1626:) of the i+4 residue. The spiral has about 3.6 amino acids per turn, and the amino acid side chains stick out from the cylinder of the helix. Beta pleated sheets are formed by backbone hydrogen bonds between individual beta strands each of which is in an "extended", or fully stretched-out, conformation. The strands may lie parallel or antiparallel to each other, and the side-chain direction alternates above and below the sheet. Hemoglobin contains only helices, natural silk is formed of beta pleated sheets, and many enzymes have a pattern of alternating helices and beta-strands. The secondary-structure elements are connected by "loop" or "coil" regions of non-repetitive conformation, which are sometimes quite mobile or disordered but usually adopt a well-defined, stable arrangement.
1180:
563:
1199:. These complex structures are facilitated by the fact that RNA backbone has less local flexibility than DNA but a large set of distinct conformations, apparently because of both positive and negative interactions of the extra OH on the ribose. Structured RNA molecules can do highly specific binding of other molecules and can themselves be recognized specifically; in addition, they can perform enzymatic catalysis (when they are known as "
1755:
608:
36:
1314:. They are generally large and often have a complex branched connectivity. Because of their size, polysaccharides are not water-soluble, but their many hydroxy groups become hydrated individually when exposed to water, and some polysaccharides form thick colloidal dispersions when heated in water. Shorter polysaccharides, with 3 to 10 monomers, are called
1692:(or, generally, an apoprotein) is the protein without any small-molecule cofactors, substrates, or inhibitors bound. It is often important as an inactive storage, transport, or secretory form of a protein. This is required, for instance, to protect the secretory cell from the activity of that protein. Apoenzymes become active enzymes on addition of a
1318:. A fluorescent indicator-displacement molecular imprinting sensor was developed for discriminating saccharides. It successfully discriminated three brands of orange juice beverage. The change in fluorescence intensity of the sensing films resulting is directly related to the saccharide concentration.
1073:
enzymes from repeating structural units, or monomers, of mononucleotides. DNA uses the deoxynucleotides C, G, A, and T, while RNA uses the ribonucleotides (which have an extra hydroxyl(OH) group on the pentose ring) C, G, A, and U. Modified bases are fairly common (such as with methyl groups on the
1163:
DNA, and is overwhelmingly the most favorable and common state of DNA; its highly specific and stable base-pairing is the basis of reliable genetic information storage. DNA can sometimes occur as single strands (often needing to be stabilized by single-strand binding proteins) or as
1272:
have different rates of gastric emptying, are differentially absorbed and have different metabolic fates, providing multiple opportunities for two different saccharides to differentially affect food intake. Most saccharides eventually provide fuel for cellular respiration.
1281:
are formed when two monosaccharides, or two single simple sugars, form a bond with removal of water. They can be hydrolyzed to yield their saccharin building blocks by boiling with dilute acid or reacting them with appropriate enzymes. Examples of disaccharides include
751:
are invariant features among the wide diversity of life forms; thus these biomolecules and metabolic pathways are referred to as "biochemical universals" or "theory of material unity of the living beings", a unifying concept in biology, along with
1735:. They may either be produced in different organs or cell types to perform the same function, or several isoenzymes may be produced in the same cell type under differential regulation to suit the needs of changing development or environment. LDH (
1329:
is a complex polyphenolic macromolecule composed mainly of beta-O4-aryl linkages. After cellulose, lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer and is one of the primary structural components of most plants. It contains subunits derived from
1191:
molecules. Those RNA structures contain many stretches of A-form double helix, connected into definite 3D arrangements by single-stranded loops, bulges, and junctions. Examples are tRNA, ribosomes,
2184:
Jin, Tan; Wang He-Fang & Yan Xiu-Ping (2009). "Discrimination of
Saccharides with a Fluorescent Molecular Imprinting Sensor Array Based on Phenylboronic Acid Functionalized Mesoporous Silica".
1183:
Stereo 3D image of a group I intron ribozyme (PDB file 1Y0Q); gray lines show base pairs; ribbon arrows show double-helix regions, blue to red from 5' to 3' end; white ribbon is an RNA product.
2011:
Richardson JS, Schneider B, Murray LW, Kapral GJ, Immormino RM, Headd JJ, Richardson DC, Ham D, Hershkovits E, Williams LD, Keating KS, Pyle AM, Micallef D, Westbrook J, Berman HM (2008).
2060:
Kruger K, Grabowski PJ, Zaug AJ, Sands J, Gottschling DE, Cech TR (1982). "Self-splicing RNA: autoexcision and autocyclization of the ribosomal RNA intervening sequence of
Tetrahymena".
682:
such as vitamins and hormones. A general name for this class of material is biological materials. Biomolecules are an important element of living organisms, those biomolecules are often
1743:
is an example of a developmentally regulated isoform of a non-enzymatic protein. The relative levels of isoenzymes in blood can be used to diagnose problems in the organ of secretion .
1187:
RNA, in contrast, forms large and complex 3D tertiary structures reminiscent of proteins, as well as the loose single strands with locally folded regions that constitute
1599:. This sequence is determined by the genetic makeup of the individual. It specifies the order of side-chain groups along the linear polypeptide "backbone".
1489:, the term amino acid is used when referring to those amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, plus
2376:
2483:
594:
1516:. Only two amino acids other than the standard twenty are known to be incorporated into proteins during translation, in certain organisms:
1130:
1602:
Proteins have two types of well-classified, frequently occurring elements of local structure defined by a particular pattern of
2273:
2219:
Bo Peng & Yu Qin (2008). "Lipophilic
Polymer Membrane Optical Sensor with a Synthetic Receptor for Saccharide Detection".
2369:
2327:
provider of a forum for education and information exchange among professionals within drug discovery and related disciplines.
2168:
1932:
1828:
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366:
2324:
587:
1806:
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2528:
1966:
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1496:
Modified amino acids are sometimes observed in proteins; this is usually the result of enzymatic modification after
1437:, whose heads contain a positively charged group that is linked to the tail by a negatively charged phosphate group.
2566:
2362:
2571:
2469:
2332:
321:
1995:
1114:
1110:
51:
1618:
of the protein. Alpha helices are regular spirals stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the backbone CO group (
580:
1097:. They contain carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and phosphorus. They serve as sources of chemical energy (
2533:
2523:
1590:
1228:
group in their structure. The presence of an aldehyde group in a monosaccharide is indicated by the prefix
1302:
are polymerized monosaccharides, or complex carbohydrates. They have multiple simple sugars. Examples are
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2513:
1582:
1122:
547:
492:
421:
2688:
2518:
1952:
1586:
351:
2652:
2508:
1578:
1401:. Fatty acids consist of unbranched chains of carbon atoms that are connected by single bonds alone (
356:
301:
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1646:
632:
331:
2441:
2385:
1891:. Vol. IV, Le Discours philosophique. Presses Universitaires de France. pp. 2152–2171.
1693:
458:
396:
61:
56:
1417:
fatty acids). The chains are usually 14-24 carbon groups long, but it is always an even number.
2553:
2543:
2492:
1727:
and closely similar but usually not identical functions. They are either products of different
1420:
For lipids present in biological membranes, the hydrophilic head is from one of three classes:
1146:
1102:
1098:
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411:
361:
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8:
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542:
465:
341:
116:
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2269:
2132:
2107:
2085:
2037:
2012:
1634:
1349:. The lack of optical activity is due to the polymerization of lignin which occurs via
1179:
741:
683:
655:
477:
2289:
2500:
2421:
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2201:
2164:
2137:
2077:
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1991:
1962:
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1824:
1705:
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747:
The uniformity of both specific types of molecules (the biomolecules) and of certain
705:
619:, represented by ribbons. This protein was the first to have its structure solved by
443:
386:
381:
376:
311:
2301:
2089:
1595:
The particular series of amino acids that form a protein is known as that protein's
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2429:
2285:
2228:
2193:
2127:
2119:
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371:
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1987:
1958:
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chains (either of identical or of different sequence) cluster to form a protein,
1479:
1428:
1413:
1353:
coupling reactions in which there is no preference for either configuration at a
1342:
1315:
1172:
helices, and occasionally in more complex 3D structures such as the crossover at
1046:
959:
918:
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88:
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2013:"RNA Backbone: Consensus all-angle conformers and modular string nomenclature"
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1885:
Gayon, J. (1998). "La philosophie et la biologie". In Mattéi, J. F. (ed.).
1871:
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27:
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2081:
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1533:
is incorporated into some proteins at a UAG codon. For instance, in some
1530:
1471:
1444:
1408:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1117:), and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (
1082:
or for discriminating the new from old strands of DNA after replication.
1019:
1002:
998:
873:
753:
616:
255:
233:
228:
223:
203:
176:
171:
1723:, or isozymes, are multiple forms of an enzyme, with slightly different
1712:, which are released from the enzyme's active site during the reaction.
1637:
or its "fold". It is formed as result of various attractive forces like
2627:
2413:
2028:
1778:
1720:
1677:
1611:
1534:
1513:
1424:
1370:
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909:
612:
2354:
2417:
1951:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Wlater P (2002).
1851:
1754:
1680:, which consists of two "alpha" and two "beta" polypeptide chains.
1619:
1311:
1245:
1221:
1200:
1192:
1075:
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824:
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146:
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1505:
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2010:
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721:
163:
83:
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of protein is formed. Quaternary structure is an attribute of
2401:
1728:
1623:
1524:
1475:
1373:
1365:
1169:
1165:
1160:
778:
671:
607:
35:
1701:
1558:
1459:
which are both 20-carbon fatty acyl units synthesized from
279:
1696:. Cofactors can be either inorganic (e.g., metal ions and
1443:, whose heads contain a planar steroid ring, for example,
686:, produced within the organism but organisms usually need
2642:
2637:
1142:
1062:
1058:
976:
972:
2059:
1393:
head (typically glycerol) and one to three non polar or
1220:
with only one simple sugar. They essentially contain an
1203:", as initially discovered by Tom Cech and colleagues).
2253:
1950:
1622:) of one amino acid residue and the backbone NH group (
1919:
Slabaugh, Michael R. & Seager, Spencer L. (2007).
740:'s mass. But many other elements, such as the various
1818:
1232:. Similarly, a ketone group is denoted by the prefix
1805:, vol. 4. Ontology II: A World of Systems, p. 61-2.
1750:
1069:, consisting of long, linear molecules assembled by
1549:, other biologically important amino acids include
1381:. Another biological role is energy storage (e.g.,
1819:Voon, C. H.; Sam, S. T. (2019). "2.1 Biosensors".
1345:, and is unusual among biomolecules in that it is
768:A diverse range of biomolecules exist, including:
1268:, ribose, and deoxyribose. Consumed fructose and
2665:
2154:
1863:
992:
2477:
2370:
2218:
1614:. Their number and arrangement is called the
1504:). For example, phosphorylation of serine by
1151:DNA structure is dominated by the well-known
588:
1523:is incorporated into some proteins at a UGA
1708:, which are tightly bound to an enzyme, or
1159:of C with G and A with T. This is known as
1131:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
2491:
2484:
2470:
2377:
2363:
2268:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1867:Molecular Insights into the Living Process
1676:(different-sequence chains) proteins like
595:
581:
2131:
2101:
2099:
2036:
1981:
1946:
1944:
1821:Nanobiosensors for Biomolecular Targeting
1553:(used in lipid transport within a cell),
1512:is an important control mechanism in the
1397:fatty acid tails, and therefore they are
2254:K. Freudenberg; A.C. Nash, eds. (1968).
1178:
1136:
763:
606:
2256:Constitution and Biosynthesis of Lignin
1905:
1870:. New York: Academic Press – via
1377:, and are the basic building blocks of
654:and essential to one or more typically
2666:
2274:"The Anatomy and Taxonomy of Proteins"
2096:
1941:
1888:Encyclopédie philosophique universelle
1493:which is not actually an amino acid).
1236:. Examples of monosaccharides are the
1085:Each nucleotide is made of an acyclic
744:, are also present in small amounts.
16:Molecule produced by a living organism
2465:
2384:
2358:
2105:
1884:
1864:Green, D. E.; Goldberger, R. (1967).
1633:structure of a protein is termed its
1463:. They are also known as fatty acids
1984:Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure
1854:Farlex, Inc. Accessed June 27, 2019.
1784:Multi-state modeling of biomolecules
1700:) or organic compounds, (e.g., and
1568:
1537:in enzymes that are used to produce
1010:are molecules formed by attaching a
1704:). Organic cofactors can be either
1407:fatty acids) or by both single and
935:Polyterpenes: cis-1,4-polyisoprene
631:in 1958, for which they received a
13:
1921:Organic and Biochemistry for Today
690:biomolecules, for example certain
14:
2700:
2325:Society for Biomolecular Sciences
2318:
1527:, which is normally a stop codon.
1753:
1731:, or else different products of
1022:ring. Examples of these include
562:
561:
34:
2262:
2247:
2212:
2177:
2148:
2106:Moran, Timothy H. (June 2009).
2053:
1923:(6th ed.). Pacific Grove:
1739:) has multiple isozymes, while
2155:Pigman, W.; D. Horton (1972).
2004:
1975:
1878:
1857:
1852:The Free Dictionary by Farlex.
1837:
1812:
1795:
1466:
1431:with 1-15 saccharide residues.
1206:
1115:cyclic adenosine monophosphate
1111:cyclic guanosine monophosphate
1:
2290:10.1016/S0065-3233(08)60520-3
2278:Advances in Protein Chemistry
1954:Molecular biology of the cell
1789:
1715:
1683:
708:study biomolecules and their
658:. Biomolecules include large
2074:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90414-7
1803:Treatise on Basic Philosophy
1591:Protein quaternary structure
1385:). Most lipids consist of a
611:A todos iguales tdos mienten
7:
2159:. Vol. 1A. San Diego:
1746:
1583:Protein secondary structure
1123:flavin adenine dinucleotide
993:Nucleosides and nucleotides
939:and trans-1,4-polyisoprene
493:Bioorganometallic chemistry
422:Volume combustion synthesis
10:
2705:
2258:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
1957:(4th ed.). New York:
1848:Segen's Medical Dictionary
1672:(same-sequence chains) or
1587:Protein tertiary structure
1572:
1140:
996:
352:Enantioselective synthesis
2653:Nucleic acid double helix
2605:
2552:
2499:
2392:
2347:Resources in your library
1901:– via Google Books.
1579:Protein primary structure
1508:and dephosphorylation by
1427:, whose heads contain an
1368:(oleaginous) are chiefly
1321:
1216:are the simplest form of
357:Fully automated synthesis
302:Artificial gene synthesis
2112:The Journal of Nutrition
1769:Biomolecular engineering
1647:hydrophobic interactions
1360:
1176:during DNA replication.
1074:base ring), as found in
712:. Most biomolecules are
646:is loosely defined as a
633:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
629:Sir John Cowdery Kendrew
332:Custom peptide synthesis
1155:formed by Watson-Crick
1053:in the cell, producing
459:Bioorthogonal chemistry
2554:Nucleic acid structure
2493:Biomolecular structure
2108:"Fructose and Satiety"
1629:The overall, compact,
1545:Besides those used in
1184:
1147:Nucleic acid structure
1103:guanosine triphosphate
1099:adenosine triphosphate
858:name between monomers
635:
498:Bioinorganic chemistry
412:Solvothermal synthesis
362:Hydrothermal synthesis
2124:10.3945/jn.108.097956
1737:lactate dehydrogenase
1451:Other lipids include
1182:
1137:DNA and RNA structure
1127:flavin mononucleotide
764:Types of biomolecules
700:and its subfields of
650:produced by a living
621:X-ray crystallography
610:
548:Glossary of chemistry
503:Biophysical chemistry
407:Solid-phase synthesis
261:Amino acid metabolism
239:Nucleotide metabolism
182:Fatty-acid metabolism
2442:Biomolecular complex
1774:List of biomolecules
1733:alternative splicing
1698:iron-sulfur clusters
1666:quaternary structure
1606:along the backbone:
1379:biological membranes
736:—make up 96% of the
656:biological processes
488:Bioorganic chemistry
327:Convergent synthesis
307:Biomimetic synthesis
129:Biomolecule families
2623:Protein engineering
1655:van der Waals force
1616:secondary structure
1045:Nucleosides can be
985:Phosphodiester bond
644:biological molecule
543:Glossary of biology
466:Medicinal chemistry
436:Biochemistry fields
342:Divergent synthesis
117:List of biochemists
106:List of biochemists
22:Part of a series on
2118:(6): 1253S–1256S.
2029:10.1261/rna.657708
1982:Saenger W (1984).
1961:. pp. 120–1.
1801:Bunge, M. (1979).
1635:tertiary structure
1185:
1174:Holliday junctions
1105:), participate in
749:metabolic pathways
636:
478:Clinical chemistry
294:Chemical synthesis
2689:Organic compounds
2661:
2660:
2501:Protein structure
2459:
2458:
2386:Hierarchy of life
2333:Library resources
2233:10.1021/ac800946p
2198:10.1021/ac900484x
2170:978-0-12-395934-8
2157:The Carbohydrates
1934:978-0-495-11280-8
1830:978-0-12-813900-4
1706:prosthetic groups
1660:When two or more
1643:disulfide bridges
1597:primary structure
1575:Protein structure
1569:Protein structure
1547:protein synthesis
1502:protein synthesis
1483:functional groups
1339:coniferyl alcohol
1335:-coumaryl alcohol
1093:and one to three
990:
989:
809:neurotransmitters
714:organic compounds
706:molecular biology
605:
604:
444:Molecular biology
387:Peptide synthesis
382:Organic synthesis
377:One-pot synthesis
312:Bioretrosynthesis
41:Chemistry of life
2696:
2648:Structural motif
2486:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2300:. Archived from
2266:
2260:
2259:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1861:
1855:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1816:
1810:
1799:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1741:fetal hemoglobin
1725:protein sequence
1639:hydrogen bonding
1461:arachidonic acid
1316:oligosaccharides
1095:phosphate groups
1087:nitrogenous base
960:Oligonucleotides
915:Polycondensation
901:Oligosaccharides
884:Polycondensation
835:
834:
758:evolution theory
716:, and just four
597:
590:
583:
570:
565:
564:
454:Chemical biology
372:Mechanosynthesis
347:Electrosynthesis
38:
19:
18:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2601:
2548:
2495:
2490:
2460:
2455:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2321:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2267:
2263:
2252:
2248:
2227:(15): 6137–41.
2217:
2213:
2192:(13): 5273–80.
2182:
2178:
2171:
2153:
2149:
2104:
2097:
2058:
2054:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1988:Springer-Verlag
1980:
1976:
1969:
1959:Garland Science
1949:
1942:
1935:
1917:
1906:
1899:
1883:
1879:
1862:
1858:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1817:
1813:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1718:
1686:
1593:
1573:Main articles:
1571:
1480:carboxylic acid
1469:
1429:oligosaccharide
1363:
1343:sinapyl alcohol
1324:
1299:Polysaccharides
1213:Monosaccharides
1209:
1149:
1141:Main articles:
1139:
1005:
997:Main articles:
995:
965:Polynucleotides
919:Glycosidic bond
906:Polysaccharides
896:Monosaccharides
795:monosaccharides
773:Small molecules
766:
694:, to survive.
680:small molecules
601:
560:
553:
552:
538:
530:
529:
528:
527:
437:
429:
428:
427:
426:
417:Total synthesis
295:
287:
286:
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2597:Thermodynamics
2594:
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2319:External links
2317:
2315:
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2270:Richardson, JS
2261:
2246:
2211:
2176:
2169:
2161:Academic Press
2147:
2095:
2068:(1): 147–157.
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2023:(3): 465–481.
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1761:Biology portal
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1653:interactions,
1604:hydrogen bonds
1570:
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1521:Selenocysteine
1468:
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1453:prostaglandins
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2582:Determination
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2529:Determination
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2304:on 2019-03-16
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1474:contain both
1473:
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1435:Phospholipids
1433:
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1418:
1416:
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1406:
1405:
1400:
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1383:triglycerides
1380:
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1355:chiral center
1352:
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1278:Disaccharides
1274:
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1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:carbohydrates
1215:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:messenger RNA
1181:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1080:transfer RNAs
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
986:
983:
981:
978:
974:
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969:nucleic acids
966:
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869:Oligopeptides
867:
865:
862:
861:
857:
856:Covalent bond
854:
851:
848:
846:
843:
840:
837:
836:
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826:
822:
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723:
719:
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695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:, as well as
677:
676:nucleic acids
673:
669:
668:carbohydrates
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:alpha helices
614:
609:
598:
593:
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586:
584:
579:
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433:
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410:
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405:
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402:Semisynthesis
400:
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275:Tetrapyrroles
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257:
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251:
249:
244:
240:
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225:
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220:
219:
217:
216:Nucleic acids
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
199:Sphingolipids
197:
195:
194:Phospholipids
192:
190:
187:
183:
180:
179:
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175:
173:
170:
168:
167:
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160:
158:
155:
153:
152:Glycoproteins
150:
148:
145:
143:
142:
140:
139:Carbohydrates
135:
134:
126:
125:
118:
115:
113:
110:
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102:
95:
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90:
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55:
53:
50:
49:
47:
46:
42:
37:
33:
32:
29:
26:
25:
21:
20:
2684:Biochemistry
2674:Biomolecules
2633:Nucleic acid
2449:
2448: >
2444: >
2440: >
2436: >
2432: >
2428: >
2424: >
2422:Organ system
2420: >
2416: >
2412: >
2408: >
2404: >
2400: >
2337:
2306:. Retrieved
2302:the original
2281:
2277:
2264:
2255:
2249:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2156:
2150:
2115:
2111:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2020:
2016:
2006:
1983:
1977:
1953:
1920:
1887:
1880:
1872:Google Books
1866:
1859:
1847:
1839:
1823:. Elsevier.
1820:
1814:
1802:
1797:
1719:
1687:
1659:
1628:
1601:
1594:
1544:
1510:phosphatases
1495:
1487:biochemistry
1470:
1457:leukotrienes
1450:
1419:
1412:
1409:double bonds
1402:
1369:
1364:
1351:free radical
1332:
1325:
1297:
1296:
1276:
1275:
1233:
1229:
1212:
1210:
1197:riboswitches
1186:
1157:base-pairing
1153:double helix
1150:
1084:
1049:by specific
1044:
1007:
1006:
946:Polyaddition
941:gutta-percha
889:Peptide bond
876:, proteins (
874:Polypeptides
767:
746:
702:biochemistry
696:
643:
639:
637:
513:parasitology
508:Bacteriology
471:Pharmacology
449:Cell biology
317:Biosynthesis
268:
267:
246:
245:
214:
213:
162:
161:
137:
136:
79:Biomolecules
78:
40:
28:Biochemistry
2450:Biomolecule
2410:Biocoenosis
2338:Biomolecule
2284:: 167–339.
1925:Brooks Cole
1674:heteromeric
1662:polypeptide
1651:hydrophilic
1608:alpha helix
1535:methanogens
1531:Pyrrolysine
1498:translation
1472:Amino acids
1467:Amino acids
1445:cholesterol
1425:Glycolipids
1414:unsaturated
1399:amphiphilic
1395:hydrophobic
1391:hydrophilic
1207:Saccharides
1109:signaling (
1055:nucleotides
1020:deoxyribose
1008:Nucleosides
1003:Nucleotides
999:Nucleosides
955:Nucleotides
864:Amino acids
845:Biopolymers
838:Biomonomers
814:Metabolites
787:glycolipids
783:fatty acids
754:cell theory
640:biomolecule
256:Amino acids
234:Nucleotides
229:Nucleosides
224:Nucleobases
204:Cholesterol
177:Fatty acids
172:Eicosanoids
2668:Categories
2628:Proteasome
2587:Prediction
2577:Quaternary
2534:Prediction
2524:Quaternary
2414:Population
2308:2012-06-24
2221:Anal. Chem
2186:Anal. Chem
1997:0387907629
1790:References
1779:Metabolism
1721:Isoenzymes
1716:Isoenzymes
1684:Apoenzymes
1678:hemoglobin
1612:beta sheet
1514:cell cycle
1371:fatty acid
1119:coenzyme A
1071:polymerase
1012:nucleobase
878:hemoglobin
738:human body
684:endogenous
625:Max Perutz
615:, showing
537:Glossaries
523:immunology
189:Glycerides
157:Glycosides
112:Biochemist
94:Metabolism
2679:Molecules
2567:Secondary
2514:Secondary
2438:Organelle
2406:Ecosystem
2398:Biosphere
1846:. (2011)
1710:coenzymes
1690:apoenzyme
1670:polymeric
1555:ornithine
1551:carnitine
1404:saturated
1308:cellulose
1262:galactose
1201:ribozymes
1193:ribozymes
1076:ribosomal
1040:thymidine
1038:(G), and
1036:guanosine
1032:adenosine
910:cellulose
841:Bio-oligo
825:oligomers
742:biometals
710:reactions
692:nutrients
688:exogenous
613:myoglobin
2606:See also
2572:Tertiary
2519:Tertiary
2418:Organism
2272:(1981).
2241:18593197
2206:19507843
2142:19403706
2090:14787080
2047:18192612
1844:endogeny
1747:See also
1694:cofactor
1620:carbonyl
1312:glycogen
1266:pentoses
1258:Heptoses
1254:Tetroses
1246:fructose
1222:aldehyde
1107:cellular
1067:polymers
1057:. Both
1024:cytidine
931:Terpenes
926:Isoprene
829:polymers
821:Monomers
805:Hormones
800:Vitamins
734:nitrogen
730:hydrogen
718:elements
664:proteins
662:such as
652:organism
648:molecule
568:Category
518:virology
248:Proteins
209:Steroids
147:Alcohols
2613:Protein
2562:Primary
2509:Primary
2298:7020376
2133:6459054
2082:6297745
2038:2248255
1563:taurine
1539:methane
1506:kinases
1491:proline
1441:Sterols
1347:racemic
1292:lactose
1288:maltose
1284:sucrose
1270:glucose
1250:Trioses
1242:glucose
1238:hexoses
1091:pentose
1078:RNA or
1051:kinases
1028:uridine
852:process
791:sterols
698:Biology
84:Enzymes
62:History
57:Outline
2592:Design
2539:Design
2430:Tissue
2335:about
2296:
2239:
2204:
2167:
2140:
2130:
2088:
2080:
2045:
2035:
1994:
1965:
1931:
1895:
1827:
1589:, and
1485:. (In
1374:esters
1366:Lipids
1341:, and
1327:Lignin
1322:Lignin
1310:, and
1304:starch
1290:, and
1226:ketone
1195:, and
1170:Z-form
1166:A-form
1161:B-form
1129:, and
1016:ribose
779:Lipids
732:, and
726:carbon
722:oxygen
674:, and
672:lipids
566:
269:Other:
164:Lipids
2426:Organ
2402:Biome
2086:S2CID
1729:genes
1657:etc.
1624:amide
1525:codon
1476:amino
1387:polar
1361:Lipid
1234:keto-
1230:aldo-
1042:(T).
1034:(A),
1030:(U),
1026:(C),
1014:to a
367:LASiS
52:Index
2434:Cell
2294:PMID
2237:PMID
2202:PMID
2165:ISBN
2138:PMID
2078:PMID
2062:Cell
2043:PMID
1992:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1893:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1807:link
1702:heme
1610:and
1561:and
1559:GABA
1478:and
1455:and
1145:and
1113:and
1101:and
1089:, a
1065:are
1061:and
1001:and
912:...)
880:...)
827:and
756:and
704:and
627:and
280:Heme
2643:RNA
2638:DNA
2286:doi
2229:doi
2194:doi
2128:PMC
2120:doi
2116:139
2070:doi
2033:PMC
2025:doi
2017:RNA
1688:An
1389:or
1240:,
1224:or
1168:or
1143:DNA
1133:).
1063:RNA
1059:DNA
1018:or
977:RNA
973:DNA
642:or
623:by
2670::
2292:.
2282:34
2280:.
2276:.
2235:.
2225:80
2223:.
2200:.
2190:81
2188:.
2136:.
2126:.
2114:.
2110:.
2098:^
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