1198:
nothing can be real. Yet, if the relativity argument, also by
Berkeley, argues that the perception of an object depends on the different positions, then this means that what is perceived can either be real or not because the perception does not show that whole picture and the whole picture cannot be perceived. Berkeley also believes that "when one perceives mediately, one perceives one idea by means of perceiving another". By this, it can be elaborated that if the standards of what perceived at first are different, what perceived after that can be different, as well. In the heat perception described above, one hand perceived the water to be hot and the other hand perceived the water to be cold due to relativity. If applying the idea "to be is to be perceived", the water should be both cold and hot because both perceptions are perceived by different hands. However, the water cannot be cold and hot at the same time for it self-contradicts, so this shows that what perceived is not always true because it sometimes can break the law of noncontradiction. In this case, "it would be arbitrary anthropocentrism to claim that humans have special access to the true qualities of objects". The truth for different people can be different, and humans are limited to accessing the absolute truth due to relativity. Summing up, nothing can be absolutely true due to relativity or the two arguments, to be is to be perceived and the relativity argument, do not always work together.
1182:" or "empirical idealist", who believed that reality is constructed entirely of immaterial, conscious minds and their ideas; everything that exists is somehow dependent on the subject perceiving it, except the subject themselves. He refuted the existence of abstract objects that many other philosophers believed to exist, notably Plato. According to Berkeley, "an abstract object does not exist in space or time and which is therefore entirely non-physical and non-mental"; however, this argument contradicts his relativity argument. If "esse est percipi", (Latin meaning that to exist is to be perceived) is true, then the objects in the relativity argument made by Berkeley can either exist or not. Berkeley believed that only the minds' perceptions and the Spirit that perceives are what exists in reality; what people perceive every day is only the idea of an object's existence, but the objects themselves are not perceived. Berkeley also discussed how, at times, materials cannot be perceived by oneself, and the mind of oneself cannot understand the objects. However, there also exists an "omnipresent, eternal mind" that Berkeley believed to consist of God and the Spirit, both omniscient and all-perceiving. According to Berkeley, God is the entity who controls everything, yet Berkeley also argued that "abstract object do not exist in space or time". In other words, as Warnock argues, Berkeley "had recognized that he could not square with his own talk of
1167:
secondary qualities are mind-dependent, for example, taste and colour. George
Berkeley refuted John Locke's belief on primary and secondary qualities because Berkeley believed that "we cannot abstract the primary qualities (e.g shape) from secondary ones (e.g colour)". Berkeley argued that perception is dependent on the distance between the observer and the object, and "thus, we cannot conceive of mechanist material bodies which are extended but not (in themselves) colored". What perceived can be the same type of quality, but completely opposite from each other because of different positions and perceptions, what we perceive can be different even when the same types of things consist of contrary qualities. Secondary qualities aid in people's conception of primary qualities in an object, like how the colour of an object leads people to recognize the object itself. More specifically, the colour red can be perceived in apples, strawberries, and tomatoes, yet we would not know what these might look like without its colour. We would also be unaware of what the colour red looked like if red paint, or any object that has a perceived red colour, failed to exist. From this, we can see that colours cannot exist on their own and can solely represent a group of perceived objects. Therefore, both primary and secondary qualities are mind-dependent: they cannot exist without our minds.
1642:. He anticipates that the materialist may take a representational materialist standpoint: although the senses can only perceive ideas, these ideas resemble (and thus can be compared to) the actual, existing object. Thus, through the sensing of these ideas, the mind can make inferences as to matter itself, even though pure matter is non-perceivable. Berkeley's objection to that notion is that "an idea can be like nothing but an idea; a colour or figure can be like nothing but another colour or figure". Berkeley distinguishes between an idea, which is mind-dependent, and a material substance, which is not an idea and is mind-independent. As they are not alike, they cannot be compared, just as one cannot compare the colour red to something that is invisible, or the sound of music to silence, other than that one exists and the other does not. This is called the likeness principle: the notion that an idea can only be like (and thus compared to) another idea.
1602:
consciousness is considered something that exists to
Berkeley due to its ability to perceive. "'To be,' said of the object, means to be perceived, 'esse est percipi'; 'to be', said of the subject, means to perceive or 'percipere'." Having established this, Berkeley then attacks the "opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and in a word all sensible objects have an existence natural or real, distinct from being perceived". He believes this idea to be inconsistent because such an object with an existence independent of perception must have both sensible qualities, and thus be known (making it an idea), and also an insensible reality, which Berkeley believes is inconsistent. Berkeley believes that the error arises because people think that perceptions can imply or infer something about the material object. Berkeley calls this concept
1625:, which in turn relies heavily on the senses. His empiricism can be defined by five propositions: all significant words stand for ideas; all knowledge of things is about ideas; all ideas come from without or from within; if from without it must be by the senses, and they are called sensations (the real things), if from within they are the operations of the mind, and are called thoughts. Berkeley clarifies his distinction between ideas by saying they "are imprinted on the senses," "perceived by attending to the passions and operations of the mind," or "are formed by help of memory and imagination." One refutation of his idea was: if someone leaves a room and stops perceiving that room does that room no longer exist? Berkeley answers this by claiming that it is still being perceived and the consciousness that is doing the perceiving is
816:
64:
1303:
principle of motion is unknown". Therefore, those who "affirm that active force, action, and the principle of motion are really in bodies are adopting an opinion not based on experience". Forces and gravity existed nowhere in the phenomenal world. On the other hand, if they resided in the category of "soul" or "incorporeal thing", they "do not properly belong to physics" as a matter. Berkeley thus concluded that forces lay beyond any kind of empirical observation and could not be a part of proper science. He proposed his theory of signs as a means to explain motion and matter without reference to the "occult qualities" of force and gravity.
837:
1618:' philosophy, which was expanded upon by Locke, and resulted in the rejection of Berkeley's form of empiricism by several philosophers of the eighteenth century. In Locke's philosophy, "the world causes the perceptual ideas we have of it by the way it interacts with our senses." This contradicts with Berkeley's philosophy because not only does it suggest the existence of physical causes in the world, but in fact, there is no physical world beyond our ideas. The only causes that exist in Berkeley's philosophy are those that are a result of the use of the will.
1048:. Finally, the order and purposefulness of the whole of our experience of the world and especially of nature overwhelms us into believing in the existence of an extremely powerful and intelligent spirit that causes that order. According to Berkeley, reflection on the attributes of that external spirit leads us to identify it with God. Thus a material thing such as an apple consists of a collection of ideas (shape, colour, taste, physical properties, etc.) which are caused in the spirits of humans by the spirit of God.
5432:
1611:
matter. Thus, matter, should it exist, must exist as collections of ideas, which can be perceived by the senses and interpreted by the mind. But if matter is just a collection of ideas, then
Berkeley concludes that matter, in the sense of a material substance, does not exist as most philosophers of Berkeley's time believed. Indeed, if a person visualizes something, then it must have some colour, however dark or light; it cannot just be a shape of no colour at all if a person is to visualize it.
795:, who had been her intimate friend for many years. Vanhomrigh's choice of legatees caused a good deal of surprise since she did not know either of them well, although Berkeley as a very young man had known her father. Swift said that he did not grudge Berkeley his inheritance, much of which vanished in a lawsuit in any event. A story that Berkeley and Marshall disregarded a condition of the inheritance that they must publish the correspondence between Swift and Vanessa is probably untrue.
5102:... The philosophical insight, combined with the mastery of Berkeley's texts, that Ian brought to this work make it one of the masterpieces of Berkeley scholarship. It is not surprising therefore that, when the Garland Publishing Company brought out, late in 1980s, a 15-volume collection of major works on Berkeley, Ian's book was one of only two full-length studies of Berkeley published after 1935 to be included" (Charles J. McCracken. In Memoriam: Ian C. Tipton //
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the Dolins family, had numerous social links to
Cheselden, including the poet Alexander Pope, and Princess Caroline, to whom Cheselden's patient was presented. The report misspelt Cheselden's name, used language typical of Berkeley, and may even have been ghost-written by Berkeley. Unfortunately, Dolins was never able to see well enough to read, and there is no evidence that the surgery improved Dolins' vision at any point prior to his death at age 30.
902:, the Scottish artist he "discovered" in Italy, who is generally regarded as the founding father of American portrait painting. Meanwhile, he drew up plans for the ideal city he planned to build on Bermuda. He lived at the plantation while he waited for funds for his college to arrive. The funds, however, were not forthcoming. "With the withdrawal from London of his own persuasive energies, opposition gathered force; and the Prime Minister,
386:
1538:, Berkeley defends the thesis that people have "a moral duty to observe the negative precepts (prohibitions) of the law, including the duty not to resist the execution of punishment." However, Berkeley does make exceptions to this sweeping moral statement, stating that we need not observe precepts of "usurpers or even madmen" and that people can obey different supreme authorities if there are more than one claims to the highest authority.
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589:
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doubled its library holdings, improved the college's financial position and brought
Anglican religious ideas and English culture into New England. Johnson also took Berkeley's philosophy and used parts of it as a framework for his own American Practical Idealism school of philosophy. As Johnson's philosophy was taught to about half the graduates of American colleges between 1743 and 1776, and over half of the contributors to the
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1473:, which tends to distance God from His worshipers. Specifically, he observed that both Newtonian and Leibnizian calculus employed infinitesimals sometimes as positive, nonzero quantities and other times as a number explicitly equal to zero. Berkeley's key point in "The Analyst" was that Newton's calculus (and the laws of motion based on calculus) lacked rigorous theoretical foundations. He claimed that:
1837:
Reverend friend, Bishop
Berkeleyâtruly, one of your lords spiritualâwho, metaphysically speaking, holding all objects to be mere optical delusions, was, notwithstanding, extremely matter-of-fact in all matters touching matter itself. Besides being pervious to the points of pins, and possessing a palate capable of appreciating plum-puddings:âwhich sentence reads off like a pattering of hailstones.
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1155:. He takes heat as an example of a secondary quality. If you put one hand in a bucket of cold water, and the other hand in a bucket of warm water, then put both hands in a bucket of lukewarm water, one of your hands is going to tell you that the water is cold and the other that the water is hot. Locke says that since two different objects (both your hands) perceive the water to be hot
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1081:. When in broad daylight I open my eyes, it is not in my power to choose whether I shall see or no, or to determine what particular objects shall present themselves to my view; and so likewise as to the hearing and other senses; the ideas imprinted on them are not creatures of my will. There is therefore some other Will or Spirit that produces them. (Berkeley.
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perception: one perceives distance indirectly just as one perceives a person's embarrassment indirectly. When looking at an embarrassed person, we infer indirectly that the person is embarrassed by observing the red colour on the person's face. We know through experience that a red face tends to signal embarrassment, as we've learned to associate the two.
1040:#89). For Berkeley, we have no direct 'idea' of spirits, albeit we have good reason to believe in the existence of other spirits, for their existence explains the purposeful regularities we find in experience ("It is plain that we cannot know the existence of other spirits otherwise than by their operations, or the ideas by them excited in us",
1163:
the size of the observer. Since an object is a different size to different observers, then size is not a quality of the object. Berkeley rejects shape with a similar argument and then asks: if neither primary qualities nor secondary qualities are of the object, then how can we say that there is anything more than the qualities we observe?
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lawsâif practised, would lead to the general fitness of humankind, it follows that they can be discovered by the right reasonâfor example, the law to never resist supreme power can be derived from reason because this law is "the only thing that stands between us and total disorder". Thus, these laws can be called the
1130:, the most eminent Berkeley scholar of the 20th century, constantly stressed the continuity of Berkeley's philosophy. The fact that Berkeley returned to his major works throughout his life, issuing revised editions with only minor changes, also counts against any theory that attributes to him a significant
2010:. For example, the library at Trinity that was named after him in 1978 is to be "de-named", Trinity announced in April 2023. Another memorialization of him in the form of a stained glass window will remain, but used as part of "a retain-and-explain approach" where his legacy will be given further context.
1898:
After we came out of the church, we stood talking for some time together of Bishop
Berkeley's ingenious sophistry to prove the non-existence of matter, and that every thing in the universe is merely ideal. I observed, that though we are satisfied his doctrine is untrue, it is impossible to refute it.
1477:
In every other
Science Men prove their Conclusions by their Principles, and not their Principles by the Conclusions. But if in yours you should allow your selves this unnatural way of proceeding, the Consequence would be that you must take up with Induction, and bid adieu to Demonstration. And if you
1267:
What inclines men to this mistake (beside the humour of making one see by geometry) is, that the same perceptions or ideas which suggest distance, do also suggest magnitude ... I say they do not first suggest distance, and then leave it to the judgement to use that as a medium, whereby to collect the
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However, the relativity argument violates the idea of immaterialism. Berkeley's immaterialism argues that "esse est percipi (aut percipere)", which in
English is: to be is to be perceived (or to perceive). That is saying only what is perceived or perceived is real, and without our perception or God's
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at the disposal of the human individual. He strove simply to show that the causes of sensations could not be things, because what we called things, and considered without grounds to be something different from our sensations, were built up wholly from sensations. There must consequently be some other
994:
The use of the concepts of "spirit" and "idea" is central in Berkeley's philosophy. As used by him, these concepts are difficult to translate into modern terminology. His concept of "spirit" is close to the concept of "conscious subject" or of "mind", and the concept of "idea" is close to the concept
1563:
might, for example, justify a morally impermissible act in light of the specific situation, Berkeley's doctrine of Passive Obedience holds that it is never morally permissible to not follow a moral rule, even when it seems like breaking that moral rule might achieve the happiest ends. Berkeley holds
1836:
And here be it said, that for all his superstitious misgivings about the brigantine; his imputing to her something equivalent to a purely phantom-like nature, honest Jarl was nevertheless exceedingly downright and practical in all hints and proceedings concerning her. Wherein, he resembled my Right
1736:
visited him, and the two later corresponded. Johnson convinced Berkeley to establish a scholarship program at Yale and to donate a large number of books, as well as his plantation, to the college when the philosopher returned to England. It was one of Yale's largest and most important donations; it
1330:
view of scientific observation that states that the scientific method provides us with no true insight into the nature of the world. Rather, the scientific method gives us a variety of partial explanations about regularities that hold in the world and that are gained through experiments. The nature
1162:
While Locke used this argument to distinguish primary from secondary qualities, Berkeley extends it to cover primary qualities in the same way. For example, he says that size is not a quality of an object because the size of the object depends on the distance between the observer and the object, or
1002:
substance, but did not deny the existence of physical objects such as apples or mountains ("I do not argue against the existence of any one thing that we can apprehend, either by sense or reflection. That the things I see with mine eyes and touch with my hands do exist, really exist, I make not the
2006:, "provided outstanding merit is shown", to candidates answering a special examination in Greek. The awards were founded in 1752 by Berkeley. However, they have not been awarded since 2011. Other elements of Berkeley's legacy at Trinity are currently under review (As of 2023) due to his support of
1854:
Who watches me here? Who ever anywhere will read these written words? Signs on a white field. Somewhere to someone in your flutiest voice. The good bishop of Cloyne took the veil of the temple out of his shovel hat: veil of space with coloured emblems hatched on its field. Hold hard. Coloured on a
1601:
All knowledge comes from perception; what we perceive are ideas, not things in themselves; a thing in itself must be outside experience; so the world only consists of ideas and minds that perceive those ideas; a thing only exists so far as it perceives or is perceived. Through this we can see that
1302:
Berkeley argued that forces and gravity, as defined by Newton, constituted "occult qualities" that "expressed nothing distinctly". He held that those who posited "something unknown in a body of which they have no idea and which they call the principle of motion, are in fact simply stating that the
1272:
Berkeley claimed that his visual theories were "vindicated" by a 1728 report regarding the recovery of vision in a 13-year-old boy operated for congenital cataracts by surgeon William Cheselden. In 2021, the name of Cheselden's patient was published for the first time: Daniel Dolins. Berkeley knew
1166:
Relativity is the idea that there is no objective, universal truth; it is a state of dependence in which the existence of one independent object is solely dependent on that of another. According to Locke, characteristics of primary qualities are mind-independent, such as shape, size, etc., whereas
1785:
Other than philosophy, Berkeley also influenced modern psychology with his work on John Locke's theory of association and how it could be used to explain how humans gain knowledge in the physical world. He also used the theory to explain perception, stating that all qualities were, as Locke would
1767:
The proportion of Berkeley scholarship, in literature on the history of philosophy, is increasing. This can be judged from the most comprehensive bibliographies on George Berkeley. During the period of 1709â1932, about 300 writings on Berkeley were published. That amounted to 1.5 publications per
1610:
that, similar to how people can only sense matter with their senses through the actual sensation, they can only conceive of matter (or, rather, ideas of matter) through the idea of sensation of matter. This implies that everything that people can conceive in regards to matter is only ideas about
1541:
Berkeley defends this thesis with deductive proof stemming from the laws of nature. First, he establishes that because God is perfectly good, the end to which he commands humans must also be good, and that end must not benefit just one person, but the entire human race. Because these commandsâor
1482:
Berkeley did not doubt that calculus produced real-world truth; simple physics experiments could verify that Newton's method did what it claimed to do. "The cause of Fluxions cannot be defended by reason", but the results could be defended by empirical observation, Berkeley's preferred method of
1105:
misconceptions, of course), since nature or matter did not exist as a reality independent of consciousness. The revelation of God was directly accessible to man, according to this doctrine; it was the sense-perceived world, the world of man's sensations, which came to him from on high for him to
1257:
Berkeley wrote about the perception of size in addition to that of distance. He is frequently misquoted as believing in sizeâdistance invarianceâa view held by the Optic Writers. This idea is that we scale the image size according to distance in a geometrical manner. The error may have become
1229:
Berkeley goes on to argue that visual cues, such as the perceived extension or 'confusion' of an object, can only be used to indirectly judge distance, because the viewer learns to associate visual cues with tactile sensations. Berkeley gives the following analogy regarding indirect distance
1114:
machinery that in the fullness of time led to the growth of a tree in the university quadrangle. Rather, the perception of the tree is an idea that God's mind has produced in the mind, and the tree continues to exist in the quadrangle when "nobody" is there, simply because God is an infinite
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4823:"Shows a thorough mastery of the literature on Berkeley, along with very perceptive remarks about the strength and weaknesses of most of the central commentators. ... Exhibits a mastery of all the material, both primary and secondary ..." Charles Larmore, for the editorial board,
1549:
One may view Berkeley's doctrine on Passive Obedience as a kind of 'Theological Utilitarianism', insofar as it states that we have a duty to uphold a moral code which presumably is working towards the ends of promoting the good of humankind. However, the concept of 'ordinary'
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569:
Interest in Berkeley's work increased after World War II because he tackled many of the issues of paramount interest to philosophy in the 20th century, such as the problems of perception, the difference between primary and secondary qualities, and the importance of language.
1487:
he endeavoured to show "how Error may bring forth Truth, though it cannot bring forth Science". Newton's science, therefore, could not on purely scientific grounds justify its conclusions, and the mechanical, deistic model of the universe could not be rationally justified.
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Berkeley, George. Passive Obedience: Or, the Christian Doctrine of Not Resisting the Supreme Power, Proved and Vindicated ... In a Discourse Deliver'd at the College-chapel. By George Berkeley, M.A. Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. London: Printed for H. Clements, 1712.
1226:. That is, we do not see space directly or deduce its form logically using the laws of optics. Space for Berkeley is no more than a contingent expectation that visual and tactile sensations will follow one another in regular sequences that we come to expect through habit.
698:, first published in 1709. In the essay, Berkeley examines visual distance, magnitude, position and problems of sight and touch. While this work raised much controversy at the time, its conclusions are now accepted as an established part of the theory of optics.
1375:. According to this approach, scientific theories have the status of serviceable fictions, useful inventions aimed at explaining facts, and without any pretension to being true. Popper contrasts instrumentalism with the above-mentioned essentialism and his own "
1391:, although in a rather indirect sense. "Berkeley was concerned with mathematics and its philosophical interpretation from the earliest stages of his intellectual life." Berkeley's "Philosophical Commentaries" (1707â1708) witness to his interest in mathematics:
1768:
year. During the course of 1932â1979, over one thousand works were brought out, i.e., 20 works per year. Since then, the number of publications has reached 30 per annum. In 1977 publication began in Ireland of a special journal on Berkeley's life and thought (
1558:
of obligation"âthat is, Utilitarianism is concerned with whether particular actions are morally permissible in specific situations, while Berkeley's doctrine is concerned with whether or not we should follow moral rules in any and all circumstances. Whereas
1637:
deity.) This claim is the only thing holding up his argument which is "depending for our knowledge of the world, and of the existence of other minds, upon a God that would never deceive us." Berkeley anticipates a second objection, which he refutes in
1597:
that "the ideas of sense are stronger, livelier, and clearer than those of the imagination; and they are also steady, orderly and coherent." From this we can tell that the things that we are perceiving are truly real rather than it just being a dream.
1423:
called this treatise "the most spectacular event of the century in the history of British mathematics." However, a recent study suggests that Berkeley misunderstood Leibnizian calculus. The mathematician in question is believed to have been either
909:
He and Anne had four children who survived infancy – Henry, George, William and Julia – and at least two other children who died in infancy. William's death in 1751 was a great cause of grief for his father.
756:. In the period between 1714 and 1720, he interspersed his academic endeavours with periods of extensive travel in Europe, including one of the most extensive Grand Tours of the length and breadth of Italy ever undertaken. In 1721, he took
5098:"Ian C. Tipton, one of the world's great Berkeley scholars and longtime president of the International Berkeley Society. ... Of the many works about Berkeley that were published in the twentieth century, few rival in importance his
1003:
least question. The only thing whose existence we deny, is that which philosophers call matter or corporeal substance. And in doing of this, there is no damage done to the rest of mankind, who, I dare say, will never miss it.",
1262:
perpetuated it. In fact, Berkeley argued that the same cues that evoke distance also evoke size, and that we do not first see size and then calculate distance. It is worth quoting Berkeley's words on this issue (Section 53):
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external source of the inexhaustible diversity of sensations. The source of our sensations, Berkeley concluded, could only be God; He gave them to man, who had to see in them signs and symbols that carried God's word.
2032:, located in the same town, was formerly named "The Berkeley Memorial Chapel", and the appellation still survives at the end of the formal name of the parish, "St. Columba's, the Berkeley Memorial Chapel".
1237:
tradition and its reliance on classical optics in the development of pictorial representations of spatial depth. This matter has been debated by scholars since the 11th-century Arab polymath and mathematician
489:, in which he discussed the limitations of human vision and advanced the theory that the proper objects of sight are not material objects, but light and colour. This foreshadowed his chief philosophical work,
1716:
admitted that he put forward a drastic criticism of Berkeleianism after he had been an admirer of Berkeley's philosophical system for a long time. Berkeley's "thought made possible the work of Hume and thus
1483:
acquiring knowledge at any rate. Berkeley, however, found it paradoxical that "Mathematicians should deduce true Propositions from false Principles, be right in Conclusion, and yet err in the Premises." In
3459:
Downing, Lisa. Berkeley's Case Against Realism About Dynamics. In Robert G. Muehlmann (ed.), Berkeley's Metaphysics: Structural, Interpretive, and Critical Essays. The Pennsylvania State University Press,
1760:, "two of the twentieth century's foremost Berkeley scholars", thanks to whom Berkeley scholarship was raised to the rank of a special area of historico-philosophical science. In addition, the philosopher
2224:
The Works of George Berkeley, D.D. Late Bishop of Cloyne in Ireland. To which is added, an account of his life, and several of his letters to Thomas Prior, Esq. Dean Gervais, and Mr. Pope, &c. &c.
989:
According to Berkeley there are only two kinds of things: spirits and ideas. Spirits are simple, active beings which produce and perceive ideas; ideas are passive beings which are produced and perceived.
969:
He remained at Cloyne until 1752, when he retired. With his wife and daughter Julia, he went to Oxford to live with his son George and supervise his education. He died soon afterwards and was buried in
1469:
Berkeley regarded his criticism of calculus as part of his broader campaign against the religious implications of Newtonian mechanics – as a defence of traditional Christianity against
1268:
magnitude; but they have as close and immediate a connexion with the magnitude as with the distance; and suggest magnitude as independently of distance, as they do distance independently of magnitude.
1546:, because they are derived from Godâthe creator of nature himself. "These laws of nature include duties never to resist the supreme power, lie under oath ... or do evil so that good may come of it."
2234:
The Works of George Berkeley, D.D., formerly Bishop of Cloyne: Including Many of His Writings Hitherto Unpublished; With Prefaces, Annotations, His Life and Letters, and an Account of His Philosophy
1295:, 1744). Moreover, much of his philosophy is shaped fundamentally by his engagement with the science of his time." The profundity of this interest can be judged from numerous entries in Berkeley's
1242:(AbĆ« ÊżAlÄ« al-កasan ibn al-កasan ibn al-Haytham) affirmed in experimental contexts the visibility of space. This issue, which was raised in Berkeley's theory of vision, was treated at length in the
1973:, particularly the final stanza: "Westward the course of empire takes its way; the first four Acts already past, a fifth shall close the Drama with the day; time's noblest offspring is the last".
5308:
1593:
George Berkeleyâs theory that matter does not exist comes from the belief that "sensible things are those only which are immediately perceived by sense." Berkeley says in his book called
1690:
once wrote of him: "Berkeley was, therefore, the first to treat the subjective starting-point really seriously and to demonstrate irrefutably its absolute necessity. He is the father of
1186:, of our minds and of God; for these are perceivers and not among objects of perception. Thus he says, rather weakly and without elucidation, that in addition to our ideas, we also have
906:
grew steadily more sceptical and lukewarm. At last it became clear that the essential Parliamentary grant would be not forthcoming", and in 1732 he left America and returned to London.
2405:: "Paraphrasing David Hume (1739 ...; see also Locke 1690, Berkeley 1710, Russell 1912): nothing is ever directly present to the mind in perception except perceptual appearances."
974:. His affectionate disposition and genial manners made him much loved and held in warm regard by many of his contemporaries. Anne outlived her husband by many years, and died in 1786.
9047:
8901:
8698:
3604:
Defence of Free-Thinking in Mathematics, in Berkeley, George, and Jessop, T.E. The Works of George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne. London: Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd., 1948â1957, 4:113
1025:. The phrase appears associated with him in authoritative philosophical sources, e.g., "Berkeley holds that there are no such mind-independent things, that, in the famous phrase,
8941:
713:, in which he propounded his system of philosophy, the leading principle of which is that the world, as represented by our senses, depends for its existence on being perceived.
887:
to work on the plantation. In 2023, Trinity College Dublin removed Berkeley's name from one of its libraries because of his slave ownership and his active defence of slavery.
8906:
7684:
6469:
2113:
A Proposal for Better Supplying Churches in our Foreign Plantations, and for converting the Savage Americans to Christianity by a College to be erected in the Summer Islands
4932:
4008:. Ed. by Barry Smith & David Woodruff Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 239â322. (The paper constitutes a discussion on the relation between
962:
is an effective antiseptic and disinfectant when applied to cuts on the skin, but Berkeley argued for the use of pine tar as a broad panacea for diseases. His 1744 work on
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8788:
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1786:
call them, "secondary qualities", therefore perception laid entirely in the perceiver and not in the object. These are both topics today studied in modern psychology.
1657:
formed by help of memory and imaginationâeither compounding, dividing, or barely representing those originally perceived in the aforesaid ways". (Berkeley's emphasis.)
1036:#86). In contrast to ideas, a spirit cannot be perceived. A person's spirit, which perceives ideas, is to be comprehended intuitively by inward feeling or reflection (
926:
on 18 January 1734. He was consecrated as such on 19 May 1734. He was the Bishop of Cloyne until his death on 14 January 1753, although he died at Oxford (see below).
952:
Siris: A Chain of Philosophical Reflexions and Inquiries Concerning the Virtues of Tarwater, And divers other Subjects connected together and arising one from another
707:
in 1710, which had great success and gave him a lasting reputation, though few accepted his theory that nothing exists outside the mind. This was followed in 1713 by
8926:
8703:
689:
in 1702, being awarded BA in 1704 and MA and a Fellowship in 1707. He remained at Trinity College after the completion of his degree as a tutor and Greek lecturer.
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8673:
4140:
Charles J. McCracken "Berkeley's Realism" // New Interpretations of Berkeley's Thought. Ed. by S. H. Daniel. New York: Humanity Books, 2008, p. 24.
1899:
I shall never forget the alacrity with which Johnson answered, striking his foot with mighty force against a large stone, till he rebounded from it,â "I refute it
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Outside of America, during Berkeley's lifetime, his philosophical ideas were comparatively uninfluential. But interest in his doctrine grew from the 1870s when
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mathematical hypotheses (while their essentialist interpretation is eliminated). If not they may be ruled out altogether. This razor is sharper than Ockham's:
1401:
These are sciences purely Verbal, & entirely useless but for Practise in Societys of Men. No speculative knowledge, no comparison of Ideas in them. (#768)
9097:
4689:
1671:
703:
3450:
De Motu, in Berkeley, George, and Jessop, T. E. The Works of George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne. London: Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd., 1948â1957, 4:36â37.
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that even though sometimes, the consequences of an action in a specific situation might be bad, the general tendencies of that action benefit humanity.
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2029:
3613:
The Analyst, in Berkeley, George, and Jessop, T.E. The Works of George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne. London: Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd., 1948â1957, 4:77
3595:
The Analyst, in Berkeley, George, and Jessop, T.E. The Works of George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne. London: Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd., 1948â1957, 4:76
1877:
and his rather confused compilation "A New Refutation of Time." Mr. Leonard would have lost less of it had he gone straight to Berkeley and Bergson. (
4959:
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8803:
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1683:, which made assertions similar to those of Berkeley's. However, there seemed to have been no influence or communication between the two writers.
1606:. He rebuts this concept by arguing that people cannot conceive of an object without also imagining the sensual input of the object. He argues in
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Boring E. G., 1942. Sensation and perception in the history of experimental psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, pp. 223, 298.
1007:#35). This basic claim of Berkeley's thought, his "idealism", is sometimes and somewhat derisively called "immaterialism" or, occasionally,
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3550:(2012), "Leibniz's Infinitesimals: Their Fictionality, Their Modern Implementations, and Their Foes from Berkeley to Russell and Beyond",
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1359:
In another essay of the same book titled "Three Views Concerning Human Knowledge", Popper argues that Berkeley is to be considered as an
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2157:
A Defence of Free-thinking in Mathematics, with Appendix concerning Mr. Walton's vindication of Sir Isaac Newton's Principle of Fluxions
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actually imprinted on the senses; or else such as are perceived by attending to the passions and operations of the mind; or lastly
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1299:(1707â1708), e.g. "Mem. to Examine & accurately discuss the scholium of the 8th Definition of Mr Newton's Principia." (#316)
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Berkeley, George, and Howard Robinson. Principles of Human Knowledge and Three Dialogues. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009.
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Edward Chaney (2000), 'George Berkeley's Grand Tours: The Immaterialist as Connoisseur of Art and Architecture', in E. Chaney,
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Berkeley, George. "Principles of Human Knowledge." The Empiricists: Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. Anchor Books, 1974, pp. 151â62.
1764:
wrote extensively on Berkeley's use of language as a model for visual, physiological, natural and metaphysical relationships.
1077:
Whatever power I may have over my own thoughts, I find the ideas actually perceived by Sense have not a like dependence on my
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Contains more easily readable versions of New Theory of Vision, Principles of Human Knowledge, Three Dialogues, and Alciphron
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1152:
5379:
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3711:?" // Lemetti, Juhana and PiirimÀe, Eva, eds. Human Nature as the Basis of Morality and Society in Early Modern Philosophy.
3469:"To be of service to reckoning and mathematical demonstrations is one thing, to set forth the nature of things is another" (
2143:
The Theory of Vision, or Visual Language, shewing the immediate presence and providence of a Deity, vindicated and explained
1701:. A linear development is often traced from three great "British Empiricists", leading from Locke through Berkeley to Hume.
802:
for training ministers and missionaries in the colony, in pursuit of which he gave up his deanery with its income of ÂŁ1100.
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2025:
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2389:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, p. 43: "All of Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume supposed that mathematics is a theory of our
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Ross H. E., Plug, C., 1998. "The history of size constancy and size illusions." In Walsh, V. & Kulikowski, J. (Eds).
1495:
whose approach to calculus was a combination of infinitesimals and a notion of limit, and were eventually sidestepped by
934:
While living in London's Saville Street, he took part in efforts to create a home for the city's abandoned children. The
6080:
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Flage, Daniel E. "George Berkeley". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, www.iep.utm.edu/berkeley. Accessed 20 May 2019.
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philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "
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1953:
815:
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2393:, but none of them offered any argument for this conceptualist claim, and apparently took it to be uncontroversial."
736:, who did acknowledge his "extraordinary genius," were nevertheless convinced that his first principles were false.
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1019:(to be is to be perceived), most often if slightly inaccurately attributed to Berkeley as the pure Latin phrase
867:, and Forster's first wife Rebecca Monck. He then went to America on a salary of ÂŁ100 per annum. He landed near
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3023:(Epilogue to the Satires, Dialogue ii, line 73) refers to God granting "To Berkeley every Virtue under Heaven".
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Axiom. No reasoning about things whereof we have no idea. Therefore no reasoning about Infinitesimals. (#354)
501:
in 1713. In this book, Berkeley's views were represented by Philonous (Greek: "lover of mind"), while Hylas ("
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New Interpretations of Berkeley's Thought. Ed. by S. H. Daniel. New York: Humanity Books, 2008, 319 pp.
4783:
2105:
1981:
1453:
1282:
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526:
274:
63:
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69, 15 (1972):460â62; GĂŒnter Gawlick "MenschheitsglĂŒck und Wille Gottes: Neues Licht auf Berkeleys Ethik."
4715:
2810:, 'George Berkeley's Grand Tours: The Immaterialist as Connoisseur of Art and Architecture', in E. Chaney,
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1855:
flat: yes, that's right. Flat I see, then think distance, near, far, flat I see, east, back. Ah, see now!
1457:
1387:
In addition to his contributions to philosophy, Berkeley was also very influential in the development of
1224:
spatial depth, as the distance that separates the perceiver from the perceived object is itself invisible
654:
171:
1432:
himselfâthough if to the latter, then the discourse was posthumously addressed, as Newton died in 1727.
1339:
A general practical resultâwhich I propose to call "Berkeley's razor"âof analysis of physics allows us
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495:, in 1710, which, after its poor reception, he rewrote in dialogue form and published under the title
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A Sermon preached before the incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts
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3304:
Oriens-Occidens: Cahiers du centre d'histoire des sciences et des philosophies arabes et médiévales
2710:, Volume I, "A note on Berkeley as precursor of Mach and Einstein", Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969.
2133:
1992:
1649:
It is evident to anyone who takes a survey of the objects of human knowledge, that they are either
1126:
concerning causality and objectivity is an elaboration of another aspect of Berkeley's philosophy.
876:
846:
768:, and once again chose to remain at Trinity College Dublin, lecturing this time in Divinity and in
599:
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and, as a result, cannot exist without being perceived. Berkeley is also known for his critique of
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1988:
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603:
517:
257:
241:
119:
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Douglas M. Jesseph (2005). "Berkeley's philosophy of mathematics". In Kenneth P. Winkler (ed.).
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2003:
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Berkeley also attempted to prove the existence of God throughout his beliefs in immaterialism.
1287:"Berkeley's works display his keen interest in natural philosophy from his earliest writings (
1210:, Berkeley frequently criticised the views of the Optic Writers, a title that seems to include
1045:
880:
842:
682:
334:
310:
3519:
A History of the Conceptions of Limits and Fluxions in Great Britain, from Newton to Woodhouse
3419:
2758:
2613:
In this collection of essays, Turbayne's work comprised two papers that had been published in
2181:
Siris, a chain of philosophical reflections and inquiries, concerning the virtues of tar-water
1645:
Berkeley attempted to show how ideas manifest themselves into different objects of knowledge:
1222:. In sections 1â51, Berkeley argued against the classical scholars of optics by holding that:
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2014:
1966:
1962:
1775:
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868:
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University of Rochester â Department of Philosophy â George Berkeley Essay Prize Competition
1478:
submit to this, your Authority will no longer lead the way in Points of Reason and Science.
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1917:
1894:
covering the year 1763, recorded Johnson's opinion of one aspect of Berkeley's philosophy:
1757:
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898:
for the door-case of his house in Rhode Island, Whitehall". He also brought to New England
692:
His earliest publication was on mathematics, but the first that brought him notice was his
7982:
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6448:
3285:
Schwartz, R, 1994. Vision: Variations on some Berkeleian themes. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 54.
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were connected to it, Berkeley's ideas were indirectly a foundation of the American Mind.
1056:
A convinced adherent of Christianity, Berkeley believed God to be present as an immediate
8:
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1179:
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1008:
983:
670:
458:
354:
279:
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3089:
2917:
he Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations Since the Renaissance (
2812:
The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance,
2258:
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6390:
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6365:
6355:
6309:
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5203:
5134:
5034:
4841:
The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance
4303:
4264:
4260:
4225:
4094:
3992:
3805:. EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, Inc., 2012. Accessed 15 March 2017.
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267:
43:
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1531:(1712) is considered Berkeley's major contribution to moral and political philosophy.
1347:
explanations. If they have a mathematical and predictive content they may be admitted
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An extensive compendium of online resources, including a gallery of Berkeley's images
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4141:
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3583:
3523:
3431:
3400:
3370:
2815:
2738:
2693:
2601:
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2517:
2017:
blue plaque commemorating him is located in Bishop Street Within, the city of Derry.
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of his time. The theory was largely received with ridicule, while even those such as
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3323:
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2623:
C. Turbayne's reply to S. A. Grave, "A Note on Berkeley's Conception of the Mind" (
2579:
2169:
The Querist, containing several queries proposed to the consideration of the public
2125:
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1921:
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Take away the signs from Arithmetic & Algebra, & pray what remains? (#767)
1211:
919:
678:
544:
521:
443:
404:
359:
300:
55:
8197:
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3719:. p. 53. (The article contains an extensive cover of literature on the topic from
3207:"The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes (1907â21)"
3127:
2421:
2268:
Ed. by A. A. Luce and T. E. Jessop. Nine volumes. Edinburgh and London, 1948â1957.
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4998:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1934 (2nd edn, with additional Preface, 1967).
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1996:
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Hence, human knowledge is reduced to two elements: that of spirits and of ideas (
773:
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744:
Shortly afterwards, Berkeley visited England and was received into the circle of
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539:
364:
292:
175:
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1405:
In 1707, Berkeley published two treatises on mathematics. In 1734, he published
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5859:
5844:
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4009:
3708:
3513:
3311:
3295:
2085:
Passive Obedience, or the Christian doctrine of not resisting the Supreme Power
1726:
1676:
1551:
1420:
1233:
The question concerning the visibility of space was central to the Renaissance
903:
792:
753:
749:
745:
3724:
3575:
3386:
3327:
1752:. A powerful impulse to serious studies in Berkeley's philosophy was given by
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8977:
8662:
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8207:
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8047:
8022:
8017:
7977:
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7764:
7490:
7440:
7405:
7385:
7365:
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6743:
6700:
6670:
6650:
6314:
6240:
6167:
6070:
6000:
5914:
5869:
5854:
5751:
5700:
4956:
4679:
4619:
4161:. Ed. by S. H. Daniel. New York: Humanity Books, 2008, p. 25.
4013:
2807:
2655:
2653:
2193:
A Word to the Wise, or an exhortation to the Roman Catholic clergy of Ireland
1885:
1718:
1445:
1425:
1151:(Berkeley's intellectual predecessor) states that we define an object by its
1098:
1064:
He did not evade the question of the external source of the diversity of the
939:
777:
729:
650:
553:
296:
283:
167:
5524:
New York: 1975 (Repr. of the 1942 ed. publ. by the British Academy, London.)
3683:
2685:
2662:, New York: Collier, 1974, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-22680
385:
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8773:
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7937:
7922:
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7335:
7245:
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6875:
6855:
6753:
6748:
6695:
6685:
6660:
6640:
6360:
6329:
6276:
6271:
6055:
5965:
5904:
5884:
5771:
5695:
5407:
A list of the published works by and about Berkeley as well as online links
5401:
5239:
5199:
4636:
4562:
4356:
4027:
Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges
3543:
3404:
3092:. A Theoretical Analysis of the History of Philosophy. Moscow, 1988, p. 78.
1832:(1849), when outlining a character's belief of being on board a ghostship:
1782:
in an effort to advance scholarship and research on the works of Berkeley.
1634:
1452:
used to develop the calculus. In his critique, Berkeley coined the phrase "
1429:
1368:
1344:
1259:
1111:
899:
891:
826:
513:
330:
322:
69:
5456:
5352:
4069:
Pursuing Happiness: The Organizational Culture of the Continental Congress
4048:
Pursuing Happiness: The Organizational Culture of the Continental Congress
2650:
505:", Greek: "matter") embodies the Irish thinker's opponents, in particular
8828:
8783:
8555:
8371:
8227:
8217:
8162:
8137:
8082:
8057:
8042:
8012:
7992:
7967:
7897:
7500:
7420:
7350:
7300:
7078:
7006:
6985:
6940:
6905:
6860:
6831:
6705:
6490:
6286:
6060:
5899:
5778:
5761:
5756:
5527:
5518:
5252:
4913:
3886:
3855:
3736:
3206:
2149:
1841:
1713:
1630:
1543:
1496:
1407:
1388:
1332:
1315:
1171:
1102:
999:
966:
sold more copies than any of his other books during Berkeley's lifetime.
757:
725:
558:
549:
477:
454:
326:
204:
5720:
5530:
4268:
4244:
1873:
And finally I owe no debt whatsoever (as Mr. Leonard seems to think) to
1101:
aptly christened it) claimed that nothing separated man and God (except
8381:
8361:
8212:
8187:
8152:
8007:
7972:
7957:
7932:
7902:
7634:
7360:
7325:
7275:
7160:
7058:
6945:
6870:
6710:
6690:
6675:
6645:
5894:
5805:
5662:
5637:
5627:
5565:
4719:
4694:
4534:
4328:
4307:
4283:
4229:
4205:
3552:
2872:"What to do about George Berkeley, Trinity figurehead and slave owner?"
2634:
2591:
1920:, were named after him, although the pronunciation has evolved to suit
1794:
1753:
1709:
1698:
1622:
1372:
1335:
speculation and reasoning. Popper summarises Berkeley's razor as such:
1331:
of the world, according to Berkeley, is only approached through proper
1327:
1250:, in the context of confirming the visual perception of spatial depth (
1175:
1148:
1131:
1123:
1065:
872:
674:
535:
506:
469:
342:
288:
5503:
A version of Berkeley's PHK condensed and rewritten for faster reading
4995:
Berkeley and Malebranche. A Study in the Origins of Berkeley's Thought
4359:) Ed. by C. M. Turbayne. Manchester, 1982. pp. 313â329.
4012:'s transcendental idealism and the idealist positions of Berkeley and
3631:
3261:
3009:(Spring 2013 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
2672:
Popper, K.R. (1 May 1953). "A note on Berkeley as precursor of Mach".
1778:
established the International Berkeley Essay Prize Competition at the
1748:, "the leading Berkeley scholar of the nineteenth century", published
1554:
is fundamentally different in that it "makes utility the one and only
1491:
The difficulties raised by Berkeley were still present in the work of
465:
and instead contends that familiar objects like tables and chairs are
8833:
8336:
7794:
7759:
7739:
7285:
7170:
7100:
7053:
7016:
6955:
6885:
5736:
5657:
5175:
Berkeley's Metaphysics. Structural, Interpretive, and Critical Essays
5141:
4885:
3991:
Cited from: Steinkraus, W. E. Berkeley, epistemology, and science //
3863:
3071:
3054:
2320:
2273:
From Kant to Hilbert: A Source Book in the Foundations of Mathematics
1503:
approach, which eliminated infinitesimals altogether. More recently,
1127:
1057:
963:
724:
the defence. One of his main objectives was to combat the prevailing
8483:
4299:
4221:
3917:, Vol. I, "Fragments for the History of Philosophy", § 12.
3003:
Downing, Lisa (2013). "George Berkeley". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
2642:
2583:
588:
8849:
8192:
7734:
7295:
7150:
6925:
6890:
6095:
5690:
5683:
5445:
5441:
5315:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
4678: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
3639:
2784:"George Berkeley | Biography, Philosophy, & Facts | Britannica"
2332:
1984:, was founded on 18 April 1735 and named for George Berkeley.
1691:
1581:
is notable partly for containing one of the earliest statements of
1437:
1416:
959:
765:
563:
447:
5492:
4674:
3566:
2989:", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition),
2020:
Berkeley's farmhouse in Middletown, Rhode Island, is preserved as
2002:"Bishop Berkeley's Gold Medals" were two awards given annually at
942:
in 1739, and Berkeley is listed as one of its original governors.
534:), published 1721. His arguments were a precursor to the views of
8631:
8172:
7584:
7290:
7220:
7190:
7155:
7090:
7048:
7033:
6900:
3299:
2007:
1614:
Berkeley's ideas raised controversy because his argument refuted
1436:
represented a direct attack on the foundations and principles of
1239:
799:
4580:â A Supplement to those of Jessop and Turbayne by Silvia Parigi.
4115:
Berkeley's Principles and Dialogues: Background Source Materials
3959:
Berkeley's Principles and Dialogues: Background Source Materials
3082:
3080:
8286:
7835:
7180:
7130:
7043:
6915:
5766:
3488:
Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge
2403:
The Problem of Perception (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
1971:
Verses on the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America
1492:
462:
193:
6800:
3885:
3854:
2150:
The Analyst: A Discourse Addressed to an Infidel Mathematician
8386:
8032:
7685:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
7280:
7230:
5652:
3077:
1829:
1567:
Other important sources for Berkeley's views on morality are
1470:
995:
of "sensation" or "state of mind" or "conscious experience".
798:
In 1725, Berkeley began the project of founding a college in
677:, England. Little is known of his mother. He was educated at
438:; 12 March 1685 – 14 January 1753) â known as
5457:
Another perspective on how Berkeley framed his immaterialism
5235:
A Metaphysics for the Mob: The Philosophy of George Berkeley
1936:
1322:. Berkeley's razor is considered by Popper to be similar to
413:
7225:
7205:
7200:
7125:
7083:
7068:
3151:
3149:
2759:"Stock's 'An Account of the Life of George Berkeley, D.D.'"
1945:
1258:
commonplace because the eminent historian and psychologist
1116:
566:, which was influential in the development of mathematics.
502:
473:
466:
422:
5396:
5387:
5242:). New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. â 172 p.
4118:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 6 (
3961:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 5 (
2603:
Berkeley's Principles of Human Knowledge: Critical Studies
1110:
Berkeley believed that God is not the distant engineer of
480:, an important premise in his argument for immaterialism.
3995:. Worcester, 1984. Vol. 14, no. 3. p. 184.
3420:"Berkeley's natural philosophy and philosophy of science"
2175:
A Discourse addressed to Magistrates and Men of Authority
1869:
alludes to Berkeley's philosophy as informing his novel:
1844:
references Berkeley's philosophy in the third episode of
1697:
Berkeley is considered one of the originators of British
1626:
791:. This naming followed Vanhomrigh's violent quarrel with
5540:
4504:
The Library of Trinity College Dublin: News & Alerts
3926:
3146:
3103:"Berkeley, George | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
2187:
A Letter to the Roman Catholics of the Diocese of Cloyne
1355:
entities are ruled out except those which are perceived.
1044:#145). This is the solution that Berkeley offers to the
1015:#3, he wrote, using a combination of Latin and English,
7625:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
4894:
The Other Bishop Berkeley. An Exercise in Reenchantment
4641:
Berkeley's World: An Examination of the Three Dialogues
4500:"Trinity College Dublin to dename the Berkeley Library"
3903:
see: "Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man" VI:VII.
3843:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
3475:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
3221:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
2971:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
2078:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
492:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
5027:, Vol. 22, No. 3, March 1962, pp. 383-386 on JSTOR.org
4809:. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company.
4781:
4415:(9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomas Higher Education.
3622:
Cantor, Geoffrey. "Berkeley's The Analyst Revisited".
3430:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 230.
2516:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 266.
2024:, also known as Berkeley House, and was listed on the
4734:
4690:
A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature
4387:
International Berkeley Society â Turbayne Essay Prize
3876:
see: "Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man" II:X.
3314:, "A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen's Optics",
2568:(September 1959). "Berkeley's Two Concepts of Mind".
2359:"Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification"
2099:
An Essay Towards Preventing the Ruin of Great Britain
1954:
1939:
1732:
When Berkeley visited America, the American educator
1725:". Some authors draw a parallel between Berkeley and
1672:
Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
859:, London, Berkeley married Anne Forster, daughter of
704:
Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
673:
and who had served as feudal lords and landowners in
431:
416:
5171:
5017:, Vol. 20, No. 1, Sept. 1959, pp. 85-92 on JSTOR.org
4802:
4588:â About 300 works from the 19th century to our days.
3832:, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992, pp. 106â24.
2892:"Berkeley Name Dropped From Trinity College Library"
2163:
Reasons for not replying to Mr. Walton's Full Answer
1942:
1933:
1675:
was published three years before the publication of
419:
410:
4750:
George Berkeley: a study of his life and philosophy
2138:(in Italian). Venezia: Francesco Storti (2.). 1732.
1930:
1314:is a rule of reasoning proposed by the philosopher
1159:cold, then the heat is not a quality of the water.
407:
5133:
5033:
4855:
4788:. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
4093:
3982:Reid T. "Inquiry into the Human Mind", Dedication.
3371:"The First Cataract Surgeons in the British Isles"
3121:
3119:
2737:. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
2600:
2509:
1073:Here is Berkeley's proof of the existence of God:
998:Thus Berkeley denied the existence of matter as a
483:In 1709, Berkeley published his first major work,
461:" by others). This theory denies the existence of
5470:
5299:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
4756:
4482:"Working Paper on Berkeley's Legacies at Trinity"
4100:(1965 revision of the 1959 ed.). The Hague:
3352:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 499â528.
2674:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
2356:
1413:A DISCOURSE Addressed to an Infidel Mathematician
661:, Ireland, the eldest son of William Berkeley, a
9110:
5031:
4744:
4730:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 779â781.
3893:. Edinburgh: Maclachlan and Stewart. p. 464
3350:Perceptual constancy: Why things look as they do
1828:humorously references Berkeley in Chapter 20 of
1807:When Bishop Berkeley said 'there was no matter,'
1803:references immaterialism in the Eleventh Canto:
1629:. (This makes Berkeley's argument hinge upon an
1621:Berkeley's theory relies heavily on his form of
1507:restored infinitesimal methods in his 1966 book
894:into America by borrowing a design from Kent's
5513:Electronic Texts for philosopher Charlie Dunbar
5206:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
4876:
4714:
4351:A Bibliography of George Berkeley 1963â1979 //
4096:The Early Reception of Berkeley's Immaterialism
3891:"The Works of Thomas Reid, now fully collected"
3860:"The Works of Thomas Reid, now fully collected"
3790:The Philosophy Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained
3368:
3116:
2316:List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland
2240:. In 4 Volumes. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1901.
1326:but "more powerful". It represents an extreme,
1318:in his study of Berkeley's key scientific work
5222:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
4977:
4950:Secondary literature available on the Internet
4882:Berkeley and the Principles of Human Knowledge
4853:
4663:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
4616:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
3828:Urmson, J. O., et al. "The Attack on Matter".
3788:Buckingham, Will. "To Be Is To Be Perceived".
3512:
3473:), cited by G. Warnock in the introduction to
3236:The Works of George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne
3181:The Works of George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne
3068:Berkeley and the Principles of Human Knowledge
3051:Berkeley and the Principles of Human Knowledge
1170:George Berkeley was a philosopher who opposed
977:
27:Anglo-Irish philosopher and bishop (1685â1753)
8865:
8647:
8499:
7851:
6816:
5581:
4602:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
4112:McCracken, Charles J. and Tipton, Ian, eds.,
3957:McCracken, Charles J. and Tipton, Ian, eds.,
1513:by showing that they can be used rigorously.
1254:), and by way of refuting Berkeley's thesis.
1029:âto be is to be perceived (or to perceive)."
5710:
5681:
5667:
5522:Berkeley's Argument About Material Substance
5048:olscamp moral philosophy of george berkeley.
5023:"Berkeley's Two Concepts of Mind Part II" â
4693:. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via
3906:
3792:, DK Publishing, New York, 2011, pp. 138â41.
3417:
3308:Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
2953:E. Chaney, "George Berkeley's Grand Tours",
1811:They say his system 't is in vain to batter,
1809:And proved itâ't was no matter what he said:
1789:
1573:(1732), especially dialogues IâIII, and the
1382:
30:For other people named George Berkeley, see
5776:
5552:Empiricism (J. Locke, G. Berkeley, D. Hume)
4955:Most sources listed below are suggested by
4614:Berkeley's Idealism. A Critical Examination
4555:A Bibliography of George Berkeley 1963â1979
4284:"Berkeley's Two Concepts of Mind (Part II)"
4157:Charles J. McCracken "Berkeley's Realism",
3939:Empiricism (J. Locke, G. Berkeley, D. Hume)
3369:Leffler, CT; Schwartz, SG (February 2021).
3294:For recent studies on this topic refer to:
2598:
2446:
2092:Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous
1815:And yet who can believe it? I would shatter
1144:Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous
710:Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous
617:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
498:Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous
9269:Burials at Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
8872:
8858:
8654:
8640:
8506:
8492:
7858:
7844:
6823:
6809:
5588:
5574:
5178:. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State Press.
4559:Berkeley: Critical and Interpretive Essays
4526:
4353:Berkeley: Critical and Interpretive Essays
4182:. Cornell University Press, London, 1993,
4004:Philipse, H. "Transcendental Idealism" in
3626:, Vol. 75, No. 4 (Dec. 1984), pp. 668â83.
3542:
2734:Berkeley: critical and interpretive essays
2387:Philosophy of Mathematics: An Introduction
1821:And wear my head, denying that I wear it.
62:
5462:Original texts and discussion concerning
5335:Learn how and when to remove this message
5100:Berkeley: The Philosophy of Immaterialism
5085:Berkeley, The Philosophy of Immaterialism
5069:1â2 (January 1973):24â42; H. M. Bracken.
4785:Berkeley Critical and Interpretive Essays
4633:, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000.
4626:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959.
4607:New Interpretations of Berkeley's Thought
4466:Trinity College Dublin â Calendar 2016â17
4159:New Interpretations of Berkeley's Thought
3565:
3394:
3219:G. Warnock, Introduction to G. Berkeley,
2505:
2503:
1817:Gladly all matters down to stone or lead,
1106:decipher and so grasp the divine purpose.
669:whose ancestry can be traced back to the
637:Learn how and when to remove this message
5595:
5353:Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
5131:
5025:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
5015:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
4981:The Development of Berkeley's Philosophy
4592:
4288:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
4281:
4242:
4210:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
4203:
3801:The Editors of EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica.
3155:
2730:
2626:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
2615:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
2571:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
2564:
2537:
2040:
1980:, currently the least populated town in
1965:, a trustee of what was then called the
1276:
913:
890:It has been claimed that "he introduced
5531:Berkeley's Denial of Material Substance
5482:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
5037:The Moral Philosophy of George Berkeley
4468:, p. 369. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
4410:
4091:
3723:to up-to-date investigations including
3006:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3002:
2973:, Open Court La Salle, 1986, p. 9.
2541:An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision
2070:An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision
1961:). The naming was suggested in 1866 by
1819:Or adamant, to find the world a spirit,
1774:). In 1988, the Australian philosopher
1343:to eliminate from physical science all
1201:
1137:
865:Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas
805:
783:In 1723, Berkeley was named co-heir of
701:The next publication to appear was the
695:An Essay towards a New Theory of Vision
486:An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision
14:
9111:
4683:
3717:Philosophical Society of Finland, 2007
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3310:Vol. 5 (2004), pp. 171â84. See also:
2981:
2979:
2671:
2599:Engle, Gale; Taylor, Gabriele (1968).
2500:
2357:Fumerton, Richard (21 February 2000).
2230:, Pater Noster Row, 1784. Two volumes.
1969:. Billings was inspired by Berkeley's
1813:Too subtle for the airiest human head;
649:Berkeley was born at his family home,
9254:Christian clergy from County Kilkenny
8853:
8635:
8513:
8487:
7839:
7655:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
6804:
5826:
5607:
5569:
5165:George Berkeley: Idealism and the Man
5136:The Rhetoric of Berkeley's Philosophy
5073:3 (1973): 396â97; and Stanley Grean.
4737:The History of the Foundling Hospital
4497:
4476:
4474:
3866:: Maclachlan and Stewart. p. 287
3824:
3822:
3820:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3021:Satires, Epistles, and Odes of Horace
2869:
2544:(2 ed.). Dublin: Jeremy Pepyat.
2415:
2413:
2411:
1456:", familiar to students of calculus.
739:
8879:
7755:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
7675:The World as Will and Representation
5279:
5075:Journal of the History of Philosophy
5013:"Berkeley's Two Concepts of Mind" â
4896:, Fordham University Press, New York
4565:, Manchester, 1982. pp. 313â29.
4389:on internationalberkeleysociety.org.
3663:." Berkeley Studies 23 (2012): 3â13.
3490:, New York: Routledge, 2002, p. 231.
2969:, Introduction to: George Berkeley,
2135:Essays toward a new theory of vision
2126:Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher
2026:National Register of Historic Places
1466:captures the gist of his criticism.
1208:Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision
929:
615:adding citations to reliable sources
582:
9249:People educated at Kilkenny College
9169:Academics of Trinity College Dublin
5397:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5388:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5369:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5357:
5194:The Cambridge Companion to Berkeley
4968:Berkeley: a Guide for the Perplexed
4661:The Cambridge Companion to Berkeley
3845:, Open Court La Salle, 1986, p. 65.
3746:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3477:, Open Court La Salle, 1986, p. 24.
3428:The Cambridge Companion to Berkeley
3355:
3298:, 'La perception de la profondeur:
3266:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3223:, Open Court La Salle, 1986, p. 29.
3132:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3125:
3034:Berkeley: A Guide for the Perplexed
2976:
2607:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. pp.
2513:The Cambridge Companion to Berkeley
2426:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2419:
2363:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1516:
1306:
1190:âwe know what it means to speak of
562:, a critique of the foundations of
24:
9264:Scholars of Trinity College Dublin
8661:
5172:Muehlmann, Robert G., ed. (1995).
4752:. New York: Russell & Russell.
4702:
4600:Re-examining Berkeley's Philosophy
4471:
4437:"Why Is Berkeley Called Berkeley?"
4261:10.1111/j.1746-8361.1954.tb01135.x
4029:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007,
4006:The Cambridge Companion to Husserl
3889:; Ed. by William Hamilton (1852).
3858:; Ed. by William Hamilton (1852).
3817:
3777:
3761:
3645:
3232:
3177:
2919:Frank Cass Publishers, 2000), 324.
2408:
1914:University of California, Berkeley
1440:and, in particular, the notion of
25:
9280:
9214:Fellows of Trinity College Dublin
9139:18th-century Anglican theologians
9134:17th-century Anglican theologians
5433:Works by or about George Berkeley
5275:
5219:Reexamining Berkeley's Philosophy
4718:; Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911).
4709:Category:George Berkeley scholars
4585:A Bibliography on George Berkeley
4570:Berkeley Bibliography (1979â2010)
4540:A bibliography of George Berkeley
4365:Berkeley Bibliography (1979â2010)
4333:A bibliography of George Berkeley
4206:"Berkeley's Two Concepts of Mind"
3727:'s article on Berkeley's ethics.)
3375:American Journal of Ophthalmology
2832:St Mary le Strand parish register
2660:Berkeley's Philosophical Writings
2620:"Berkeley's Two Concepts of Mind"
918:Berkeley was nominated to be the
825:of Berkeley and his entourage by
9174:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
7865:
7818:
7808:
7807:
6784:
6783:
5449:
5393:Berkeley's Philosophy of Science
5284:
5168:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
4760:Berkeley's Philosophy of Science
4735:R.H. Nichols; F A. Wray (1935).
4673:
4643:, Oxford University Press, 2002.
4609:, Amherst: Humanity Books, 2008.
3707:Jakapi, Roomet. "Was Berkeley a
3242:. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons
3187:. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons
2993:(ed.). Retrieved 21 August 2013.
2814:2nd ed. London, Routledge. 2000
2452:"Berkeley Is Pronounced Barclay"
1926:
1907:
1588:
1536:A Discourse on Passive Obedience
1529:A Discourse on Passive Obedience
1027:esse est percipi (aut percipere)
835:
814:
587:
403:
384:
32:George Berkeley (disambiguation)
9164:18th-century Anglo-Irish people
9159:17th-century Anglo-Irish people
9149:18th-century Irish philosophers
9144:18th-century Irish male writers
7605:Meditations on First Philosophy
6830:
5055:Studi internazionali filosofici
5021:Turbayne, Colin Murray (1962).
5011:Turbayne, Colin Murray (1959).
5006:A History of Western Philosophy
4782:Turbayne, Colin Murray (1982).
4491:
4455:
4429:
4404:
4392:
4380:
4314:
4282:Turbayne, Colin Murray (1962).
4275:
4245:"Berkeley and Russell on Space"
4243:Turbayne, Colin Murray (1954).
4236:
4204:Turbayne, Colin Murray (1959).
4197:
4172:
4151:
4134:
4082:
4071:, Nonagram Publications, 2013,
4061:
4050:, Nonagram Publications, 2013,
4040:
4019:
3998:
3985:
3976:
3951:
3920:
3879:
3848:
3835:
3808:
3795:
3752:
3730:
3701:
3676:
3666:
3661:and Berkeley's Moral Philosophy
3616:
3607:
3598:
3589:
3536:
3506:
3493:
3480:
3463:
3453:
3444:
3411:
3342:
3333:
3318:, Vol. 15 (2005), pp. 189â218 (
3288:
3279:
3254:
3226:
3213:
3199:
3171:
3095:
3060:
3043:
3026:
3013:
2996:
2960:
2947:
2922:
2909:
2884:
2863:
2838:
2824:
2801:
2776:
2751:
2724:
2713:
2700:
2665:
1153:primary and secondary qualities
972:Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
950:His last two publications were
8282:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
5509: (archived 17 March 2006).
5402:International Berkeley Society
4413:A History of Modern Psychology
3316:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
3302:, Berkeley et Merleau-Ponty',
3156:Balaguer, Mark (12 May 2004).
2558:
2530:
2482:
2440:
2396:
2376:
2350:
2271:Ewald, William B., ed., 1996.
2217:
883:". Berkeley purchased several
879: – the famous "
13:
1:
5004:Berkeley // Bertrand Russell
4843:, 2nd ed. London, Routledge.
4803:Muehlmann, Robert G. (1992).
4739:. London: Oxford Univ. Press.
3684:"Berkeley's Theory of Morals"
3262:"George Berkeley (1685â1753)"
3090:The Main Trends in Philosophy
2850:Yale, Slavery & Abolition
2731:Turbayne, Colin, ed. (1982).
2343:
2275:, 2 vols. Oxford Uni. Press.
2266:The Works of George Berkeley.
2205:Farther Thoughts on Tar-water
1982:Bristol County, Massachusetts
1875:the famous Argentine essayist
1859:In commenting on a review of
1640:Principles of Human Knowledge
1608:Principles of Human Knowledge
1595:Principles of Human Knowledge
1454:ghosts of departed quantities
1089:As T. I. Oizerman explained:
956:Further Thoughts on Tar-water
945:
720:gives the exposition and the
9229:Irish expatriates in England
7790:Philosophy of space and time
5827:
5713:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
4930:Reviewed by Thomas M. Lennon
2199:Maxims concerning Patriotism
1918:city of Berkeley, California
1750:The Works of George Berkeley
1664:
573:
556:, and in 1734, he published
7:
8327:Internalism and externalism
7665:The Phenomenology of Spirit
5682:
5448:(public domain audiobooks)
5114:Berkeley: An Interpretation
5053:Reviewed by: Désirée Park.
4970:(2008). See the textbook's
4830:R. Muehlmann is one of the
4441:Berkeley Historical Society
4335:. 2nd ed., Springer, 1973.
3501:Conjectures and Refutations
2955:Evolution of the Grand Tour
2708:Conjectures and Refutations
2309:
2035:
1999:also bear Berkeley's name.
1739:Declaration of Independence
1244:Phenomenology of Perception
1051:
978:Contributions to philosophy
787:, along with the barrister
764:, earning his doctorate in
10:
9285:
9234:Irish natural philosophers
9204:Enlightenment philosophers
9179:Anglican bishops of Cloyne
9154:18th-century Irish writers
5608:
5146:Cambridge University Press
5071:Eighteenth-Century Studies
4858:Berkeley in ninety minutes
4757:Brook, Richard J. (1973).
4706:
4624:George Berkeley in America
4605:Daniel, Stephen H. (ed.),
4598:Daniel, Stephen H. (ed.),
4521:
4411:Schultz, Duane P. (2008).
4180:The Rhetoric of Empiricism
4092:Bracken, Harry M. (1965).
3320:Cambridge University Press
3158:"Platonism in Metaphysics"
2494:Collins English Dictionary
2327:Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius
2287:Letter to Samuel Molyneaux
2059:Philosophical Commentaries
1963:Frederick H. Billings
1520:
1297:Philosophical Commentaries
1283:De Motu (Berkeley's essay)
1280:
1141:
981:
578:
29:
8887:
8669:
8521:
8453:
8402:
8251:
8158:Evolutionary epistemology
8128:
7873:
7803:
7727:
7526:
7266:
6994:
6838:
6770:
6724:
6626:
6583:
6562:
6509:
6478:
6462:
6409:
6343:
6295:
6259:
6226:
6145:
6104:
5948:
5837:
5833:
5822:
5727:Methodological skepticism
5618:
5614:
5603:
5412:Berkeley's Life and Works
5253:Reviewed by Marc A. Hight
5032:Olscamp, Paul J. (1970).
4914:Reviewed by Marc A. Hight
4892:Costica Bradatan (2006),
3963:The editor's Introduction
3721:Alexander Campbell Fraser
3713:Acta Philosophica Fennica
3576:10.1007/s10670-012-9370-y
3387:10.1016/j.ajo.2021.03.009
3328:10.1017/S0957423905000172
2538:Berkeley, George (1709).
2463:(13): 1â3. Archived from
2238:Alexander Campbell Fraser
2030:St. Columba's Chapel
1790:Appearances in literature
1746:Alexander Campbell Fraser
1704:Berkeley influenced many
1448:change, which Newton and
1383:Philosophy of mathematics
392:
383:
378:
374:
348:
316:
306:
273:
263:
253:
249:
237:
226:
218:
210:
200:
183:
153:
148:
140:
130:
125:
115:
105:
97:
87:
77:
61:
54:
41:
8430:Philosophy of perception
8233:Representational realism
8203:Naturalized epistemology
7780:Philosophy of psychology
7715:Simulacra and Simulation
5535:The Philosophical Review
5487:University of St Andrews
5442:Works by George Berkeley
5424:Works by George Berkeley
5216:Daniel, Stephen H., ed.
5132:Walmsley, Peter (1990).
5067:Philosophische Rundschau
4721:"Berkeley, George"
4543:2 edn., Springer, 1973.
3945:15 November 2009 at the
3914:Parerga and Paralipomena
3741:"Rule Consequentialism."
2846:"First Scholarship Fund"
2720:jhollandtranslations.com
2629:, 1962, vol. 22, No. 4,
1575:Discourse to Magistrates
1363:philosopher, along with
1060:of all our experiences.
847:Middletown, Rhode Island
772:. In 1721/2 he was made
542:. In 1732, he published
512:Berkeley argued against
68:Portrait of Berkeley by
9259:Philosophers of science
9239:Irish religious writers
8410:Outline of epistemology
8243:Transcendental idealism
7645:Critique of Pure Reason
5104:The Berkeley Newsletter
5088:London: Methuen, 1974.
4978:Johnston G. A. (1923).
4935:17 October 2013 at the
4854:Paul Strathern (2000).
4727:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4527:Bibliographic resources
4498:admin (26 April 2023).
4462:Prizes and Other Awards
2934:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2788:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2171:(three parts, 1735â37).
2053:Miscellanea Mathematica
1780:University of Rochester
1291:, 1707) to his latest (
1194:and their operations."
665:of the noble family of
258:18th-century philosophy
245:(B.A., 1704; M.A. 1707)
242:Trinity College, Dublin
8357:Problem of other minds
7236:Typeâtoken distinction
7064:Hypostatic abstraction
6846:Abstract object theory
5777:
5711:
5677:Enlightened absolutism
5668:
5268:HampdenâSydney College
5106:17 (2006), p. 4).
5077:12, 3 (1974): 398â403.
4925:HampdenâSydney College
4832:Berkeley Prize Winners
4653:, Penguin Books, 1953.
2022:Whitehall Museum House
2004:Trinity College Dublin
1905:
1891:Life of Samuel Johnson
1883:
1857:
1839:
1823:
1723:Alfred North Whitehead
1659:
1480:
1403:
1357:
1270:
1108:
1087:
1071:
1046:problem of other minds
992:
896:Designs of Inigo Jones
683:Trinity College Dublin
311:Trinity College Dublin
9184:Anglican philosophers
8435:Philosophy of science
8415:Faith and rationality
8297:Descriptive knowledge
8168:Feminist epistemology
8108:Nicholas Wolterstorff
7825:Philosophy portal
7705:Being and Nothingness
7121:Mental representation
5643:Counter-Enlightenment
5063:Journal of Philosophy
4957:Dr. Talia M. Bettcher
4825:Journal of Philosophy
4593:Philosophical studies
4401:on sas.rochester.edu.
4120:Editor's Introduction
3418:Lisa Downing (2005).
3134:. Stanford University
2686:10.1093/bjps/IV.13.26
2428:. Stanford University
2041:Original publications
2015:Ulster History Circle
1967:College of California
1896:
1888:, in the part of his
1871:
1852:
1834:
1805:
1776:Colin Murray Turbayne
1762:Colin Murray Turbayne
1647:
1510:Non-standard analysis
1475:
1463:From Here to Infinity
1393:
1337:
1277:Philosophy of physics
1265:
1248:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
1091:
1075:
1062:
987:
914:Episcopate in Ireland
869:Newport, Rhode Island
845:, Berkeley's home in
716:For this theory, the
8367:Procedural knowledge
8352:Problem of induction
7750:Feminist metaphysics
5597:Age of Enlightenment
5562:â digital facsimile.
5546:20 July 2011 at the
5473:Robertson, Edmund F.
5417:12 July 2012 at the
5382:14 June 2010 at the
5305:improve this article
5258:15 June 2011 at the
5111:Winkler, Kenneth P.
4919:15 June 2011 at the
4685:Cousin, John William
4647:Warnock, Geoffrey J.
4025:Hoeveler, J. David,
3933:20 July 2011 at the
3038:Continuum Publishing
2065:(1707â08, notebooks)
1758:Thomas Edmund Jessop
1754:A. A. Luce
1377:critical rationalism
1202:New theory of vision
1138:Relativity arguments
1119:that perceives all.
871:, where he bought a
855:On 1 August 1728 at
806:Marriage and America
611:improve this section
518:absolute space, time
9219:History of calculus
9088:David Chillingworth
9038:Edward Albert Myles
9013:Theophilus Campbell
8445:Virtue epistemology
8440:Social epistemology
8420:Formal epistemology
8307:Epistemic injustice
8302:Exploratory thought
8103:Ludwig Wittgenstein
7595:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
7106:Linguistic modality
6603:FeijĂło y Montenegro
6554:Vorontsova-Dashkova
5471:O'Connor, John J.;
5317:footnote references
5264:University of Tartu
4962:28 May 2010 at the
4806:Berkeley's Ontology
4657:Winkler, Kenneth P.
4629:Pappas, George S.,
4576:3 July 2013 at the
4372:3 July 2013 at the
4125:6 July 2011 at the
3969:6 July 2011 at the
3830:British Empiricists
2967:Geoffrey J. Warnock
2460:Berkeley Newsletter
1989:residential college
1706:modern philosophers
1688:Arthur Schopenhauer
1686:German philosopher
1583:rule utilitarianism
1180:subjective idealist
1009:subjective idealism
984:Subjective idealism
459:subjective idealism
355:Subjective idealism
280:Subjective idealism
9244:Irish slave owners
8684:Michael Wandesford
8098:Timothy Williamson
7888:Augustine of Hippo
7785:Philosophy of self
7775:Philosophy of mind
7039:Embodied cognition
6951:Scientific realism
5742:Natural philosophy
5556:Berkeley's (1734)
5537:Vol. LXIII (1954).
5204:Kenneth P. Winkler
4631:Berkeley's Thought
4443:. 10 February 2022
3993:Idealistic Studies
3424:Kenneth P. Winkler
3233:George, Berkeley.
3178:George, Berkeley.
3074:, 2001. pp. 74â75.
2448:Watson, Richard A.
2339:schools of thought
2337:consciousness-only
1993:Episcopal seminary
1681:Clavis Universalis
1561:act utilitarianism
1122:The philosophy of
936:Foundling Hospital
740:England and Europe
671:Anglo-Saxon period
463:material substance
268:Western philosophy
44:The Right Reverend
9106:
9105:
9083:Roland Hutchinson
9023:Robert O'Loughlin
8962:Samuel Hutchinson
8847:
8846:
8629:
8628:
8616:Charles Warburton
8515:Bishops of Cloyne
8481:
8480:
8347:Privileged access
7983:SĂžren Kierkegaard
7833:
7832:
7012:Category of being
6981:Truthmaker theory
6798:
6797:
6766:
6765:
6762:
6761:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5791:Scientific method
5648:Critical thinking
5477:"George Berkeley"
5428:Project Gutenberg
5360:"George Berkeley"
5345:
5344:
5337:
5248:978-0-19-531393-2
5185:978-0-271-02656-5
5094:978-0-416-70440-2
5057:3 (1971):228â30;
4905:978-1-59102-557-3
4869:978-1-56663-291-1
4774:978-90-247-1555-8
4612:Dicker, Georges,
4549:978-90-247-1577-0
4422:978-0-495-09799-0
4341:978-90-247-1577-0
4178:Jules David Law.
4167:978-1-59102-557-3
4146:978-1-59102-557-3
3841:George Berkeley,
3803:"George Berkeley"
3659:Passive Obedience
3529:978-1-143-05698-7
3437:978-0-521-45033-1
3128:"George Berkeley"
2915:Chaney, Edward. T
2744:978-0-8166-1065-5
2523:978-0-521-45033-1
2422:"George Berkeley"
2063:Common-Place Book
1579:Passive Obedience
1523:Passive obedience
1365:Robert Bellarmine
930:Humanitarian work
924:Church of Ireland
885:enslaved Africans
857:St Mary le Strand
785:Esther Vanhomrigh
762:Church of Ireland
687:elected a Scholar
647:
646:
639:
451:Church of Ireland
396:
395:
369:passive obedience
232:Philosophy career
82:Church of Ireland
16:(Redirected from
9276:
9194:Deans of Dromore
9028:Thomas Clarendon
8932:Nicholas Greaves
8881:Deans of Dromore
8874:
8867:
8860:
8851:
8850:
8824:Leslie Lawrenson
8809:George Galbraith
8656:
8649:
8642:
8633:
8632:
8606:Richard Woodward
8591:Frederick Hervey
8541:William Palliser
8531:Patrick Sheridan
8508:
8501:
8494:
8485:
8484:
8425:Metaepistemology
8403:Related articles
8377:Regress argument
8312:Epistemic virtue
8063:Bertrand Russell
8038:Duncan Pritchard
7998:Hilary Kornblith
7913:Laurence BonJour
7860:
7853:
7846:
7837:
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7610:
7600:
7590:
7580:
7570:
7560:
7550:
7540:
7216:Substantial form
7028:Cogito, ergo sum
6971:Substance theory
6825:
6818:
6811:
6802:
6801:
6787:
6786:
5835:
5834:
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5716:
5687:
5673:
5616:
5615:
5605:
5604:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5567:
5566:
5533:â Published in:
5489:
5453:
5452:
5437:Internet Archive
5373:
5364:Zalta, Edward N.
5340:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5320:
5288:
5287:
5280:
5189:
5159:
5139:
5050:
5044:Martinus Nijhoff
5041:
4989:
4943:19 (2008):51â56.
4941:Berkeley Studies
4910:For reviews see:
4889:
4873:
4861:
4820:
4799:
4778:
4765:Martinus Nijhoff
4753:
4746:John Daniel Wild
4740:
4731:
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4378:
4362:Parigi, Silvia.
4318:
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4240:
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4233:
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4176:
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4149:
4138:
4132:
4109:
4102:Martinus Nijhoff
4099:
4086:
4080:
4067:Olsen, Neil C.,
4065:
4059:
4046:Olsen, Neil C.,
4044:
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3587:
3586:
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3534:
3533:
3522:. BiblioBazaar.
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3099:
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3075:
3066:Fogelin, Robert
3064:
3058:
3049:Fogelin, Robert
3047:
3041:
3030:
3024:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2994:
2985:Downing, Lisa, "
2983:
2974:
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2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
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2920:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2896:Inside Higher Ed
2888:
2882:
2881:
2870:Humphreys, Joe.
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
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2836:
2835:
2834:. 1 August 1728.
2828:
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2774:
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2711:
2706:Also published:
2704:
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1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1922:American English
1867:Vladimir Nabokov
1771:Berkeley Studies
1517:Moral philosophy
1505:Abraham Robinson
1499:by means of his
1415:, a critique of
1312:Berkeley's razor
1307:Berkeley's razor
1174:and "classical"
1022:esse est percipi
920:Bishop of Cloyne
839:
818:
679:Kilkenny College
642:
635:
631:
628:
622:
591:
583:
444:Bishop of Cloyne
434:
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360:esse est percipi
301:Indirect realism
190:
163:
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149:Personal details
66:
56:Bishop of Cloyne
39:
38:
21:
9284:
9283:
9279:
9278:
9277:
9275:
9274:
9273:
9209:Epistemologists
9119:George Berkeley
9109:
9108:
9107:
9102:
9073:Norman Lockhart
8952:George Berkeley
8883:
8878:
8848:
8843:
8789:Charles Seymour
8729:George Berkeley
8699:George Beaumont
8694:Geoffrey Rhodes
8689:James Margetson
8665:
8660:
8630:
8625:
8601:George Chinnery
8576:George Berkeley
8517:
8512:
8482:
8477:
8449:
8398:
8317:Gettier problem
8247:
8178:Foundationalism
8124:
8073:Wilfrid Sellars
8028:Alvin Plantinga
7908:George Berkeley
7875:Epistemologists
7869:
7864:
7834:
7829:
7819:
7817:
7799:
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7718:
7708:
7698:
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7678:
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7658:
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7608:
7598:
7588:
7578:
7568:
7565:De rerum natura
7558:
7548:
7538:
7522:
7262:
7166:Physical object
7002:Abstract object
6990:
6976:Theory of forms
6911:Meaning of life
6834:
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6799:
6794:
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6758:
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6558:
6505:
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6470:Carvalho e Melo
6458:
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6291:
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6100:
5944:
5829:
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5796:Spanish America
5670:Encyclopédistes
5633:Civil liberties
5610:
5599:
5594:
5548:Wayback Machine
5507:Wayback Machine
5450:
5419:Wayback Machine
5384:Wayback Machine
5377:George Berkeley
5358:Downing, Lisa.
5349:George Berkeley
5341:
5330:
5324:
5321:
5302:
5293:This article's
5289:
5285:
5278:
5260:Wayback Machine
5232:Roberts, John.
5186:
5162:Berman, David.
5156:
5119:Clarendon Press
4964:Wayback Machine
4937:Wayback Machine
4921:Wayback Machine
4878:Fogelin, Robert
4870:
4862:. Ivan R. Dee.
4817:
4796:
4775:
4716:Adamson, Robert
4711:
4705:
4703:Further reading
4595:
4578:Wayback Machine
4553:Turbayne C. M.
4529:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4508:
4506:
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4492:
4484:
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4479:
4472:
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4435:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4409:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4374:Wayback Machine
4319:
4315:
4300:10.2307/2104426
4280:
4276:
4241:
4237:
4222:10.2307/2104957
4202:
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4139:
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4127:Wayback Machine
4087:
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4024:
4020:
4003:
3999:
3990:
3986:
3981:
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3971:Wayback Machine
3956:
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3947:Wayback Machine
3935:Wayback Machine
3925:
3921:
3911:
3907:
3896:
3894:
3884:
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3796:
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3778:
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3753:
3735:
3731:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3667:
3656:HĂ€yry, Matti. "
3655:
3646:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3541:
3537:
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3498:
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3259:
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3245:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3218:
3214:
3209:. 26 June 2022.
3205:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3126:Downing, Lisa.
3124:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3085:
3078:
3065:
3061:
3048:
3044:
3032:Bettcher T. M.
3031:
3027:
3018:
3014:
3001:
2997:
2991:Edward N. Zalta
2987:George Berkeley
2984:
2977:
2965:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2877:The Irish Times
2868:
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2854:
2852:
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2725:
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2714:
2705:
2701:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2651:
2643:10.2307/2105263
2596:
2584:10.2307/2104957
2566:Turbayne, C. M.
2563:
2559:
2552:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2508:
2501:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2454:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2420:Downing, Lisa.
2418:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2312:
2228:George Robinson
2220:
2132:
2081:, Part I (1710)
2043:
2038:
1997:Yale University
1955:
1929:
1925:
1910:
1879:Strong Opinions
1826:Herman Melville
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1792:
1667:
1591:
1525:
1519:
1385:
1361:instrumentalist
1309:
1285:
1279:
1204:
1146:
1140:
1095:mystic idealism
1054:
1017:esse is percipi
986:
980:
948:
938:was founded by
932:
916:
853:
852:
851:
850:
849:
840:
831:
830:
829:
819:
808:
789:Robert Marshall
774:Dean of Dromore
742:
734:William Whiston
685:, where he was
659:County Kilkenny
643:
632:
626:
623:
608:
592:
581:
576:
540:Albert Einstein
516:'s doctrine of
440:Bishop Berkeley
432:
406:
402:
399:George Berkeley
365:master argument
351:
319:
299:
295:
293:Foundationalism
291:
287:
244:
230:
192:
188:
187:14 January 1753
179:
176:County Kilkenny
165:
159:
157:
144:18 January 1734
135:
73:
50:
49:George Berkeley
47:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Bishop Berkeley
15:
12:
11:
5:
9282:
9272:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9189:Deans of Derry
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9104:
9103:
9101:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9018:Abraham Dawson
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8927:Robert Forward
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8888:
8885:
8884:
8877:
8876:
8869:
8862:
8854:
8845:
8844:
8842:
8841:
8839:William Morton
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8804:Thomas Olphert
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8754:Thomas Barnard
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8704:George Holland
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8663:Deans of Derry
8659:
8658:
8651:
8644:
8636:
8627:
8626:
8624:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8611:William Bennet
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8586:Robert Johnson
8583:
8581:James Stopford
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8551:St George Ashe
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8522:
8519:
8518:
8511:
8510:
8503:
8496:
8488:
8479:
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8476:
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8465:
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8451:
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8448:
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8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
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8400:
8399:
8397:
8396:
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8369:
8364:
8359:
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8329:
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8314:
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8274:
8266:
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8240:
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8215:
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8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8143:Constructivism
8140:
8134:
8132:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8122:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8093:Baruch Spinoza
8090:
8088:P. F. Strawson
8085:
8080:
8078:Susanna Siegel
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8053:W. V. O. Quine
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7953:Nelson Goodman
7950:
7945:
7943:Edmund Gettier
7940:
7935:
7930:
7928:René Descartes
7925:
7920:
7918:Gilles Deleuze
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7893:William Alston
7890:
7885:
7883:Thomas Aquinas
7879:
7877:
7871:
7870:
7863:
7862:
7855:
7848:
7840:
7831:
7830:
7828:
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7815:
7804:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7731:
7729:
7728:Related topics
7725:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7711:
7701:
7695:Being and Time
7691:
7681:
7671:
7661:
7651:
7641:
7631:
7621:
7611:
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7591:
7581:
7571:
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7498:
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7443:
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7408:
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7398:
7393:
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7378:
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7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7272:
7270:
7268:Metaphysicians
7264:
7263:
7261:
7260:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
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7203:
7198:
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7183:
7178:
7173:
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7143:
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7133:
7128:
7123:
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7108:
7103:
7098:
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7087:
7086:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7024:
7022:Causal closure
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6983:
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6973:
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6953:
6948:
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6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6896:Libertarianism
6893:
6888:
6883:
6881:Existentialism
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6842:
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6805:
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6759:
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6728:
6722:
6721:
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6703:
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6605:
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6521:
6515:
6513:
6507:
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6503:
6498:
6493:
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6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6415:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
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6368:
6363:
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6345:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6337:
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6327:
6322:
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6307:
6301:
6299:
6293:
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6279:
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6248:
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6238:
6232:
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6223:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
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6195:
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6185:
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6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
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6083:
6078:
6073:
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6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5940:Wollstonecraft
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5841:
5839:
5831:
5830:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5717:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5679:
5674:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5619:
5612:
5611:
5601:
5600:
5593:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5554:
5538:
5525:
5516:
5510:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5468:
5459:
5454:
5439:
5430:
5421:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5390:
5374:
5355:
5343:
5342:
5297:external links
5292:
5290:
5283:
5277:
5276:External links
5274:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5230:
5228:978-0802093486
5214:
5212:978-0521450331
5190:
5184:
5169:
5160:
5154:
5129:
5127:978-0198249078
5109:
5108:
5107:
5082:Tipton, I. C.
5080:
5079:
5078:
5029:
5019:
5009:
4999:
4990:
4975:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4927:
4911:
4897:
4890:
4874:
4868:
4851:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4828:
4815:
4800:
4794:
4779:
4773:
4754:
4742:
4732:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4654:
4644:
4634:
4627:
4620:Gaustad, Edwin
4617:
4610:
4603:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4581:
4566:
4551:
4532:Jessop T. E.,
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4490:
4470:
4454:
4428:
4421:
4403:
4391:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4360:
4348:Turbayne C. M.
4344:
4313:
4294:(3): 383â386.
4274:
4255:(3): 210â227.
4235:
4196:
4171:
4150:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4110:
4081:
4079:, p. 299.
4077:978-1480065505
4060:
4058:, p. 179.
4056:978-1480065505
4039:
4035:978-0742548398
4018:
3997:
3984:
3975:
3950:
3919:
3905:
3878:
3847:
3834:
3816:
3807:
3794:
3776:
3760:
3751:
3729:
3715:83. Helsinki:
3700:
3675:
3665:
3644:
3640:10.1086/353648
3615:
3606:
3597:
3588:
3560:(3): 571â625,
3535:
3528:
3514:Florian Cajori
3505:
3492:
3479:
3462:
3452:
3443:
3436:
3410:
3354:
3341:
3332:
3312:Nader El-Bizri
3296:Nader El-Bizri
3287:
3278:
3253:
3225:
3212:
3198:
3170:
3145:
3115:
3094:
3076:
3059:
3057:, 2001. p. 27.
3042:
3040:, 2008. p. 14.
3025:
3012:
2995:
2975:
2959:
2957:, p. 324.
2946:
2930:"John Smibert"
2921:
2908:
2883:
2862:
2837:
2823:
2800:
2775:
2750:
2743:
2723:
2712:
2699:
2664:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2621:
2557:
2550:
2529:
2522:
2499:
2481:
2470:on 3 July 2013
2439:
2407:
2395:
2375:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2231:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2146:
2140:
2130:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2056:
2050:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
1909:
1906:
1881:, pp. 2892â90)
1791:
1788:
1734:Samuel Johnson
1727:Edmund Husserl
1677:Arthur Collier
1666:
1663:
1604:abstract ideas
1590:
1587:
1552:utilitarianism
1544:laws of nature
1518:
1515:
1421:Florian Cajori
1384:
1381:
1324:Ockham's razor
1308:
1305:
1278:
1275:
1203:
1200:
1139:
1136:
1053:
1050:
982:Main article:
979:
976:
947:
944:
931:
928:
915:
912:
841:
834:
833:
832:
823:group portrait
820:
813:
812:
811:
810:
809:
807:
804:
793:Jonathan Swift
776:and, in 1724,
741:
738:
645:
644:
595:
593:
586:
580:
577:
575:
572:
548:, a Christian
394:
393:
390:
389:
381:
380:
376:
375:
372:
371:
352:
349:
346:
345:
320:
318:Main interests
317:
314:
313:
308:
304:
303:
277:
271:
270:
265:
261:
260:
255:
251:
250:
247:
246:
239:
235:
234:
228:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
191:(aged 67)
185:
181:
180:
166:
155:
151:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
123:
122:
120:James Stopford
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
67:
59:
58:
52:
51:
48:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9281:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9093:Stephen Lowry
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9078:Mervyn Wilson
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9048:William Jones
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9008:Henry Stewart
9006:
9004:
9003:Jeffry Lefroy
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8988:William Wynne
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8978:Raphael Walsh
8976:
8974:
8973:Joseph Bourke
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8957:John Hamilton
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8937:William Smyth
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8917:William Moore
8915:
8913:
8912:Robert Dawson
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8902:Thomas Wilson
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8886:
8882:
8875:
8870:
8868:
8863:
8861:
8856:
8855:
8852:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8814:Richard Hayes
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8749:Philip Smythe
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8739:Robert Downes
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8674:William Webbe
8672:
8671:
8668:
8664:
8657:
8652:
8650:
8645:
8643:
8638:
8637:
8634:
8622:
8621:John Brinkley
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8546:Tobias Pullen
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8523:
8520:
8516:
8509:
8504:
8502:
8497:
8495:
8490:
8489:
8486:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8452:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8332:Justification
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8271:
8267:
8265:
8263:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8254:
8250:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8208:Phenomenalism
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8198:NaĂŻve realism
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8148:Contextualism
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8131:
8127:
8121:
8120:
8116:
8114:
8113:Vienna Circle
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8048:Hilary Putnam
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8023:Robert Nozick
8021:
8019:
8018:John McDowell
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7978:Immanuel Kant
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7948:Alvin Goldman
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7861:
7856:
7854:
7849:
7847:
7842:
7841:
7838:
7826:
7816:
7814:
7806:
7805:
7802:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7770:Phenomenology
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7726:
7717:
7716:
7712:
7707:
7706:
7702:
7697:
7696:
7692:
7687:
7686:
7682:
7677:
7676:
7672:
7667:
7666:
7662:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7647:
7646:
7642:
7637:
7636:
7632:
7627:
7626:
7622:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7607:
7606:
7602:
7597:
7596:
7592:
7587:
7586:
7582:
7577:
7576:
7572:
7567:
7566:
7562:
7557:
7556:
7552:
7547:
7546:
7542:
7537:
7536:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7527:Notable works
7525:
7519:
7518:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7265:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7029:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6993:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6931:Phenomenalism
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6851:Action theory
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6826:
6821:
6819:
6814:
6812:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6790:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6769:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6726:United States
6723:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6486:Budai-Deleanu
6484:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5850:Ashley-Cooper
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5825:
5821:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5752:Progressivism
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5701:Individualism
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5613:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5586:
5584:
5579:
5577:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5339:
5336:
5328:
5318:
5314:
5313:inappropriate
5310:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5291:
5282:
5281:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5155:9780521374132
5151:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5059:G. J. Warnock
5056:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5042:. The Hague:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5010:
5008:3:1:16 (1945)
5007:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4816:0-87220-146-5
4812:
4808:
4807:
4801:
4797:
4795:0-8166-1065-7
4791:
4787:
4786:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4766:
4763:. The Hague:
4762:
4761:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4680:public domain
4676:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4637:Stoneham, Tom
4635:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4424:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4395:
4388:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4189:
4188:0-8014-2706-1
4185:
4181:
4175:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4037:, p. 63.
4036:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3994:
3988:
3979:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3916:
3915:
3909:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3844:
3838:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3811:
3804:
3798:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3755:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3669:
3662:
3660:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3548:Sherry, David
3545:
3544:Katz, Mikhail
3539:
3531:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3502:
3496:
3489:
3486:Karl Popper,
3483:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3456:
3447:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3351:
3345:
3336:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3282:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3238:
3237:
3229:
3222:
3216:
3208:
3202:
3183:
3182:
3174:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3120:
3104:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3087:Oizerman T.I.
3083:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3022:
3019:Pope, in his
3016:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:Edward Chaney
2804:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2680:(13): 26â36.
2679:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2553:
2551:9781414283098
2547:
2543:
2542:
2533:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2450:(1993â1994).
2449:
2443:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:David Bostock
2379:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1950:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:Commemoration
1904:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1886:James Boswell
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1708:, especially
1707:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1589:Immaterialism
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:infinitesimal
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:Edmond Halley
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1252:la profondeur
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
985:
975:
973:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
943:
941:
940:royal charter
937:
927:
925:
921:
911:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
848:
844:
838:
828:
824:
817:
803:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
778:Dean of Derry
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
737:
735:
731:
730:Samuel Clarke
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
711:
706:
705:
699:
697:
696:
690:
688:
684:
681:and attended
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:Dysart Castle
641:
638:
630:
620:
616:
612:
606:
605:
601:
596:This section
594:
590:
585:
584:
571:
567:
565:
561:
560:
555:
554:free-thinkers
551:
547:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
499:
494:
493:
488:
487:
481:
479:
475:
471:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:
427:
400:
391:
387:
382:
377:
373:
370:
366:
362:
361:
356:
353:
350:Notable ideas
347:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:
315:
312:
309:
305:
302:
298:
297:Conceptualism
294:
290:
285:
284:phenomenalism
281:
278:
276:
272:
269:
266:
262:
259:
256:
252:
248:
243:
240:
236:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
203:
199:
195:
186:
182:
177:
173:
169:
168:Dysart Castle
164:12 March 1685
156:
152:
147:
143:
139:
136:1710 (priest)
134:1709 (deacon)
133:
129:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
71:
65:
60:
57:
53:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
9063:Henry Hughes
9058:Arthur Forde
9053:John Appleby
9033:Henry Swanzy
8998:Daniel Bagot
8951:
8947:Henry Leslie
8922:George Synge
8897:William Todd
8819:Richard King
8799:Andrew Smyly
8779:Thomas Gough
8774:James Saurin
8764:Edward Emily
8759:William Pery
8744:Arthur Smyth
8734:George Stone
8728:
8719:Coote Ormsby
8714:Peter Morris
8679:Henry Sutton
8596:Charles Agar
8575:
8571:Edward Synge
8561:Charles Crow
8536:Edward Jones
8526:George Synge
8391:
8292:Common sense
8270:A posteriori
8269:
8261:
8223:Reductionism
8117:
8068:Gilbert Ryle
7938:Fred Dretske
7923:Keith DeRose
7907:
7867:Epistemology
7745:Epistemology
7713:
7703:
7693:
7683:
7673:
7663:
7653:
7643:
7633:
7623:
7613:
7603:
7593:
7583:
7573:
7563:
7555:NyÄya SĆ«tras
7553:
7543:
7533:
7515:
7431:Wittgenstein
7376:Schopenhauer
7355:
7255:
7246:Unobservable
7096:Intelligence
7026:
6966:Subjectivism
6961:Spiritualism
6876:Essentialism
6856:Anti-realism
6774:
6519:Catherine II
6266:
5971:Beaumarchais
5801:Universality
5772:Reductionism
5719:
5696:Human rights
5558:
5534:
5528:Broad, C. D.
5519:Broad, C. D.
5515:(1887â1971):
5480:
5463:
5367:
5331:
5322:
5307:by removing
5294:
5240:Google Books
5234:
5218:
5200:Google Books
5193:
5174:
5163:
5135:
5112:
5099:
5083:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5054:
5047:
5038:
5035:
5024:
5014:
4994:
4992:Luce, A. A.
4980:
4967:
4893:
4881:
4857:
4840:
4824:
4805:
4784:
4759:
4749:
4741:p. 349.
4736:
4725:
4688:
4660:
4650:
4640:
4630:
4623:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4584:
4569:
4563:Google Books
4554:
4539:
4533:
4507:. Retrieved
4503:
4493:
4465:
4457:
4445:. Retrieved
4440:
4431:
4412:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4364:
4357:Google Books
4346:
4327:
4324:Jessop T. E.
4323:
4316:
4291:
4287:
4277:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4216:(1): 85â92.
4213:
4209:
4199:
4179:
4174:
4158:
4153:
4136:
4114:
4095:
4084:
4068:
4063:
4047:
4042:
4026:
4021:
4000:
3987:
3978:
3953:
3922:
3912:
3908:
3895:. Retrieved
3881:
3868:. Retrieved
3850:
3842:
3837:
3829:
3810:
3797:
3789:
3754:
3744:
3737:Hooker, Brad
3732:
3716:
3703:
3691:. Retrieved
3687:
3678:
3668:
3658:
3623:
3618:
3609:
3600:
3591:
3557:
3551:
3538:
3518:
3508:
3503:, Part I, 3.
3500:
3495:
3487:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3455:
3446:
3427:
3413:
3378:
3374:
3349:
3344:
3335:
3315:
3303:
3290:
3281:
3269:. Retrieved
3265:
3256:
3244:. Retrieved
3235:
3228:
3220:
3215:
3201:
3189:. Retrieved
3180:
3173:
3161:. Retrieved
3136:. Retrieved
3131:
3106:. Retrieved
3097:
3067:
3062:
3050:
3045:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3005:
2998:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2937:. Retrieved
2933:
2924:
2916:
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2895:
2886:
2875:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2849:
2840:
2831:
2826:
2811:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2787:
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2763:maths.tcd.ie
2762:
2753:
2733:
2726:
2715:
2707:
2702:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2659:
2624:
2602:
2578:(1): 85â92.
2575:
2569:
2560:
2540:
2532:
2512:
2492:
2484:
2472:. Retrieved
2465:the original
2458:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2425:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2362:
2352:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2280:Of Infinites
2279:
2272:
2265:
2233:
2226:Printed for
2223:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2148:
2142:
2134:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2090:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2019:
2012:
2001:
1986:
1976:The Town of
1975:
1970:
1911:
1900:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1862:Ada or Ardor
1860:
1858:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1824:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1784:
1769:
1766:
1749:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1703:
1696:
1685:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1620:
1613:
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1430:Isaac Newton
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1386:
1369:Pierre Duhem
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1333:metaphysical
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1260:E. G. Boring
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900:John Smibert
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892:Palladianism
889:
861:John Forster
854:
827:John Smibert
797:
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627:January 2018
624:
609:Please help
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552:against the
543:
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514:Isaac Newton
511:
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490:
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398:
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358:
331:epistemology
323:Christianity
307:Institutions
231:
214:Anne Forster
201:Denomination
189:(1753-01-14)
141:Consecration
110:Edward Synge
70:John Smybert
36:
9199:Empiricists
9129:1753 deaths
9124:1685 births
9043:Wilfred Orr
8993:Holt Waring
8983:James Mahon
8967:Walter Cope
8942:John Leslie
8892:Isaac Plume
8829:George Good
8784:Usher Tighe
8724:John Bolton
8709:John Lesley
8566:Henry Maule
8556:John Pooley
8372:Proposition
8342:Objectivity
8228:Reliabilism
8218:Rationalism
8163:Fallibilism
8138:Coherentism
8083:Ernest Sosa
8058:Thomas Reid
8043:James Pryor
8013:G. E. Moore
8003:David Lewis
7993:Saul Kripke
7988:Peter Klein
7968:Susan Haack
7898:Robert Audi
7575:Metaphysics
7559:(c. 200 BC)
7549:(c. 350 BC)
7539:(c. 350 BC)
7426:Collingwood
7331:Malebranche
7079:Information
7007:Anima mundi
6986:Type theory
6941:Physicalism
6906:Materialism
6861:Determinism
6832:Metaphysics
6776:Romanticism
6598:Charles III
6439:Poniatowski
6376:Leeuwenhoek
6356:de la Court
6344:Netherlands
6188:Mendelssohn
6183:Lichtenberg
6061:Montesquieu
5779:Sapere aude
5762:Rationalism
5757:Rationality
5747:Objectivity
5559:The Analyst
5466:controversy
5464:The Analyst
4972:description
4668:Attribution
4509:26 December
3725:Matti HĂ€yry
3709:Utilitarian
3191:11 December
3163:11 December
3138:11 December
2793:14 December
2768:14 December
2301:The Analyst
2218:Collections
2047:Arithmetica
1842:James Joyce
1714:Thomas Reid
1669:Berkeley's
1635:omnipresent
1497:Weierstrass
1485:The Analyst
1458:Ian Stewart
1434:The Analyst
1408:The Analyst
1389:mathematics
1316:Karl Popper
1289:Arithmetica
1235:perspective
1216:Malebranche
1172:rationalism
1103:materialist
1093:Berkeley's
954:(1744) and
758:Holy orders
726:materialism
559:The Analyst
478:abstraction
455:Anglo-Irish
453:) â was an
339:mathematics
327:metaphysics
106:Predecessor
9113:Categories
9098:Brian Kerr
9068:Hugh Mayes
8794:John Gwynn
8473:Discussion
8463:Task Force
8382:Simplicity
8362:Perception
8238:Skepticism
8213:Positivism
8188:Infinitism
8153:Empiricism
8008:John Locke
7973:David Hume
7963:Anil Gupta
7958:Paul Grice
7933:John Dewey
7903:A. J. Ayer
7635:Monadology
7569:(c. 80 BC)
7276:Parmenides
7161:Perception
7059:Experience
6946:Relativism
6921:Naturalism
6871:Enactivism
6618:Villarroel
6613:Jovellanos
6549:Radishchev
6496:Micu-Klein
6434:Niemcewicz
6401:Swammerdam
6391:Nieuwentyt
6381:Mandeville
6236:Farmakidis
6122:Burlamaqui
6031:La Mettrie
6006:Fontenelle
5961:d'Argenson
5956:d'Alembert
5880:Harrington
5806:Utopianism
5706:Liberalism
5663:Empiricism
5638:Classicism
5628:Capitalism
5541:Rick Grush
5325:March 2022
5202:). Ed. by
5117:. Oxford:
5002:Russell B.
4984:. London:
4849:0714644749
4707:See also:
4695:Wikisource
4535:Luce A. A.
4329:Luce A. A.
4249:Dialectica
4192:p. 98
4104:. p.
3927:Rick Grush
3897:1 December
3870:1 December
3688:ditext.com
3553:Erkenntnis
3499:K. Popper
3381:: 75â122.
3322:journal),
3271:9 December
3246:9 December
2820:0714644749
2489:"Berkeley"
2474:8 November
2432:9 December
2344:References
2211:Miscellany
1916:, and the
1795:Lord Byron
1710:David Hume
1699:empiricism
1631:omniscient
1623:empiricism
1527:The tract
1521:See also:
1373:Ernst Mach
1328:empiricist
1281:See also:
1214:, Wallis,
1176:empiricism
1149:John Locke
1142:See also:
1132:volte-face
1124:David Hume
1083:Principles
1066:sense data
1038:Principles
1034:Principles
1013:Principles
1005:Principles
946:Last works
877:Middletown
873:plantation
718:Principles
675:Gloucester
655:Thomastown
550:apologetic
536:Ernst Mach
507:John Locke
343:perception
289:Empiricism
172:Thomastown
160:1685-03-12
131:Ordination
9224:Idealists
8907:John Wall
8834:Cecil Orr
8769:John Hume
8337:Knowledge
8322:Induction
8272:knowledge
8264:knowledge
7795:Teleology
7760:Mereology
7740:Cosmology
7599:(c. 1000)
7496:Plantinga
7486:Armstrong
7436:Heidegger
7411:Whitehead
7396:Nietzsche
7316:Descartes
7286:Aristotle
7241:Universal
7171:Principle
7141:Necessity
7101:Intention
7054:Existence
7017:Causality
6956:Solipsism
6886:Free will
6739:Jefferson
6681:Hutcheson
6570:ObradoviÄ
6539:Lomonosov
6534:Kheraskov
6444:Ćniadecki
6208:Weishaupt
6203:Thomasius
6193:Pufendorf
6036:Lavoisier
6021:d'Holbach
6016:Helvétius
5996:Descartes
5991:Condorcet
5986:Condillac
5920:Priestley
5737:Modernity
5658:Democracy
5550:syllabus
5309:excessive
5142:Cambridge
4986:Macmillan
4886:Routledge
3937:Syllabus
3864:Edinburgh
3584:119329569
3567:1205.0174
3072:Routledge
3055:Routledge
2939:15 August
2694:123072861
2597:Repr. in
2491:entry in
2368:19 August
2321:Solipsism
2236:. Ed. by
2028:in 1970.
1912:Both the
1865:, author
1665:Influence
1616:Descartes
1577:(1738)."
1570:Alciphron
1220:Descartes
1128:A.A. Luce
1112:Newtonian
1042:Dialogues
964:tar-water
881:Whitehall
843:Whitehall
722:Dialogues
598:does not
574:Biography
545:Alciphron
532:On Motion
470:perceived
379:Signature
238:Education
227:Education
196:, England
178:, Ireland
116:Successor
101:1734â1753
98:In office
8458:Category
8277:Analysis
8262:A priori
8253:Concepts
8193:Innatism
8130:Theories
7813:Category
7735:Axiology
7589:(c.â270)
7517:more ...
7471:Anscombe
7466:Strawson
7461:Davidson
7356:Berkeley
7296:Plotinus
7257:more ...
7196:Relation
7176:Property
7151:Ontology
7074:Identity
6995:Concepts
6926:Nihilism
6891:Idealism
6839:Theories
6789:Category
6734:Franklin
6701:Playfair
6671:Ferguson
6628:Scotland
6575:MrazoviÄ
6529:Kantemir
6524:Fonvizin
6463:Portugal
6429:Krasicki
6424:Konarski
6419:KoĆĆÄ
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6320:Genovesi
6305:Beccaria
6267:Berkeley
6198:Schiller
6163:Humboldt
6137:Saussure
6132:Rousseau
6096:Voltaire
6051:Maréchal
6026:Jaucourt
5981:ChĂątelet
5976:Chamfort
5925:Reynolds
5828:Thinkers
5732:Midlands
5721:LumiĂšres
5691:Humanism
5684:Haskalah
5544:Archived
5446:LibriVox
5415:Archived
5380:Archived
5256:Archived
5121:, 1989.
4960:Archived
4933:Archived
4917:Archived
4880:(2001).
4748:(1962).
4687:(1910).
4651:Berkeley
4574:Archived
4370:Archived
4269:42964117
4123:Archived
3967:Archived
3943:Archived
3931:Archived
3739:(2008).
3516:(2010).
3405:33744237
2333:Yogacara
2310:See also
2303:, 60â92.
2296:, 37â54.
2289:, 19â21.
2282:, 16â19.
2036:Writings
1850:(1922):
1800:Don Juan
1721:, notes
1692:idealism
1460:'s book
1438:calculus
1417:calculus
1341:a priori
1212:Molyneux
1052:Theology
960:Pine tar
958:(1752).
766:divinity
667:Berkeley
564:calculus
448:Anglican
335:language
219:Children
205:Anglican
8393:more...
8173:Fideism
8119:more...
7585:Enneads
7579:(c. 50)
7545:Timaeus
7535:Sophist
7481:Dummett
7476:Deleuze
7416:Russell
7406:Bergson
7401:Meinong
7381:Bolzano
7341:Leibniz
7321:Spinoza
7306:Aquinas
7291:Proclus
7221:Thought
7211:Subject
7191:Reality
7186:Quality
7156:Pattern
7116:Meaning
7091:Insight
7049:Essence
7034:Concept
6936:Realism
6901:Liberty
6866:Dualism
6744:Madison
6716:Stewart
6656:Burnett
6651:Boswell
6636:Beattie
6608:MoratĂn
6593:Cadalso
6544:Novikov
6479:Romania
6454:Wybicki
6449:Staszic
6396:Spinoza
6366:Huygens
6361:Grotius
6315:Galvani
6310:Galiani
6260:Ireland
6241:Feraios
6213:Wieland
6178:Lessing
6173:Leibniz
6146:Germany
6127:Prévost
6112:Abauzit
6076:Quesnay
6066:Morelly
6056:Meslier
6041:Leclerc
6001:Diderot
5890:Johnson
5865:Collins
5860:Bentham
5845:Addison
5838:England
5786:Science
5623:Atheism
5505:at the
5435:at the
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5295:use of
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3887:Reid T.
3856:Reid T.
3471:De Motu
3426:(ed.).
3396:8446104
3300:Alhazen
3108:24 June
2855:28 June
2635:2105263
2592:2104957
2294:De Motu
2183:(1744).
2106:De Motu
2008:slavery
1991:and an
1978:Berkley
1847:Ulysses
1450:Leibniz
1442:fluxion
1320:De Motu
1240:Alhazen
1206:In his
1192:spirits
1188:notions
1184:spirits
922:in the
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800:Bermuda
760:in the
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653:, near
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604:sources
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527:De Motu
472:by the
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8287:Belief
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7719:(1981)
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7699:(1927)
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7669:(1807)
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7639:(1714)
7629:(1710)
7619:(1677)
7615:Ethics
7609:(1641)
7511:Parfit
7501:Kripke
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7336:Newton
7311:SuĂĄrez
7301:Scotus
7181:Qualia
7146:Object
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7044:Entity
6916:Monism
6696:Newton
6686:Hutton
6666:Cullen
6563:Serbia
6511:Russia
6501:Èincai
6411:Poland
6351:Bekker
6325:Pagano
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6246:Kairis
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6153:Goethe
6117:Bonnet
6105:Geneva
6091:Turgot
6081:Raynal
6071:Pascal
6011:Gouges
5949:France
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5930:Sidney
5905:Newton
5900:Milton
5875:Godwin
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2285:1709.
2278:1707.
2259:Vol. 4
2254:Vol. 3
2249:Vol. 2
2244:Vol. 1
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2207:(1752)
2201:(1750)
2195:(1749)
2189:(1745)
2177:(1736)
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1694:...".
1556:ground
1501:(Δ, Ύ)
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770:Hebrew
754:Steele
522:motion
275:School
264:Region
211:Spouse
194:Oxford
126:Orders
92:Cloyne
78:Church
72:, 1727
8468:Stubs
8387:Truth
8033:Plato
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7506:Lewis
7456:Quine
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7371:Hegel
7346:Wolff
7326:Locke
7281:Plato
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6646:Blair
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6330:Verri
6297:Italy
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6272:Boyle
6218:Wolff
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5966:Bayle
5915:Price
5895:Locke
5885:Hooke
5855:Bacon
5653:Deism
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3240:(PDF)
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7069:Idea
6706:Reid
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6676:Hume
6335:Vico
6168:Kant
6086:Sade
5910:Pope
5244:ISBN
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3140:2019
3110:2022
2941:2016
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2857:2020
2816:ISBN
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