719:
linear DNA mini-chromosomes. These minichromosomes have their own telomeres and are derived via site-specific fragmentation of the five original micronuclear chromosomes during sexual development. In T. thermophila each of these minichromosomes encodes multiple genes and exists at a copy number of approximately 45-50 within the macronucleus. The exception to this is the minichromosome encoding the rDNA, which is massively upregulated, existing at a copy number of approximately 10,000 within the macronucleus. Because the macronucleus divides amitotically during binary fission, these minichromosomes are un-equally divided between the clonal daughter cells. Through natural or artificial selection, this method of DNA partitioning in the somatic genome can lead to clonal cell lines with different macronuclear phenotypes fixed for a particular trait, in a process called phenotypic assortment. In this way, the polyploid genome can fine-tune its adaptation to environmental conditions through gain of beneficial mutations on any given mini-chromosome whose replication is then selected for, or conversely, loss of a minichromosome which accrues a negative mutation. However, the macronucleus is only propagated from one cell to the next during the asexual, vegetative stage of the life cycle, and so it is never directly inherited by sexual progeny. Only beneficial mutations that occur in the germline micronucleus of
699:
chromosomes which encode the heritable information passed down from one sexual generation to the next. During sexual conjugation, haploid micronuclear meiotic products from both parental cells fuse, leading to the creation of a new micro- and macronucleus in progeny cells. Sexual conjugation occurs when cells starved for at least 2hrs in a nutrient-depleted media encounter a cell of complementary mating type. After a brief period of co-stimulation (~1hr), starved cells begin to pair at their anterior ends to form a specialized region of membrane called the conjugation junction.
145:
320:
70:
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125:
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25:
1071:. However, chromosome duplication had not taken place, as indicated by the wild-type ploidy and the normal quantity of other genes on the same chromosomes. Rather, researchers believe that the duplication resulted from homologous recombination events, producing transcriptionally active, upregulated genes that carry repeated
746:
have the capacity to 'learn' the shape and size of their swimming space. Cells confined in a droplet of a water for a short time were, upon release, found to repeat the circular swimming trajectories 'learned' in the droplet. The diameter and duration of these swimming paths reflected the size of the
959:
gene. Researchers were only able to sequence a portion of the entire open-reading frame, and other candidate genes have not been investigated thoroughly. mRNA and amino acid sequencing indicate that ubiquitin may play a crucial role in allowing transformation to take place as well. However, no known
698:
differentiates its genome into two functionally distinct types of nuclei, each specifically used during the two different stages of the life cycle. The diploid germline micronucleus is transcriptionally silent and only plays a role during sexual life stages. The germline nucleus contains 5 pairs of
1086:
also undergoes phenotypic changes when faced with limited resource availability. Cells are capable of changing their shape and size, along with behavioral swimming strategies in response to starvation. The more motile cells that change in response to starvation are known as dispersers, or disperser
669:
When nutrients are scarce, two individuals (A) pair with each other and begin sexual reproduction (conjugation). (B) The diploid micronucleus in each individual undergoes meiosis to form four haploid nuclei, and three of these are degraded. (C) The remaining haploid nucleus divides mitotically to
1012:
normally contains 45 copies of each chromosome. While the actual number of unique chromosomes are unknown, the number is thought to be around 187 in the MAC, and 5 in the MIC. Thus, the Ca adapted strain contained 225 copies of the specific chromosome in question. This resulted in a nearly 28-fold
674:
nucleus. (E) The zygotic nucleus divides twice mitotically to form four nuclei. (F) Two nuclei become micronuclei, and the other two differentiate to become macronuclei; the original parental macronucleus is degraded. (G) Cell division occurs and the nuclei are distributed to the daughter cells so
842:
are known to display unique response mechanisms to stress and various environmental pressures. The unique genomic architecture of the ciliates (presence of a MIC, high ploidy, large number of chromosomes, etc.) allows for differential gene expression, as well as increased genomic flexibility. The
718:
The larger polyploid macronucleus is transcriptionally active, meaning its genes are actively expressed, and so it controls somatic cell functions during vegetative growth. The polyploid nature of the macronucleus refers to the fact that it contains approximately 200â300 autonomously replicating
914:
are the chemicals in stomatin responsible for triggering the morphological change. Many researchers cite "starvation conditions" as inducing the transformation, as in nature, the compound inducers are in highest concentration after microstomal ciliates have grazed down bacterial populations, and
714:
It is at this junctional zone that several hundred fusion pores form, allowing for the mutual exchange of protein, RNA and eventually a meiotic product of their micronucleus. This whole process takes about 12 hours at 30 °C, but even longer than this at cooler temperatures. The sequence of
942:
was 912 bp long and consists of three largely identical 105 bp open-reading frames. A northern blot analysis revealed that low levels of transcription are detected in microstome cells, while high levels of transcription occur in macrostome cells. Furthermore, when the researchers limited
1091:
when faced with starvation. Dispersers, and non-dispersing cells both become dramatically thinner and smaller, increasing the basal body and cilia density, allowing them to swim between two and three times faster than normal cells. Some strains of
2491:
Jacob, Staffan; Laurent, Estelle; MorelâJournel, Thibaut; Schtickzelle, Nicolas (February 2020). "Fragmentation and the contextâdependence of dispersal syndromes: matrix harshness modifies residentâdisperser phenotypic differences in microcosms".
755:
It is common among protists that the sexual cycle is inducible by stressful conditions such as starvation. Such conditions often cause DNA damage. A central feature of meiosis is homologous recombination between non-sister chromosomes. In
926:
transformation are unknown. However, some progress has been made in identifying candidate genes. Researchers from the
University of Alabama have used cDNA subtraction to remove actively transcribed DNA from microstome and macrostome
1096:
have also been found to develop a single, non-beating, enlarged cilia that assists the cell in steering or directing movement. While the behavior has been shown to correlate with faster dispersal and form as a reversible trait in
687:. This type of cell division occurs by a sequence of morphogenetic events that results in the development of duplicate sets of cell structures, one for each daughter cell. Only during starvation conditions will cells commit to
830:. This pathway includes the Mus81 resolvase and the Sgs1 helicase. The Sgs1 helicase appears to promote the non-crossover outcome of meiotic recombinational repair of DNA, a pathway that generates little genetic variation.
862:
cells are too nutrient starved to undertake transformation, they have also been recorded as transforming into a third "tailed"-microstome morph, thought to be a defense mechanism in response to cannibalistic pressure. While
931:
cells, leaving only differentially transcribed cDNA molecules. While nine differentiation-specific genes were found, the most frequently expressed candidate gene was identified as a novel sequence,
1623:
Kruger K, Grabowski PJ, Zaug AJ, Sands J, Gottschling DE, Cech TR (November 1982). "Self-splicing RNA: autoexcision and autocyclization of the ribosomal RNA intervening sequence of
Tetrahymena".
1105:
were starved, dispersal cells actually increased in cell length, despite still becoming thinner. More research is needed to determine the genetic mechanisms that underlie disperser formation.
419:) that can reproduce in 21 different combinations, and a single tetrahymena cannot reproduce sexually with itself. Each organism "decides" which sex it will become during mating, through a
858:
is a bacterivorous microstome around 60 ÎŒm in length. However, it has the ability to switch into a carnivorous macrostome around 200 ÎŒm in length that can feed on larger competitors. If
2750:
2225:
Green, M. M.; LeBoeuf, R. D.; Churchill, P. F. (2000). "Biological and molecular characterization of cellular differentiation in
Tetrahymena vorax: a potential biocontrol protozoan".
691:, pairing and fusing with a cell of opposite mating type. Tetrahymena has seven mating types; each of which can mate with any of the other six without preference, but not its own.
854:
is known for its inducible trophic polymorphisms, an ecologically offensive tactic that allows it to change its feeding strategy and diet by altering its morphology. Normally,
366:
in each cell at the same time and these two carry out different functions with distinct cytological and biological properties. This unique versatility allows scientists to use
2293:"Genome plasticity in response to stress in Tetrahymena thermophila : selective and reversible chromosome amplification and paralogous expansion of metallothionein genes"
1101:
cells, little is known about the genetic or cellular mechanisms that allow for its development. Furthermore, other studies show that when genetically variable populations of
2166:
Smith-Somerville, Harriett E.; Hardman, John K.; Timkovich, Russell; Ray, William J.; Rose, Karen E.; Ryals, Phillip E.; Gibbons, Sandra H.; Buhse, Howard E. (2000-06-20).
1217:
1207:
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Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE. Sex in microbial pathogens. Infect Genet Evol. 2018 Jan;57:8-25. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.024. Epub 2017 Oct 27. PMID 29111273
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These morphological switches are triggered by an abundance of stomatin in the environment, a mixture of metabolic compounds released by competitor species, such as
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1332:
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mRNA correlated with a 51% decrease in transformation, supporting the notion that the gene is at least partially responsible for controlling the transformation in
670:
form two pronuclei in each cell. (D) One of the two pronuclei in each cell is exchanged with the mating partner, and fusion leads to the formation of the diploid
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Ryals, Phillip E.; Smith-Somerville, Harriett E.; Buhse, Howard E. (2002). "Phenotype
Switching in Polymorphic Tetrahymena: A Single-Cell Jekyll and Hyde".
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1302:
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are passed down between generations, but these mutations would never be selected for environmentally in the parental cells because they are not expressed.
3893:
3883:
1347:
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genes increased to three copies once again (135C). Thus, the authors argue that chromosome amplification is an inducible and reversible mechanism in the
976:, chromosome amplification and gene expansion are inducible responses to common organometallic pollutants such as cadmium, copper, and lead. Strains of
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cells were found reduced to just the wild type copy number (45C). When researchers returned cells from the same colony to Cd medium, within a week
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can be grown in a large quantity in the laboratory with ease, it has been a great source for biochemical analysis for years, specifically for
2742:
1416:
488:
enzyme, the templating role of telomerase RNA and their roles in cellular senescence and chromosome healing (for which a Nobel Prize was won).
5378:
5148:
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5114:
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5022:
5017:
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consists of an alternation between asexual and sexual stages. In nutrient rich media during vegetative growth cells reproduce asexually by
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1067:, was dramatically reduced. Within a week, the new strain was found to have developed four novel genes from at least one duplication of
5136:
4972:
4365:
2720:
2712:
2527:
275:. It can produce, store and react with different types of hormones. Tetrahymena cells can recognize both related and hostile cells.
4064:
2777:
5326:
1063:
Researchers also used gene-knockdown experiments, where the copy number of another metallothionein gene on a different chromosome,
2238:
434:
First cell which showed synchronized division, which led to the first insights into the existence of mechanisms which control the
5365:
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that exhibits inducible trophic polymorphisms, many lesser known species are able to undertake transformation as well, including
1369:(ASSET). The group develops stand-alone labs or lessons using Tetrahymena as training modules that teachers can use in classes.
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2563:
2142:
1493:
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and in the repair of double-strand breaks. During conjugation, Rad51 is necessary for completion of meiosis. Meiosis in
627:
2928:
2098:
Banerji, Aabir; Morin, Peter J. (May 2014). "Trait-mediated apparent competition in an intraguild predator-prey system".
1087:
cells. While rates and levels of phenotypic change differ between strains, disperser cells form in nearly all strains of
2010:"Meiosis gene inventory of four ciliates reveals the prevalence of a synaptonemal complex-independent crossover pathway"
599:
2707:
401:. In addition, with the advancement of genetic techniques it has become an excellent model to study the gene function
2051:"Mus81 nuclease and Sgs1 helicase are essential for meiotic recombination in a protist lacking a synaptonemal complex"
2735:
2348:
Yao, Meng-Chao; Chao, Ju-Lan; Cheng, Chao-Yin (21 November 2014). "Programmed Genome
Rearrangements in Tetrahymena".
646:
2168:"A complex of iron and nucleic acid catabolites is a signal that triggers differentiation in a freshwater protozoan"
5414:
2969:
606:
1004:
increased copy number indicates that the entire chromosome had been amplified, as opposed to just specific genes.
5383:
2964:
843:
following is a non-exhaustive list of examples of phenotypic and genotypic plasticity in the
Tetrahymena genus.
1605:
584:
515:
3048:
3038:
3021:
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1362:
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also resulted in substantially elevated Rad 51 protein levels. These findings suggest that ciliates such as
613:
1511:"Selecting one of several mating types through gene segment joining and deletion in Tetrahymena thermophila"
3207:
580:
5274:
2383:
Junker, Anthony D.; Jacob, Staffan; Philippe, Hervé; Legrand, Delphine; Pearson, Chad G. (August 2021).
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this process of meiotic recombination may be beneficial for repairing DNA damages caused by starvation.
595:
386:
structures, making it an optimal model to illustrate the diversity and functions of microtubule arrays.
144:
5447:
2440:
Fjerdingstad, Else J; Schtickzelle, Nicolas; Manhes, Pauline; Gutierrez, Arnaud; Clobert, Jean (2007).
2291:
de
Francisco, Patricia; MartĂnâGonzĂĄlez, Ana; Turkewitz, Aaron P.; GutiĂ©rrez, Juan Carlos (July 2018).
398:
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expression in the presence of stomatin (using antisense oligonucleotide methods), a 55% reduction in
82:
5452:
4800:
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genes decreased to an average of three copies (135C). By seven months in normal growth medium, the
807:
2270:
Analysis of ubiquitin and differential gene expression during differentiation in
Tetrahymena vorax
5442:
5040:
4606:
3053:
2921:
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1337:
919:
cells will transform at higher rates, allowing them to prey on their former trophic competitors.
774:
573:
38:
1912:"Identification and characterization of the RAD51 gene from the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila"
5227:
4094:
2865:
1277:
44:
5357:
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that were exposed to large quantities of Cd over time were found to have a 5-fold increase of
5406:
5265:
4849:
3388:
3327:
3249:
3016:
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5300:
4029:
3141:
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2396:
2304:
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1365:(NIH) funded program through the Science Education Partnership Award (SEPA) Program called
964:. Finally, the genetic mechanisms of the "tailed" microstome morph are completely unknown.
823:
265:
2361:
1509:
Cervantes MD, Hamilton EP, Xiong J, Lawson MJ, Yuan D, Hadjithomas M, et al. (2013).
8:
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4231:
2879:
2858:
2616:
Eisen JA, Coyne RS, Wu M, Wu D, Thiagarajan M, Wortman JR, et al. (September 2006).
620:
33:
2618:"Macronuclear genome sequence of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, a model eukaryote"
2400:
2308:
2183:
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and discovery of the enzymes responsible for some of these modifications (glutamylation)
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1985:
1960:
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1648:
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1537:
1510:
1358:
688:
345:
139:
2134:
1961:"RAD51 is required for propagation of the germinal nucleus in Tetrahymena thermophila"
1936:
1911:
1794:
1769:
1702:
1667:
996:
on the same chromosome. The fact that a non-metallothionein gene on the same locus as
710:
cells of complementary mating types pair to exchange nuclei during sexual conjugation.
5401:
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ciliate populations are high. When the chemical inducers are in high concentration,
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2021:
1980:
1972:
1931:
1923:
1873:
1865:
1826:
1817:
Leick V, Hellung-Larsen P (January 1992). "Chemosensory behaviour of
Tetrahymena".
1789:
1785:
1781:
1742:
1697:
1687:
1632:
1565:
1532:
1522:
1458:
988:(metallothionein genes that code for Cadmium and Lead binding proteins) as well as
91:
49:
1976:
1443:
972:
Other related species exhibit their own unique responses to various stressors. In
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4141:
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3651:
3583:
3513:
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1527:
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in some eukaryotes, leaving UGA as the only termination codon in these organisms.
371:
293:
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1726:
5250:
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1672:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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3656:
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1927:
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population in normal growth medium (lacking Cd) for one month, the number of
446:
304:
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2458:
2316:
2192:
2026:
2009:
1462:
525:
Crystal structure of 40S ribosome in complex with its initiation factor eIF1
319:
286:
modes of survival. They are common in freshwater lakes, ponds, and streams.
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4902:
4890:
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4773:
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2442:"Evolution of dispersal and life history strategies â Tetrahymena ciliates"
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2334:
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2084:
2035:
1994:
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Kunita I, Yamaguchi T, Tero A, Akiyama M, Kuroda S, Nakagaki T (May 2016).
1830:
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species are 45-ploid for their macronucleus, meaning that the wild type of
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442:
363:
356:
353:
349:
311:
279:
1945:
1838:
1803:
1711:
1644:
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Quirk, Trevor (27 March 2013). "How a microbe chooses among seven sexes".
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has been recorded as having both a macrostome and tailed-microstome form.
659:
124:
69:
5339:
5259:
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3590:
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utilize a Rad51-dependent recombinational pathway to repair damaged DNA.
508:
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383:
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10.1002/1521-4028(200012)40:5/6<351::aid-jobm351>3.0.co;2-q
1754:
888:
540:
529:
484:
435:
420:
283:
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405:. The recent sequencing of the macronucleus genome should ensure that
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4908:
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2129:. International Review of Cytology. Vol. 212. pp. 209â238.
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519:
491:
Nobel Prizeâwinning co-discovery (1989, in Chemistry) of catalytic
360:
1959:
Marsh TC, Cole ES, Stuart KR, Campbell C, Romero DP (April 2000).
967:
715:
events during conjugation is outlined in the accompanying figure.
3870:
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3195:
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that each progeny receives one micronucleus and one macronucleus.
505:
323:
271:. The genus Tetrahymena is the most widely studied member of its
261:
205:
822:
appears to employ a Mus81-dependent pathway that does not use a
3279:
2528:"Cornell develops educational toolkit for testing e-cigarettes"
911:
671:
473:
Early molecular identification of somatic genome rearrangement.
451:
394:
272:
5305:
1389:
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have contributed to several scientific milestones including:
379:
2008:
Chi J, Mahé F, Loidl J, Logsdon J, Dunthorn M (March 2014).
1508:
767:
to UV light resulted in a greater than 100-fold increase in
739:. The major chemo-attractants are peptides and/or proteins.
2048:
1606:"Sequencing the Tetrahymena thermophila Genome White Paper"
922:
The exact genetic, and structural mechanisms that underlie
902:. Specifically, chromatographic analysis has revealed that
799:
2382:
2124:
1851:
773:
gene expression. Treatment with the DNA alkylating agent
2684:
2558:. Methods in Cell Biology. Vol. 62. Academic Press.
1668:"An unusual genetic code in nuclear genes of Tetrahymena"
492:
2049:
Lukaszewicz A, Howard-Till RA, Loidl J (November 2013).
1622:
1958:
32:
It has been suggested that portions of this article be
1854:"A ciliate memorizes the geometry of a swimming arena"
1367:
Advancing Secondary Science Education thru Tetrahymena
960:
genes in the ubiquitin family have been identified in
833:
2785:
2224:
1024:
Interestingly, when researchers grew a sample of the
2007:
1816:
587:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2751:All Creatures Great and Small: Elizabeth Blackburn
2677:ASSET: Advancing Secondary Science Education thru
2551:
2385:"Plastic cell morphology changes during dispersal"
1078:
846:
2532:Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine
5434:
1665:
826:and is considered secondary in most other model
528:First demonstration that two of the "universal"
2572:
2172:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
992:, an unrelated gene that lies just upstream of
968:Metal resistance, gene and genome amplification
2615:
1909:
2936:
2922:
2771:
1451:Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica
441:Identification and purification of the first
409:will be continuously used as a model system.
2347:
2097:
2042:
1724:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
532:, UAA and UAG, will code for the amino acid
3471:
3416:
3081:
1903:
1761:
315:: a model organism in experimental biology
3456:
2929:
2915:
2778:
2764:
2549:
1013:increase in detected expression levels of
955:. However, very little is known about the
370:to identify several key factors regarding
123:
2643:
2633:
2590:
2467:
2457:
2416:
2324:
2201:
2191:
2074:
2025:
1984:
1935:
1877:
1793:
1701:
1691:
1584:
1536:
1526:
1060:genetic response to metal stress.
647:Learn how and when to remove this message
544:Main fields of biomedical research where
4996:
1767:
1610:National Human Genome Research Institute
701:
658:
539:
476:Discovery of the molecular structure of
318:
1858:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
1502:
1483:
518:such as acetylation and glycylation on
5435:
2267:
1666:Horowitz S, Gorovsky MA (April 1985).
735:are attracted to certain chemicals by
5226:
5225:
2910:
2759:
2741:Microbial Digital Specimen Archives:
2362:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0012-2014
1603:
1559:
1441:
5394:9b582f4e-e861-4507-86e4-13bf3662869e
1444:"Lectins and Tetrahymena â A review"
1411:
1409:
1390:"Tetrahymena - Encyclopedia of Life"
1384:
1382:
585:adding citations to reliable sources
556:
374:and genome integrity. In addition,
63:
18:
2573:Collins K, Gorovsky MA (May 2005).
1910:Campbell C, Romero DP (July 1998).
1108:
834:Phenotypic and genotypic plasticity
747:droplet and time allowed to adapt.
13:
2708:The Institute for Genomic Research
2672:Stock Center at Cornell University
2542:
1488:. Dowen, Hutchinson and Ross Inc.
14:
5464:
2736:Journal of Visualized Experiments
2693:Biogeography and Biodiversity of
2662:
2550:Asai DJ, Forney JD, eds. (2000).
1406:
1379:
742:A 2016 study found that cultured
415:exists in seven different sexes (
2112:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00937.x
1442:Csaba, György (September 2016).
561:
143:
68:
23:
16:Genus of single-celled organisms
2520:
2484:
2433:
2376:
2341:
2284:
2261:
2218:
2159:
2118:
2091:
2014:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2001:
1952:
1894:
1845:
1810:
1725:Elliott, AM; Hayes, RE (1953).
1718:
1353:
1113:Species in this genus include.
1079:Enhanced motility and dispersal
847:Inducible trophic polymorphisms
572:needs additional citations for
397:activities and purification of
2268:Martin, Teresa Dianne (1996).
1786:10.1128/MMBR.58.2.233-267.1994
1770:"The DNA of ciliated protozoa"
1659:
1616:
1553:
1477:
1435:
1421:. Academic Press. 2012-10-22.
516:posttranslational modification
514:Demonstration of the roles of
36:out into articles titled
1:
2227:Journal of Basic Microbiology
2135:10.1016/s0074-7696(01)12006-1
1372:
1363:National Institutes of Health
750:
552:
504:Discovery of the function of
2635:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040286
1637:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90414-7
1604:Orias E (10 February 2002).
1528:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001518
7:
1977:10.1093/genetics/154.4.1587
726:
296:in biomedical research are
81:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
5469:
2409:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102915
2297:Environmental Microbiology
1218:Tetrahymena hyperangularis
1208:Tetrahymena glochidiophila
1168:Tetrahymena cosmopolitanis
278:They can also switch from
260:is a genus of free-living
5234:
5176:
5147:
5122:
5113:
5064:
5055:
4987:
4919:
4860:
4835:
4692:
4683:
4642:
4617:
4580:
4571:
4567:
4438:
4298:
4273:
4184:
4175:
4120:
4109:
4008:
3983:
3902:
3781:
3772:
3676:
3667:
3630:
3619:
3608:
3578:
3541:
3480:
3467:
3445:
3407:
3381:
3326:
3115:
3106:
3072:
3068:
2952:
2798:
2592:10.1016/j.cub.2005.04.039
2575:"Tetrahymena thermophila"
1768:Prescott DM (June 1994).
1570:10.1038/nature.2013.12684
1308:Tetrahymena shanghaiensis
867:is the most well studied
140:Scientific classification
138:
131:
122:
115:
2716:Genome Sequence Synopsis
2446:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2127:A Survey of Cell Biology
938:The sequenced region of
808:homologous recombination
806:, Rad51 participates in
548:cells are used as models
458:Aid in the discovery of
94:may contain suggestions.
79:may need to be rewritten
4607:Vitrella brassicaformis
2722:Tetrahymena thermophila
2714:Tetrahymena thermophila
2702:Tetrahymena thermophila
2554:Tetrahymena thermophila
2459:10.1186/1471-2148-7-133
2317:10.1111/1462-2920.14251
2193:10.1073/pnas.97.13.7325
1774:Microbiological Reviews
1463:10.1556/030.63.2016.001
1418:Tetrahymena Thermophila
1338:Tetrahymena thermophila
1238:Tetrahymena malaccensis
1188:Tetrahymena empidokyrea
1148:Tetrahymena capricornis
1017:, and slightly less in
775:methyl methanesulfonate
731:Free swimming cells of
413:Tetrahymena thermophila
399:sub-cellular components
352:. They have a bigger,
341:Tetrahymena thermophila
133:Tetrahymena thermophila
39:Tetrahymena thermophila
2055:Nucleic Acids Research
1928:10.1093/nar/26.13.3165
1916:Nucleic Acids Research
1870:10.1098/rsif.2016.0155
1831:10.1002/bies.950140113
1693:10.1073/pnas.82.8.2452
1486:Biology of Tetrahymena
1343:Tetrahymena tropicalis
1333:Tetrahymena stegomyiae
1328:Tetrahymena sonneborni
1278:Tetrahymena pyriformis
1273:Tetrahymena pigmentosa
1258:Tetrahymena nipissingi
1223:Tetrahymena leucophrys
1213:Tetrahymena hegewischi
1193:Tetrahymena farahensis
1143:Tetrahymena canadensis
1118:Tetrahymena americanis
711:
676:
549:
331:
45:Tetrahymena pyriformis
3328:Postciliodesmatophora
2350:Microbiology Spectrum
2027:10.1093/molbev/mst258
1564:: nature.2013.12684.
1263:Tetrahymena paravorax
1203:Tetrahymena furgasoni
1158:Tetrahymena chironomi
1128:Tetrahymena australis
705:
694:Typical of ciliates,
662:
543:
322:
4030:Eleutheroschizonidae
3142:Cariacothrix caudata
1313:Tetrahymena sialidos
1298:Tetrahymena setigera
1293:Tetrahymena setifera
1283:Tetrahymena rostrata
1183:Tetrahymena elliotti
1178:Tetrahymena edaphoni
1173:Tetrahymena dimorpha
1163:Tetrahymena corlissi
1138:Tetrahymena borealis
1123:Tetrahymena asiatica
824:synaptonemal complex
795:is a homolog of the
581:improve this article
382:and has complicated
378:possess hundreds of
348:: two types of cell
4275:Blastogregarinorina
4232:Oligochaetocystinae
2859:Medicago truncatula
2401:2021iSci...24j2915J
2309:2018EnvMi..20.2410D
2184:2000PNAS...97.7325S
1735:Biological Bulletin
1684:1985PNAS...82.2452H
1484:Elliott AM (1973).
1323:Tetrahymena skappus
1318:Tetrahymena silvana
1288:Tetrahymena rotunda
1253:Tetrahymena nanneyi
1248:Tetrahymena mobilis
1243:Tetrahymena mimbres
1228:Tetrahymena limacis
1198:Tetrahymena farleyi
1153:Tetrahymena caudata
1133:Tetrahymena bergeri
4370:Amphiplatysporidae
4322:Cephaloidophoridae
4122:Archigregarinorida
3117:Intramacronucleata
2067:10.1093/nar/gkt703
1359:Cornell University
1303:Tetrahymena setosa
1268:Tetrahymena patula
1233:Tetrahymena lwoffi
712:
689:sexual conjugation
679:The life cycle of
677:
550:
346:nuclear dimorphism
332:
5448:Oligohymenophorea
5430:
5429:
5402:Open Tree of Life
5228:Taxon identifiers
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5172:
5171:
5051:
5050:
4983:
4982:
4679:
4678:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4448:Schizogregarinina
4434:
4433:
4105:
4104:
4010:Protococcidiorida
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3894:Selenococcidiidae
3884:Elleipsisomatidae
3848:Cryptosporidiidae
3709:Haemogregarinidae
3632:Agamococcidiorida
3604:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3403:
3402:
3203:Oligohymenophorea
3102:
3101:
2904:
2903:
2565:978-0-12-544164-3
2534:. 9 January 2020.
2506:10.1111/oik.06857
2178:(13): 7325â7330.
2144:978-0-12-364616-3
1864:(118): 20160155.
1727:"Mating Types in
1495:978-0-87933-013-2
1428:978-0-12-385968-6
1348:Tetrahymena vorax
802:recombinase. In
657:
656:
649:
631:
253:
252:
216:Oligohymenophorea
109:
108:
83:quality standards
62:
61:
57:
5460:
5423:
5422:
5410:
5409:
5397:
5396:
5387:
5386:
5374:
5373:
5361:
5360:
5348:
5347:
5335:
5334:
5322:
5321:
5309:
5308:
5296:
5295:
5283:
5282:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5223:
5222:
5120:
5119:
5062:
5061:
4994:
4993:
4886:Duboscquellaceae
4690:
4689:
4578:
4577:
4569:
4568:
4440:Neogregarinorida
4416:Actinocephalidae
4412:Stylocephaloidea
4406:Trichorhynchidae
4250:Schaudinnellidae
4194:Aikinetocystidae
4182:
4181:
4118:
4117:
4047:Eleutheroschizon
3889:Lankesterellidae
3838:Calyptosporiidae
3828:Atoxoplasmatidae
3779:
3778:
3691:Dactylosomatidae
3674:
3673:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3616:
3478:
3477:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3453:
3414:
3413:
3233:Parablepharismea
3208:Ichthyophthirius
3113:
3112:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3069:
2981:
2961:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2657:
2647:
2637:
2612:
2594:
2569:
2557:
2536:
2535:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2461:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2303:(7): 2410â2421.
2288:
2282:
2281:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2233:(5â6): 351â361.
2222:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2195:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2061:(20): 9296â309.
2046:
2040:
2039:
2029:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1695:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1601:
1582:
1581:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1530:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1448:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1386:
1109:Species in genus
879:. However, only
838:Many species of
797:Escherichia coli
652:
645:
641:
638:
632:
630:
589:
565:
557:
292:species used as
148:
147:
127:
113:
112:
104:
101:
95:
72:
64:
53:
27:
26:
19:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5453:Model organisms
5433:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5418:
5413:
5405:
5400:
5392:
5390:
5382:
5377:
5369:
5364:
5356:
5351:
5343:
5338:
5330:
5325:
5317:
5312:
5304:
5299:
5291:
5286:
5278:
5273:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5230:
5220:
5203:
5168:
5143:
5109:
5103:Rhizellobiopsis
5047:
4979:
4956:Pronoctilucidae
4915:
4874:Amoebophryaceae
4856:
4831:
4782:Without theca:
4675:
4638:
4613:
4551:
4452:Caulleryellidae
4430:
4420:Stylocephalidae
4398:Sphaerocystidae
4382:Dactylophoridae
4378:Cnemidosporidae
4374:Brustiophoridae
4294:
4269:
4240:Stomatophorinae
4236:Rhynchocystinae
4199:Allantocystidae
4177:Eugregarinorida
4171:
4142:Selenidioididae
4114:
4101:
4004:
3971:
3930:Toxoplasmatinae
3898:
3853:Cryptosporidium
3768:
3663:
3652:Rhytidocystidae
3624:
3613:
3596:
3584:Cardiosporidium
3574:
3537:
3514:Leucocytozoidae
3461:
3450:
3433:
3399:
3377:
3322:
3245:Phyllopharyngea
3238:Parablepharisma
3098:
3064:
3063:
2979:
2957:
2948:
2935:
2905:
2900:
2794:
2788:model organisms
2784:
2688:Genome Database
2665:
2660:
2579:Current Biology
2566:
2545:
2543:Further reading
2540:
2539:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2489:
2485:
2438:
2434:
2381:
2377:
2346:
2342:
2289:
2285:
2266:
2262:
2223:
2219:
2164:
2160:
2145:
2123:
2119:
2096:
2092:
2047:
2043:
2006:
2002:
1957:
1953:
1922:(13): 3165â72.
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1850:
1846:
1815:
1811:
1766:
1762:
1747:10.2307/1538642
1723:
1719:
1664:
1660:
1621:
1617:
1602:
1585:
1558:
1554:
1521:(3): e1001518.
1507:
1503:
1496:
1482:
1478:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1356:
1111:
1081:
970:
849:
836:
753:
729:
653:
642:
636:
633:
590:
588:
578:
566:
555:
372:gene expression
317:
294:model organisms
226:Hymenostomatida
142:
105:
99:
96:
86:
73:
58:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5466:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5443:Ciliate genera
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5411:
5398:
5388:
5375:
5362:
5349:
5336:
5323:
5310:
5297:
5284:
5271:
5256:
5240:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5153:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5128:
5126:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5091:Parallobiopsis
5079:Elliobiocystis
5070:
5068:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5030:Rastromonadida
5027:
5015:
5002:
5000:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4965:
4953:
4941:
4936:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4895:
4883:
4866:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4841:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4811:
4779:
4778:
4769:Prorocentrales
4766:
4748:
4730:
4701:With a theca:
4698:
4696:
4687:
4685:Dinoflagellata
4681:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4661:
4652:Alphamonadidae
4648:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4623:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4599:
4595:Chromera velia
4586:
4584:
4575:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4537:
4516:Schizocystidae
4513:
4471:
4459:
4456:Ophryocystidae
4444:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4426:Blabericolidae
4423:
4409:
4359:
4349:
4346:Uradiophoridae
4330:Didymophoridae
4326:Cephalolobidae
4315:
4304:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4209:Enterocystidae
4206:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4153:Meroselenidium
4139:
4130:Exoschizonidae
4126:
4124:
4115:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4081:
4072:Mackinnoniidae
4069:
4051:
4027:
4018:Angeiocystidae
4014:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3953:Nephroisospora
3927:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3857:
3845:
3843:Caryotrophidae
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3754:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3714:Haemogregarina
3706:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3671:
3669:Eucoccidiorida
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3649:
3636:
3634:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3560:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3502:Haemoproteidae
3499:
3486:
3484:
3482:Haemospororida
3475:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3420:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3371:Tracheloraphis
3357:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3302:
3290:
3272:
3260:
3242:
3230:
3200:
3188:
3176:
3158:
3146:
3137:Cariacotrichea
3134:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:Mesomycetozoea
3051:
3046:
3036:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2990:Diaphoretickes
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2739:
2738:(JoVE) website
2726:
2718:
2710:
2704:Genome Project
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2664:
2663:External links
2661:
2659:
2658:
2613:
2570:
2564:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2519:
2500:(2): 158â169.
2483:
2432:
2375:
2340:
2283:
2260:
2217:
2158:
2143:
2117:
2106:(5): 567â574.
2090:
2041:
2000:
1971:(4): 1587â96.
1951:
1902:
1893:
1844:
1809:
1760:
1741:(2): 269â284.
1717:
1658:
1615:
1583:
1552:
1501:
1494:
1476:
1457:(3): 279â291.
1434:
1427:
1405:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1110:
1107:
1103:T. thermophila
1094:T. thermophila
1089:T. thermophila
1084:T. thermophila
1080:
1077:
1042:T. thermophila
1026:T. thermophila
1010:T. thermophila
978:T. thermophila
974:T. thermophila
969:
966:
848:
845:
835:
832:
820:T. thermophila
804:T. thermophila
793:T. thermophila
779:T. thermophila
765:T. thermophila
758:T. thermophila
752:
749:
728:
725:
721:T. thermophila
696:T. thermophila
685:binary fission
681:T. thermophila
655:
654:
569:
567:
560:
554:
551:
538:
537:
526:
523:
512:
502:
489:
474:
471:
456:
439:
334:As a ciliated
316:
313:T. thermophila
310:
299:T. thermophila
280:commensalistic
264:, examples of
251:
250:
243:
239:
238:
236:Tetrahymenidae
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
186:
185:
180:
173:
172:
170:Diaphoretickes
167:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
136:
135:
129:
128:
120:
119:
107:
106:
76:
74:
67:
60:
59:
55:(October 2021)
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5465:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5261:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5224:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5098:
5097:Thalassomyces
5093:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5074:Ellobiopsidae
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:Protalveolata
5054:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5036:
5035:Parvilucifera
5031:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4944:Oxyrrhinaceae
4942:
4940:
4939:Ichthyodinium
4937:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4784:Gymnodiniales
4781:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4733:Gonyaulacales
4731:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4721:
4720:Ornithocercus
4716:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4703:Dinophysiales
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4664:Voromonadidae
4662:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4627:Colpodellidae
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4474:Lipotrophidae
4472:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4402:Stenophoridae
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4362:Stenophoricae
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4338:Hirmocystidae
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4283:Siedleckiidae
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4204:Diplocystidae
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4159:Selenidioides
4155:
4154:
4149:
4148:
4147:Merogregarina
4143:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4112:Gregarinasina
4108:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:Myriosporides
4085:
4084:Myriosporidae
4082:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3912:Sarcocystinae
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3904:Sarcocystidae
3901:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3815:Pseudoklossia
3811:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3745:Klossiellidae
3743:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3658:
3657:Rhytidocystis
3653:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3640:Gemmocystidae
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:Leucocytozoon
3515:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3444:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3424:Colponemadida
3421:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3360:Karyorelictea
3358:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3347:Climacostomum
3343:
3342:
3337:
3336:Heterotrichea
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3179:Muranotrichea
3177:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3089:Acavomonadida
3086:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:Stramenopiles
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2980:(major groups
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2834:Fission yeast
2832:
2830:
2829:Budding yeast
2827:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2816:Chlamydomonas
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:image gallery
2745:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2585:(9): R317-8.
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:(8): 102915.
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2356:(6): 2.6.31.
2355:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2020:(3): 660â72.
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:(2): 233â67.
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:(8): 2452â5.
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1631:(1): 147â57.
1630:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1497:
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1487:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
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1306:
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1301:
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629:
626:
622:
619:
615:
612:
608:
605:
601:
598: â
597:
596:"Tetrahymena"
593:
592:Find sources:
586:
582:
576:
575:
570:This article
568:
564:
559:
558:
547:
542:
535:
531:
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487:
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457:
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448:
447:motor protein
444:
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431:
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418:
414:
410:
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400:
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365:
362:
359:and a small,
358:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:
337:
329:
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321:
314:
309:
307:
306:
305:T. pyriformis
301:
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93:
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80:
77:This article
75:
71:
66:
65:
56:
51:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
5235:
5197:Platyproteum
5195:
5189:
5160:
5157:Chilovoridae
5135:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5039:
5033:
5021:
5009:
4971:
4961:Pronoctiluca
4959:
4947:
4930:
4927:Acrocoelidae
4907:
4903:Hematodinium
4901:
4898:Syndiniaceae
4891:Duboscquella
4889:
4877:
4848:
4845:Noctilucales
4825:Symbiodinium
4823:
4817:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4774:Prorocentrum
4772:
4760:
4754:
4751:Peridiniales
4742:
4736:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4667:
4655:
4644:Voromonadida
4630:
4619:Colpodellida
4605:
4602:Vitrellaceae
4593:
4590:Chromeraceae
4573:Apicomonadea
4543:
4533:Schizocystis
4531:
4525:
4521:Lymphotropha
4519:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4485:Farinocystis
4483:
4477:
4465:
4462:Gigaductidae
4390:Monoductidae
4356:Porosporidae
4352:Porosporicae
4334:Gregarinidae
4318:Gregarinicae
4286:
4260:Thiriotiidae
4255:Selenidiidae
4244:Zygocystinae
4228:Monocystinae
4224:Monocystidae
4186:Aseptatorina
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4133:
4093:
4087:
4075:
4063:
4057:
4045:
4041:Defretinella
4039:
4033:
4023:Angeiocystis
4021:
3996:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3947:Hyaloklossia
3945:
3939:
3933:
3921:
3915:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3851:
3833:Barrouxiidae
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3786:Aggregatidae
3760:
3757:Legerellidae
3748:
3736:
3733:Karyolysidae
3724:
3721:Hepatozoidae
3712:
3700:
3694:
3655:
3643:
3589:
3582:
3566:
3563:Theileriidae
3554:
3543:Piroplasmida
3529:
3526:Plasmodiidae
3517:
3507:Haemoproteus
3505:
3493:
3473:Aconoidasida
3427:
3418:Colponemadea
3409:Colponemidia
3393:
3387:
3369:
3363:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3314:
3308:
3305:Spirotrichea
3296:
3293:Protocruziea
3284:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3250:Chilodonella
3248:
3236:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3164:
3161:Litostomatea
3152:
3140:
3128:
3092:
3083:Acavomonadea
3074:Acavomonidia
3039:Opisthokonta
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2838:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2803:Lambda phage
2743:
2729:
2724:genome paper
2721:
2713:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2678:
2669:
2625:
2622:PLOS Biology
2621:
2582:
2578:
2553:
2531:
2522:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2269:
2263:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2126:
2120:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2017:
2013:
2003:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1896:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1609:
1561:
1555:
1518:
1515:PLOS Biology
1514:
1504:
1485:
1479:
1454:
1450:
1437:
1417:
1397:. Retrieved
1393:
1357:
1354:In education
1112:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1053:
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1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
971:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
932:
928:
923:
921:
916:
908:hypoxanthine
899:
898:, and other
893:
887:
885:
880:
877:T. paravorax
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
855:
851:
850:
839:
837:
819:
803:
796:
792:
783:
778:
768:
764:
763:Exposure of
762:
757:
754:
743:
741:
737:chemokinesis
732:
730:
720:
717:
713:
707:
695:
693:
680:
678:
667:conjugation.
664:
663:
643:
637:October 2021
634:
624:
617:
610:
603:
591:
579:Please help
574:verification
571:
545:
496:
483:
477:
465:
459:
450:
443:cytoskeleton
427:
425:
417:mating types
412:
411:
406:
402:
390:
388:
375:
367:
364:micronucleus
357:macronucleus
354:non-germline
340:
339:
333:
327:
312:
303:
297:
289:
288:
277:
256:
255:
254:
246:
245:
189:
176:
163:
132:
116:
110:
100:October 2021
97:
88:You can help
78:
54:
43:
37:
5340:iNaturalist
5280:Tetrahymena
5266:Tetrahymena
5260:Wikispecies
5236:Tetrahymena
5149:Chilovorida
5132:Algovoridae
5115:Myzomonadea
5085:Ellobiopsis
5066:Ellobiopsea
5041:Rastrimonas
5023:Phagodinium
5018:Phagodinida
5006:Perkinsidae
4989:Perkinsozoa
4968:Psammosidae
4879:Amoebophyra
4870:Syndiniales
4807:Karlodinium
4795:Gymnodinium
4789:Amphidinium
4694:Dinokaryota
4540:Syncystidae
4527:Machadoella
4386:Leidyanidae
4342:Metameridae
4300:Septatorina
4265:Urosporidae
4219:Lecudinidae
4214:Ganymedidae
4077:Mackinnonia
4059:Coelotropha
4035:Coelotropha
3985:Ixorheorida
3923:Sarcocystis
3774:Eimeriorina
3702:Dactylosoma
3696:Babesiosoma
3645:Gemmocystis
3611:Conoidasida
3591:Nephromyces
3459:Apicomplexa
3353:Blepharisma
3316:Stylonychia
3298:Protocruzia
3275:Prostomatea
3263:Plagiopylea
3220:Tetrahymena
3191:Nassophorea
3184:Muranothrix
3166:Balantidium
2852:Arabidopsis
2823:Tetrahymena
2744:Tetrahymena
2732:experiments
2730:Tetrahymena
2695:Tetrahymena
2686:Tetrahymena
2679:Tetrahymena
2670:Tetrahymena
2628:(9): e286.
1825:(1): 61â6.
1729:Tetrahymena
1099:Tetrahymena
1058:Tetrahymena
1006:Tetrahymena
900:Tetrahymena
869:Tetrahymena
840:Tetrahymena
789:recombinase
744:Tetrahymena
733:Tetrahymena
708:Tetrahymena
665:Tetrahymena
546:Tetrahymena
530:stop codons
509:acetylation
467:peroxisomes
428:Tetrahymena
426:Studies on
407:Tetrahymena
391:Tetrahymena
384:microtubule
376:Tetrahymena
368:Tetrahymena
328:Tetrahymena
290:Tetrahymena
266:unicellular
257:Tetrahymena
247:Tetrahymena
117:Tetrahymena
5437:Categories
5191:Filipodium
5186:Squirmidae
5178:Squirmidea
5124:Algovorida
4932:Acrocoelus
4837:Noctilucea
4814:Suessiales
4762:Peridinium
4756:Pfiesteria
4714:Histioneis
4708:Dinophysis
4657:Alphamonas
4632:Colpodella
4582:Chromerida
4509:Menzbieria
4497:Lipocystis
4491:Lipotropha
4467:Gigaductus
4394:Monoicidae
4312:Fusionidae
4308:Fusionicae
4288:Siedleckia
4165:Veloxidium
4135:Exoschizon
4095:Myriospora
4054:Grelliidae
3993:Ixorheidae
3965:Toxoplasma
3865:Cyclospora
3860:Eimeriidae
3803:Merocystis
3797:Grasseella
3750:Klossiella
3738:Karyolysus
3726:Hepatozoon
3678:Adeleorina
3551:Babesiidae
3531:Plasmodium
3395:Myrionecta
3389:Mesodinium
3384:Mesodiniea
3268:Plagiopyla
3226:Vorticella
3214:Paramecium
3125:Armophorea
3108:Ciliophora
3094:Acavomonas
2873:Drosophila
2866:C. elegans
2840:Neurospora
2452:(1): 133.
2272:(Thesis).
1399:2021-10-16
1373:References
889:Paramecium
873:T. paulina
828:eukaryotes
751:DNA repair
607:newspapers
553:Life cycle
485:telomerase
436:cell cycle
421:stochastic
284:pathogenic
269:eukaryotes
206:Ciliophora
5162:Chilovora
5011:Perkinsus
4998:Perkinsea
4909:Syndinium
4850:Noctiluca
4819:Polarella
4744:Gonyaulax
4726:Oxyphysis
4669:Voromonas
4545:Syncystis
4479:Apicystis
3941:Hammondia
3935:Besnoitia
3917:Frenkelia
3791:Aggregata
3762:Legerella
3686:Adeleidae
3568:Theileria
3490:Garniidae
3429:Colponema
3286:Holophrya
3256:Tokophrya
3034:Amoebozoa
3012:Alveolata
3000:Cryptista
2975:Eukaryota
2946:Alveolata
2938:Eukaryota
2886:Zebrafish
2514:208584362
2278:304234889
1819:BioEssays
1578:179307103
1361:offers a
895:Colpidium
534:glutamine
479:telomeres
461:lysosomes
423:process.
395:enzymatic
344:exhibits
336:protozoan
324:ÎČ-tubulin
196:Alveolata
157:Eukaryota
92:talk page
5251:Q1198419
5245:Wikidata
5137:Algovora
4973:Psammosa
4949:Oxyrrhis
4862:Syndinea
4738:Ceratium
4503:Mattesia
4366:Acutidae
3998:Ixorheis
3959:Neospora
3877:Isospora
3821:Selysina
3622:Coccidia
3310:Euplotes
3172:Dileptus
3149:Colpodea
3029:Amorphea
3007:Rhizaria
2995:Hacrobia
2985:Excavata
2970:Bacteria
2792:genetics
2654:16933976
2609:11738486
2601:15886083
2478:17683620
2427:34430806
2389:iScience
2370:26104448
2335:29687579
2274:ProQuest
2255:21981461
2247:11199495
2212:10860998
2153:11804037
2085:23935123
2036:24336924
1995:10747055
1965:Genetics
1888:27226383
1653:14787080
1547:23555191
1471:27539329
962:T. vorax
957:SUBII-TG
953:T. vorax
949:SUBII-TG
945:SUBII-TG
940:SUBII-TG
933:SUBII-TG
929:T. vorax
924:T. vorax
917:T. vorax
881:T. vorax
865:T. vorax
860:T. vorax
856:T. vorax
852:T. vorax
727:Behavior
520:tubulins
498:ribozyme
449:such as
389:Because
361:germline
262:ciliates
232:Family:
202:Phylum:
153:Domain:
5407:8001918
5358:1020273
5332:3204866
4801:Karenia
4065:Grellia
3871:Eimeria
3809:Ovivora
3556:Babesia
3448:Myzozoa
3365:Loxodes
3341:Stentor
3196:Nassula
3154:Colpoda
3130:Metopus
3044:Animals
2965:Archaea
2880:Xenopus
2809:E. coli
2645:1557398
2469:1997130
2418:8367785
2397:Bibcode
2326:6117198
2305:Bibcode
2180:Bibcode
2076:3814389
1986:1461009
1946:9628914
1879:4892268
1839:1546982
1804:8078435
1755:1538642
1712:3921962
1680:Bibcode
1645:6297745
1538:3608545
1394:eol.org
904:ferrous
816:meiosis
812:mitosis
810:during
672:zygotic
621:scholar
506:histone
403:in vivo
242:Genus:
222:Order:
212:Class:
50:Discuss
5420:416056
5391:NZOR:
5345:335397
5319:1TETHG
3495:Garnia
3280:Coleps
3022:Plants
2959:Domain
2786:Major
2652:
2642:
2607:
2599:
2562:
2512:
2476:
2466:
2425:
2415:
2368:
2333:
2323:
2276:
2253:
2245:
2210:
2200:
2151:
2141:
2083:
2073:
2034:
1993:
1983:
1944:
1937:147671
1934:
1886:
1876:
1837:
1802:
1795:372963
1792:
1753:
1710:
1703:397576
1700:
1651:
1643:
1576:
1562:Nature
1545:
1535:
1492:
1469:
1425:
1052:, and
1036:, and
984:, and
912:uracil
910:, and
906:iron,
623:
616:
609:
602:
594:
452:dynein
445:based
350:nuclei
273:phylum
90:. The
5415:WoRMS
5371:46386
5353:IRMNG
5306:61455
5293:63V3C
4920:Other
3049:Fungi
2896:Mouse
2846:Maize
2605:S2CID
2510:S2CID
2494:Oikos
2251:S2CID
2203:16544
2100:Oikos
1751:JSTOR
1649:S2CID
1574:S2CID
1447:(PDF)
1054:CNBDP
1038:CNBDP
990:CNBDP
786:Rad51
770:Rad51
628:JSTOR
614:books
380:cilia
190:Clade
177:Clade
164:Clade
34:split
5384:5890
5379:NCBI
5366:ITIS
5327:GBIF
5314:EPPO
2650:PMID
2597:PMID
2560:ISBN
2474:PMID
2423:PMID
2366:PMID
2331:PMID
2243:PMID
2208:PMID
2149:PMID
2139:ISBN
2081:PMID
2032:PMID
1991:PMID
1942:PMID
1884:PMID
1835:PMID
1800:PMID
1708:PMID
1641:PMID
1625:Cell
1543:PMID
1490:ISBN
1467:PMID
1423:ISBN
1073:MTT1
1069:MTT1
1065:MTT5
1050:MTT3
1046:MTT1
1034:MTT3
1030:MTT1
1019:MTT3
1015:MTT1
1002:MTT3
1000:and
998:MTT1
994:MTT1
986:MTT3
982:MTT1
875:and
800:RecA
784:The
706:Two
600:news
464:and
302:and
42:and
5301:EoL
5288:CoL
5275:AFD
2942:SAR
2891:Rat
2790:in
2734:on
2706:at
2640:PMC
2630:doi
2587:doi
2502:doi
2498:129
2464:PMC
2454:doi
2413:PMC
2405:doi
2358:doi
2321:PMC
2313:doi
2235:doi
2198:PMC
2188:doi
2131:doi
2108:doi
2104:123
2071:PMC
2063:doi
2022:doi
1981:PMC
1973:doi
1969:154
1932:PMC
1924:doi
1874:PMC
1866:doi
1827:doi
1790:PMC
1782:doi
1743:doi
1739:105
1698:PMC
1688:doi
1633:doi
1566:doi
1533:PMC
1523:doi
1459:doi
791:of
583:by
493:RNA
326:in
282:to
183:SAR
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