371:
double penalties, including extended prison sentences in attempt to deter gang membership. The package further includes zone restrictions, being that police can issue a ban on entering and residing in areas with a radius of 500 metres. The government further responded towards the gang activity by introducing the 'Stockholm Gang intervention and
Prevention Project in 2009 – 2012. This project acts to implement barriers to gang activity in Sweden through gathering information and structuring an operational criminal intelligence unit from the backdrop of what was currently known about street gangs, such as the Black Cobra's recruiting process and rivalry with other gangs. In 2007, the Copenhagen police bureau called for international and Danish analyst focus on the rise in gang warfare, to which they found approximately fourteen gangs were operating in Denmark, and estimated one thousand gang members. In 2019, a news article written by The Guardian reported the actions taken by police on gang control following thirteen explosions in and around Copenhagen since February 2019. The Swedish police conducted stop checks at ferry ports, trains and vehicles in Copenhagen areas, to which National police officer, Lene Frank, commented that it aimed at 'preventing serious and organised crime from spreading', and that 'officers will be focused on cross- border crime, including explosives, weapons, and drugs'. The article further includes that the Swedish government has announced a 34-point plan to combat the gang-related violence, introducing policy measures to make it easier for police to search suspect's homes, and read encrypted phone messages.
246:
if gang members do not comply with their rules, they risk facing membership expulsion, or a fine. Various factors have been found to contribute towards a member's decision to join the gang, such as socio-economic, schooling, family circumstances and immigration. It has been studied that reasons to join a gang are connected to societal marginalisation and exclusion, and often linked to anti-immigration sentiments. One argument on the cause for an individual joining a gang, is that it is believed that individuals of immigration background face negative scrutiny from society. The Black Cobra gang's recruitment process originally involved public advertising to young males. Within this process, higher ranking gang members would explain reasons as to why new members should join. This public approach concluded after police involvement. A new recruitment strategy was adopted in 2010, which involved new members joining via reference from a current gang member., or recruited through close-knit relationships such as family members, or members of an extended social circle
323:, and Black Cobra, the Bloods and Blagardsplads gangs, all referred to as immigrant gangs. Reasons behind the conflict between Hells Angels and Black Cobra have been linked to anti-immigrant, and racist sentiments towards the Black Cobra, along with control over territory, the drug trade, the prostitution trade, and human trafficking trade. Initial police focus towards gang activity was centred on biker gang related crimes, which allowed for the Black Cobra gang to take over 'markets and territories' which they regularly fought over. In response to the Danish gang conflict, police targeted and incarcerated individuals seen to be leaders and driving forces of these street gangs. Police reported that the crimes committed during gang conflicts typically involves homicide, violence, robbery, narcotics crime, smuggling of goods, intimidation and various forms of financial crime. In 2016, approximately 1,400 people were associated with a gang or motorcycle gang in Denmark alone.
367:
2014, a strategy called 'A solid grip on gangs', targeting outlawed motorcycle groups, and local gangs such as the Black Cobra. The new legislation increased penalties for the possession of fire-arms, and allowed courts to double the penalties for specific gang related crimes. The legislation also includes the ability to revoke the parole of gang members who actively participate in ongoing violent conflict, in attempt to prevent gang warfare. The 'solid grip on gangs' strategy also focuses on prevention and desistance programs, as the legislative package introduced several programs allowing police to shut down facilities hosting gang activity, specifically, 'buying out' their properties or denying permission to use a particular property if it is suspected to be used for gang related crimes.
266:
substantially involved in illicit drug sales, as cannabis sales contribute highly to revenue generated by
Denmark gangs. Drug use within the gang is largely prevalent as a result of low incomes. The Black Cobra gang's street culture is characterised by violence, drug dealing, and conflict with other gangs, as drug dealing provides the material base for their lifestyle, along with creating a more formally organised operation. The conflict between gangs creates violence. This conflict occurs due to territorial disputes. In 2007, Danish and international analysts saw a rise in gang warfare between traditional Danish gangs such as the
363:
more than two persons acting in concert with a view to committing offences which are punishable by deprivation of liberty or a detention order'. This law allowed courts to increase penalties towards gangs and organised criminal groups and implement heavier sentencing if a crime is proved to be gang-related. The Danish government attempted to ban outlawed motorcycle groups and gangs in both 1998, and 2010, however both occasions were unsuccessful, as the ban was seen to be unconstitutional due to legal tradition preventing laws related to specific organisations of persons.
234:
299:
355:
335:. Later that day, a tattoo parlor in Køge associated with the Bandidos was riddled with gunfire by two young men on a moped. A fifteen-year-old Black Cobra member was charged with attempted murder after police raided twenty-three properties and recovered two firearms during a crackdown on the gang environment on 28 February 2013. A truce was reached and the conflict was brought to an end after four representatives from each gang met on 29 March 2013.
255:
242:
2009, the gang entered into locations of Sweden, specifically the suburbs Tensta and
Rinkeby in Stockholm. The Black Cobra gang has been distinguished as an organised criminal gang rather than a criminal youth group, as the European Forum for Urban Security defines a gang to be a 'durable, street oriented youth group whose involvement in illegal activity is part of its group identity.
270:, and the new immigrant gang Black Cobra. The gangs fought largely over control of the drug, prostitution, and human trafficking trades. According to Canadian reporter Rachel Mendleson, approximately 60 people had died over this gang warfare in Denmark in 2007, and that 1,500 members were involved in gang activities by 2008. In 2013,
362:
The
Government and police have taken various legislative and policy approaches in attempt to suppress gang activity in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. The Norwegian penal law definition of organised crime was implemented in 2003, being that 'a structured association, established over a period of time, of
318:
motorcycle gangs, and the
Vaerebros. The Black Cobra gang's main rival is the Hells Angels, as in 2007 there was a rise in gang warfare between the two gangs, stemming from conflict over control of the drug and prostitution trade. In 2013, Danish police reported there was 232 shootings, 18 deaths and
241:
The Black Cobra gang has been considered one of the largest criminal gangs in
Denmark since 2000, and their gang members are commonly identified as being immigrants from Turkey, Palestine, Iraq and Albania. The Black Cobra Gang currently operate in all Danish cities along with parts of Norway, and in
245:
The Black Cobra gang identify themselves by wearing a black and white shirt with a cobra snake emblem on the front, and they hold ties to a Youth Gang called The Black
Scorpions. The Black Cobra gang follow certain rules and conducts on their actions, and have a system of delegated leadership power,
330:
after Oruc TĂĽrkoglu, a leading Black Cobra figure in the city, was stabbed and wounded on 29 January 2013. A few days later, shots were fired at the home of another Black Cobra member southwest of
Copenhagen, although no one was injured. In the early hours of 6 February 2013, a prospective Bandidos
370:
In 2009 and 2013, the
Denmark Government launched three specific legislative packages, the first one aimed at addressing certain crimes such as street shootings and violent incidents related to gangs and conflict between individual criminal groups. Within this package, it introduced a provision of
366:
The Danish police has seen to be the principal driver in preventing gang recruitment, and uncovering gang related financial crimes, such as extortion, tax evasion, social security fraud and the infiltration of legitimate businesses. The most recent policy change in
Denmark was implemented in July
224:
and murder. The police describe Black Cobra as a loose network composed of strong leadership figures. Black Cobra members wear black and white shirts with an emblem on the back of a cobra in attack position. The shirts also have Black Cobra written on them, above the emblem in Old English-style
265:
The Black Cobra gang identifies with illegal activity including crimes of drug dealing, violence, burglaries, racketeering and manslaughter. In 2010, it was found that there was an increase in crime of 40% from immigrant youths after they joined a gang. It has been found that gang members are
274:
reported that Denmark police had arrested 32 bikers and gang members suspected of murder and assault. This was conducted in a massive crackdown on organised crime, as Copenhagen had seen a series of drive by shootings and stabbings throughout 2013. These crimes were suspected by police to be
2160:. Leinfelt, Fredrik., Rostami, Amir., Polismyndigheten i Stockholms län., European Commission. Directorate-General for Justice, freedom and security. Stockholm: Polismyndigheten i Stockholms län (Stockholm County Police). 2012.
2114:. Leinfelt, Fredrik., Rostami, Amir., Polismyndigheten i Stockholms län., European Commission. Directorate-General for Justice, freedom and security. Stockholm: Polismyndigheten i Stockholms län (Stockholm County Police). 2012.
1170:. Leinfelt, Fredrik., Rostami, Amir., Polismyndigheten i Stockholms län., European Commission. Directorate-General for Justice, freedom and security. Stockholm: Polismyndigheten i Stockholms län (Stockholm County Police). 2012.
924:. Leinfelt, Fredrik., Rostami, Amir., Polismyndigheten i Stockholms län., European Commission. Directorate-General for Justice, freedom and security. Stockholm: Polismyndigheten i Stockholms län (Stockholm County Police). 2012.
775:. Leinfelt, Fredrik., Rostami, Amir., Polismyndigheten i Stockholms län., European Commission. Directorate-General for Justice, freedom and security. Stockholm: Polismyndigheten i Stockholms län (Stockholm County Police). 2012.
696:. Leinfelt, Fredrik., Rostami, Amir., Polismyndigheten i Stockholms län., European Commission. Directorate-General for Justice, freedom and security. Stockholm: Polismyndigheten i Stockholms län (Stockholm County Police). 2012.
290:
and trafficking illegal drugs. The Black Cobra gang stole 120 boxes of almond tarts, punch rolls, apple crowns and brownies from a delivery truck in southern Sweden in March 2010.
2204:
1032:
644:
967:
Rostami, Amir; Leinfelt, Fredrik (21 November 2011), "The Stockholm Gang Intervention and Prevention Project (SGIP): Introducing a Holistic Approach to Gang Enforcement",
310:
The Black Cobra gang has been associated with gangs such as the Black Scorpions and Black Army within Denmark, and have seen to have rivalry with Danish gangs such as the
512:
591:
565:
1213:
Moeller, Kim (2 January 2017). "Cannabis sales and immigrant youth gangs in Denmark – An exploratory study of market structure and youth gang evolution".
1124:
Moeller, Kim (2 January 2017). "Cannabis sales and immigrant youth gangs in Denmark – An exploratory study of market structure and youth gang evolution".
1081:
Moeller, Kim (2 January 2017). "Cannabis sales and immigrant youth gangs in Denmark – An exploratory study of market structure and youth gang evolution".
538:
342:, a Bandidos support club, after the Chicanos attempted to recruit Black Cobra members. On 5 April 2013, members of both gangs engaged in a riot in
460:
1700:
Yazgan, Pınar; Eroğlu Utku, Deniz (10 January 2017). "News discourse and ideology: critical analysis of Copenhagen gang wars' online news".
886:
Yazgan, Pınar; Eroğlu Utku, Deniz (10 January 2017). "News discourse and ideology: critical analysis of Copenhagen gang wars' online news".
851:
Yazgan, Pınar; Eroğlu Utku, Deniz (10 January 2017). "News discourse and ideology: critical analysis of Copenhagen gang wars' online news".
2420:
617:
2425:
2165:
2119:
2052:
2020:
1988:
1956:
1924:
1892:
1860:
1828:
1685:
1644:
1611:
1587:
1555:
1514:
1363:
1330:
1297:
1273:
1175:
1016:
984:
929:
827:
780:
748:
701:
487:
569:
2362:
2308:
2254:
516:
2205:"Transitional narratives of identity among ethnic minority youth gangs in Denmark: from collectivism to individualism"
1033:"Transitional narratives of identity among ethnic minority youth gangs in Denmark: from collectivism to individualism"
645:"Transitional narratives of identity among ethnic minority youth gangs in Denmark: from collectivism to individualism"
595:
1480:
1387:
401:
2090:
2068:
1736:
1459:
2158:
The Stockholm gang model : PANTHER : Stockholm Gang Intervention and Prevention Project, 2009-2012
2112:
The Stockholm gang model : PANTHER : Stockholm Gang Intervention and Prevention Project, 2009-2012
1168:
The Stockholm gang model : PANTHER : Stockholm Gang Intervention and Prevention Project, 2009-2012
922:
The Stockholm gang model : PANTHER : Stockholm Gang Intervention and Prevention Project, 2009-2012
773:
The Stockholm gang model : PANTHER : Stockholm Gang Intervention and Prevention Project, 2009-2012
694:
The Stockholm gang model : PANTHER : Stockholm Gang Intervention and Prevention Project, 2009-2012
1792:
188:
and is represented in most major Danish cities, with approximately 100 members. The gang is also active in
542:
1414:
419:
490:
2189:
2143:
1199:
953:
804:
725:
464:
2435:
2440:
339:
315:
276:
169:
163:
2401:
2347:
2293:
2203:
Kolind, Torsten; Søgaard, Thomas Friis; Hunt, Geoffrey; Thylstrup, Birgitte (2 January 2017).
1797:
1031:
Kolind, Torsten; Søgaard, Thomas Friis; Hunt, Geoffrey; Thylstrup, Birgitte (2 January 2017).
643:
Kolind, Torsten; Søgaard, Thomas Friis; Hunt, Geoffrey; Thylstrup, Birgitte (2 January 2017).
319:
198 people were wounded suspected to have begun between the Hells Angels and their youth gang
2430:
621:
8:
136:
2389:
2335:
2281:
2235:
2183:
2137:
1238:
1193:
1149:
1106:
1063:
947:
798:
719:
675:
437:
387:
2370:
2316:
2262:
2239:
2227:
2171:
2161:
2125:
2115:
2048:
2044:
2016:
2012:
1984:
1980:
1952:
1948:
1920:
1916:
1888:
1884:
1856:
1852:
1824:
1820:
1717:
1681:
1677:
1650:
1640:
1617:
1607:
1583:
1579:
1551:
1547:
1520:
1510:
1369:
1359:
1336:
1326:
1303:
1293:
1269:
1265:
1242:
1230:
1181:
1171:
1153:
1141:
1110:
1098:
1067:
1055:
1012:
1008:
980:
935:
925:
903:
868:
833:
823:
786:
776:
754:
744:
707:
697:
679:
667:
331:
member was attacked by three Black Cobra members and shot in the knee at his home in
287:
2219:
2040:
2008:
1976:
1944:
1912:
1880:
1848:
1816:
1709:
1673:
1575:
1543:
1261:
1222:
1133:
1090:
1047:
1004:
972:
895:
860:
659:
220:. Their criminal activity involves drug trafficking, robbery, theft, racketeering,
2223:
1226:
1137:
1094:
1051:
663:
1774:
1756:
976:
298:
233:
106:
74:
1639:. Johnston, Elizabeth., Impr. Stipa). Paris: European forum for urban security.
822:. Johnston, Elizabeth., Impr. Stipa). Paris: European forum for urban security.
743:. Johnston, Elizabeth., Impr. Stipa). Paris: European forum for urban security.
82:
343:
2414:
2374:
2320:
2266:
2231:
2175:
2129:
1779:
1761:
1721:
1654:
1621:
1524:
1373:
1340:
1307:
1234:
1185:
1145:
1102:
1059:
939:
907:
872:
837:
790:
758:
711:
671:
1637:
EU street violence : groupes de jeunes et violence dans l'espace public
820:
EU street violence : groupes de jeunes et violence dans l'espace public
741:
EU street violence : groupes de jeunes et violence dans l'espace public
311:
303:
267:
173:
132:
102:
78:
1713:
899:
864:
197:
1436:
2363:"Denmark reinstates border checks at crossings to Sweden after bombings"
2309:"Denmark reinstates border checks at crossings to Sweden after bombings"
2255:"Denmark reinstates border checks at crossings to Sweden after bombings"
1634:
817:
738:
332:
354:
283:
282:
In March 2009, members of the Black Cobra were arrested in Malmö for
221:
201:
128:
90:
2212:
Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention
1392:
1215:
Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention
1126:
Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention
1083:
Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention
1040:
Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention
652:
Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention
271:
98:
41:
338:
In Sweden, the Black Cobra became involved in a conflict with the
193:
258:
213:
185:
60:
327:
485:
254:
209:
205:
189:
64:
279:
biker groups over control in the drug market around the area.
94:
86:
216:. The Black Cobra gang also control a youth gang called the
320:
293:
159:
2202:
1030:
642:
2091:"Illegal Weapons, Gangs and Violent Extremism in Denmark"
2069:"Illegal Weapons, Gangs and Violent Extremism in Denmark"
1737:"Illegal Weapons, Gangs and Violent Extremism in Denmark"
1460:"Illegal Weapons, Gangs and Violent Extremism in Denmark"
458:
326:
A war between the Black Cobra and Bandidos erupted in
2361:
correspondent, Jon Henley Europe (12 November 2019).
2307:
correspondent, Jon Henley Europe (12 November 2019).
2253:
correspondent, Jon Henley Europe (12 November 2019).
275:
conducted by the Black Cobra gang, Hells Angels and
566:"The sweater reveals new criminal gang Black Cobra"
402:"Tröjan avslöjar nya kriminella gänget Black Cobra"
1437:"Black Cobra gang steals selection of small cakes"
1699:
1635:Forum européen pour la sécurité urbaine. (2013).
885:
850:
818:Forum européen pour la sécurité urbaine. (2013).
739:Forum européen pour la sécurité urbaine. (2013).
594:. Sydsvenskan.se. 30 January 2008. Archived from
2412:
2037:Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice
2005:Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice
1973:Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice
1941:Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice
1909:Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice
1877:Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice
1845:Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice
1813:Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice
1670:Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice
1601:
1572:Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice
1540:Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice
1504:
1353:
1320:
1287:
1258:Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice
1001:Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice
349:
184:is one of the largest immigrant street gangs in
966:
1604:Securitization of property squatting in Europe
1507:Securitization of property squatting in Europe
1481:"Denmark: Biker Gangs Raided By Murder Police"
1388:"Denmark: Biker Gangs Raided By Murder Police"
1356:Securitization of property squatting in Europe
1323:Securitization of property squatting in Europe
1290:Securitization of property squatting in Europe
515:. Sydsvenskan.se. 4 March 2009. Archived from
2360:
2306:
2252:
563:
513:"20–30 Malmö residents linked to Black Cobra"
1759:Anne-Marie Madsen and Michael Bo Mortensen,
249:
1793:Mc-gänget Chicanos Trestad vill växa i väst
1415:"Black Cobra members convicted in Skudsag"
2039:, Springer New York, 2014, p. 3417,
2007:, Springer New York, 2014, p. 3417,
1975:, Springer New York, 2014, p. 3417,
1943:, Springer New York, 2014, p. 3417,
1911:, Springer New York, 2014, p. 3417,
1879:, Springer New York, 2014, p. 3417,
1847:, Springer New York, 2014, p. 3417,
1815:, Springer New York, 2014, p. 3417,
1672:, Springer New York, 2014, p. 3417,
1574:, Springer New York, 2014, p. 3417,
1542:, Springer New York, 2014, p. 3417,
1260:, Springer New York, 2014, p. 3417,
1003:, Springer New York, 2014, p. 3417,
461:"Black Cobra is trying to solicit public"
459:Foto: Christer Wahlgren (24 April 2009).
969:Youth Gangs in International Perspective
420:"Indvandrerbander i voldsomt narkoopgør"
353:
297:
294:Association and rivalry with other gangs
253:
232:
1212:
1123:
1080:
971:, Springer New York, pp. 251–269,
491:"Black Cobra gang settles in Stockholm"
2413:
541:. Kvp.se. 4 March 2009. Archived from
151:M16 , Ms13. Black Ghost, Black Spider.
2088:
2066:
1734:
1457:
539:"New Gang in Malmö has Danish roots"
592:"Danish leagues ready to take over"
192:, having established itself in the
13:
1757:Nu giver de hånd: Bandefred i Køge
618:"Black Cobra established in Malmö"
14:
2452:
2421:Organizations established in 2000
2035:"Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs/Gangs",
2003:"Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs/Gangs",
1971:"Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs/Gangs",
1939:"Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs/Gangs",
1907:"Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs/Gangs",
1875:"Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs/Gangs",
1843:"Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs/Gangs",
1811:"Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs/Gangs",
1668:"Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs/Gangs",
1570:"Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs/Gangs",
1538:"Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs/Gangs",
1256:"Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs/Gangs",
999:"Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs/Gangs",
2045:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_100478
2013:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_100478
1981:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_100478
1949:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_100478
1917:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_100478
1885:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_100478
1853:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_100478
1821:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_100478
1678:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_100478
1580:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_100478
1548:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_100478
1266:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_100478
1009:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_100478
2354:
2300:
2246:
2196:
2150:
2104:
2082:
2060:
2028:
1996:
1964:
1932:
1900:
1868:
1836:
1804:
1786:
1768:
1750:
1728:
1693:
1661:
1628:
1595:
1563:
1531:
1498:
1473:
1451:
1429:
1407:
1380:
1347:
1314:
1281:
1249:
1206:
1160:
1117:
1074:
1024:
992:
960:
914:
879:
844:
811:
765:
732:
686:
636:
610:
584:
2426:2000 establishments in Denmark
1777:Sune Fischer and Jan Søgaard,
564:Foto: Scanpix (5 March 2009).
557:
531:
505:
479:
452:
440:. Aftonbladet.se. 8 March 2009
430:
412:
394:
380:
1:
2224:10.1080/14043858.2017.1315276
1606:. New York, N.Y.: Routledge.
1509:. New York, N.Y.: Routledge.
1358:. New York, N.Y.: Routledge.
1325:. New York, N.Y.: Routledge.
1292:. New York, N.Y.: Routledge.
1227:10.1080/14043858.2017.1305038
1138:10.1080/14043858.2017.1305038
1095:10.1080/14043858.2017.1305038
1052:10.1080/14043858.2017.1315276
664:10.1080/14043858.2017.1315276
374:
350:Government and police control
1439:. thelocal.se. 12 March 2010
977:10.1007/978-1-4614-1659-3_15
7:
438:"New gang threatens Sweden"
10:
2457:
1775:Nu er der bandefred i Køge
228:
1602:Manjikian, Mary. (2013).
1505:Manjikian, Mary. (2013).
1354:Manjikian, Mary. (2013).
1321:Manjikian, Mary. (2013).
1288:Manjikian, Mary. (2013).
250:Notable criminal activity
155:
143:
123:
112:
70:
56:
48:
37:
29:
568:. Kvp.se. Archived from
463:. Kvp.se. Archived from
388:"Black Cobra for retten"
2098:Flemish Peace Institute
2076:Flemish Peace Institute
1744:Flemish Peace Institute
1467:Flemish Peace Institute
620:. Sr.se. Archived from
2188:: CS1 maint: others (
2142:: CS1 maint: others (
1198:: CS1 maint: others (
952:: CS1 maint: others (
803:: CS1 maint: others (
724:: CS1 maint: others (
359:
307:
262:
238:
38:Founding location
1714:10.33182/ml.v14i1.322
900:10.33182/ml.v14i1.322
865:10.33182/ml.v14i1.322
357:
301:
257:
236:
21:Criminal organization
2089:Grip, Lina (2018).
2067:Grip, Lina (2018).
1798:Göteborgs-Tidningen
1458:Grip, Lina (2018).
237:Copenhagen, Denmark
124:Criminal activities
26:
2400:has generic name (
2346:has generic name (
2292:has generic name (
489:(13 August 2009).
360:
308:
263:
239:
127:Drug trafficking,
24:
2167:978-91-637-0777-3
2121:978-91-637-0777-3
2054:978-1-4614-5689-6
2022:978-1-4614-5689-6
1990:978-1-4614-5689-6
1958:978-1-4614-5689-6
1926:978-1-4614-5689-6
1894:978-1-4614-5689-6
1862:978-1-4614-5689-6
1830:978-1-4614-5689-6
1702:Migration Letters
1687:978-1-4614-5689-6
1646:978-2-913181-42-7
1613:978-1-136-24335-6
1589:978-1-4614-5689-6
1557:978-1-4614-5689-6
1516:978-1-136-24335-6
1365:978-1-136-24335-6
1332:978-1-136-24335-6
1299:978-1-136-24335-6
1275:978-1-4614-5689-6
1177:978-91-637-0777-3
1018:978-1-4614-5689-6
986:978-1-4614-1658-6
931:978-91-637-0777-3
888:Migration Letters
853:Migration Letters
829:978-2-913181-42-7
782:978-91-637-0777-3
750:978-2-913181-42-7
703:978-91-637-0777-3
179:
178:
49:Years active
2448:
2436:Gangs in Denmark
2406:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2209:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2179:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2133:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1808:
1802:
1795:Sandra Divinyi,
1790:
1784:
1772:
1766:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1735:Grip, L (2018).
1732:
1726:
1725:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1189:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1021:
996:
990:
989:
964:
958:
957:
951:
943:
918:
912:
911:
883:
877:
876:
848:
842:
841:
815:
809:
808:
802:
794:
769:
763:
762:
736:
730:
729:
723:
715:
690:
684:
683:
649:
640:
634:
633:
631:
629:
614:
608:
607:
605:
603:
588:
582:
581:
579:
577:
572:on 17 April 2009
561:
555:
554:
552:
550:
535:
529:
528:
526:
524:
509:
503:
502:
500:
498:
483:
477:
476:
474:
472:
467:on 27 April 2009
456:
450:
449:
447:
445:
434:
428:
427:
416:
410:
409:
398:
392:
391:
384:
288:protection money
149:Black Scorpions
116:
27:
23:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2441:Gangs in Sweden
2411:
2410:
2409:
2397:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2377:
2359:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2305:
2301:
2289:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2269:
2251:
2247:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2181:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2135:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1801:(12 April 2013)
1791:
1787:
1783:(29 March 2013)
1773:
1769:
1765:(29 March 2013)
1755:
1751:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1647:
1633:
1629:
1614:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1517:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1366:
1352:
1348:
1333:
1319:
1315:
1300:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1211:
1207:
1191:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1122:
1118:
1079:
1075:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1019:
998:
997:
993:
987:
965:
961:
945:
944:
932:
920:
919:
915:
884:
880:
849:
845:
830:
816:
812:
796:
795:
783:
771:
770:
766:
751:
737:
733:
717:
716:
704:
692:
691:
687:
647:
641:
637:
627:
625:
616:
615:
611:
601:
599:
598:on 9 March 2012
590:
589:
585:
575:
573:
562:
558:
548:
546:
545:on 5 March 2009
537:
536:
532:
522:
520:
519:on 9 March 2012
511:
510:
506:
496:
494:
484:
480:
470:
468:
457:
453:
443:
441:
436:
435:
431:
418:
417:
413:
400:
399:
395:
386:
385:
381:
377:
352:
296:
252:
231:
218:Black Scorpions
172:
168:
166:
162:
150:
148:
114:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2454:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2408:
2407:
2353:
2299:
2245:
2195:
2166:
2149:
2120:
2103:
2081:
2059:
2053:
2027:
2021:
1995:
1989:
1963:
1957:
1931:
1925:
1899:
1893:
1867:
1861:
1835:
1829:
1803:
1785:
1767:
1749:
1727:
1708:(1): 145–160.
1692:
1686:
1660:
1645:
1627:
1612:
1594:
1588:
1562:
1556:
1530:
1515:
1497:
1472:
1450:
1428:
1406:
1379:
1364:
1346:
1331:
1313:
1298:
1280:
1274:
1248:
1205:
1176:
1159:
1116:
1073:
1023:
1017:
991:
985:
959:
930:
913:
894:(1): 145–160.
878:
859:(1): 145–160.
843:
828:
810:
781:
764:
749:
731:
702:
685:
635:
624:on 25 May 2012
609:
583:
556:
530:
504:
478:
451:
429:
411:
393:
378:
376:
373:
351:
348:
295:
292:
286:a company for
251:
248:
230:
227:
177:
176:
157:
153:
152:
145:
141:
140:
125:
121:
120:
117:
110:
109:
72:
68:
67:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
39:
35:
34:
31:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2453:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2403:
2391:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2337:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2283:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1780:Ekstra Bladet
1776:
1771:
1764:
1763:
1762:Ekstra Bladet
1758:
1753:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1438:
1432:
1416:
1410:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
988:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
955:
949:
941:
937:
933:
927:
923:
917:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
882:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:
839:
835:
831:
825:
821:
814:
806:
800:
792:
788:
784:
778:
774:
768:
760:
756:
752:
746:
742:
735:
727:
721:
713:
709:
705:
699:
695:
689:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
646:
639:
623:
619:
613:
597:
593:
587:
571:
567:
560:
544:
540:
534:
518:
514:
508:
492:
488:
486:Simon Andrén
482:
466:
462:
455:
439:
433:
425:
421:
415:
407:
403:
397:
389:
383:
379:
372:
368:
364:
358:Danish police
356:
347:
345:
341:
336:
334:
329:
324:
322:
317:
313:
305:
300:
291:
289:
285:
280:
278:
273:
269:
260:
256:
247:
243:
235:
226:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
175:
171:
165:
161:
158:
154:
146:
142:
138:
137:vehicle theft
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
32:
28:
19:
2431:Street gangs
2378:. Retrieved
2367:The Guardian
2366:
2356:
2324:. Retrieved
2313:The Guardian
2312:
2302:
2270:. Retrieved
2259:The Guardian
2258:
2248:
2215:
2211:
2198:
2157:
2152:
2111:
2106:
2097:
2084:
2075:
2062:
2036:
2030:
2004:
1998:
1972:
1966:
1940:
1934:
1908:
1902:
1876:
1870:
1844:
1838:
1812:
1806:
1796:
1788:
1778:
1770:
1760:
1752:
1743:
1730:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1669:
1663:
1636:
1630:
1603:
1597:
1571:
1565:
1539:
1533:
1506:
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1484:
1475:
1466:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1391:
1382:
1355:
1349:
1322:
1316:
1289:
1283:
1257:
1251:
1221:(1): 20–34.
1218:
1214:
1208:
1167:
1162:
1132:(1): 20–34.
1129:
1125:
1119:
1089:(1): 20–34.
1086:
1082:
1076:
1043:
1039:
1026:
1000:
994:
968:
962:
921:
916:
891:
887:
881:
856:
852:
846:
819:
813:
772:
767:
740:
734:
693:
688:
655:
651:
638:
626:. Retrieved
622:the original
612:
600:. Retrieved
596:the original
586:
574:. Retrieved
570:the original
559:
547:. Retrieved
543:the original
533:
521:. Retrieved
517:the original
507:
495:. Retrieved
481:
469:. Retrieved
465:the original
454:
442:. Retrieved
432:
423:
414:
405:
396:
382:
369:
365:
361:
337:
325:
312:Hells Angels
309:
304:Hells Angels
281:
268:Hells Angels
264:
244:
240:
217:
181:
180:
174:Hells Angels
133:racketeering
87:ethnic Danes
79:Palestinians
52:2000–present
18:
2398:|last=
2344:|last=
2290:|last=
2218:(1): 3–19.
1046:(1): 3–19.
658:(1): 3–19.
344:Trollhättan
204:suburbs of
182:Black Cobra
147:Black Army
113:Membership
25:Black Cobra
16:Street gang
2415:Categories
2078:: 127–146.
1746:: 127–146.
1469:: 127–146.
1421:12 January
628:12 January
602:12 January
576:12 January
549:12 January
523:12 January
497:12 January
471:12 January
444:12 January
375:References
139:and murder
2390:cite news
2375:0261-3077
2336:cite news
2321:0261-3077
2282:cite news
2267:0261-3077
2240:151975740
2232:1404-3858
2184:cite book
2176:939881024
2138:cite book
2130:939881024
2100:: 27–146.
1722:1741-8992
1655:858206136
1622:847135606
1525:847135606
1374:847135606
1341:847135606
1308:847135606
1243:151668706
1235:1404-3858
1194:cite book
1186:939881024
1154:151668706
1146:1404-3858
1111:151668706
1103:1404-3858
1068:151975740
1060:1404-3858
948:cite book
940:939881024
908:1741-8992
873:1741-8992
838:858206136
799:cite book
791:939881024
759:858206136
720:cite book
712:939881024
680:151975740
672:1404-3858
424:avisen.dk
406:Expressen
284:extorting
225:writing.
222:extortion
202:Stockholm
198:RosengĂĄrd
196:district
129:extortion
91:Egyptians
71:Ethnicity
57:Territory
44:, Denmark
1485:Sky News
1443:1 August
1393:Sky News
340:Chicanos
333:Herfølge
316:Bandidos
277:Bandidos
272:Sky News
261:, Sweden
200:and the
170:Chicanos
164:Bandidos
107:Lebanese
99:Bosniaks
75:Iranians
42:Roskilde
1417:. Dr.dk
493:. Dn.se
302:Danish
259:Rinkeby
229:History
214:Rinkeby
186:Denmark
167:Bloodz
61:Denmark
30:Founded
2380:26 May
2373:
2326:26 May
2319:
2272:26 May
2265:
2238:
2230:
2174:
2164:
2128:
2118:
2051:
2019:
1987:
1955:
1923:
1891:
1859:
1827:
1720:
1684:
1653:
1643:
1620:
1610:
1586:
1554:
1523:
1513:
1490:26 May
1399:26 May
1372:
1362:
1339:
1329:
1306:
1296:
1272:
1241:
1233:
1184:
1174:
1152:
1144:
1109:
1101:
1066:
1058:
1015:
983:
938:
928:
906:
871:
836:
826:
789:
779:
757:
747:
710:
700:
678:
670:
210:Rissne
206:Tensta
190:Sweden
156:Rivals
144:Allies
115:(est.)
103:Iraqis
65:Sweden
2236:S2CID
2208:(PDF)
2094:(PDF)
2072:(PDF)
1740:(PDF)
1463:(PDF)
1239:S2CID
1150:S2CID
1107:S2CID
1064:S2CID
1036:(PDF)
676:S2CID
648:(PDF)
194:Malmö
119:100++
95:Serbs
83:Turks
2402:help
2382:2020
2371:ISSN
2348:help
2328:2020
2317:ISSN
2294:help
2274:2020
2263:ISSN
2228:ISSN
2190:link
2172:OCLC
2162:ISBN
2144:link
2126:OCLC
2116:ISBN
2049:ISBN
2017:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1718:ISSN
1682:ISBN
1651:OCLC
1641:ISBN
1618:OCLC
1608:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1521:OCLC
1511:ISBN
1492:2020
1445:2012
1423:2012
1401:2020
1370:OCLC
1360:ISBN
1337:OCLC
1327:ISBN
1304:OCLC
1294:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1231:ISSN
1200:link
1182:OCLC
1172:ISBN
1142:ISSN
1099:ISSN
1056:ISSN
1013:ISBN
981:ISBN
954:link
936:OCLC
926:ISBN
904:ISSN
869:ISSN
834:OCLC
824:ISBN
805:link
787:OCLC
777:ISBN
755:OCLC
745:ISBN
726:link
708:OCLC
698:ISBN
668:ISSN
630:2012
604:2012
578:2012
551:2012
525:2012
499:2012
473:2012
446:2012
328:Køge
321:AK81
314:and
212:and
160:AK81
105:and
63:and
33:2000
2220:doi
2041:doi
2009:doi
1977:doi
1945:doi
1913:doi
1881:doi
1849:doi
1817:doi
1710:doi
1674:doi
1576:doi
1544:doi
1262:doi
1223:doi
1134:doi
1091:doi
1048:doi
1005:doi
973:doi
896:doi
861:doi
660:doi
2417::
2394::
2392:}}
2388:{{
2369:.
2365:.
2340::
2338:}}
2334:{{
2315:.
2311:.
2286::
2284:}}
2280:{{
2261:.
2257:.
2234:.
2226:.
2216:18
2214:.
2210:.
2186:}}
2182:{{
2170:.
2140:}}
2136:{{
2124:.
2096:.
2074:.
2047:,
2015:,
1983:,
1951:,
1919:,
1887:,
1855:,
1823:,
1742:.
1716:.
1706:14
1704:.
1680:,
1649:.
1616:.
1582:,
1550:,
1519:.
1483:.
1465:.
1390:.
1368:.
1335:.
1302:.
1268:,
1237:.
1229:.
1219:18
1217:.
1196:}}
1192:{{
1180:.
1148:.
1140:.
1130:18
1128:.
1105:.
1097:.
1087:18
1085:.
1062:.
1054:.
1044:18
1042:.
1038:.
1011:,
979:,
950:}}
946:{{
934:.
902:.
892:14
890:.
867:.
857:14
855:.
832:.
801:}}
797:{{
785:.
753:.
722:}}
718:{{
706:.
674:.
666:.
656:18
654:.
650:.
422:.
404:.
346:.
208:,
135:,
131:,
101:,
97:,
93:,
89:,
85:,
81:,
77:,
2404:)
2384:.
2350:)
2330:.
2296:)
2276:.
2242:.
2222::
2192:)
2178:.
2146:)
2132:.
2043::
2011::
1979::
1947::
1915::
1883::
1851::
1819::
1724:.
1712::
1676::
1657:.
1624:.
1578::
1546::
1527:.
1494:.
1447:.
1425:.
1403:.
1376:.
1343:.
1310:.
1264::
1245:.
1225::
1202:)
1188:.
1156:.
1136::
1113:.
1093::
1070:.
1050::
1007::
975::
956:)
942:.
910:.
898::
875:.
863::
840:.
807:)
793:.
761:.
728:)
714:.
682:.
662::
632:.
606:.
580:.
553:.
527:.
501:.
475:.
448:.
426:.
408:.
390:.
306:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
