the line was horizontal or vertical, and could then also indicate to an observer whether or not he/she actually had a feeling that any object was there or not—even if they couldn't see anything. The participant was able to accurately determine the orientation of the line when the target was cued by an arrow before the appearance of the target, even though these visual stimuli did not equal awareness in the subject who had no vision in that area of his/her visual field. The study showed that even without the ability to be visually aware of a stimulus the participant could still focus his/her attention on this object.
469:. After his strokes, ordinary tests of TN's sight turned up nothing. He could not even detect large objects moving right in front of his eyes. Researchers eventually began to notice that TN exhibited signs of blindsight and in 2008 decided to test their theory. They took TN into a hallway and asked him to walk through it without using the cane he always carried after having the strokes. TN was not aware at the time, but the researchers had placed various obstacles in the hallway to test if he could avoid them without conscious use of his sight. To the researchers' delight, he moved around every obstacle with ease, at one point even pressing himself up against the wall to squeeze past a trashcan placed in his way. After navigating through the hallway, TN reported that he was just walking the way he wanted to, not because he knew anything was there.
271:(MT), which delivers signals from fast moving stimuli at latencies of about 30 ms, another explanation has emerged. This one proposes that the delivery of these signals is sufficient to arouse a conscious experience of fast visual motion, without implying that it is V5 alone that is responsible, since once signals reach V5, they may be propagated to other areas of the brain. The latter account would seem to exclude the possibility that signals are "pre-processed" by V1 or "post-processed" by it (through return connections from V5 back to V1), as has been suggested. The pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus also sends direct, V1 by-passing, signals to V5 but their precise role in generating a conscious visual experience of motion has not yet been determined.
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study except moving objects were presented in the deficit visual field. Starting from the center of the deficit visual field, the object would either move up, down, or to the right. The monkeys performed identically to humans on the test, getting them right almost every time. This showed that the monkey's ability to detect movement is separate from their ability to consciously detect an object in their deficit visual field, and gave further evidence for the claim that damage to the striate cortex plays a large role in causing the disorder.
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qualitative assessment that included "scotoma stimulation, with the LGN intact had fMRI activation of ~20% of that under normal conditions". This finding agrees with the information obtained from, and fMRI images of, patients with blindsight. The same study also supported the conclusion that the LGN plays a substantial role in blindsight. Specifically, while injury to V1 does create a loss of vision, the LGN is less affected and may result in the residual vision that remains, causing the "sight" in blindsight.
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the brightness contrast, but he/she was able to do so with every other color dot. When the contrast was highest, subjects were able to tell whether or not the dots were moving with very high rates of accuracy. Even when the dots were white, but still of a different brightness from the background, subjects could still determine whether they were moving. But, regardless of the dots' color, subjects could not tell when they were in motion when the white background and the dots were of similar brightness.
209:. Therefore, object identification and object recognition are thought to be separate processes and occur in different areas of the brain, working independently from one another. The modular theory of object perception and integration would account for the "hidden perception" experienced in blindsight patients. Research has shown that visual stimuli with the single visual features of sharp borders, sharp onset/offset times, motion and low
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81:. Following the destruction of the left or right striate cortex, patients are asked to detect, localize, and discriminate amongst visual stimuli that are presented to their blind side, often in a forced-response or guessing situation, even though they may not consciously recognize the visual stimulus. Research shows that such blind patients may achieve a higher accuracy than would be expected from chance alone.
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193:) rather than to the underlying brain system controlling eye movements. The phenomenon was originally thought to show how, after the more complex perception system is damaged, people can use the underlying control system to guide hand movements towards an object even though they cannot see what they are reaching for. Hence, visual information can control behavior without producing a
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taught to indicate whether a stationary object or nothing was present in their visual field when a tone was played. Then the monkeys performed the same task except the stationary objects were presented outside of their visual field. The monkeys performed very similar to human participants and were unable to perceive the presence of stationary objects outside of their visual field.
342:. He was able to misstate, as requested, in his left visual field (with normal conscious vision); but he tended to fail in the task—to state the location correctly—when the stimulus was in his blindsight (right) visual field. > This failure rate worsened when the stimulus was clearer, indicating that failure was not simply due to unreliability of blindsight.
95:. The re-classification of blindsight into Type 1 and Type 2 was made after it was shown that the most celebrated blindsight patient, "GY", was usually conscious of stimuli presented to his blind field if the stimuli had certain specific characteristics, namely being of high contrast and moving fast (at speeds in excess of 20 degrees per second).
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motion information that went directly from the LGN to the V5/hMT+ bypassing V1 completely. Evidence also suggests that, following a traumatic injury to V1, there is still a direct pathway from the retina through the LGN to the extrastriate visual areas. The extrastriate visual areas include parts of the
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through V1 is not the only visual pathway into the cortex, though it is by far the largest; it is commonly thought that the residual performance of people exhibiting blindsight is due to preserved pathways into the extrastriate cortex that bypass V1. However both physiological evidence in monkeys and
444:
Kentridge, Heywood, and
Weiskrantz used the phenomenon of blindsight to investigate the connection between visual attention and visual awareness. They wanted to see if their subject—who exhibited blindsight in other studies—could react more quickly when their attention was cued without the ability to
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Alexander and Cowey investigated how contrasting stimuli brightness affects blindsight patients' ability to discern movement. Prior studies have already shown that blindsight patients are able to detect motion even though they claim they do not see any visual percepts in their blind fields. The study
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at the age of eight, though for the most part he retained full functionality, GY was not consciously aware of anything in his right visual field. In the monkeys, the striate cortex of the left hemisphere was surgically removed. By comparing the test results of both GY and the monkeys, the researchers
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In a 1995 experiment, researchers attempted to show that monkeys with lesions in or even wholly removed striate cortexes also experienced blindsight. To study this, they had the monkeys complete tasks similar to those commonly used for human subjects. The monkeys were placed in front of a monitor and
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challenged the common belief that perceptions must enter consciousness to affect our behavior, by showing that our behavior can be guided by sensory information of which we have no conscious awareness. Since the demonstration that blind patients can experience some visual stimuli consciously, and the
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When the contrast in brightness between the background and the dots was higher, both of the subjects could discern motion more accurately than they would have statistically through guesswork. However, one subject was not able to accurately determine whether or not blue dots were moving regardless of
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A 2011 study found that a young woman with a unilateral lesion of area V1 could scale her grasping movement as she reached out to pick up objects of different sizes placed in her blind field, even though she could not report the sizes of the objects. Similarly, another patient with unilateral lesion
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has launched has also been employed to conduct brain scans in normal, healthy human volunteers to attempt to demonstrate that visual motion can bypass V1, through a connection from the LGN to the human middle temporal complex. Their findings concluded that there was an indeed a connection of visual
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because of its striped appearance). People with damage to V1 report no conscious vision, no visual imagery, and no visual images in their dreams. However, some of these people still experience the blindsight phenomenon, though this too is controversial, with some studies showing a limited amount of
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Another 1995 study by the same group sought to prove that monkeys could also be conscious of movement in their deficit visual field despite not being consciously aware of the presence of an object there. To do this, researchers used another standard test for humans which was similar to the previous
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at stimuli that threatened her eyes. Furthermore, under certain experimental conditions, she could detect a variety of visual stimuli, such as the presence and location of objects, as well as shape, pattern, orientation, motion, and color. In many cases, she was able to navigate her environment and
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The results of some experiments suggest that blindsighted people may be preserving some kind of conscious experience and thus they are not fully blind. The criteria for blindsight has repeatedly changed based on findings that challenge the original definition, which has led some scientists to cast
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To test the effect of brightness on the subject's ability to determine motion they used a white background with a series of colored dots. The contrast of the brightness of the dots compared to the white background was altered in each trial to determine if the participants performed better or worse
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of the LGN is less affected by the removal of V1, which suggests that it is because of this system in the LGN that blindsight occurs. Furthermore, once the LGN was inactivated, virtually all of the extrastriate areas of the brain no longer showed a response on the fMRI. The information leads to a
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Injury to the primary visual cortex, including lesions and other trauma, leads to the loss of visual experience. However, the residual vision that is left cannot be attributed to V1. According to Schmid et al., "thalamic lateral geniculate nucleus has a causal role in V1-independent processing of
410:
Researchers applied the same type of tests that were used to study blindsight in animals to a patient referred to as "DB". The normal techniques used to assess visual acuity in humans involved asking them to verbally describe some visually recognizable aspect of an object or objects. DB was given
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reported partial or total blindness. Despite this, when prompted they could "guess" the presence and details of objects with above-average accuracy and, much like animal subjects, could catch objects tossed at them. The subjects never developed any kind of confidence in their abilities. Even when
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Patients shown images on their blind side of people expressing emotions correctly guessed the emotion most of the time. The movement of facial muscles used in smiling and frowning were measured and reacted in ways that matched the kind of emotion in the unseen image. Therefore, the emotions were
414:
The discovery of the condition known as blindsight raised questions about how different types of visual information, even unconscious information, may be affected and sometimes even unaffected by damage to different areas of the visual cortex. Previous studies had already demonstrated that even
448:
To test the relationship between attention and awareness, they had the participant try to determine where a target was and whether it was oriented horizontally or vertically on a computer screen. The target line would appear at one of two different locations and would be oriented in one of two
303:
Lawrence
Weiskrantz and colleagues showed in the early 1970s that if forced to guess about whether a stimulus is present in their blind field, some observers do better than chance. This ability to detect stimuli that the observer is not conscious of can extend to discrimination of the type of
240:
Another explanation for the phenomenon of blindsight is that even though the majority of a person's visual cortex may be damaged, tiny islands of functioning tissue remain. These islands are not large enough to provide conscious perception, but nevertheless enough for some unconscious visual
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of area V1, areas V2 and V3 were still excited by visual stimulus. Other evidence suggests that "the LGN projections that survive V1 removal are relatively sparse in density, but are nevertheless widespread and probably encompass all extrastriate visual areas," including V2, V4, V5 and the
248:(LGN) before the information is projected to the visual cortex. In a normal subject, these signals are used to merge the information from the eyes into a three-dimensional representation (which includes the position and velocity of individual objects relative to the organism), extract a
411:
forced-choice tasks to complete instead. The results of DB's guesses showed that DB was able to determine shape and detect movement at some unconscious level, despite not being visually aware of this. DB himself chalked up the accuracy of his guesses to be merely coincidental.
173:
told of their successes, they would not begin to spontaneously make "guesses" about objects, but instead still required prompting. Furthermore, blindsight subjects rarely express the amazement about their abilities that sighted people would expect them to express.
608:
Visual processing in the brain goes through a series of stages. Destruction of the primary visual cortex leads to blindness in the part of the visual field that corresponds to the damaged cortical representation. The area of blindness – known as a
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visual information". This information was found through experiments using fMRI during activation and inactivation of the LGN and the contribution the LGN has on visual experience in monkeys with a V1 lesion. These researchers concluded that the
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takes place along several independent, parallel pathways. One system processes information about shape, one about color, and one about movement, location and spatial organization. This information moves through an area of the brain called the
147:
Much of our current understanding of blindsight can be attributed to early experiments on monkeys. One monkey, named Helen, could be considered the "star monkey in visual research" because she was the original blindsight subject. Helen was a
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information should be impaired. However, more recent evidence point to a pathway from S-cones to the superior colliculus, opposing previous research and supporting the idea that some chromatic processing mechanisms are intact in blindsight.
197:
sensation. This ability of those with blindsight to act as if able to see objects that they are unconscious of suggested that consciousness is not a general property of all parts of the brain, but is produced by specialized parts of it.
432:
when there was a larger discrepancy in brightness or not. The subjects focused on the display for two equal length time intervals and where asked whether they thought the dots were moving during the first or the second time interval.
428:—blindness in more than half of their visual field. Both subjects had displayed the ability to accurately determine the presence of visual stimuli in their blind hemifields without acknowledging an actual visual percept previously.
119:, when presented to their blind fields. The ability of such hemianopic subjects to become consciously aware of stimuli presented to their blind field is also commonly referred to as "residual" or "degraded" vision.
663:
defines the LGN as "one of two elevations of the lateral posterior thalamus receiving visual impulses from the retina via the optic nerves and tracts and relaying the impulses to the calcarine (visual) cortex".
106:, who could not see stationary objects but who were, as he reported, "conscious" of seeing moving objects in their blind field. It is for this reason that the phenomenon has more recently also been called the
331:
of area V1 could avoid obstacles placed in his blind field when he reached toward a target that was visible in his intact visual field. Even though he avoided the obstacles, he never reported seeing them.
613:– is in the visual field opposite the damaged hemisphere and can vary from a small area up to the entire hemifield. Visual processing occurs in the brain in a hierarchical series of stages (with much
290:
Several years later, another study compared and contrasted the data collected from monkeys and that of a specific human patient with blindsight, GY. GY's striate cortical region was damaged through
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Gaglianese A, Costagli M, Bernardi G, Ricciardi E, Pietrini P (April 2012). "Evidence of a direct influence between the thalamus and hMT+ independent of V1 in the human brain as measured by fMRI".
87:
is the term given to this ability to guess—at levels significantly above chance—aspects of a visual stimulus (such as location or type of movement) without any conscious awareness of any stimuli.
274:
Evidence of blindsight can be indirectly observed in children as young as two months, although there is difficulty in determining the type in a patient who is not old enough to answer questions.
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behavioral and imaging evidence in humans shows that activity in these extrastriate areas, and especially in V5, is apparently sufficient to support visual awareness in the absence of V1.
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and that—in sighted individuals—there is a "binding process that unifies all information into a whole percept", which is interrupted in patients with such conditions as blindsight and
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Blindsight patients show awareness of single visual features, such as edges and motion, but cannot gain a holistic visual percept. This suggests that perceptual awareness is
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state where in his visual field a distinctive stimulus was presented. If the stimulus was in the upper part of his visual field, he was to say it was in the lower part, and
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consequent redefinition of blindsight into Type 1 and Type 2, a more nuanced view of the phenomenon has developed. Blindsight may be thought of as a converse of the form of
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2941:"Grasping the non-conscious: preserved grip scaling to unseen objects for immediate but not delayed grasping following a unilateral lesion to primary visual cortex"
1885:
3733:
Danckert J, Rossetti Y (2005). "Blindsight in action: what can the different sub-types of blindsight tell us about the control of visually guided actions?".
481:. The girl's grandfather, Mr. J., had suffered a stroke that had left him completely blind apart from a tiny spot in the middle of his visual field. The
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2012:
Benevento LA, Yoshida K (December 1981). "The afferent and efferent organization of the lateral geniculo-prestriate pathways in the macaque monkey".
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517:
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Since then it has become apparent that such subjects can also become aware of visual stimuli belonging to other visual domains, such as color and
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Yukie M, Iwai E (September 1981). "Direct projection from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus to the prestriate cortex in macaque monkeys".
1197:
Riddoch G (1917-05-01). "Dissociation of Visual
Perceptions Due to Occipital Injuries, With Especial Reference to Appreciation of movement".
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be visually aware of it. The researchers aimed to show that being conscious of a stimulus and paying attention to it was not the same thing.
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occurs when patients claim to have a feeling that there has been a change within their blind area—e.g. movement—but that it was not a visual
244:
A third theory is that the information required to determine the distance to and velocity of an object in object space is determined by the
3692:
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847:
Poppel E, Held R, Frost D (June 1973). "Leter: Residual visual function after brain wounds involving the central visual pathways in man".
1998:
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de
Monasterio FM (November 1978). "Properties of ganglion cells with atypical receptive-field organization in retina of macaques".
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Kletenik I, Ferguson MA, Bateman JR, Cohen AL, Lin C, Tetreault A, Pelak VS, Anderson CA, Prasad S, Darby RR, Fox MD (2021-12-27).
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A similar phenomenon was also discovered in humans. Subjects who had suffered damage to their visual cortices due to accidents or
156:(V1) was completely removed, blinding her. Nevertheless, under certain specific situations, Helen exhibited sighted behavior. Her
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There are three theories for the explanation of blindsight. The first states that after damage to area V1, other branches of the
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McIntosh AR, Rajah MN, Lobaugh NJ (May 1999). "Interactions of prefrontal cortex in relation to awareness in sensory learning".
1970:
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Cowey A, Alexander I, Stoerig P (February 2008). "A blindsight conundrum: how to respond when there isn't a correct response".
2192:
ffytche DH, Guy CN, Zeki S (December 1995). "The parallel visual motion inputs into areas V1 and V5 of human cerebral cortex".
2055:
Fries W (September 1981). "The projection from the lateral geniculate nucleus to the prestriate cortex of the macaque monkey".
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in 1973. The assumed existence of blindsight is controversial, with some arguing that it is merely degraded conscious vision.
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Kentridge RW, Heywood CA, Weiskrantz L (2004). "Spatial attention speeds discrimination without awareness in blindsight".
374:
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2437:"The topography of the afferent projections in the circumstriate visual cortex of the monkey studied by the nauta method"
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via the nerve fibres of the retina. From the optic disc, visual information travels through the optic nerve and into the
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550:
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Alexander I, Cowey A (March 2013). "Isoluminant coloured stimuli are undetectable in blindsight even when they move".
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Persaud N, Cowey A (September 2008). "Blindsight is unlike normal conscious vision: evidence from an exclusion task".
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Leh SE, Mullen KT, Ptito A (November 2006). "Absence of S-cone input in human blindsight following hemispherectomy".
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Marrocco RT, Li RH (July 1977). "Monkey superior colliculus: properties of single cells and their afferent inputs".
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Sincich LC, Park KF, Wohlgemuth MJ, Horton JC (October 2004). "Bypassing V1: a direct geniculate input to area MT".
536:
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Beckers G, Zeki S (February 1995). "The consequences of inactivating areas V1 and V5 on visual motion perception".
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concluded that similar patterns of responses to stimuli in the "blind" visual field can be found in both species.
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signal to benefit the precision (previously auxiliary) optical system, and extract a focus control signal for the
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675:. Visual information then enters the optic tract and travels to four different areas of the brain including the
3344:"Afferent basis of visual response properties in area MT of the macaque. I. Effects of striate cortex removal"
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Tamietto M, de Gelder B (October 2010). "Neural bases of the non-conscious perception of emotional signals".
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Schiller PH, Malpeli JG (March 1977). "Properties and tectal projections of monkey retinal ganglion cells".
564:
2495:"Blindsight in children: does it exist and can it be used to help the child? Observations on a case series"
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de Gelder B, Tamietto M, van Boxtel G, Goebel R, Sahraie A, van den Stock J, et al. (December 2008).
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3809:"Unconscious vision: new insights into the neuronal correlate of blindsight using diffusion tractography"
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The superior colliculus and prefrontal cortex also have a major role in awareness of a visual stimulus.
153:
38:
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1764:"Dissecting the circuit for blindsight to reveal the critical role of pulvinar and superior colliculus"
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Barbur JL, Watson JD, Frackowiak RS, Zeki S (December 1993). "Conscious visual perception without V1".
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In 2003, a patient known as "TN" lost use of his primary visual cortex, area V1. He had two successive
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59:. A previous paper studying the discriminatory capacity of a cortically blind patient was published in
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Stoerig P (September 1996). "Varieties of vision: from blind responses to conscious recognition".
102:, a neurologist, George Riddoch, had described patients who had been blinded by gunshot wounds to
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521:
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Hall NJ, Colby CL (2009). "Response to blue visual stimuli in the macaque superior colliculus".
1886:"Neural activity within area V1 reflects unconscious visual performance in a case of blindsight"
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What is seen in the left and right visual field is taken in by each eye and brought back to the
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Schmid MC, Mrowka SW, Turchi J, Saunders RC, Wilke M, Peters AJ, et al. (July 2010).
1331:(11th ed.). University of Massachusetts, Amherst: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 4.
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Ptito A, Leh SE (October 2007). "Neural substrates of blindsight after hemispherectomy".
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4001:"A collicular visual cortex: Neocortical space for an ancient midbrain visual structure"
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Patients with blindsight have damage to the system that produces visual perception (the
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contribute to, but are not strictly necessary for, an object's salience in blindsight.
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A User's Guide to the Brain: Perception, Attention, and the Four
Theaters of the Brain
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stimulus (for example, whether an 'X' or 'O' has been presented in the blind field).
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980:
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906:
876:
856:
819:
808:"Visual capacity in the hemianopic field following a restricted occipital ablation"
788:
746:
466:
108:
61:
3910:
3425:
1762:
Kinoshita M, Kato R, Isa K, Kobayashi K, Kobayashi K, Onoe H, Isa T (2019-01-11).
638:, and on to be processed in the primary visual cortex, area V1 (also known as the
310:
evidence from the late 1970s has shown that there is no direct retinal input from
4084:
3055:
2957:
2940:
1615:
975:
482:
462:
291:
234:
230:
55:
4049:
2857:(3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. pp. 315–318.
895:"Blindsight: recent and historical controversies on the blindness of blindsight"
792:
2986:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2201:
1787:
1709:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1703:
Sahraie A, Hibbard PB, Trevethan CT, Ritchie KL, Weiskrantz L (December 2010).
1602:
Alexander I, Cowey A (June 2010). "Edges, colour and awareness in blindsight".
1444:
Humphrey NK (1974). "Vision in a monkey without striate cortex: a case study".
1295:
1282:
1109:
756:
708:
639:
260:
information is attached to the object information passed to the visual cortex.
253:
206:
149:
132:
3605:
3580:
3319:
3294:
3205:
3118:
3093:
2739:
2620:
2607:
2379:"Blindsight: the role of feedforward and feedback corticocortical connections"
691:(LGN). Most axons from the LGN will then travel to the primary visual cortex.
4063:
3939:
3510:
2872:
2809:
2774:
2460:
2402:
2232:
1955:
1588:
1387:
1255:
1242:
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1035:
920:
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that surround V1. In non-human primates, these often include V2, V3, and V4.
268:
182:
136:
103:
46:
42:
4025:
4000:
3006:
2712:
1901:
1729:
1551:
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1210:
625:
To put it in a more complex way, recent physiological findings suggest that
4034:
3947:
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3808:
3799:
3754:
3614:
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3063:
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1805:
1748:
1689:
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1623:
1573:. Mind/brain/behavior initiative. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press.
1304:
1164:
1148:
1054:
1019:"Blind-Sight vs. Degraded-Sight: Different Measures Tell a Different Story"
994:
928:
684:
672:
186:
78:
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3159:
2629:
2570:
2468:
2240:
2209:
2127:
2119:
2084:
2033:
2025:
1475:
1430:
1264:
1243:"The Riddoch syndrome: insights into the neurobiology of conscious vision"
1117:
951:"Seeing without Seeing? Degraded Conscious Vision in a Blindsight Patient"
949:
Overgaard M, Fehl K, Mouridsen K, Bergholt B, Cleeremans A (August 2008).
868:
833:
3495:. Mosby, Inc. (8th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby/Elsevier. 2009.
2817:
2782:
2747:
2057:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
425:
222:
128:
99:
74:
2982:""Real-time" obstacle avoidance in the absence of primary visual cortex"
2296:
1283:"Visual perception of motion, luminance and colour in a human hemianope"
73:
The majority of studies on blindsight are conducted on patients who are
1649:
779:
Celesia G (2010). "Visual perception and awareness: a modular system".
668:
535:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
202:
19:
This article is about the neurological phenomenon. For other uses, see
2908:
2493:
Boyle NJ, Jones DH, Hamilton R, Spowart KM, Dutton GN (October 2005).
1844:
1422:
2562:
1829:"Network Localization of Unconscious Visual Perception in Blindsight"
1281:
Morland AB, Jones SR, Finlay AL, Deyzac E, Lê S, Kemp S (June 1999).
911:
894:
860:
806:
Weiskrantz L, Warrington EK, Sanders MD, Marshall J (December 1974).
680:
311:
194:
116:
33:
to respond to visual stimuli that they do not consciously see due to
2899:
1467:
1409:
Humphrey NK (1970). "What the frog's eye tells the monkey's brain".
1378:
1353:
529:, specifically: only final sentence appears to be inline referenced.
237:. In turn, these areas might then control the blindsight responses.
3395:
2162:
1940:(10th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth. pp. 169–170.
805:
719:
635:
249:
161:
477:
In another case study, a girl brought her grandfather in to see a
3295:"Intact navigation skills after bilateral loss of striate cortex"
3292:
774:
772:
715:
610:
458:
263:
More recently, with the demonstration of a direct input from the
92:
3492:
Mosby's
Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions
661:
Mosby's
Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions
2939:
Whitwell RL, Striemer CL, Nicolle DA, Goodale MA (April 2011).
618:
169:
157:
34:
2938:
2855:
Brain & Behavior: An Introduction to Biological Psychology
1702:
1075:
Consciousness Lost and Found: A Neuropsychological Exploration
948:
769:
1968:
Fulton, J. (2004) Processes in Biological Vision Section 7.4
319:
3553:. The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
1884:
Radoeva PD, Prasad S, Brainard DH, Aguirre GK (2008-11-20).
1883:
1826:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
2148:
190:
135:, in which there is full cortical blindness along with the
53:
and his colleagues in a paper published in a 1974 issue of
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1099:
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2262:
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2256:
2254:
2252:
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consciousness without V1 or projections relating to it.
3770:
De Gelder B (May 2010). "Uncanny sight in the blind".
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
2980:
Striemer CL, Chapman CS, Goodale MA (September 2009).
2979:
2273:"Blindsight depends on the lateral geniculate nucleus"
2247:
3806:
2642:
1016:
683:
of the mid brain, the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the
439:
3888:
3636:Weiskrantz L (April 1996). "Blindsight revisited".
3629:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3341:
3174:
3547:"Chapter 15: Visual Processing: Cortical Pathways"
3235:
3233:
3231:
1566:
1072:
3998:
2885:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
4061:
3732:
3685:"Blindsight: How brain sees what you do not see"
3384:
2011:
1705:"Consciousness of the first order in blindsight"
617:and feedback between areas). The route from the
233:and several other areas, including parts of the
3228:
2795:
846:
3962:
3841:
3807:Leh SE, Johansen-Berg H, Ptito A (July 2006).
3574:
3572:
3342:Rodman HR, Gross CG, Albright TD (June 1989).
3191:
2191:
1601:
1311:
531:Please review the contents of the section and
327:recognized without involving conscious sight.
165:interact with objects as if she were sighted.
152:that had been decorticated; specifically, her
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
2725:
1131:Stoerig, Petra; Barth, Erhardt (2001-12-01).
649:
424:subjects were two patients who suffered from
334:A study reported in 2008 asked patient GY to
3041:
3037:
3035:
2973:
2932:
2605:
2533:
1130:
3581:"Visual system: how does blindsight arise?"
3569:
3438:
2327:
2222:
1647:
1240:
888:
886:
461:, which knocked out the region in both his
3635:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3091:
3078:
2760:
2685:
2499:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
1536:. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press.
1534:Blindsight and the Nature of Consciousness
1067:
4024:
3855:
3824:
3769:
3604:
3466:
3456:
3367:
3318:
3253:
3117:
3032:
3015:
3005:
2956:
2907:
2833:
2691:Blindsight: A Case Study and Implications
2619:
2510:
2353:
2304:
2105:
1909:
1852:
1795:
1738:
1728:
1679:
1669:
1457:
1377:
1294:
1254:
1044:
1034:
984:
974:
910:
892:
823:
496:
393:Learn how and when to remove this message
4055:Blind man avoids obstacles when reaching
3999:Beltramo R, Scanziani M (January 2019).
3925:
1564:
1496:
1443:
1408:
1351:
1017:Mazzi C, Bagattini C, Savazzi S (2016).
883:
176:
3710:"Blindsight: Seeing without knowing it"
3137:
3126:
2852:
1326:
1196:
778:
4062:
3735:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
3544:
3264:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.11.001
2657:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.031
1997:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
732:doubt on the existence of blindsight.
418:
277:
189:that bring information to it from the
68:
3578:
2829:
2827:
2434:
2376:
2054:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1643:
1641:
1276:
1274:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
704:Functional magnetic resonance imaging
3844:The European Journal of Neuroscience
3695:from the original on 6 February 2018
2108:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
2014:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1569:Seeing Red: A Study in Consciousness
1531:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
944:
942:
940:
938:
500:
493:Other cases refer to SL, GY and GR.
472:
349:
16:Visual response in some blind people
3707:
3439:Ffytche DH, Zeki S (January 2011).
2534:Cowey A, Stoerig P (January 1995).
2328:Ffytche DH, Zeki S (January 2011).
1241:Zeki S, Ffytche DH (January 1998).
893:Overgaard, Morten (November 2012).
13:
3676:
3557:from the original on July 26, 2024
3360:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-06-02033.1989
2824:
2512:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2005.tb01057.x
1926:
1638:
1503:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1271:
1225:
440:Kentridge, Heywood, and Weiskrantz
365:tone or style may not reflect the
318:, implying that the perception of
225:deliver visual information to the
77:, i.e. blind in one-half of their
14:
4096:
4043:
3792:10.1038/scientificamerican0510-60
3720:from the original on 26 July 2024
2606:Stoerig P, Cowey A (March 1997).
1001:
935:
452:
405:
29:is the ability of people who are
3866:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05178.x
3714:Scientific American Blog Network
3410:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.093
597:
505:
375:guide to writing better articles
354:
3987:from the original on 2024-07-26
3747:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.02.001
3638:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
3483:
3432:
3335:
3286:
2879:
2846:
2789:
2754:
2719:
2679:
2636:
2599:
2527:
2486:
2475:from the original on 2022-08-13
2428:
2417:from the original on 2021-04-27
2370:
2321:
2216:
2185:
2142:
2099:
2048:
2005:
1962:
1877:
1820:
1755:
1696:
1595:
1558:
1525:
1490:
1437:
1402:
1345:
1190:
1179:from the original on 2021-04-24
345:
2608:"Blindsight in man and monkey"
1124:
1093:
1061:
840:
799:
726:
723:inferotemporal cortex region.
533:add the appropriate references
488:
1:
3973:. Vintage Books. p. 99.
3911:10.1126/science.284.5419.1531
3650:10.1016/s0959-4388(96)80075-4
3152:10.1016/S0166-2236(96)10051-5
2395:10.1016/S0001-6918(01)00020-8
1411:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
1104:. 116 ( Pt 6) (6): 1293–302.
762:
185:of the brain and some of the
3056:10.1016/j.concog.2007.10.002
2958:10.1016/j.visres.2011.02.005
2888:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
2453:10.1016/0042-6989(69)90011-X
2196:. 118 ( Pt 6) (6): 1375–94.
1616:10.1016/j.concog.2010.01.008
1352:Weisberg, Josh (June 2006).
1289:. 122 ( Pt 6) (6): 1183–98.
976:10.1371/journal.pone.0003028
7:
3348:The Journal of Neuroscience
3194:Experimental Brain Research
3044:Consciousness and Cognition
2614:. 120 ( Pt 3) (3): 535–59.
1604:Consciousness and Cognition
1137:Consciousness and Cognition
1079:. Oxford University Press.
781:Journal of Psychophysiology
735:
518:reliable medical references
298:
160:would dilate and she would
49:17. The term was coined by
21:Blindsight (disambiguation)
10:
4101:
3579:Cowey A (September 2010).
2798:Journal of Neurophysiology
2763:Journal of Neurophysiology
2728:Journal of Neurophysiology
2435:Cragg, B.G. (1969-07-01).
2227:. 118 ( Pt 1) (1): 49–60.
1788:10.1038/s41467-018-08058-0
1249:. 121 ( Pt 1) (1): 25–45.
689:lateral geniculate nucleus
656:Lateral geniculate nucleus
653:
650:Lateral geniculate nucleus
632:lateral geniculate nucleus
246:lateral geniculate nucleus
142:
18:
3606:10.1016/j.cub.2010.07.014
3320:10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.002
3206:10.1007/s00221-012-3355-6
3119:10.4249/scholarpedia.3047
2740:10.1152/jn.1978.41.6.1435
2377:Lamme, VAF (2001-04-01).
793:10.1027/0269-8803/a000014
524:or relies too heavily on
4050:Blind man navigates maze
3940:10.1177/1073858407300598
2836:Society for Neuroscience
2810:10.1152/jn.1977.40.2.428
2775:10.1152/jn.1977.40.4.844
2202:10.1093/brain/118.6.1375
1296:10.1093/brain/122.6.1183
1110:10.1093/brain/116.6.1293
1036:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00901
714:In a study conducted in
216:
98:In the aftermath of the
4026:10.1126/science.aau7052
3140:Trends in Neurosciences
3007:10.1073/pnas.0905549106
2695:Oxford University Press
2621:10.1093/brain/120.3.535
2536:"Blindsight in monkeys"
1902:10.1162/jocn.2008.20139
1730:10.1073/pnas.1015652107
1023:Frontiers in Psychology
899:WIREs Cognitive Science
122:As originally defined,
3523:: CS1 maint: others (
2233:10.1093/brain/118.1.49
2077:10.1098/rspb.1981.0054
1329:Physiology of Behavior
1256:10.1093/brain/121.1.25
1149:10.1006/ccog.2001.0526
825:10.1093/brain/97.1.709
752:Two-streams hypothesis
497:Brain regions involved
139:of visual experience.
3092:Weiskrantz L (2007).
2120:10.1002/cne.902010107
2026:10.1002/cne.902030309
1938:Biological Psychology
1500:A History of the Mind
1211:10.1093/brain/40.1.15
177:Describing blindsight
154:primary visual cortex
39:primary visual cortex
3826:10.1093/brain/awl111
3458:10.1093/brain/awq305
2346:10.1093/brain/awq305
1671:10.1093/brain/awq305
697:magnocellular system
308:Electrophysiological
41:, also known as the
4017:2019Sci...363...64B
3903:1999Sci...284.1531M
3784:2010SciAm.302e..60D
3772:Scientific American
3691:. 14 October 2008.
3597:2010CBio...20.R702C
3551:Neuroscience Online
3311:2008CBio...18R1128D
3110:2007SchpJ...2.3047W
2998:2009PNAS..10615996S
2555:1995Natur.373..247C
2297:10.1038/nature09179
2289:2010Natur.466..373S
2151:Nature Neuroscience
2069:1981RSPSB.213...73F
1780:2019NatCo..10..135K
1721:2010PNAS..10721217S
1565:Humphrey N (2006).
1497:Humphrey N (1992).
1370:2006Natur.441..577W
967:2008PLoSO...3.3028O
677:superior colliculus
419:Alexander and Cowey
316:superior colliculus
278:Evidence in animals
227:superior colliculus
69:Type classification
51:Lawrence Weiskrantz
3928:The Neuroscientist
2992:(37): 15996–6001.
2853:Garrett B (2011).
1327:Carlson N (2013).
742:Koniocellular cell
3980:978-0-375-70107-8
3819:(Pt 7): 1822–32.
3545:Dragoi V (1997).
2864:978-1-4129-8168-2
2704:978-0-19-852192-1
2383:Acta Psychologica
1936:Kalat JW (2009).
1896:(11): 1927–1939.
1845:10.1002/ana.26292
1580:978-0-674-02179-2
1543:978-1-55111-351-7
1423:10.1159/000125480
1354:"Red in the head"
1338:978-0-205-23981-8
1086:978-0-19-852301-7
634:, located in the
627:visual processing
606:
605:
582:
483:neuropsychologist
479:neuropsychologist
467:right hemispheres
403:
402:
395:
369:used on Knowledge
367:encyclopedic tone
256:of the eyes. The
211:spatial frequency
89:Type 2 blindsight
85:Type 1 blindsight
4092:
4038:
4028:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3959:
3922:
3897:(5419): 1531–3.
3885:
3859:
3838:
3828:
3803:
3766:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3670:
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3626:
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3566:
3564:
3562:
3542:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3514:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3460:
3451:(Pt 1): 247–57.
3436:
3430:
3429:
3393:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3257:
3242:Neuropsychologia
3237:
3226:
3225:
3189:
3172:
3171:
3135:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3089:
3076:
3075:
3039:
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3029:
3019:
3009:
2977:
2971:
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2936:
2930:
2929:
2911:
2883:
2877:
2876:
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2844:
2843:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2645:Neuropsychologia
2640:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2581:. Archived from
2563:10.1038/373247a0
2540:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2389:(1–3): 209–228.
2374:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2340:(Pt 1): 247–57.
2325:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2268:
2245:
2244:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1976:. Archived from
1975:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1933:
1924:
1923:
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1881:
1875:
1874:
1856:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1799:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1732:
1715:(49): 21217–22.
1700:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1673:
1664:(Pt 1): 247–57.
1652:(January 2011).
1645:
1636:
1635:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1529:
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1309:
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1258:
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1223:
1222:
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1188:
1187:
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1184:
1128:
1122:
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1097:
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1090:
1078:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1048:
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1014:
999:
998:
988:
978:
946:
933:
932:
914:
912:10.1002/wcs.1194
890:
881:
880:
861:10.1038/243295a0
844:
838:
837:
827:
803:
797:
796:
776:
747:Riddoch syndrome
718:, after partial
601:
600:
592:
589:
583:
581:
540:
509:
508:
501:
398:
391:
387:
384:
378:
377:for suggestions.
373:See Knowledge's
358:
357:
350:
109:Riddoch syndrome
31:cortically blind
4100:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4060:
4059:
4046:
4041:
4011:(6422): 64–69.
3990:
3988:
3981:
3857:10.1.1.578.4900
3850:(10): 2954–60.
3723:
3721:
3698:
3696:
3683:
3679:
3677:Further reading
3674:
3673:
3634:
3630:
3585:Current Biology
3577:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3543:
3532:
3516:
3515:
3503:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3437:
3433:
3394:
3385:
3340:
3336:
3305:(24): R1128-9.
3299:Current Biology
3291:
3287:
3255:10.1.1.719.7118
3238:
3229:
3190:
3175:
3136:
3127:
3090:
3079:
3040:
3033:
2978:
2974:
2945:Vision Research
2937:
2933:
2900:10.1038/nrn2889
2894:(10): 697–709.
2884:
2880:
2865:
2851:
2847:
2832:
2825:
2794:
2790:
2759:
2755:
2724:
2720:
2705:
2684:
2680:
2641:
2637:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2549:(6511): 247–9.
2538:
2532:
2528:
2505:(10): 699–702.
2491:
2487:
2478:
2476:
2441:Vision Research
2433:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2375:
2371:
2326:
2322:
2283:(7304): 373–7.
2269:
2248:
2221:
2217:
2190:
2186:
2147:
2143:
2104:
2100:
2063:(1190): 73–86.
2053:
2049:
2010:
2006:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1971:"Archived copy"
1969:
1967:
1963:
1948:
1934:
1927:
1890:J Cogn Neurosci
1882:
1878:
1825:
1821:
1760:
1756:
1701:
1697:
1646:
1639:
1600:
1596:
1581:
1563:
1559:
1544:
1532:Holt J (2003).
1530:
1526:
1511:
1495:
1491:
1468:10.1068/p030241
1459:10.1.1.452.5493
1442:
1438:
1407:
1403:
1379:10.1038/441577a
1350:
1346:
1339:
1325:
1312:
1279:
1272:
1239:
1226:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1129:
1125:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1066:
1062:
1015:
1002:
947:
936:
891:
884:
855:(5405): 295–6.
845:
841:
804:
800:
777:
770:
765:
738:
729:
658:
652:
602:
598:
593:
587:
584:
541:
530:
526:primary sources
510:
506:
499:
491:
475:
455:
442:
421:
408:
399:
388:
382:
379:
372:
363:This section's
359:
355:
348:
301:
280:
235:cerebral cortex
219:
179:
145:
100:First World War
71:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4098:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4045:
4044:External links
4042:
4040:
4039:
3996:
3979:
3960:
3923:
3886:
3839:
3804:
3767:
3741:(7): 1035–46.
3730:
3705:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3628:
3591:(17): R702-4.
3568:
3530:
3501:
3482:
3431:
3383:
3354:(6): 2033–50.
3334:
3285:
3227:
3173:
3125:
3077:
3031:
2972:
2931:
2878:
2863:
2845:
2823:
2788:
2753:
2734:(6): 1435–49.
2718:
2703:
2678:
2635:
2598:
2526:
2485:
2447:(7): 733–747.
2427:
2369:
2320:
2246:
2215:
2184:
2163:10.1038/nn1318
2157:(10): 1123–8.
2141:
2098:
2047:
2004:
1961:
1946:
1925:
1876:
1839:(2): 217–224.
1819:
1754:
1695:
1637:
1594:
1579:
1557:
1542:
1524:
1509:
1489:
1436:
1401:
1344:
1337:
1310:
1270:
1224:
1189:
1143:(4): 574–587.
1123:
1092:
1085:
1060:
1000:
934:
905:(6): 607–614.
882:
839:
798:
767:
766:
764:
761:
760:
759:
757:Visual agnosia
754:
749:
744:
737:
734:
728:
725:
709:occipital lobe
654:Main article:
651:
648:
640:striate cortex
604:
603:
596:
594:
513:
511:
504:
498:
495:
490:
487:
474:
471:
454:
451:
441:
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404:
401:
400:
362:
360:
353:
347:
344:
300:
297:
279:
276:
218:
215:
207:visual agnosia
178:
175:
150:macaque monkey
144:
141:
133:Anton syndrome
70:
67:
43:striate cortex
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4097:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4070:Consciousness
4068:
4067:
4065:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
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3997:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3934:(5): 506–18.
3933:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
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3863:
3858:
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3849:
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3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
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3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3694:
3690:
3689:Medical Press
3686:
3682:
3681:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3644:(2): 215–20.
3643:
3639:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3573:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3526:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3502:9780323049375
3498:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3404:(2): 1440–7.
3403:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3200:(1): 147–52.
3199:
3195:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3050:(3): 1050–5.
3049:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2951:(8): 908–24.
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2828:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2804:(2): 428–45.
2803:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2769:(4): 844–60.
2768:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2588:on 2012-05-01
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:(3): 455–74.
2019:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1980:on 2015-02-21
1979:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1947:9780495603009
1943:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:(2): 520–33.
1609:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1510:9780671686444
1506:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1452:(3): 241–55.
1451:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:(1): 324–37.
1416:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:(7093): 577.
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
996:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
943:
941:
939:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
887:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
835:
831:
826:
821:
818:(4): 709–28.
817:
813:
809:
802:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
773:
768:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
733:
724:
721:
717:
712:
710:
705:
701:
698:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
662:
657:
647:
644:
641:
637:
633:
628:
623:
620:
616:
612:
595:
591:
580:
577:
573:
570:
566:
563:
559:
556:
552:
549: –
548:
544:
543:Find sources:
538:
534:
528:
527:
523:
519:
514:This section
512:
503:
502:
494:
486:
484:
480:
470:
468:
464:
460:
450:
446:
437:
433:
429:
427:
416:
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397:
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386:
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368:
361:
352:
351:
343:
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324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
296:
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275:
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261:
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242:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
214:
212:
208:
204:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:visual cortex
174:
171:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
140:
138:
137:confabulation
134:
130:
125:
120:
118:
113:
111:
110:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
80:
76:
66:
64:
63:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:Brodmann Area
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
4080:Neuroscience
4008:
4004:
3989:. Retrieved
3969:
3965:Galaburda AM
3931:
3927:
3894:
3890:
3847:
3843:
3816:
3812:
3775:
3771:
3738:
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3713:
3708:Collins GP.
3697:. Retrieved
3688:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3588:
3584:
3559:. Retrieved
3550:
3491:
3485:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3401:
3397:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3248:(6): 831–5.
3245:
3241:
3197:
3193:
3146:(9): 401–6.
3143:
3139:
3101:
3098:Scholarpedia
3097:
3094:"Blindsight"
3047:
3043:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2854:
2848:
2839:
2835:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2690:
2687:Weiskrantz L
2681:
2651:(3): 870–8.
2648:
2644:
2638:
2611:
2601:
2590:. Retrieved
2583:the original
2546:
2542:
2529:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2477:. Retrieved
2444:
2440:
2430:
2419:. Retrieved
2386:
2382:
2372:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2280:
2276:
2224:
2218:
2193:
2187:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2114:(1): 81–97.
2111:
2107:
2101:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:the original
1964:
1937:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1661:
1657:
1648:Ffytche DH,
1607:
1603:
1597:
1568:
1560:
1533:
1527:
1499:
1492:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1328:
1286:
1246:
1205:(1): 15–57.
1202:
1198:
1192:
1181:. Retrieved
1140:
1136:
1126:
1101:
1095:
1074:
1069:Weiskrantz L
1063:
1026:
1022:
961:(8): e3028.
958:
954:
902:
898:
852:
848:
842:
815:
811:
801:
787:(2): 62–67.
784:
780:
730:
713:
702:
693:
685:hypothalamus
673:optic chiasm
666:
659:
645:
624:
607:
585:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:"Blindsight"
542:
522:verification
515:
492:
476:
456:
447:
443:
434:
430:
422:
413:
409:
389:
383:January 2018
380:
364:
346:Case studies
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
306:
302:
289:
285:
281:
273:
262:
258:stereoscopic
243:
241:perception.
239:
220:
200:
187:nerve fibers
180:
167:
146:
123:
121:
114:
107:
97:
88:
84:
83:
79:visual field
72:
60:
54:
26:
25:
3778:(5): 60–5.
3561:November 3,
3104:(4): 3047.
727:Controversy
588:August 2015
516:needs more
489:Other cases
426:hemianopsia
223:optic nerve
129:anosognosia
4064:Categories
3991:2018-02-05
3963:Ratey JJ,
3724:5 February
3699:5 February
3398:NeuroImage
2909:2318/79483
2842:: 520–533.
2592:2018-02-05
2479:2021-04-09
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