1664:
86:
facial recognition. However, this area is not exclusive to faces; recognition of other objects of expertise are also processed in this area. The extrastriate body cortex (EBA) was found to be activated by photographs, silhouettes, or stick drawings of human bodies. The parahippocampal place area (PPA) of the limbic cortex has been found to be activated by the sight of scenes and backgrounds. Cerebral achromatopsia (the inability to discriminate between different hues) is caused by damage to the V8 area of the visual association cortex.
78:
brain; in fact, visual agnosia occurs when symptoms cannot be explained by such damage. Damage to specific areas of the ventral stream impair the ability to recognize certain categories of visual information, such as the case of prospagnosia. Patients with visual agnosia generally do not have damage to the dorsal stream of vision, known as the "where pathway" of vision because of its role determining object's position in space, allowing individuals with visual agnosia to show relatively normal visually guided behavior.
209:
the ears up or down?" and "is the tail long or short?" He can correctly identify colors, for example that the inside of a cantaloupe is orange. Finally, C.K. can generate internal images and perceive these generated objects. For example, Finke, Pinker, and Farah instructed C.K. to imagine a scenario where a 'B' is rotated 90 degrees to the left, a triangle is put below, and the line in the middle is removed. C.K. can correctly identify this object as a heart by picturing this transformation in his head.
82:
recognize the slot, she should not be able to correctly place the card into the slot. Indeed, when she was asked to give the direction of the slot, her responses were no better than chance. Yet, when she was asked to place the card into the slot, her success was almost to the level of the controls. This implies that in the event of a ventral stream deficit, the dorsal stream can help with processing of special information to aid movement regardless of object recognition.
54:
absence of other explanations, such as blindness or partial blindness, anomia, memory loss, etc. Other common manifestations of visual agnosia that are generally tested for include difficulty identifying objects that look similar in shape, difficulty with identifying line drawings of objects, and recognizing objects that are shown from less common views, such as a horse from a top-down view.
192:
motor weakness on the left side and a left homonymous hemianopia. He recovered well, retaining normal intelligence and normal visual acuity. He was able to complete a master's degree in history, later working as a manager at a large corporation. Although his recovery was successful in other areas of cognition, C.K. still struggles to make sense of the visual world.
222:
than controls. This is because processing inverted faces involves a piecemeal strategy. C.K.'s performance is compared to patients with prosopagnosia who are impaired in face processing but perform well identifying inverted faces. This was the first evidence for a double dissociation between face and object processing suggesting a face-specific processing system.
65:. Although he can recognize facial features and emotions – indeed he sometimes uses a standout feature to recognize a face – face recognition is almost impossible purely from visual stimuli, even for faces of friends, family, and himself. The disorder also affects his memory of faces, both in storing new memories of faces and recalling stored memories.
106:
to form a complete percept of an object. If a failure occurs during this process, a percept of an object is not fully formed and thus it cannot be recognized. Tasks requiring copying, matching, or drawing simple figures can distinguish the individuals with apperceptive agnosia because they cannot perform such tasks.
208:
As aforementioned, C.K. is able to identify parts of objects but cannot generate a whole representation. It should not be surprising then that his visual imagery for object size, shape, and color is intact. For example, when shown a picture of an animal, he can correctly answer questions such as "are
105:
Apperceptive agnosia is failure of object recognition even when the basic visual functions (acuity, color, motion) and other mental processing, such as language and intelligence, are normal. The brain must correctly integrate features such as edges, light intensity, and color from sensory information
109:
Associative agnosia is an inability to identify objects even with apparent perception and knowledge of them. It involves a higher level of processing than apperceptive agnosia. Individuals with associative agnosia can copy or match simple figures, indicating that they can perceive objects correctly.
221:
have damage to the
Fusiform Face Area (FFA) and are unable to recognize upright faces. C.K. has no difficulty with face processing and matches the performance of controls when tasked with identifying upright famous faces. When shown inverted faces of famous people, C.K. performs significantly worse
204:
C.K. makes many mistakes when trying to identify objects. For example, he called an abacus "skewers on a kebab" and a badminton racquet a "fencer's mask". A dart was a "feather duster" and a protractor was mistaken for a "cockpit". Despite this impairment in visual object recognition, C.K. retained
85:
More specifically, the lateral occipital complex appears to respond to many different types of objects. Prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces) is due to damage of the fusiform face area (FFA). An area in the fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe that has been strongly associated with a role in
40:
occurs at two levels. At an apperceptive level, the features of the visual information from the retina are put together to form a perceptual representation of an object. At an associative level, the meaning of an object is attached to the perceptual representation and the object is identified. If a
53:
While most cases of visual agnosia are seen in older adults who have experienced extensive brain damage, there are also cases of young children with less brain damage during developmental years acquiring the symptoms. Commonly, visual agnosia presents as an inability to recognize an object in the
191:
Patient C.K. was born in 1961 in
England and emigrated to Canada in 1980. In January 1988, C.K. sustained a head injury from a motor vehicle accident while out for a jog. Following the accident, C.K. experienced many cognitive issues, mood swings, poor memory, and temper outbursts. C.K. also had
113:
Although visual agnosia can be general, there exist many variants that impair recognition of specific types. These variants of visual agnosia include prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces), pure word blindness (inability to recognize words, often called "agnosic alexia" or "pure alexia"),
77:
Visual agnosia occurs after damage to visual association cortex or to parts of the ventral stream of vision, known as the "what pathway" of vision for its role in object recognition. This occurs even when no damage has been done to the eyes or optic tract that leads visual information into the
68:
Nevertheless, it is important to note the reach of symptoms to other domains. SM's object recognition is similarly impaired though not entirely; when given line drawings to identify, he was able to give names of objects with properties similar to the drawing, implying that he is able to see the
81:
For example, patient DF had lesions to the ventral surface that gave her apperceptive agnosia. One of the tasks she was tested on required her to place a card through a thin slot that could be rotated into all orientations. As an apperceptive agnosic, it would be expected that since she cannot
200:
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed bilateral thinning of C.K.'s occipital lobe which resulted in associative visual agnosia. Patients that have visual agnosia are unable to identify visually presented objects. They can identify these objects through other modalities such as touch but if
69:
features of the drawing. Similarly, copying a line drawing of a beach scene led to a simplified version of the drawing, though the main features were accounted for. For recognition of places, he is still impaired but familiar places are remembered and new places can be stored into memory.
110:
They also display the knowledge of objects when tested with tactile or verbal information. However, when tested visually, they cannot name or describe common objects. This means that there is an impairment in associating the perception of objects with the stored knowledge of them.
201:
presented visually, they are unable to. Associative agnosic patients cannot create a detailed representation of the visual world in their brains, they can only perceive elements of whole objects. They also cannot form associations between objects or assign meaning to objects.
114:
agnosias for colors (inability to differentiate colors), agnosias for the environment (inability to recognize landmarks or difficulty with spatial layout of an environment, i.e. topographagnosia) and simultanagnosia (inability to sort out multiple objects in a visual scene).
167:
Topographagnosia, an inability to process the spatial layout of an environment, including landmark agnosia, difficulty recognizing buildings and places; difficulty building mental maps of a location or scene; and/or an inability to discern the orientation between objects in
205:
many abilities such as drawing, visual imagery, and internal imagery. As a native of
England, he was tasked with drawing England, marking London and where he was born. His accurate drawing of England is just one example of his excellent drawing abilities.
164:, an inability to recognize multiple objects in a scene, including distinct objects within a spatial layout and distinguishing between "local" objects and "global" objects, such as being able to see a tree but not the forest or vice versa.
135:, impaired object identification. Individuals with associative agnosia cannot give a meaning to a formed percept. The percept is created, but it would have no meaning for individuals who have an associative agnosia.
272:, the character Lorie has an extreme version of agnosia resulting from being born with a single eye. For example, she perceives Arseface, a man with severe facial deformities, as resembling a young
158:, an inability to recognize human faces. Individuals with prosopagnosia know that they are looking at faces, but cannot recognize people by the sight of their face, even people whom they know well.
1180:
Moscovitch, M.; Winocur, G.; Behrmann, M. (1997). "What is
Special about Face Recognition? Nineteen Experiments on a Person with Visual Object Agnosia and Dyslexia but Normal Face Recognition".
370:
Delvenne, Jean-François; Seron, Xavier; Coyette, Françoise; Rossion, Bruno (2004). "Evidence for perceptual deficits in associative visual (Prosop)agnosia: A single-case study".
22:
is an impairment in recognition of visually presented objects. It is not due to a deficit in vision (acuity, visual field, and scanning), language, memory, or intellect. While
45:), they have apperceptive agnosia. If a person correctly perceives the forms and has knowledge of the objects, but cannot identify the objects, they have associative agnosia.
41:
person is unable to recognize objects because they cannot perceive correct forms of the objects, although their knowledge of the objects is intact (i.e. they do not have
57:
Within any given patient, a variety of symptoms can occur, and the impairment of ability is not only binary but can range in severity. For example, Patient SM is a
177:
Pantomime agnosia: an inability to understand pantomimes (gestures). It appears that the inferior cortical visual cortex is critical in recognizing pantomimes.
37:
294:, Mulder succumbs to the same belief as telemarketer Gary Lambert, that his boss Greg Pincus is a monster who disguises his true appearance by means of
1786:
1142:
Behrmann, M.; Moscovitch, M.; Winocur, G. (1994). "Intact visual imagery and impaired visual perception in a patient with visual agnosia".
1410:
3170:
3024:
298:. Scully, although believing this notion preposterous, suggests that what Mulder describes is analogous to an induced visual agnosia.
61:
with a unilateral lesion to left extrastriate cortex due to an accident in his twenties who displays behavior similar to congenital
26:
results from lesions to primary visual cortex, visual agnosia is often due to damage to more anterior cortex such as the posterior
641:
Goodale MA, Milner AD, Jakobson LS, Carey DP (1991). "A neurological dissociation between perceiving objects and grasping them".
1779:
237:
129:, impaired object recognition. Individuals with apperceptive visual agnosia cannot form a whole percept of visual information.
1371:
1344:
1028:
870:
762:
617:
217:
Patient C.K. provided evidence for a double dissociation between face processing and visual object processing. Patients with
2833:
302:
309:
examines the cultural effects of a noninvasive medical procedure that induces a visual agnosia toward physical beauty.
1772:
1041:
Harris, Irina M.; Harris, Justin A.; Caine, Diana (2001). "Object
Orientation Agnosia: A Failure to Find the Axis?".
3165:
2251:
1638:
502:"Development of a vocabulary of object shapes in a child with a very-early-acquired visual agnosia: A unique case"
1403:
3080:
3017:
2266:
973:"Separate visual pathways for perception of actions and objects: Evidence from a case of apperceptive agnosia"
2281:
2767:
2633:
2544:
548:"What does visual agnosia tell us about perceptual organization and its relationship to object perception?"
350:
3131:
2966:
2505:
3180:
2920:
2256:
1396:
281:
132:
1296:"Separate processing of texture and form in the ventral stream: evidence from FMRI and visual agnosia"
1261:"Attention to form or surface properties modulates different regions of human occipitotemporal cortex"
3010:
2729:
2671:
2482:
1838:
1593:
1423:
753:
Kolb, B. & Whishaw, I. Q. (2009). "Fundamentals of Human
Neuropsychology 6th ed." New York, NY.,
706:
3136:
2676:
2510:
1707:
1699:
2656:
2032:
1478:
862:
1563:
1336:
1330:
450:"The anatomy of object recognition—Visual form agnosia caused by medial occipitotemporal stroke"
89:
The left hemisphere seems to play a critical role in recognizing the meaning of common objects.
3175:
2820:
2651:
2261:
2047:
1866:
1513:
701:
3111:
2858:
1848:
1828:
1473:
3075:
3070:
2719:
2686:
2385:
2100:
2004:
1733:
1598:
1573:
1538:
650:
383:
126:
8:
3050:
3042:
2375:
2360:
2246:
2185:
2121:
1643:
1503:
1498:
1463:
1653:
654:
2459:
2411:
2365:
2304:
2289:
1843:
1663:
1533:
1508:
1488:
1205:
1110:
1085:
1066:
997:
972:
908:
801:
776:
727:
674:
575:
474:
449:
395:
34:(s) in the brain. There are two types of visual agnosia, apperceptive and associative.
23:
1684:
212:
2915:
2884:
2661:
2608:
2539:
2380:
2370:
2126:
2116:
2085:
1989:
1891:
1807:
1738:
1558:
1493:
1377:
1367:
1350:
1340:
1317:
1282:
1241:
1224:
1209:
1197:
1159:
1115:
1058:
1024:
1002:
950:
900:
866:
841:
806:
758:
719:
715:
666:
623:
613:
567:
523:
479:
430:
413:
Riddoch, M. Jane; Humphreys, Glyn W. (1987). "A Case of
Integrative Visual Agnosia".
387:
268:
255:
102:
Broadly, visual agnosia is divided into apperceptive and associative visual agnosia.
1070:
692:
Goodale MA, Milner AD (1992). "Separate visual pathways for perception and action".
3160:
2701:
2646:
2578:
2395:
2338:
2241:
2236:
2146:
2095:
2090:
2052:
1999:
1994:
1748:
1618:
1588:
1578:
1543:
1419:
1307:
1272:
1236:
1189:
1151:
1105:
1097:
1050:
992:
984:
942:
912:
892:
833:
796:
788:
754:
711:
678:
658:
579:
559:
513:
469:
465:
461:
422:
399:
379:
345:
731:
3085:
3002:
2618:
2559:
2531:
2347:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2271:
2080:
2037:
1984:
1753:
1633:
1628:
1613:
1528:
1448:
946:
518:
501:
1155:
3101:
2936:
2787:
2739:
2474:
2454:
2180:
2131:
2067:
2015:
1971:
1833:
1648:
1623:
1603:
1583:
1483:
1458:
426:
335:
260:
174:
Orientation agnosia: an inability to judge or determine orientation of objects.
42:
27:
1193:
1054:
896:
563:
3154:
3106:
3034:
2956:
2951:
2905:
2843:
2828:
2724:
2446:
2390:
2205:
2172:
2156:
2075:
2019:
1979:
1928:
1919:
1876:
1523:
1468:
627:
340:
330:
246:
218:
161:
155:
145:
62:
58:
31:
1381:
1354:
1312:
1295:
1277:
1260:
792:
2910:
2889:
2874:
2848:
2666:
2487:
2464:
2436:
2431:
2355:
2294:
2057:
2042:
1764:
1548:
1518:
1388:
1321:
1286:
1201:
1062:
954:
904:
845:
571:
547:
527:
483:
391:
232:
1163:
1119:
1101:
1006:
988:
810:
723:
670:
434:
3121:
2971:
2879:
2853:
2838:
2800:
2623:
2598:
2593:
2583:
2569:
2195:
2151:
2027:
1956:
1568:
777:"Visual associative agnosia: A clinico-anatomical study of a single case"
290:
3126:
3116:
3065:
2991:
2946:
2810:
2805:
2777:
2757:
2681:
2641:
2588:
2573:
2497:
1961:
1951:
1858:
1799:
1691:
1608:
1553:
1438:
1294:
Cavina-Pratesi C, Kentridge RW, Heywood CA, Milner AD (February 2010).
306:
273:
3055:
2603:
2549:
2416:
1946:
1936:
1881:
1871:
1715:
1453:
662:
325:
1293:
1144:
Journal of
Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance
552:
Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
2772:
2762:
2752:
2691:
2564:
2421:
2219:
1743:
1443:
837:
295:
213:
Evidence for double dissociation between face and object processing
3060:
2941:
2795:
2747:
2709:
2613:
2554:
1886:
320:
1332:
Sight Unseen: An
Exploration of Conscious and Unconscious Vision
971:
Ferreira, C. T.; Ceccaldi, M.; Giusiano, B.; Poncet, M. (1998).
2200:
2190:
1896:
1678:
933:
Barton, Jason JS (2011). "Disorder of higher visual function".
448:
Karnath, H.-O.; Ruter, J.; Mandler, A.; Himmelbach, M. (2009).
970:
2426:
2228:
2141:
2136:
1910:
1820:
1795:
447:
149:
117:
2961:
2714:
369:
640:
1941:
1179:
1141:
139:
1366:. Cambridge MA: MIT Press: Bradford Books. p. 192.
861:
Heilman, K. M. (2002). "Matter of Mind." New York, NY.,
231:
A famous report on this condition is the title essay of
824:
Behrmann, Marlene; Nishimura, Mayu (2010). "Agnosias".
16:
Impairment in recognition of visually presented objects
857:
855:
279:
Val Kilmer's character has visual agnosia in the film
883:
Biran, I.; Coslett, H. B. (2003). "Visual agnosia".
1328:
1090:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
1019:Wolfe, Jeremy (2012). "Sensation & Perception"
977:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
852:
781:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
3032:
1225:"Reinterpreting visual patterns in mental imagery"
826:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science
774:
1040:
823:
3152:
1083:
966:
964:
607:
541:
539:
537:
412:
1335:. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press. pp.
1175:
1173:
1084:Rothi, L. J.; Mack, L.; Heilman, K. M. (1986).
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
122:The two main categories of visual agnosia are:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
545:
499:
3018:
1780:
1404:
961:
691:
534:
288:In "Folie Ă Deux", a fifth-season episode of
195:
1794:
1418:
1170:
1034:
882:
738:
586:
506:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
1258:
1126:
1077:
775:McCarthy, R. A.; Warrington, E. K. (1986).
768:
250:episode "Strangers" supposedly had agnosia.
3025:
3011:
1787:
1773:
1411:
1397:
885:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
685:
634:
1311:
1276:
1240:
1109:
996:
800:
705:
517:
473:
118:Categories and subtypes of visual agnosia
546:Behrmann, Marlene; Kimchi, Ruth (2003).
495:
493:
148:, an inability to distinguish different
1361:
500:Funnell, Elaine; Wilding, John (2011).
3153:
932:
384:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.10.008
238:The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat
140:Subtypes of associative visual agnosia
3006:
2005:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
1768:
1392:
1222:
928:
926:
924:
922:
490:
225:
48:
1990:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
612:. Boston, Mass: Allyn & Bacon.
13:
1985:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
1259:Cant JD, Goodale MA (March 2007).
1252:
919:
303:Liking What You See: A Documentary
171:Pure alexia, an inability to read.
72:
14:
3192:
3171:Visual disturbances and blindness
2000:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
1995:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
1182:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
1043:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
97:
2252:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
1662:
1980:Visual system (sense of vision)
1216:
1013:
876:
817:
3081:Blue field entoptic phenomenon
1329:Goodale MA; Milner AD (2004).
466:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5192-08.2009
441:
406:
363:
1:
2122:Auditory perception (hearing)
357:
186:
181:
38:Recognition of visual objects
2768:Olfactory reference syndrome
2545:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
1242:10.1016/0364-0213(89)90011-6
947:10.1097/wco.0b013e328341a5c2
935:Current Opinion in Neurology
716:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8
519:10.1080/17470218.2010.498922
351:Topographical disorientation
92:
7:
3132:Cosmic ray visual phenomena
2967:Sensory processing disorder
2137:Gustation (taste or flavor)
2127:Equilibrioception (balance)
1364:Visual Agnosia. 2nd Edition
1156:10.1037/0096-1523.20.5.1068
454:The Journal of Neuroscience
313:
127:Apperceptive visual agnosia
10:
3197:
2921:Supernumerary phantom limb
2257:Infrared sensing in snakes
2117:Visual perception (vision)
244:The murder suspect in the
196:Associative visual agnosia
133:Associative visual agnosia
3127:Afterimage on empty shape
3094:
3041:
2984:
2929:
2898:
2867:
2819:
2786:
2738:
2700:
2672:Microwave auditory effect
2632:
2530:
2523:
2496:
2473:
2445:
2404:
2346:
2335:
2303:
2280:
2227:
2218:
2171:
2109:
2066:
2013:
1970:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1857:
1839:Transduction (physiology)
1819:
1806:
1726:
1671:
1660:
1431:
1194:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.5.555
1055:10.1162/08989290152541467
897:10.1007/s11910-003-0055-4
608:Carlson, Neil R. (2010).
564:10.1037/0096-1523.29.1.19
3137:Closed-eye hallucination
2677:Music-specific disorders
2033:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
1700:Ascending and Descending
427:10.1093/brain/110.6.1431
3166:Complications of stroke
2657:Auditory verbal agnosia
2511:Juxtacapillary receptor
863:Oxford University Press
793:10.1136/jnnp.49.11.1233
2652:Auditory hallucination
2262:Surface wave detection
1867:Multimodal integration
610:Physiology of behavior
3112:Scintillating scotoma
2911:Phantom limb syndrome
2859:Tactile hallucination
2048:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
1849:Active sensory system
1313:10.1093/cercor/bhp111
1278:10.1093/cercor/bhk022
1102:10.1136/jnnp.49.4.451
989:10.1136/jnnp.65.3.382
266:In the graphic novel
2720:Labyrinthine fistula
2687:Spatial hearing loss
2386:Campaniform sensilla
2101:Somatosensory cortex
1734:Accidental viewpoint
2506:Nociceptin receptor
2376:Merkel nerve ending
2361:Mechanotransduction
1639:Vertical–horizontal
1086:"Pantomime agnosia"
655:1991Natur.349..154G
253:The patient in the
3043:Entoptic phenomena
2868:Nociception (pain)
2460:Olfactory receptor
2412:Photoreceptor cell
2366:Lamellar corpuscle
2290:Photomorphogenesis
2152:nociception (pain)
1844:Sensory processing
1739:Auditory illusions
1534:Impossible trident
1223:Finks, R. (1989).
226:In popular culture
49:Symptoms and signs
24:cortical blindness
3181:Visual perception
3145:
3144:
3076:Prisoner's cinema
3071:Haidinger's brush
3033:Phenomena of the
3000:
2999:
2985:Biases and errors
2980:
2979:
2916:Somatoparaphrenia
2885:Pain dissociation
2730:Ménière's disease
2662:Cortical deafness
2540:Visual impairment
2519:
2518:
2381:Bulbous corpuscle
2371:Tactile corpuscle
2339:sensory receptors
2331:
2330:
2214:
2213:
2167:
2166:
2132:Olfaction (smell)
2086:Vestibular cortex
2068:Cerebral cortices
1905:
1904:
1892:Motion perception
1762:
1761:
1754:Temporal illusion
1749:Tactile illusions
1719:(2015 photograph)
1420:Optical illusions
1373:978-0-262-56203-4
1346:978-0-19-856807-0
1229:Cognitive Science
1029:978-0-87893-876-6
871:978-0-19-514490-1
763:978-0-7167-9586-5
619:978-0-205-66627-0
460:(18): 5854–5862.
301:The short story "
3188:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2647:Auditory agnosia
2579:Optic neuropathy
2528:
2527:
2396:Stretch receptor
2344:
2343:
2242:Magnetoreception
2237:Electroreception
2225:
2224:
2147:mechanoreception
2096:Gustatory cortex
2091:Olfactory cortex
1925:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1834:Sensory receptor
1817:
1816:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1666:
1619:Schroeder stairs
1594:Peripheral drift
1589:Penrose triangle
1413:
1406:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1362:Farah M (2004).
1358:
1325:
1315:
1290:
1280:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1139:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1038:
1032:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1000:
968:
959:
958:
930:
917:
916:
880:
874:
859:
850:
849:
821:
815:
814:
804:
772:
766:
755:Worth Publishers
751:
736:
735:
709:
689:
683:
682:
663:10.1038/349154a0
638:
632:
631:
605:
584:
583:
543:
532:
531:
521:
497:
488:
487:
477:
445:
439:
438:
421:(6): 1431–1462.
410:
404:
403:
372:Neuropsychologia
367:
346:Riddoch syndrome
3196:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3095:Other phenomena
3090:
3086:Purkinje images
3037:
3031:
3001:
2996:
2976:
2925:
2894:
2863:
2815:
2782:
2734:
2696:
2628:
2619:Stereoblindness
2560:Color blindness
2515:
2492:
2469:
2441:
2400:
2348:Mechanoreceptor
2337:
2327:
2323:Machine hearing
2318:Computer vision
2313:Robotic sensing
2299:
2276:
2210:
2163:
2105:
2081:Auditory cortex
2062:
2009:
1972:Sensory systems
1966:
1901:
1853:
1811:
1809:
1802:
1793:
1763:
1758:
1722:
1672:Popular culture
1667:
1658:
1629:Spinning dancer
1449:Ambiguous image
1427:
1417:
1374:
1347:
1255:
1253:Further reading
1250:
1221:
1217:
1178:
1171:
1140:
1127:
1082:
1078:
1039:
1035:
1018:
1014:
969:
962:
931:
920:
881:
877:
860:
853:
822:
818:
787:(11): 1233–40.
773:
769:
752:
739:
707:10.1.1.207.6873
694:Trends Neurosci
690:
686:
649:(6305): 154–6.
639:
635:
620:
606:
587:
544:
535:
498:
491:
446:
442:
411:
407:
368:
364:
360:
355:
316:
228:
215:
198:
189:
184:
142:
120:
100:
95:
75:
73:Pathophysiology
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2899:Proprioception
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2475:Thermoreceptor
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2455:Taste receptor
2451:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2181:Proprioception
2177:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2053:Trigeminal (V)
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1929:Sensory organs
1922:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1804:
1803:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1711:(1961 drawing)
1704:
1703:(1960 drawing)
1696:
1688:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1624:Shepard tables
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1584:Penrose stairs
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1479:Checker shadow
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1459:Autostereogram
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1372:
1359:
1345:
1326:
1291:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1215:
1188:(5): 555–604.
1169:
1150:(5): 1068–87.
1125:
1076:
1049:(6): 800–812.
1033:
1012:
983:(3): 382–385.
960:
918:
891:(6): 508–512.
875:
851:
838:10.1002/wcs.42
832:(2): 203–213.
816:
767:
737:
684:
633:
618:
585:
533:
512:(2): 261–282.
489:
440:
405:
378:(5): 597–612.
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
336:Gestaltzerfall
333:
328:
323:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
299:
286:
282:At First Sight
277:
264:
263:" had agnosia.
261:Adverse Events
251:
242:
227:
224:
214:
211:
197:
194:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
165:
159:
153:
141:
138:
137:
136:
130:
119:
116:
99:
98:Classification
96:
94:
91:
74:
71:
50:
47:
20:Visual agnosia
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3193:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:Visual system
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3149:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Form constant
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:visual system
3028:
3023:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3005:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:Hallucination
2955:
2953:
2952:Derealization
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:Asomatognosia
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:Hyperesthesia
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Astereognosis
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Labyrinthitis
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2447:Chemoreceptor
2444:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:Photoreceptor
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Slit sensilla
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2206:Visceral pain
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2158:
2157:thermoception
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2076:Visual cortex
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:Olfactory (I)
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2020:spinal nerves
2017:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Consciousness
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Fraser spiral
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1306:(2): 433–46.
1305:
1301:
1300:Cereb. Cortex
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1271:(3): 713–31.
1270:
1266:
1265:Cereb. Cortex
1262:
1257:
1256:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
965:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
927:
925:
923:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
872:
868:
864:
858:
856:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
820:
812:
808:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
771:
764:
760:
756:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
703:
699:
695:
688:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
629:
625:
621:
615:
611:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
542:
540:
538:
529:
525:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
496:
494:
485:
481:
476:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
444:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
409:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
366:
362:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
341:Prosopagnosia
339:
337:
334:
332:
331:Color agnosia
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
292:
287:
284:
283:
278:
275:
271:
270:
265:
262:
258:
257:
252:
249:
248:
247:Picket Fences
243:
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:
223:
220:
219:prosopagnosia
210:
206:
202:
193:
176:
173:
170:
166:
163:
162:Simultagnosia
160:
157:
156:Prosopagnosia
154:
151:
147:
146:Achromatopsia
144:
143:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
123:
115:
111:
107:
103:
90:
87:
83:
79:
70:
66:
64:
63:prosopagnosia
60:
59:prosopagnosic
55:
46:
44:
39:
35:
33:
32:temporal lobe
29:
25:
21:
3147:
2890:Phantom pain
2875:Hyperalgesia
2849:Hypoesthesia
2667:Hearing loss
2488:TRP channels
2465:Osmoreceptor
2432:Photopigment
2356:Baroreceptor
2295:Gravitropism
2267:Frog hearing
2247:Echolocation
2043:Facial (VII)
1714:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1685:Trompe-l'Ĺ“il
1683:
1549:Lilac chaser
1519:Gravity hill
1363:
1331:
1303:
1299:
1268:
1264:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1185:
1181:
1147:
1143:
1096:(4): 451–4.
1093:
1089:
1079:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1020:
1015:
980:
976:
938:
934:
888:
884:
878:
829:
825:
819:
784:
780:
770:
697:
693:
687:
646:
642:
636:
609:
558:(1): 19–42.
555:
551:
509:
505:
457:
453:
443:
418:
414:
408:
375:
371:
365:
289:
280:
267:
254:
245:
236:
233:Oliver Sacks
216:
207:
203:
199:
190:
121:
112:
108:
104:
101:
88:
84:
80:
76:
67:
56:
52:
36:
19:
18:
3122:Visual snow
2972:Synesthesia
2880:Hypoalgesia
2854:Paresthesia
2839:Formication
2834:CMT disease
2801:Hypergeusia
2624:Visual snow
2599:Photophobia
2594:Papilledema
2584:Oscillopsia
2570:Hemeralopia
2437:Aureochrome
2272:Toad vision
2196:Suffocation
2110:Perceptions
1695:(1864 book)
1599:Poggendorff
1574:Oppel-Kundt
1569:Necker cube
1564:MĂĽller-Lyer
1539:Irradiation
700:(1): 20–5.
291:The X-Files
3155:Categories
3117:Palinopsia
3066:Afterimage
3051:Blind spot
2992:Pareidolia
2947:Allochiria
2930:Multimodal
2811:Parageusia
2806:Hypogeusia
2778:Phantosmia
2758:Hyperosmia
2702:Vestibular
2682:Palinopsia
2642:Amblyaudia
2589:Palinopsia
2574:Nyctalopia
2498:Nociceptor
2305:Artificial
2028:Optic (II)
1859:Perception
1808:Processes
1800:perception
1692:Spectropia
1609:Rubin vase
1559:McCollough
1554:Mach bands
1504:Ehrenstein
1499:Ebbinghaus
1464:Barberpole
1439:Afterimage
941:(1): 1–5.
358:References
307:Ted Chiang
274:James Dean
187:Background
182:Patient CK
3056:Phosphene
2788:Gustatory
2740:Olfactory
2604:Photopsia
2550:Amaurosis
2524:Disorders
2417:Cone cell
2336:Types of
1947:Inner ear
1882:Cognition
1872:Awareness
1821:Sensation
1796:Sensation
1744:Illusions
1716:The dress
1708:Waterfall
1509:Flash lag
1489:Cornsweet
1474:Café wall
1454:Ames room
1432:Illusions
1235:: 51–78.
1210:207550378
702:CiteSeerX
628:263605380
326:Blindness
259:episode "
93:Diagnosis
28:occipital
2773:Parosmia
2763:Hyposmia
2753:Dysosmia
2692:Tinnitus
2634:Auditory
2609:Polyopia
2565:Diplopia
2422:Rod cell
2220:Nonhuman
2173:Internal
2014:Sensory
1920:External
1829:Stimulus
1812:concepts
1494:Delboeuf
1444:Ambigram
1382:57182718
1355:54408420
1322:19478035
1287:16648452
1202:23965118
1071:13998306
1063:11564324
1023:pp. 507
955:21102334
905:14565906
846:26271235
572:12669745
528:20680887
484:19420252
392:14725798
314:See also
296:hypnosis
269:Preacher
235:' book,
3161:Agnosia
3061:Floater
2942:Agnosia
2821:Tactile
2796:Ageusia
2748:Anosmia
2710:Vertigo
2614:Scotoma
2555:Anopsia
2016:cranial
1887:Feeling
1727:Related
1654:Zöllner
1644:White's
1579:Orbison
1544:Jastrow
1164:7964528
1120:3701356
1111:1028777
1021:3rd ed.
1007:9728957
998:2170224
913:6005728
811:3794729
802:1029070
724:1374953
679:4238254
671:1986306
651:Bibcode
580:6545400
475:6665227
435:3427396
400:7681129
321:Agnosia
30:and/or
2532:Visual
2483:Cilium
2229:Animal
2201:Nausea
2191:Thirst
2186:Hunger
2058:Spinal
1897:Qualia
1679:Op art
1634:Ternus
1614:Sander
1529:Hering
1469:Bezold
1380:
1370:
1353:
1343:
1320:
1285:
1208:
1200:
1162:
1118:
1108:
1069:
1061:
1027:
1005:
995:
953:
911:
903:
869:
844:
809:
799:
761:
732:793980
730:
722:
704:
677:
669:
643:Nature
626:
616:
578:
570:
526:
482:
472:
433:
398:
390:
168:space.
150:colors
43:anomia
2427:ipRGC
2282:Plant
2142:Touch
1957:Mouth
1911:Human
1649:Wundt
1604:Ponzo
1484:Chubb
1206:S2CID
1067:S2CID
909:S2CID
728:S2CID
675:S2CID
576:S2CID
415:Brain
396:S2CID
305:" by
256:House
3102:Aura
2962:HSAN
2937:Aura
2715:BPPV
2572:and
2018:and
1962:Skin
1952:Nose
1942:Ears
1937:Eyes
1810:and
1798:and
1524:Grid
1424:list
1378:OCLC
1368:ISBN
1351:OCLC
1341:ISBN
1318:PMID
1283:PMID
1198:PMID
1160:PMID
1116:PMID
1059:PMID
1025:ISBN
1003:PMID
951:PMID
901:PMID
867:ISBN
842:PMID
807:PMID
759:ISBN
720:PMID
667:PMID
624:OCLC
614:ISBN
568:PMID
524:PMID
480:PMID
431:PMID
388:PMID
1337:139
1308:doi
1273:doi
1237:doi
1190:doi
1152:doi
1106:PMC
1098:doi
1051:doi
993:PMC
985:doi
943:doi
893:doi
834:doi
797:PMC
789:doi
712:doi
659:doi
647:349
560:doi
514:doi
470:PMC
462:doi
423:doi
419:110
380:doi
3157::
1376:.
1349:.
1339:.
1316:.
1304:20
1302:.
1298:.
1281:.
1269:17
1267:.
1263:.
1233:13
1231:.
1227:.
1204:.
1196:.
1184:.
1172:^
1158:.
1148:20
1146:.
1128:^
1114:.
1104:.
1094:49
1092:.
1088:.
1065:.
1057:.
1047:13
1045:.
1001:.
991:.
981:65
979:.
975:.
963:^
949:.
939:24
937:.
921:^
907:.
899:.
887:.
865:.
854:^
840:.
828:.
805:.
795:.
785:49
783:.
779:.
757:.
740:^
726:.
718:.
710:.
698:15
696:.
673:.
665:.
657:.
645:.
622:.
588:^
574:.
566:.
556:29
554:.
550:.
536:^
522:.
510:64
508:.
504:.
492:^
478:.
468:.
458:29
456:.
452:.
429:.
417:.
394:.
386:.
376:42
374:.
3026:e
3019:t
3012:v
1788:e
1781:t
1774:v
1426:)
1422:(
1412:e
1405:t
1398:v
1384:.
1357:.
1324:.
1310::
1289:.
1275::
1245:.
1239::
1212:.
1192::
1186:9
1166:.
1154::
1122:.
1100::
1073:.
1053::
1031:.
1009:.
987::
957:.
945::
915:.
895::
889:3
873:.
848:.
836::
830:1
813:.
791::
765:.
734:.
714::
681:.
661::
653::
630:.
582:.
562::
530:.
516::
486:.
464::
437:.
425::
402:.
382::
285:.
276:.
241:.
152:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.