272:
316:
210:
335:
471:
409:
47:
252:
190:
451:
431:
389:
294:
232:
170:
369:
59:
972:
619:. Nam et al. demonstrated the direct condensation of nucleobases with ribose to give ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets, a key step leading to RNA formation. Also, a plausible prebiotic process for synthesizing pyrimidine and purine ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides using wet-dry cycles was presented by Becker et al.
585:
are used. These nucleotides possess the non-canonical sugar dideoxyribose, which lacks 3' hydroxyl group (which accepts the phosphate). DNA polymerases cannot distinguish between these and regular deoxyribonucleotides, but when incorporated a dideoxynucleotide cannot bond with the next base and the
557:
are used as antiviral or anticancer agents. The viral polymerase incorporates these compounds with non-canonical bases. These compounds are activated in the cells by being converted into nucleotides. They are administered as nucleosides since charged nucleotides cannot easily cross cell membranes.
565:
of the sugar backbone exist. Due to the low stability of RNA, which is prone to hydrolysis, several more stable alternative nucleoside/nucleotide analogues that correctly bind to RNA are used. This is achieved by using a different backbone sugar. These analogues include
144:
Each chemical has a short symbol, useful when the chemical family is clear from the context, and a longer symbol, if further disambiguation is needed. For example, long nucleobase sequences in genomes are usually described by CATG symbols, not Cyt-Ade-Thy-Gua (see
606:
hypothesis free-floating ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides were present in the primitive soup. Molecules as complex as RNA must have arisen from small molecules whose reactivity was governed by physico-chemical processes. RNA is composed of
1693:
3098:
2647:
2217:
2627:
663:
Ramesh, Deepthi; Vijayakumar, Balaji
Gowrivel; Kannan, Tharanikkarasu (December 2020). "Therapeutic potential of uracil and its derivatives in countering pathogenic and physiological disorders".
2777:
2787:
2747:
2592:
2587:
902:
Becker, Sidney; Feldmann, Jonas; Wiedemann, Stefan; Okamura, Hidenori; Schneider, Christina; Iwan, Katharina; Crisp, Antony; Rossa, Martin; Amatov, Tynchtyk; Carell, Thomas (2019-10-04).
2602:
1698:
1004:
2902:
741:
Jordheim, Lars Petter; Durantel, David; Zoulim, Fabien; Dumontet, Charles (2013). "Advances in the development of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues for cancer and viral diseases".
1674:
2384:
1855:
1328:
1260:
1552:
1405:
2995:
2207:
1547:
1537:
2857:
2632:
2389:
1448:
1371:
542:
2767:
2612:
2182:
1420:
997:
1800:
785:
3428:
2672:
1589:
538:
2257:
2237:
2177:
990:
78:, adenosine. The line-angle molecular representation implies carbon atoms at each angle, each with enough hydrogen atoms to fill its four-bond valency.
2922:
2501:
1217:
1642:
2822:
2342:
2227:
107:
or 2'-deoxyribose) whereas a nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. In a nucleoside, the
2817:
2812:
2637:
2454:
2399:
1920:
1805:
1688:
1683:
1212:
530:
2496:
2327:
2322:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1747:
1742:
950:
3232:
2807:
2597:
2506:
2115:
1767:
1722:
2727:
2687:
2607:
2479:
2379:
2267:
3020:
3015:
3005:
2917:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2737:
2732:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2544:
2419:
2394:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2262:
2125:
2070:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1995:
1930:
1905:
1782:
1777:
1772:
2797:
3025:
2837:
2065:
2060:
503:, particularly in the liver, but they are more abundantly supplied via ingestion and digestion of nucleic acids in the diet, whereby
2897:
2892:
2792:
2722:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2287:
2247:
2055:
2050:
1582:
2832:
2762:
2511:
2474:
2404:
2222:
2516:
598:
arose, knowledge is required of the chemical pathways that permit formation of the key building blocks of life under plausible
3123:
3045:
2982:
706:
Galmarini, Carlos M.; MacKey, John R.; Dumontet, Charles (2002). "Nucleoside analogues and nucleobases in cancer treatment".
1575:
786:"Advances in Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogues in Tackling Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis Virus Infections"
1945:
1925:
615:
nucleotides, both of which are necessary for reliable information transfer, and thus
Darwinian natural selection and
821:
1351:
1346:
315:
271:
209:
2752:
533:
into nucleobases and ribose or deoxyribose. In addition, nucleotides can be broken down inside the cell into
470:
3493:
1489:
1303:
1298:
976:
408:
2757:
2657:
1527:
1522:
1318:
334:
17:
2965:
2802:
2202:
1542:
1438:
1433:
1323:
1313:
147:
1453:
1280:
643:
251:
189:
903:
3398:
3348:
2197:
1787:
1717:
1609:
1509:
1467:
1308:
1255:
1250:
514:
450:
430:
3408:
3373:
3358:
3206:
2827:
2642:
2242:
2212:
2160:
1915:
1732:
1532:
1484:
1479:
1270:
1089:
628:
562:
388:
293:
231:
169:
368:
3453:
3423:
3403:
3383:
3353:
2652:
2622:
2232:
2192:
1712:
1615:
1499:
1443:
1400:
1395:
1265:
137:
3513:
3463:
3433:
3378:
3248:
2772:
2677:
2554:
2532:
2272:
1860:
1850:
1504:
1494:
1415:
918:
856:
575:
784:
Ramesh, Deepthi; Vijayakumar, Balaji
Gowrivel; Kannan, Tharanikkarasu (12 February 2021).
8:
3458:
2947:
2742:
2549:
1752:
1410:
1290:
1179:
1082:
567:
554:
71:
922:
904:"Unified prebiotically plausible synthesis of pyrimidine and purine RNA ribonucleotides"
860:
2971:
2155:
1657:
1601:
1156:
942:
879:
844:
813:
766:
688:
719:
3300:
2526:
1366:
1338:
946:
934:
884:
845:"Abiotic synthesis of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets"
817:
805:
758:
723:
692:
680:
582:
498:
770:
3167:
3156:
2369:
2362:
2332:
1895:
1845:
1136:
926:
874:
864:
797:
750:
715:
672:
534:
3113:
2521:
2489:
2464:
2035:
1975:
1737:
1598:
1126:
1055:
676:
526:
320:
96:
3200:
3103:
3063:
2025:
1980:
1242:
1192:
1187:
1108:
849:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
638:
525:) and phosphate. The nucleosides, in turn, are subsequently broken down in the
276:
214:
75:
3507:
3190:
2347:
2105:
2040:
1870:
1567:
1361:
1356:
1275:
1207:
1146:
475:
88:
982:
930:
869:
3518:
3473:
3413:
3310:
3295:
3290:
3269:
3217:
3195:
3108:
3078:
3035:
2576:
2110:
2020:
1965:
1955:
1202:
1045:
1013:
938:
888:
809:
801:
762:
727:
684:
504:
413:
153:
27:
Any of several glycosylamines comprising a nucleobase and a sugar molecule
3285:
3242:
3185:
3180:
3136:
3093:
3058:
2942:
2847:
2449:
2140:
2120:
2100:
2085:
2080:
2030:
1900:
1880:
1810:
1795:
1626:
599:
3305:
3264:
3237:
3222:
3212:
3068:
3030:
2937:
2667:
2459:
2374:
2252:
2145:
2130:
1990:
1950:
1935:
1865:
1835:
1762:
1231:
1169:
1164:
1062:
1022:
633:
612:
571:
509:
116:
100:
92:
35:
31:
3393:
3343:
3259:
3227:
3083:
3010:
3000:
2912:
2852:
2842:
2662:
2617:
2414:
2187:
2095:
2090:
2075:
1960:
1910:
1885:
1757:
1707:
1662:
1197:
1121:
1116:
616:
603:
522:
339:
256:
194:
754:
130:
3368:
3363:
3254:
2927:
2484:
2005:
1985:
1890:
1727:
1141:
1077:
1050:
455:
435:
108:
3477:
3448:
3418:
3388:
3338:
3088:
3073:
2932:
2682:
2561:
2539:
2337:
1875:
1647:
1630:
1151:
1131:
1072:
1040:
1035:
393:
298:
236:
174:
46:
3443:
3438:
3150:
2357:
2352:
2317:
2045:
1067:
1030:
971:
608:
373:
112:
104:
901:
740:
3124:
3046:
2983:
2907:
2469:
2409:
2566:
2277:
1970:
1940:
595:
58:
111:
carbon is linked through a glycosidic bond to the N9 of a
103:(also termed a nitrogenous base) and a five-carbon sugar (
843:
Nam, Inho; Nam, Hong Gil; Zare, Richard N. (2018-01-02).
589:
124:
120:
783:
705:
662:
119:. Nucleotides are the molecular building blocks of
1694:4'-O-Ī²-D-Glucosyl-9-O-(6''-deoxysaccharosyl)olivil
131:List of nucleosides and corresponding nucleobases
548:
3505:
2161:
1597:
3129:Tooltip Plasma membrane monoamine transporter
3051:Tooltip Equilibrative nucleoside transporters
2988:Tooltip Concentrative nucleoside transporters
1583:
1012:
998:
497:Nucleosides can be produced from nucleotides
155:
1590:
1576:
1005:
991:
842:
878:
868:
3168:
665:European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
14:
3506:
590:Prebiotic synthesis of ribonucleosides
427:
365:
290:
228:
166:
1571:
986:
99:. A nucleoside consists simply of a
70:Two corresponding nucleosides, the
24:
2550:Tetramethylpyrazine (ligustrazine)
25:
3530:
964:
140:and the corresponding nucleosides
970:
956:from the original on 2022-10-09.
469:
449:
429:
407:
387:
367:
333:
314:
292:
270:
250:
230:
208:
188:
168:
148:Nucleic acid sequence Ā§ Notation
57:
45:
2166:Tooltip Adenosine triphosphate
895:
836:
777:
734:
699:
656:
561:In molecular biology, several
549:Use in medicine and technology
13:
1:
3494:Receptor/signaling modulators
1856:8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine
743:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
720:10.1016/S1470-2045(02)00788-X
649:
677:10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112801
7:
622:
594:In order to understand how
529:of the digestive system by
136:This list does not include
10:
3535:
2996:6-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone
1703:-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine
1235:(Nucleoside monophosphate)
492:
91:that can be thought of as
74:, deoxyadenosine, and the
29:
3487:
3328:
3278:
3166:
3149:
3122:
3044:
2981:
2964:
2575:
2154:
2139:
1656:
1625:
1608:
1518:
1475:
1466:
1429:
1391:
1384:
1337:
1289:
1241:
1230:
1178:
1107:
1098:
1090:Unnatural base pair (UBP)
1021:
3173:Tooltip Xanthine oxidase
644:Synthesis of nucleosides
30:Not to be confused with
2763:UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
1468:Nucleoside triphosphate
931:10.1126/science.aax2747
870:10.1073/pnas.1718559115
543:deoxyribose-1-phosphate
515:thymidine monophosphate
3207:Cinnamomum osmophloeum
1916:Choline theophyllinate
1421:Xanthosine diphosphate
1385:Nucleoside diphosphate
802:10.1002/cmdc.202000849
629:Arabinosyl nucleosides
2450:Opiranserin (VVZ-149)
1791:-Cyclopentyladenosine
586:chain is terminated.
576:peptide nucleic acids
3249:Pistacia integerrima
2555:Ligusticum wallichii
2533:Ligusticum wallichii
1861:8-Phenyltheophylline
1851:8-Chlorotheophylline
1801:Neladenoson dalanate
979:at Wikimedia Commons
602:. According to the
600:prebiotic conditions
568:locked nucleic acids
555:nucleoside analogues
553:In medicine several
163:Deoxyribonucleoside
138:modified nucleobases
1291:Deoxyribonucleotide
1180:Deoxyribonucleoside
1083:Pyrimidine analogue
923:2019Sci...366...76B
861:2018PNAS..115...36N
824:on 14 December 2021
708:The Lancet Oncology
72:deoxyribonucleoside
583:dideoxynucleotides
539:ribose-1-phosphate
3501:
3500:
3324:
3323:
3301:Mycophenolic acid
3160:
3145:
3144:
2975:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2527:Angelica sinensis
1619:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1462:
1461:
1380:
1379:
1339:Cyclic nucleotide
1226:
1225:
975:Media related to
535:nitrogenous bases
490:
489:
157:Nitrogenous base
16:(Redirected from
3526:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3154:
3130:
3126:
3052:
3048:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2969:
2363:Rheum officinale
2167:
2163:
2152:
2151:
1896:Caffeine citrate
1846:7-Methylxanthine
1679:-methyladenosine
1623:
1622:
1613:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1473:
1472:
1389:
1388:
1239:
1238:
1160:-Methyladenosine
1137:5-Methylcytidine
1105:
1104:
1007:
1000:
993:
984:
983:
974:
958:
957:
955:
908:
899:
893:
892:
882:
872:
840:
834:
833:
831:
829:
820:. Archived from
796:(9): 1403ā1419.
781:
775:
774:
738:
732:
731:
703:
697:
696:
660:
473:
453:
433:
411:
391:
371:
343:(deoxythymidine)
337:
318:
302:(5-methyluracil)
296:
274:
254:
234:
212:
192:
172:
154:
61:
49:
21:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3483:
3320:
3274:
3172:
3153:
3141:
3128:
3118:
3114:Propentofylline
3064:Benzodiazepines
3050:
3040:
2987:
2968:
2952:
2571:
2522:Sodium ferulate
2490:Radix puerariae
2465:Phenolphthalein
2165:
2158:
2143:
2135:
2036:Propentofylline
1976:Isovaleric acid
1660:
1652:
1612:
1604:
1599:Purine receptor
1596:
1566:
1557:
1514:
1458:
1425:
1376:
1333:
1285:
1234:
1222:
1218:Deoxyxanthosine
1174:
1127:5-Methyluridine
1094:
1056:Purine analogue
1017:
1011:
967:
962:
961:
953:
917:(6461): 76ā82.
906:
900:
896:
841:
837:
827:
825:
782:
778:
755:10.1038/nrd4010
739:
735:
704:
700:
661:
657:
652:
625:
592:
581:In sequencing,
551:
495:
478:
474:
458:
454:
438:
434:
416:
412:
396:
392:
376:
372:
353:
344:
342:
338:
330:
325:
324:(ribothymidine)
323:
321:5-methyluridine
319:
303:
301:
297:
279:
275:
259:
255:
239:
235:
217:
213:
197:
193:
177:
173:
160:Ribonucleoside
133:
115:or the N1 of a
97:phosphate group
82:
81:
80:
79:
67:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3532:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3203:
3201:Cinnamaldehyde
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3161:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3104:Pentoxifylline
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2976:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2149:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2026:Pentoxifylline
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:Istradefylline
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:2-(1-Hexynyl)-
1668:
1666:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1643:8-Aminoadenine
1636:
1634:
1620:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1243:Ribonucleotide
1236:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1193:Deoxyguanosine
1190:
1188:Deoxyadenosine
1184:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1109:Ribonucleoside
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1002:
995:
987:
981:
980:
966:
965:External links
963:
960:
959:
894:
835:
776:
749:(6): 447ā464.
733:
714:(7): 415ā424.
698:
654:
653:
651:
648:
647:
646:
641:
639:Salvage enzyme
636:
631:
624:
621:
591:
588:
550:
547:
494:
491:
488:
487:
467:
447:
426:
425:
405:
385:
364:
363:
331:
312:
289:
288:
277:deoxyguanosine
268:
248:
227:
226:
215:deoxyadenosine
206:
186:
165:
164:
161:
158:
132:
129:
89:glycosylamines
76:ribonucleoside
69:
68:
63:
56:
55:
52:deoxyadenosine
51:
44:
43:
42:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3531:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3486:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:Benzbromarone
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:AR-C 118925XX
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:UDP-galactose
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:Chelerythrine
2346:
2344:
2343:Calmidazolium
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Cibacron blue
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:Theodrenaline
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:Proxyphylline
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:Aminophylline
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:Deoxycytidine
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:Pseudouridine
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
994:
989:
988:
985:
978:
973:
969:
968:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
898:
890:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
780:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
737:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
702:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
659:
655:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
620:
618:
614:
610:
605:
601:
597:
587:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
564:
559:
556:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:nucleosidases
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:(such as the
512:
511:
506:
505:nucleotidases
502:
501:
486:
482:
477:
476:deoxycytidine
472:
468:
466:
462:
457:
452:
448:
446:
442:
437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
410:
406:
404:
400:
395:
390:
386:
384:
380:
375:
370:
366:
361:
357:
352:
348:
341:
336:
332:
329:
322:
317:
313:
311:
307:
300:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
273:
269:
267:
263:
258:
253:
249:
247:
243:
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
211:
207:
205:
201:
196:
191:
187:
185:
181:
176:
171:
167:
162:
159:
156:
152:
150:
149:
142:
141:
139:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
77:
73:
60:
48:
37:
33:
19:
3490:
3489:
3474:Chrysophanol
3470:
3414:Hypoxanthine
3335:
3315:
3311:Pralatrexate
3296:Methotrexate
3291:Azathioprine
3270:Topiroxostat
3247:
3218:Myo-inositol
3205:
3196:Caffeic acid
3109:Progesterone
3079:Dipyridamole
3059:Barbiturates
3036:Progesterone
2818:AR-C 69931MX
2813:AR-C 67085MX
2785:Antagonists:
2784:
2638:AR-C 67085MX
2584:
2553:
2531:
2525:
2488:
2455:Oxidized-ATP
2400:JNJ-47965567
2361:
2285:Antagonists:
2284:
2258:L-Ī²,Ī³-Me-ATP
2238:D-Ī²,Ī³-Me-ATP
2174:
2111:Theophylline
2021:Paraxanthine
1966:Fenethylline
1956:Enprofylline
1921:Ciforadenant
1843:Antagonists:
1842:
1806:Piclidenoson
1788:
1700:
1684:2-Cl-IB-MECA
1676:
1671:
1639:
1213:Deoxyinosine
1203:Deoxyuridine
1157:
1099:
1046:Hypoxanthine
1016:constituents
1014:Nucleic acid
914:
910:
897:
855:(1): 36ā40.
852:
848:
838:
826:. Retrieved
822:the original
793:
789:
779:
746:
742:
736:
711:
707:
701:
668:
664:
658:
593:
580:
560:
552:
518:
508:
499:
496:
484:
480:
464:
460:
444:
440:
422:
418:
414:deoxyuridine
402:
398:
382:
378:
359:
355:
350:
346:
327:
309:
305:
285:
281:
265:
261:
245:
241:
223:
219:
203:
199:
183:
179:
146:
143:
135:
134:
84:
83:
3514:Nucleosides
3336:Precursors:
3316:Many others
3286:Aminopterin
3243:Phytic acid
3186:Amflutizole
3181:Allopurinol
3137:Decynium-22
3094:Hexobendine
2966:Transporter
2943:Ticlopidine
2848:Clopidogrel
2758:UDP-glucose
2497:Purotoxin 1
2328:AZ-11645373
2323:AZ-10606120
2121:Tracazolate
2101:Theobromine
2086:SCH-442,416
2081:Rolofylline
2031:Preladenant
1901:Cartazolate
1881:Bamifylline
1831:Tecadenoson
1826:Sonedenoson
1821:Selodenoson
1816:SDZ WAG 994
1811:Regadenoson
1796:Namodenoson
1748:Capadenoson
1743:Binodenoson
1738:BAY 60ā6583
977:Nucleosides
790:ChemMedChem
572:morpholinos
519:nucleosides
510:nucleotides
507:break down
93:nucleotides
85:Nucleosides
18:Nucleosides
3508:Categories
3306:Pemetrexed
3265:Tisopurine
3238:Oxipurinol
3233:Niraxostat
3223:Kaempferol
3213:Febuxostat
3157:inhibitors
3069:Cilostazol
3031:Phloridzin
2938:Ticagrelor
2808:AR-C 66096
2668:Diquafosol
2613:Ī±,Ī²-Me-ATP
2598:2-Thio-UTP
2507:Ro 0437626
2460:Phenol Red
2375:Gefapixant
2370:Evans blue
2253:Ivermectin
2183:Ī±,Ī²-Me-ATP
2146:nucleotide
2131:ZM-241,385
2116:Tozadenant
1991:MRE3008F20
1951:Dyphylline
1936:Dimethazan
1866:Acefylline
1836:UK-432,097
1768:Evodenoson
1763:CP-532,903
1723:Apadenoson
1602:modulators
1232:Nucleotide
1170:Wybutosine
1165:Xanthosine
1100:Nucleoside
1063:Pyrimidine
1023:Nucleobase
671:: 112801.
650:References
634:Nucleobase
613:pyrimidine
117:pyrimidine
101:nucleobase
95:without a
36:nucleobase
32:nucleotide
3491:See also:
3394:Guanosine
3344:Adenosine
3260:Quercetin
3228:Myricetin
3084:Estradiol
3011:Estradiol
3001:Adenosine
2913:Prasugrel
2853:Elinogrel
2843:Cangrelor
2788:2-Me-SAMP
2728:PAPET-ATP
2688:INS-37217
2663:Denufosol
2618:Adenosine
2608:5-OMe-UDP
2593:2-Me-SATP
2588:2-Me-SADP
2585:Agonists:
2480:PSB-12062
2415:Magnesium
2380:GW-791343
2268:PAPET-ATP
2188:Adenosine
2178:2-Me-SATP
2175:Agonists:
2096:Theacrine
2091:SCH-58261
2076:Reversine
1961:Etazolate
1911:CGS-15943
1886:Cafedrine
1758:CGS-21680
1708:Adenosine
1689:2'-MeCCPA
1672:Agonists:
1663:adenosine
1640:Agonists:
1198:Thymidine
1122:Guanosine
1117:Adenosine
947:203719976
818:231576801
693:221724578
617:evolution
604:RNA world
563:analogues
523:thymidine
521:(such as
340:thymidine
257:guanosine
195:adenosine
64:adenosine
3369:Cytidine
3364:Cytosine
3255:Propolis
3021:KGO-2173
3016:KGO-2142
3006:dMeThPmR
2972:blockers
2928:Regrelor
2918:PSB-0739
2888:MRS-2578
2883:MRS-2500
2878:MRS-2395
2873:MRS-2279
2868:MRS-2211
2863:MRS-2179
2738:PSB-1114
2733:PSB-0474
2718:MRS-4062
2713:MRS-2957
2708:MRS-2768
2703:MRS-2693
2698:MRS-2690
2693:MRS-2365
2603:5-Br-UDP
2545:TC-P 262
2485:Puerarin
2420:MRS-2159
2395:isoPPADS
2313:A-839977
2308:A-804598
2303:A-740003
2298:A-438079
2293:A-317491
2263:MRS-2219
2126:VUF-5574
2071:PSB-1115
2016:MRS-3777
2011:MRS-1754
2006:MRS-1706
2001:MRS-1334
1996:MRS-1220
1986:KF-26777
1931:CVT-6883
1906:CGH-2466
1891:Caffeine
1783:LUF-5845
1778:LUF-5835
1773:GR 79236
1728:ATL-146e
1610:Receptor
1362:c-di-AMP
1357:c-di-GMP
1142:Cytidine
1078:Cytosine
1051:Xanthine
951:Archived
939:31604305
889:29255025
828:13 March
810:33427377
771:39842610
763:23722347
728:12142171
685:32927231
623:See also
456:cytidine
436:cytosine
354:(dated:
109:anomeric
3478:rhubarb
3471:Others:
3449:Uridine
3419:Inosine
3389:Guanine
3339:Adenine
3089:Ethanol
3074:Dilazep
3026:MeThPmR
2933:Suramin
2838:C1330-7
2683:INS-365
2562:TNP-ATP
2540:Suramin
2338:Calcium
2066:PSB-788
2061:PSB-603
1876:ATL-444
1648:Adenine
1631:adenine
1616:ligands
1152:Inosine
1132:Uridine
1073:Thymine
1041:Guanine
1036:Adenine
919:Bibcode
911:Science
880:5776833
857:Bibcode
578:(PNA).
570:(LNA),
517:) into
500:de novo
493:Sources
479:symbol
459:symbol
439:symbol
417:symbol
397:symbol
394:uridine
377:symbol
345:symbol
326:symbol
304:symbol
299:thymine
280:symbol
260:symbol
240:symbol
237:guanine
218:symbol
198:symbol
178:symbol
175:adenine
3444:Uracil
3439:Ribose
3329:Others
3279:Others
3151:Enzyme
2898:NF-340
2893:NF-157
2793:A3P5PS
2723:NF-546
2445:NF-449
2440:NF-279
2435:NF-157
2430:NF-110
2425:NF-023
2358:Emodin
2353:Copper
2318:AF-353
2288:5-BDBD
2248:HT-AMP
2056:PSB-36
2051:PSB-11
2046:PSB-10
1068:Uracil
1031:Purine
945:
937:
887:
877:
816:
808:
769:
761:
726:
691:
683:
609:purine
537:, and
374:uracil
113:purine
105:ribose
3099:NBMPR
2908:PPADS
2833:BzATP
2798:AMPĪ±S
2778:UTPĪ³S
2748:UDPĪ²S
2648:ATPĪ³S
2628:ADPĪ²S
2512:Ro 51
2475:PPNDS
2470:PPADS
2410:KN-62
2405:KN-04
2223:BzATP
2218:ATPĪ³S
1946:DPCPX
1372:cGAMP
1367:cADPR
954:(PDF)
943:S2CID
907:(PDF)
814:S2CID
767:S2CID
689:S2CID
527:lumen
3125:PMAT
3047:ENTs
2984:CNTs
2923:RB-2
2858:Ip5I
2803:Ap4A
2768:Up3U
2658:dATP
2633:Ap3A
2567:Zinc
2517:RO-3
2502:RB-2
2390:Ip5I
2278:Zinc
2208:Ap5A
2203:Ap4A
1971:IBMX
1941:DMPX
1753:CCPA
1553:dXTP
1548:dITP
1543:dCTP
1538:dUTP
1533:dTTP
1528:dGTP
1523:dATP
1490:mUTP
1454:dCDP
1449:dUDP
1444:dTDP
1439:dGDP
1434:dADP
1406:mUDP
1352:cGMP
1347:cAMP
1329:dXMP
1324:dIMP
1319:dCMP
1314:dUMP
1309:dTMP
1304:dGMP
1299:dAMP
1261:mUMP
935:PMID
885:PMID
830:2021
806:PMID
759:PMID
724:PMID
681:PMID
611:and
596:life
574:and
485:dCyd
423:dUrd
351:dThd
286:dGuo
224:dAdo
151:).
123:and
87:are
3519:DNA
3464:UTP
3459:UDP
3454:UMP
3434:ITP
3429:IDP
3424:IMP
3409:GTP
3404:GDP
3399:GMP
3384:CTP
3379:CDP
3374:CMP
3359:ATP
3354:ADP
3349:AMP
2948:UDP
2903:PIT
2828:ATP
2773:UTP
2743:UDP
2678:ITP
2673:IDP
2653:CTP
2643:ATP
2623:ADP
2577:P2Y
2385:HMA
2333:BBG
2273:UTP
2243:GTP
2233:CTP
2213:ATP
2198:AMP
2193:ADP
2162:ATP
2156:P2X
1926:CPX
1733:ATP
1718:AMP
1713:ADP
1699:5'-
1510:XTP
1505:ITP
1500:CTP
1495:UTP
1485:GTP
1480:ATP
1416:CDP
1411:UDP
1401:GDP
1396:ADP
1281:XMP
1276:IMP
1271:CMP
1266:UMP
1256:GMP
1251:AMP
927:doi
915:366
875:PMC
865:doi
853:115
798:doi
751:doi
716:doi
673:doi
669:207
541:or
483:or
465:Cyd
463:or
445:Cyt
443:or
421:or
403:Urd
401:or
383:Ura
381:or
360:Thd
358:or
349:or
328:māµU
310:Thy
308:or
284:or
266:Guo
264:or
246:Gua
244:or
222:or
204:Ado
202:or
184:Ade
182:or
125:RNA
121:DNA
34:or
3510::
3169:XO
2530:,
2141:P2
1658:P1
1627:P0
949:.
941:.
933:.
925:.
913:.
909:.
883:.
873:.
863:.
851:.
847:.
812:.
804:.
794:16
792:.
788:.
765:.
757:.
747:12
745:.
722:.
710:.
687:.
679:.
667:.
545:.
481:dC
419:dU
362:)
347:dT
282:dG
220:dA
127:.
3480:)
3476:(
3159:)
3155:(
2974:)
2970:(
2558:)
2552:(
2536:)
2524:(
2493:)
2487:(
2366:)
2360:(
2168:)
2159:(
2148:)
2144:(
1789:N
1701:N
1677:N
1665:)
1661:(
1633:)
1629:(
1618:)
1614:(
1591:e
1584:t
1577:v
1158:N
1006:e
999:t
992:v
929::
921::
891:.
867::
859::
832:.
800::
773:.
753::
730:.
718::
712:3
695:.
675::
461:C
441:C
399:U
379:U
356:T
306:T
262:G
242:G
200:A
180:A
38:.
20:)
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