451:, generally descending at dawn to deeper, cooler waters and returning to shallower, warmer waters at dusk. During the day they can undertake vertical movements into waters of 300–500 m depth that can be as much as 20 °C cooler than surface waters. Individuals undertake thermoregulatory behaviour whilst at depth, periodically returning from deeper, cooler waters to shallower, warmer waters to re-warm. Across the Pacific Ocean the depths at which bigeye tuna spend the majority of their time during the day vary: in the eastern Pacific the majority of time is spent at 200–350 m; around Hawaii the majority of time is spent at 300–400 m and in the Coral Sea the majority of time is spent at 300–500 m. These suggest that bigeye tuna (or their prey) are tracking an optimum temperature (10-15 °C) which is shallower in the eastern Pacific Ocean than in the western Pacific Ocean. The diel shift in the vertical behaviour of bigeye tuna has been suggested to be associated with the diel migration of their prey. This is supported by the identification of a number of diurnally migrating species from the stomachs of bigeye tuna and observations of close associations between bigeye tuna and the
413:-poor waters. Bigeye tuna are reported to tolerate ambient oxygen levels of 1.0 mL/L and routinely reach depths where ambient oxygen content is below 1.5 mL/L, largely due to the presence of blood with a high oxygen affinity. Vascular counter-current heat exchangers maintain body temperatures above ambient water temperature. These heat exchangers are engaged to conserve heat in deeper colder waters and are disengaged to allow rapid warming as the tuna ascend from cold water into warmer surface waters, providing short-latency, physiological thermoregulation. The eyes of bigeye tuna are well developed and with a large spherical lens allowing their vision to function well in low light conditions.
31:
542:
75:
2912:
556:
50:
2905:
2898:
2105:
493:
467:
Results from tagging studies show that bigeye tuna are capable of traversing ocean basins, but can also show a high degree of site fidelity to some regions. One study suggested an annual migration influenced by water temperature, specifically that near the surface. Central
Pacific bigeye migrate from
421:
Conventional tagging data and counts of growth increments in otoliths (ear bones) of bigeye tuna have recorded a maximum age of 16 years. Recorded lengths at which sexual maturity is attained varies geographically with a length at which 50% of fishes sampled are mature of 135 cm in the eastern
388:
Bigeye tuna can grow up to 2.5 m (98 in; 8.2 ft) in length. Maximum weight of individuals probably exceeds 180 kg (400 lb), with the all-tackle angling record standing at 178 kg (392 lb). They are large, deep-bodied, streamlined fish with large heads and eyes. The
596:
encourage consumption of other types of tuna. In 2010, Greenpeace
International added bigeye tuna to its seafood red list. "The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from
529:
fleets in the Indian and
Atlantic Oceans. Various conservation measures have been introduced by the regional fisheries management organisations which apply to particular sized vessels and fleets and include measures such as spatial and temporal closures, trip duration limits, observer requirements
458:
Typical vertical behaviour of bigeye tuna shifts when fish associate with seamounts, buoys and fish aggregating devices, with individuals remaining in surface waters. Association with objects has been observed to occur over periods of approximately 10–30 days. This associative behaviour of bigeye
520:
in the western and central
Pacific Ocean and eastern Pacific Ocean, close to or being overfished in the Atlantic Ocean and not overfished in the Indian Ocean. The majority of commercial catches across the Pacific Ocean is by
459:
tuna (and also other species of tuna) is taken advantage of by fisheries with approximately 27% of all catches of tunas by purse seine vessels in the western and central
Pacific Ocean derived from fish aggregating devices.
1468:
Potier, M.; F. Marsac; V. Lucas; R. Sabatie; J-P Hallier; F. Menard (2004). "Feeding partitioning among tuna taken in surface and mid--water layers: the case of yellowfin and bigeye in the western tropical indian ocean".
1994:
Richard W. Brill1, Keith A. Bigelow, Michael K. Musyl, Kerstin A. Fritsches, Eric J. Warrant, 'BIGEYE TUNA (THUNNUS OBESUS) BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO STOCK ASSESSMENTS AND FISHERY BIOLOGY'. ICCAT,
1489:"FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. FAO yearbook. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. 2012/FAO annuaire. Statistiques des pêches et de l'aquaculture. 2012/FAO anuario. Estadísticas de pesca y acuicultura. 2012"
1264:"Cambridge Journals Online - Aquatic Living Resources - Abstract - A critique of the ecosystem impacts of drifting and anchored FADs use by purse-seine tuna fisheries in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean"
500:
Globally, approximately 450,500 metric tonnes of bigeye tuna were caught by commercial vessels in 2012. Commercial fisheries for bigeye tuna are regionally managed within the
Pacific Ocean by the
422:
Pacific Ocean and 102–105 cm in the western
Pacific Ocean. This translates to an age of maturity of 2 – 4 years. Differences in methods of studies may contribute to this variability.
1228:
Musyl, Michael K. (2003). "Vertical movements of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) associated with islands, buoys, and seamounts near the main
Hawaiian Islands from archival tagging data".
593:
962:
Schaefer, Kurt M. (2010). "Vertical movements, behavior, and habitat of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the equatorial eastern
Pacific Ocean, ascertained from archival tag data".
2326:
513:
580:
Research indicates that increasing ocean temperatures are taking a toll on the tuna in the Indian Ocean, where rapid warming of the ocean has resulted in a reduction of marine
468:
subtropical waters in
September to tropical waters in March. The fish also briefly travel outside these thermal ranges. Other data indicate similar Pacific-wide variations.
1715:
1445:"Migration and Abundance of Bigeye Tuna (Thunnus obesus), and Other Pelagic Species, Inferred from Catch Rates and Their Relation to Variations in the Ocean Environment"
1607:
1844:
Roxy, Mathew Koll; Modi, Aditi; Murtugudde, Raghu; Valsala, Vinu; Panickal, Swapna; Prasanna Kumar, S.; Ravichandran, M.; Vichi, Marcello; Lévy, Marina (2016-01-28).
516:(ICCAT). Regular stock assessments are carried out for bigeye tuna by each of the regional fisheries management organisations with bigeye tuna currently regarded as
1403:"Movements, dispersion, and mixing of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) tagged and released in the equatorial Central Pacific Ocean, with conventional and archival tags"
2331:
1081:
Evans, Karen (2008). "Behaviour and habitat preferences of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and their influence on longline fishery catches in the western Coral Sea".
774:
Lowe, T. E. (2000). "Blood oxygen-binding characteristics of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), a high-energy-demand teleost that is tolerant of low ambient oxygen".
1263:
2341:
899:
871:
Farley, Jessica H.; Clear, Naomi P.; Leroy, Bruno; Davis, Tim L. O.; McPherson, Geoff (2006). "CSIRO PUBLISHING - Marine & Freshwater Research".
2400:
2336:
501:
3215:
1898:
1008:
Arrizabalaga, H. (2008). "Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) vertical movements in the Azores Islands determined with pop-up satellite archival tags".
729:
3280:
573:
The bigeye tuna catch rates have also declined abruptly during the past half century, mostly due to increased industrial fisheries, with the
1356:
3050:
1760:
2351:
1791:
1746:
1683:
1638:
1387:
1108:
Dagorn, L. (2000). "Movement patterns of large bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the open ocean, determined using ultrasonic telemetry".
1043:
Howell, Evan A. (2010). "Spatiotemporal variability in bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) dive behavior in the central North Pacific Ocean".
760:
3396:
710:
1652:
3189:
3228:
2316:
1722:
660:
623:
505:
430:
are above 24 °C. In the northwestern tropical Atlantic spawning occurs in June and July, and in January and February in the
1290:"Horizontal movements of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) near Hawaii determined by Kalman filter analysis of archival tagging data"
426:
takes place across most months of the year in tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean, becoming seasonal at higher latitudes when
1930:
1948:
1917:
685:
3329:
1614:
3233:
652:
2393:
1922:
1197:
Josse, Erwan (1998). "Simultaneous observations of tuna movements and their prey by sonic tracking and acoustic surveys".
1824:"Conservation and Management Measure for bigeye, yellowfin and skipjack tuna in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean"
1488:
1402:
3293:
3055:
1988:
1974:
1267:
3368:
1845:
3401:
3285:
2847:
2771:
2386:
2022:
1697:
1154:
Young, Jock W. (2010). "Feeding ecology and niche segregation in oceanic top predators off eastern Australia".
74:
3267:
1444:
541:
2819:
2321:
509:
914:
817:
Holland, Kim N. (1992). "Physiological and behavioural thermoregulation in bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus)".
3155:
3137:
1767:
736:
1895:
409:
Bigeye tuna have a unique physiology which allows them to forage in deeper colder waters and tolerate
3416:
3373:
3308:
945:
3406:
3115:
2965:
2726:
2287:
2198:
1846:"A reduction in marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean"
3259:
637:
3411:
2292:
1938:
1443:
Hyder, Patrick; Bigelow, Keith; Brainard, Russell; Seki, Michael; Firing, June; Flament, Pierre.
1363:
448:
427:
397:
in juveniles and the space between the first and second dorsal fin in adults. They have 13 or 14
260:
3360:
3220:
3077:
3027:
2960:
1590:"Stock assessment of bigeye tuna in the western and central Pacific Ocean Rev 1 (25 July 2014)"
452:
3298:
2378:
3355:
3045:
3022:
2985:
2911:
2481:
2471:
2084:
2069:
1993:
932:
181:
3347:
3246:
3124:
2476:
2104:
2089:
1860:
1417:
1301:
1237:
1163:
1117:
1052:
1017:
971:
826:
783:
708:
8:
3012:
2367:
1659:
1329:
Hampton, John; Gunn, John (1998). "CSIRO PUBLISHING - Marine & Freshwater Research".
522:
198:
39:
1864:
1421:
1305:
1241:
1167:
1121:
1056:
1021:
975:
830:
787:
3129:
3060:
3040:
2282:
2256:
2149:
2124:
2015:
1210:
1179:
1133:
987:
913:(1). La Jolla, California: Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission: 7–8. Archived from
850:
799:
207:
158:
69:
54:
3142:
3342:
3163:
2144:
1984:
1970:
1878:
1785:
1740:
1677:
1632:
1381:
1314:
1289:
1249:
1029:
842:
754:
614:
377:
361:
2897:
1214:
1183:
1137:
991:
803:
555:
3421:
3168:
1868:
1823:
1425:
1338:
1309:
1245:
1202:
1171:
1125:
1090:
1060:
1025:
979:
880:
854:
834:
791:
632:
526:
398:
354:
264:
1429:
3316:
3017:
2990:
2970:
2878:
2675:
2346:
2079:
1902:
1064:
714:
3272:
2904:
3100:
3005:
2980:
2883:
2868:
2596:
2556:
2491:
2419:
2251:
2094:
431:
369:
116:
30:
1554:"IOTC - Indian Ocean Tuna Commission / Commission des Thons de l'Océan Indien"
1206:
1175:
983:
3390:
3241:
2995:
2873:
2863:
2645:
2640:
2568:
2541:
2486:
2221:
2159:
2134:
2074:
2008:
1944:
1882:
681:
612:
581:
574:
126:
59:
2975:
2943:
2933:
2837:
2660:
2586:
2428:
2164:
2154:
2139:
1496:
390:
3321:
1981:
The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat
1129:
846:
795:
3254:
3202:
3109:
3000:
2953:
2938:
2920:
2623:
2591:
2503:
2231:
2208:
2129:
1873:
517:
481:
477:
372:. Bigeye tuna are found in the open waters of all tropical and temperate
3194:
2948:
2928:
2842:
2829:
2736:
2266:
2119:
394:
357:
307:
136:
3207:
3181:
2226:
2721:
2708:
2665:
2451:
2193:
2185:
838:
86:
3071:
1342:
1094:
884:
3176:
3094:
2688:
2655:
2608:
2603:
2531:
2461:
2436:
2300:
2261:
2246:
2236:
2059:
1957:
694:
423:
351:
106:
1589:
2809:
2799:
2789:
2781:
2754:
2693:
2650:
2635:
2613:
2576:
2536:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2410:
2216:
2181:
2053:
2039:
1969:, (William Collins Publishers Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand 1982)
1939:
ScienceDaily (Dec. 3, 2007), 'Turning A Blind Eye To Bigeye Tuna'
1467:
492:
346:
146:
3334:
3150:
2804:
2794:
2759:
2628:
2618:
2441:
2408:
2241:
514:
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
476:
Bigeye tuna primarily feed on epipelagic and mesopelagic fish,
410:
96:
1698:"Stock assessment of bigeye tuna in the Indian Ocean for 2012"
898:
Schaefer, Kurt M.; Fuller, Daniel W.; Miyabe, Naozumi (2005).
2814:
2764:
2749:
2698:
2551:
2526:
2446:
2170:
373:
342:
393:
are very long, reaching back beyond the start of the second
2744:
2683:
2546:
2456:
2047:
2031:
1805:
1571:
1553:
613:
Collette, B.; Acero, A.; Amorim, A.F.; et al. (2011).
338:
1003:
1001:
2716:
2581:
2342:
International Seafood Sustainability Foundation#Practices
1918:
National Marine Fisheries Service, 'Atlantic Bigeye Tuna'
1843:
1535:
1517:
508:(IATTC). In the Indian Ocean catches are managed by the
2000:
1076:
1074:
998:
870:
1442:
1071:
957:
955:
897:
1083:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
866:
864:
952:
434:, which is the only known Atlantic nursery area.
3388:
502:Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission
861:
496:Bigeye tuna caught with three-pole one-line rig
1967:Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand
2394:
2016:
1806:"Conservation and Management Measures (CMMs)"
1149:
1147:
638:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T21859A9329255.en
1007:
1328:
724:
722:
577:adding further stress to the fish species.
2401:
2387:
2352:Regional Fisheries Management Organisation
2023:
2009:
1144:
48:
29:
1896:Greenpeace International Seafood Red list
1872:
1536:"Inter-American-Tropical-Tuna-Commission"
1313:
904:in the Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean"
636:
512:(IOTC) and in the Atlantic Ocean by the
1400:
961:
719:
491:
1943:
816:
680:
674:
661:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
624:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
525:fleets, while catches are dominated by
506:Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
3389:
1790:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1745:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1682:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1637:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1386:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1287:
1107:
1042:
759:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3076:
3075:
2382:
2004:
1839:
1837:
1227:
1196:
1153:
1080:
900:"Reproductive Biology of Bigeye Tuna
487:
3309:469ab9a4-727d-4e3d-9882-cf14b0612a9f
1461:
773:
442:
364:, it is one of two species known as
606:
13:
1834:
455:both during the day and at night.
14:
3433:
1910:
447:Bigeye tuna undertake a distinct
3397:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2910:
2903:
2896:
2103:
1965:Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox,
1471:Western Indian Ocean J. Mar. Sci
1315:10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00228.x
1250:10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00229.x
1030:10.1111/j.1365-2419.2008.00464.x
554:
540:
449:diel shift in vertical behaviour
73:
1889:
1816:
1798:
1753:
1708:
1690:
1645:
1600:
1582:
1564:
1546:
1528:
1510:
1481:
1436:
1394:
1349:
1322:
1281:
1256:
1221:
1190:
1101:
1036:
587:
416:
299:(Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)
291:(Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)
283:(Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)
275:(Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)
891:
810:
767:
702:
645:
383:
1:
1430:10.1016/j.fishres.2014.08.018
600:
594:seafood sustainability guides
404:
1853:Geophysical Research Letters
1065:10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.013
510:Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
462:
7:
437:
10:
3438:
597:unsustainable fisheries."
568:
533:
3084:
3036:
2919:
2894:
2856:
2828:
2780:
2735:
2707:
2674:
2567:
2502:
2427:
2418:
2360:
2309:
2275:
2207:
2180:
2112:
2101:
2038:
1901:February 5, 2010, at the
1176:10.1007/s00227-010-1500-y
984:10.1007/s00227-010-1524-3
350:, belonging to the wider
213:
206:
187:
180:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2288:Scombroid food poisoning
2199:US bluefin tuna industry
2030:
1947:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1288:Sibert, John R. (2003).
1045:Progress in Oceanography
698:. February 2018 version.
684:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
428:sea surface temperatures
1983:. Ebury Press, London.
1979:Clover, Charles. 2004.
1961:. January 2006 version.
1401:Schaefer, Kurt (2015).
1207:10.1023/A:1017065709190
713:March 31, 2009, at the
530:and limits on catches
471:
337:) is a species of true
3402:Fish described in 1839
1294:Fisheries Oceanography
1230:Fisheries Oceanography
1010:Fisheries Oceanography
940:Cite journal requires
548:Landed by rod and reel
497:
453:sound scattering layer
368:, the other being the
3356:Paleobiology Database
3046:World fish production
2409:Principal commercial
2283:Dolphin friendly tuna
2085:Southern bluefin tuna
2070:Atlantic bluefin tuna
1130:10.1007/s002270050694
796:10.1007/s002270000255
495:
3299:atlantic-bigeye-tuna
2090:Pacific bluefin tuna
1923:Atlantic bigeye tuna
1874:10.1002/2015GL066979
631:: e.T21859A9329255.
2368:List of tuna dishes
2125:Black skipjack tuna
1931:Pacific bigeye tuna
1865:2016GeoRL..43..826R
1859:(2): 2015GL066979.
1422:2015FishR.161..336S
1306:2003FisOc..12..141S
1242:2003FisOc..12..152M
1168:2010MarBi.157.2347Y
1122:2000MarBi.136..361D
1057:2010PrOce..86...81H
1022:2008FisOc..17...74A
976:2010MarBi.157.2625S
831:1992Natur.358..410H
788:2000MarBi.136.1087L
315:Parathunnus mebachi
40:Conservation status
3061:Fisheries glossary
3051:Commercial species
3041:Commercial fishing
2429:Large pelagic fish
2257:Tuna fish sandwich
1410:Fisheries Research
1201:. 371/372: 61–69.
498:
488:Commercial fishery
318:(Kishinouye, 1915)
249:Parathunnus obesus
3384:
3383:
3343:Open Tree of Life
3078:Taxon identifiers
3069:
3068:
2966:Freshwater prawns
2892:
2891:
2376:
2375:
1162:(11): 2347–2368.
1089:(11): 2427–2443.
970:(12): 2625–2642.
825:(6385): 410–412.
504:(WCPFC) and the
443:Vertical movement
378:Mediterranean Sea
376:, but not in the
325:
324:
319:
311:
300:
292:
284:
276:
268:
253:
245:
241:Neothunnus obesus
237:
229:
221:
63:
3429:
3417:Fish of Thailand
3377:
3376:
3364:
3363:
3351:
3350:
3338:
3337:
3325:
3324:
3312:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3289:
3288:
3276:
3275:
3273:NBNSYS0000187818
3263:
3262:
3250:
3249:
3237:
3236:
3224:
3223:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3158:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3132:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3073:
3072:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2482:southern bluefin
2472:Atlantic bluefin
2425:
2424:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2361:Related articles
2107:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1962:
1905:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1766:. Archived from
1765:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1721:. Archived from
1720:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1658:. Archived from
1657:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1613:. Archived from
1612:
1604:
1598:
1597:
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1580:
1579:
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1561:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1495:. Archived from
1485:
1479:
1478:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1362:. Archived from
1361:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1266:. Archived from
1260:
1254:
1253:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1105:
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1040:
1034:
1033:
1005:
996:
995:
959:
950:
949:
943:
938:
936:
928:
926:
925:
919:
908:
902:(Thunnus Obesus)
895:
889:
888:
868:
859:
858:
839:10.1038/358410a0
814:
808:
807:
782:(6): 1087–1098.
771:
765:
764:
758:
750:
748:
747:
741:
735:. Archived from
734:
726:
717:
706:
700:
699:
678:
672:
671:
669:
667:
649:
643:
642:
640:
610:
558:
544:
317:
306:
298:
290:
288:Parathunnus sibi
282:
274:
259:
251:
243:
235:
227:
219:
193:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3407:Commercial fish
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3372:
3367:
3359:
3354:
3346:
3341:
3333:
3328:
3320:
3317:Observation.org
3315:
3307:
3305:
3297:
3292:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3154:
3149:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3080:
3070:
3065:
3032:
2971:Gilt-head bream
2915:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2888:
2879:Lobster fishing
2852:
2824:
2776:
2731:
2709:Other wild fish
2703:
2676:Freshwater fish
2670:
2563:
2498:
2477:Pacific bluefin
2414:
2407:
2377:
2372:
2356:
2347:Nauru Agreement
2305:
2271:
2203:
2176:
2108:
2099:
2034:
2029:
1999:
1913:
1908:
1903:Wayback Machine
1894:
1890:
1848:
1842:
1835:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1761:"Archived copy"
1759:
1758:
1754:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:"Archived copy"
1714:
1713:
1709:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1653:"Archived copy"
1651:
1650:
1646:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1608:"Archived copy"
1606:
1605:
1601:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1357:"Archived copy"
1355:
1354:
1350:
1343:10.1071/mf97210
1327:
1323:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1226:
1222:
1195:
1191:
1152:
1145:
1106:
1102:
1095:10.1139/F08-148
1079:
1072:
1041:
1037:
1006:
999:
960:
953:
941:
939:
930:
929:
923:
921:
917:
906:
896:
892:
885:10.1071/MF05255
869:
862:
815:
811:
772:
768:
752:
751:
745:
743:
739:
732:
730:"Archived copy"
728:
727:
720:
715:Wayback Machine
707:
703:
679:
675:
665:
663:
651:
650:
646:
611:
607:
603:
590:
571:
564:
563:
559:
550:
549:
545:
536:
490:
474:
465:
445:
440:
419:
407:
386:
304:Thunnus mebachi
233:Germogus obesus
202:
195:
189:
176:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
3435:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3412:Fish of Hawaii
3409:
3404:
3399:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3365:
3352:
3339:
3326:
3313:
3303:
3290:
3277:
3264:
3251:
3238:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3156:thunnus-obesus
3147:
3143:Thunnus_obesus
3134:
3130:Thunnus_obesus
3121:
3116:Thunnus obesus
3106:
3090:
3088:
3086:Thunnus obesus
3082:
3081:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3056:Fishing topics
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2884:Shrimp fishery
2881:
2876:
2871:
2869:Crab fisheries
2866:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2661:Smelt-whitings
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2597:Alaska pollock
2594:
2589:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:species groups
2406:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:Tuna casserole
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2150:Leaping bonito
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2095:Yellowfin tuna
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1977:
1963:
1951:Thunnus obesus
1945:Froese, Rainer
1941:
1936:
1934:NOAA FishWatch
1928:
1926:NOAA FishWatch
1920:
1914:
1912:
1911:External links
1909:
1907:
1906:
1888:
1833:
1815:
1797:
1752:
1707:
1689:
1644:
1599:
1581:
1563:
1545:
1527:
1518:"Home - WCPFC"
1509:
1480:
1460:
1435:
1393:
1348:
1337:(6): 475–489.
1321:
1300:(3): 141–151.
1280:
1255:
1236:(3): 152–169.
1220:
1189:
1156:Marine Biology
1143:
1116:(2): 361–371.
1110:Marine Biology
1100:
1070:
1051:(1–2): 81–93.
1035:
997:
964:Marine Biology
951:
942:|journal=
890:
879:(7): 713–724.
860:
809:
776:Marine Biology
766:
718:
701:
688:Thunnus obesus
682:Froese, Rainer
673:
655:Thunnus obesus
644:
617:Thunnus obesus
604:
602:
599:
589:
586:
570:
567:
566:
565:
561:
560:
553:
551:
547:
546:
539:
535:
532:
489:
486:
473:
470:
464:
461:
444:
441:
439:
436:
432:Gulf of Guinea
418:
415:
406:
403:
385:
382:
370:yellowfin tuna
334:Thunnus obesus
323:
322:
321:
320:
312:
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
254:
246:
238:
230:
225:Thynnus obesus
222:
217:Thunnus obesus
211:
210:
204:
203:
196:
191:Thunnus obesus
185:
184:
178:
177:
173:T. obesus
170:
168:
164:
163:
156:
152:
151:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
117:Actinopterygii
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3434:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Krill fishery
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Cod fisheries
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:Sea cucumbers
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Orange roughy
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2569:Demersal fish
2566:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:Organisations
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:Cakalang fufu
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Skipjack tuna
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:Mackerel tuna
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2135:Dogtooth tuna
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:Longtail tuna
2078:
2076:
2075:Blackfin tuna
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:0-09-189780-7
1986:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:0-00-216987-8
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1773:on 2013-07-15
1769:
1762:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1728:on 2014-10-14
1724:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1665:on 2014-07-27
1661:
1654:
1648:
1640:
1634:
1620:on 2014-10-14
1616:
1609:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1499:on 2017-10-27
1498:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1383:
1369:on 2016-03-04
1365:
1358:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1270:on 2014-10-10
1269:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:Hydrobiologia
1193:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1002:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
958:
956:
947:
934:
920:on 2015-12-22
916:
912:
905:
903:
894:
886:
882:
878:
874:
867:
865:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
770:
762:
756:
742:on 2015-06-05
738:
731:
725:
723:
716:
712:
709:
705:
697:
696:
691:
689:
683:
677:
662:
658:
656:
648:
639:
634:
630:
626:
625:
620:
618:
609:
605:
598:
595:
585:
583:
582:phytoplankton
578:
576:
575:ocean warming
557:
552:
543:
538:
537:
531:
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2996:salmon trout
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2294:Tuna Fishing
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2169:
2165:Slender tuna
2155:Little tunny
2140:Frigate tuna
2064:
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296:Thunnus sibi
295:
287:
280:Orcynus sibi
279:
271:
257:Thynnus sibi
256:
252:(Lowe, 1839)
248:
244:(Lowe, 1839)
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236:(Lowe, 1839)
232:
224:
220:(Lowe, 1839)
216:
190:
188:
172:
171:
159:
147:
24:Bigeye tuna
18:
3255:NatureServe
3203:iNaturalist
3110:Wikispecies
2830:Echinoderms
2737:Crustaceans
2504:Forage fish
2232:Katsuobushi
2130:Bullet tuna
2065:Bigeye tuna
1477:(1): 51–62.
1416:: 336–355.
523:purse seine
482:cephalopods
478:crustaceans
384:Description
329:bigeye tuna
3391:Categories
2843:Sea urchin
2296:(painting)
2267:Tuna salad
2120:Scombridae
2113:Other tuna
1777:2014-10-07
1732:2014-10-07
1669:2014-10-07
1624:2014-10-07
1503:2014-10-07
1453:August 26,
1373:2014-10-07
1274:2013-10-31
924:2014-10-07
746:2014-10-07
666:9 December
601:References
518:overfished
405:Physiology
395:dorsal fin
358:Scombridae
308:Kishinouye
272:Germo sibi
228:Lowe, 1839
155:Subgenus:
137:Scombridae
55:Vulnerable
2857:Fisheries
2722:Whitebait
2666:Toothfish
2492:yellowfin
2452:Swordfish
2194:Almadraba
2186:fisheries
2040:True tuna
1883:1944-8007
1828:wcpfc.int
1594:wcpfc.int
1576:iccat.int
1540:iattc.org
1522:wcpfc.int
463:Migration
167:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
3260:2.104430
3221:10148884
3177:FishBase
3101:Q1122241
3095:Wikidata
3013:Scallops
2991:Atlantic
2810:Scallops
2782:Molluscs
2689:Sturgeon
2656:Rockfish
2609:flounder
2604:Flatfish
2587:Atlantic
2557:european
2537:Sardines
2532:Menhaden
2487:skipjack
2462:albacore
2437:Mackerel
2301:Tunagate
2262:Tuna pot
2247:Tekkadon
2237:Kezuriki
2060:Albacore
1958:FishBase
1899:Archived
1810:iotc.org
1786:cite web
1741:cite web
1702:iotc.org
1678:cite web
1633:cite web
1558:iotc.org
1382:cite web
1331:Csiro.au
1215:42568333
1184:85067043
1138:84674342
992:85941049
873:Csiro.au
804:84769358
755:cite web
711:Archived
695:FishBase
527:longline
438:Behavior
424:Spawning
401:spines.
362:Hawaiian
352:mackerel
265:Schlegel
261:Temminck
208:Synonyms
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
3422:Thunnus
3195:2373996
3028:Tilapia
3018:Seaweed
3006:chinook
2981:Oysters
2976:Mussels
2961:Catfish
2944:crucian
2934:bighead
2848:more...
2820:more...
2805:Oysters
2800:Octopus
2795:Mussels
2790:Abalone
2772:more...
2755:Lobster
2727:more...
2694:Tilapia
2651:Pollock
2636:Haddock
2614:halibut
2592:Pacific
2577:Catfish
2522:Herring
2517:Capelin
2512:Anchovy
2411:fishery
2227:Chūtoro
2217:Botargo
2209:As food
2182:Fishing
2054:Thunnus
1861:Bibcode
1572:"ICCAT"
1493:fao.org
1418:Bibcode
1302:Bibcode
1238:Bibcode
1164:Bibcode
1118:Bibcode
1053:Bibcode
1018:Bibcode
972:Bibcode
855:4344226
847:1641023
827:Bibcode
784:Bibcode
569:Threats
534:Gallery
347:Thunnus
341:of the
201:, 1839)
160:Thunnus
148:Thunnus
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
3374:127028
3361:345172
3348:358613
3335:127028
3322:597472
3306:NZOR:
3234:172428
3208:114125
3151:ARKive
3023:Shrimp
2986:Salmon
2954:silver
2939:common
2921:Farmed
2765:Prawns
2760:Shrimp
2641:Mullet
2629:turbot
2619:plaice
2467:bigeye
2442:Salmon
2242:Mojama
1987:
1973:
1881:
1213:
1182:
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990:
853:
845:
819:Nature
802:
562:On ice
411:oxygen
399:dorsal
374:oceans
355:family
310:, 1915
267:, 1844
263:&
3369:WoRMS
3247:21859
3216:IRMNG
3169:56P7C
2949:grass
2815:Squid
2750:Krill
2699:Trout
2552:Sprat
2542:Saury
2527:Ilish
2447:Shark
2337:WCPFC
2332:CCSBT
2327:ICCAT
2317:IATTC
2276:Other
2171:Auxis
1849:(PDF)
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1211:S2CID
1180:S2CID
1134:S2CID
988:S2CID
918:(PDF)
907:(PDF)
851:S2CID
800:S2CID
740:(PDF)
733:(PDF)
592:Most
360:. In
343:genus
3330:OBIS
3294:NOAA
3286:8241
3281:NCBI
3242:IUCN
3229:ITIS
3190:GBIF
3001:coho
2929:Carp
2745:Crab
2684:Carp
2624:sole
2547:Shad
2457:Tuna
2420:Wild
2322:IOTC
2184:and
2048:Tuna
2032:Tuna
1995:2005
1985:ISBN
1971:ISBN
1879:ISSN
1792:link
1747:link
1684:link
1639:link
1455:2016
1388:link
946:help
843:PMID
761:link
668:2012
629:2011
480:and
472:Diet
366:ʻahi
339:tuna
327:The
199:Lowe
3268:NBN
3182:146
3164:CoL
3138:AFD
3125:ADW
2717:Eel
2582:Cod
1869:doi
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