30:
263:, is burnt off. The novices are then led off to a camp distant several miles away, where they must again observe silence, with heads bowed. Once separated from the women, they are given detailed knowledge of edible and taboo foods, but additional knowledge about plants is also provided by the womenfolk when they return to that company During the following days the men hunt, sometimes bringing the initiands with them, and allowing them to partake of choice morsels. Of an evening, theatrical scenarios mimicking acts like hunting for wombats or scaring possums out of trees take place.
270:, their bodies greased and covered with charcoal stand off, with grotesque headwear, 20 paces in front of the boys, and a bullroarer is swung. Each is then approached by an elder, rubbed with the bullroarer, and told, always by a man from a different tribe than his own, never to reveal the secrets he has observed, on pain of death. The boys are then led to the women's camp to endure an ordeal by smoke. The following day, the tribes dispersed, each taking a graduate of the ceremony from a neighbouring tribe, who then undergoes
358:'Die Zeit, welche die Initiationszeremonien der Birdhawal-Stämme beanspruchten, war in den möglichst engen Grenzen gehalten. … Die Notwendigkeit jeder billigen Beschleunigung erscheint natürlich, wenn man bedenkt, daß das Leben aller australischen Eingeborenen ein ununterbrochener Kampf um die Existenz ist, und daher ist der besondere Bedarf an Wild und vegetabilischen Produkten infolge der ‘Invasion’ der zu Gast weilenden Stämme eine sehr ernste und wichtige Sache.'
362:'The time occupied in connection with the initiation ceremony of the Birdhawal tribes was kept within the shortest possible limits. … The necessity for all reasonable expedition is obvious when we remember that the life of all Australian aboriginals is one continual struggle for existence, and hence the extra demand on the game and vegetable products due to the ‘invasion’ of the visiting tribes is quite a serious and momentous matter.'
254:
is heard, a signal for the women to leave and set up a new camp somewhere distantly. The elders and medicine men then get the boys to sit upright, and they are adorned with the tribal regalia of manhood, brow-band, a girdle round the waist, an apron and the like, while their heads were covered with
238:
material. There the boys are obliged to lie on the leaf beds, and, covered over with foliage, told to remain motionless and speechless. If they feel the call of nature, they must do it without moving. Fires are lit near their feet to keep them warm. Throughout the night, the women, followed by the
224:
The day after, a body of men trail out to a site some 300–400 metres away, clear it and strew the ground of the resulting horseshoe arena with foliage. Towards sunset, the boys and women, at some distance, stand in the beating ground they occupied the day before, as the warriors return, armed with
216:
The men, likewise dressed out now arrive, at a trot, in single file, while beating the ground a piece of bark, and, forming a curved row before the novices, start a rhythmic beating of the ground in a wave from end to end and back. After this, the boys return with their mothers to their respective
167:
This tract is one of the most inhospitable that I have seen in
Australia. I have traversed its scrubs, mountains and swamps fo(u)r several times, and I observed little in it of living creatures excepting a few wallaby, snakes, leeches, mosquitoes and flies. Yet the Bidweli inhabited the few small
233:
to women nearby, encircle the boys, and toss the twigs and shorn boughs, with the women, over the boys' heads. The lads are then raised on men's shoulders, and breath in and out deeply as they sway, which earns them a congratulatory shout. Thereupon, they are led to the horseshoe enclosure, with
208:
At around midday, the boys would begin to be decked out by their mothers and sisters with the body paint and feathered headdress proper to each tribe's customs, and, by late afternoon, would be led to sit on bark or leave-green boughs, heads bent down, in a cleared space some distance from the
192:
The hosting
Bidawal would prepare the ceremonial ground while messengers alerted distant tribes to present themselves for the occasion. On their arrival, the presiding elders would call out the prominent landscape features of each tribe as they settled variously on grounds cleared for their
371:'I can feel no doubt that the Biduelli country was an Australian "cave of Adullam"; that the tribe was built up by refugees from tribal justice, or individual vengeance, and that they organised themselves, as far as they could do so.'
282:
The
Bidawal may have been an aggregation of aboriginals from several tribes, each seeking refuge in this harsh piece of territory from tribal justice. Howitt, who raised this hypothesis, suggested that their land functioned like the
593:
1387:
724:
1143:
1378:
1503:
717:
1060:
1122:
635:
1538:
1561:
1531:
710:
1496:
1359:
189:. Given the relative scarcity of food resources to sustain incomers, the gathering Bidawal conducted their variation of the ceremony rapidly.
1129:
143:, extended over 7,000 square kilometres (2,700 sq mi), straddling the present borders of New South Wales and Victoria, from
1510:
209:
ceremonial ground proper, each mother marking the spot with her yamstick, as songs were droned. At this stage they were now called
1524:
1280:
1517:
1316:
692:
578:
1076:
1136:
620:
1188:
1345:
1287:
1230:
1216:
1174:
1167:
685:
Aboriginal Tribes of
Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
266:
On the afternoon of the final day, the boys are made to sit, still with their head coverings, while a set of
537:
Barwick, Diane E. (1984). McBryde, Isabel (ed.). "Mapping the past: an atlas of
Victorian clans 1835-1904".
1338:
1223:
1181:
1154:
1108:
144:
660:
1440:
1209:
570:
152:
1475:
1433:
197:(closed consultative assembly) to arrange the details of the forthcoming ceremony, the preceptors (
1566:
1461:
1202:
965:
656:
630:
182:
17:
680:
53:
1090:
733:
610:
606:
588:
564:
329:
160:
68:
33:
29:
201:) for the novices and the men who would orchestrate proceedings, collectively known as the
64:
259:
then takes charge of his boy, and the leafy site is set on fire, until all, including the
8:
1454:
1426:
1403:
1244:
811:
769:
661:"Initiationszeremonie des Birdhawal-Stammes (Initiation Ceremony of the Birdhawal Tribe)"
239:
men, circle round the enclosure singing a tune no one can understand, while beating the
1412:
1237:
979:
860:
776:
644:
560:
548:
539:
104:
1309:
1097:
1028:
783:
688:
616:
574:
633:(October–December 1907). "Language of the Birdhawal Tribe, in Gippsland, Victoria".
1419:
1083:
958:
825:
804:
178:
96:
80:
284:
84:
1352:
1251:
895:
676:
100:
1555:
916:
846:
818:
271:
1258:
1113:
909:
748:
88:
1195:
1049:
1007:
993:
951:
930:
874:
867:
832:
790:
762:
594:
The
Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
148:
136:
1388:
Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and
Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria
702:
552:
95:
a number of words referring to mammals, birds and celestial bodies from
1468:
1447:
1069:
1035:
1021:
1000:
986:
944:
937:
349:
Tindale's "dhang" has been written as "thang" in accordance with Dixon.
251:
156:
140:
648:
972:
839:
797:
297:
Birdhawal, Birtowall, Bidwell, Bidwill, Bidwelli, Biduelli, Beddiwell
60:
923:
888:
881:
853:
92:
1042:
1014:
902:
56:
1379:
Members of the Yorta Yorta
Aboriginal Community v Victoria
287:
in the Old
Testament as a haven for persecuted fugitives.
243:, the purpose being to lull the boys into a drowsy sleep.
193:
respective camps. The initiated men would then conduct a
502:
478:
466:
255:
an animal skin to stop them from seeing anything. Each
71:, the Bidawal were composed of "refugees from tribes".
393:
391:
389:
387:
181:
of young men into full adult status were described by
591:(1886). "On the Migrations of the Kurnai Ancestors".
490:
418:
408:
406:
185:. Among the Bidawal, this common rite was called the
111:("good speech"), and that of the neighbouring Kurnai
91:
tribes to the west. However, the
Bidawal dialect had
514:
454:
442:
430:
384:
566:Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
403:
83:was either a dialect of or closely related to the
636:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1553:
665:Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft
177:The rites used by the Bidawal to negotiate the
163:, in traversing its terrain, wrote as follows:
615:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 79–81.
718:
151:. Inland to the west, it reached the area of
332:exonym, bearing the sense of "rough speech")
229:), and, having distributed a portion of the
225:twigs or switches stripped of their leaves (
99:, as well as a smaller number of words from
725:
711:
732:
612:The Native Tribes of South-East Australia
687:. Australian National University Press.
28:
675:
655:
629:
536:
508:
496:
484:
472:
460:
448:
436:
424:
412:
107:. The Bidawal called their own dialect
14:
1562:Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (state)
1554:
1360:Laws concerning Indigenous Australians
1281:Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register
605:
587:
520:
172:
1317:Minister for Treaty and First Peoples
706:
559:
397:
290:
1077:Deen Maar Indigenous Protected Area
24:
25:
1578:
360:Recently retranslated as follows:
1189:Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park
365:
274:and taught further traditions.
1346:Aboriginal Protection Act 1869
1288:Victoria Archaeological Survey
1231:Mount William stone axe quarry
352:
343:
135:Bidawal land, basically tough
115:. The Kurnai, however, called
13:
1:
1109:Registered Aboriginal Parties
234:women bringing with them the
149:Cape Everard, now Point Hicks
1339:Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006
1224:Lake Bolac stone arrangement
1182:Carisbrook stone arrangement
378:
7:
74:
10:
1583:
1441:Convincing Ground massacre
571:Cambridge University Press
529:
277:
130:
123:, and that of the Bidawal
87:, which was spoken by the
1485:
1402:
1369:
1333:
1326:
1301:
1268:
1162:
1153:
1107:
1059:
740:
1476:Murdering Gully massacre
1434:Campaspe Plains massacre
336:
1462:Mudgegonga rock shelter
1203:Grampians National Park
677:Tindale, Norman Barnett
246:Just after daybreak a
170:
155:and the headwaters of
37:
1491:By state or territory
734:Aboriginal Victorians
165:
161:Alfred William Howitt
137:sclerophyll woodlands
69:Alfred William Howitt
54:Australian Aboriginal
32:
157:Cann and Bern rivers
36:language territories
34:Aboriginal Victorian
1455:Gippsland massacres
1427:Blood Hole massacre
1302:State organisations
1245:Sunbury earth rings
173:Initiation ceremony
168:open tracts in it.'
1504:Northern Territory
1238:New Guinea II cave
540:Aboriginal History
475:, pp. 20, 23.
179:initiatory passage
127:("rough speech").
38:
1549:
1548:
1539:Western Australia
1398:
1397:
1310:Heritage Victoria
1297:
1296:
1098:Lake Boga mission
694:978-0-708-10741-6
580:978-0-521-47378-1
511:, pp. 21–22.
487:, pp. 20–21.
291:Alternative names
16:(Redirected from
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1084:Ebenezer Mission
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1038:
1031:
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966:Pallanganmiddang
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933:
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826:Djargurd Wurrong
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643:(187): 346–359.
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81:Bidawal language
21:
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1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
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1497:New South Wales
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1413:Batman's Treaty
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681:"Bidawal (VIC)"
623:
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561:Dixon, R. M. W.
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285:Cave of Adullam
280:
217:women's camps (
175:
133:
85:Kurnai language
77:
67:. According to
44:(also known as
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1567:East Gippsland
1564:
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1353:Half-Caste Act
1349:
1342:
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1252:Tarragal Caves
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1206:
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1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1157:
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1123:Barengi Gadjin
1118:
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976:
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927:
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896:Krauatungalang
892:
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657:Mathews, R. H.
653:
631:Mathews, R. H.
627:
621:
603:
585:
579:
557:
547:(2): 100–131.
533:
531:
528:
526:
525:
513:
501:
489:
477:
465:
453:
441:
429:
427:, p. 203.
417:
402:
400:, p. 44..
382:
380:
377:
374:
373:
364:
351:
341:
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
330:Krauatungalung
323:
318:means "good"+
309:
299:
292:
289:
279:
276:
174:
171:
147:, N.S.W., and
132:
129:
113:gūnggala-dhang
76:
73:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1579:
1568:
1565:
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1120:
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1114:Land councils
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848:
847:Girai wurrung
844:
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837:
834:
830:
827:
823:
820:
819:Djadjawurrung
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813:
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622:9781108006323
618:
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607:Howitt, A. W.
604:
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589:Howitt, A. W.
586:
582:
576:
572:
568:
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:
535:
534:
523:, p. 81.
522:
517:
510:
505:
499:, p. 23.
498:
493:
486:
481:
474:
469:
463:, p. 19.
462:
457:
451:, p. 18.
450:
445:
439:, p. 17.
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272:scarification
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211:dhurtungurrin
206:
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196:
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188:
184:
183:R. H. Mathews
180:
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58:
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51:
47:
43:
35:
31:
27:
19:
1386:
1377:
1269:
1259:Wurdi Youang
812:Djab Wurrung
770:Braiakaulung
755:
749:Barababaraba
684:
668:
664:
640:
634:
611:
598:
592:
565:
544:
538:
516:
509:Mathews 1908
504:
497:Mathews 1908
492:
485:Mathews 1908
480:
473:Mathews 1908
468:
461:Mathews 1908
456:
449:Mathews 1908
444:
437:Mathews 1908
432:
425:Tindale 1974
420:
413:Tindale 1974
367:
359:
354:
345:
325:
319:
315:
311:
308:means "man")
305:
301:
296:
281:
267:
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186:
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166:
134:
124:
120:
119:own dialect
116:
112:
108:
78:
49:
45:
41:
39:
26:
1327:Legislation
1196:Cloggs Cave
1091:Framlingham
1061:Communities
1050:Yorta Yorta
1008:Wemba-Wemba
994:Wadawurrung
980:Tatungalung
952:Ngooraialum
931:Ladji Ladji
875:Jardwadjali
868:Gunditjmara
861:Gunaikurnai
833:Djilamatang
791:Boonwurrung
777:Brataualung
763:Brabiralung
521:Howitt 2010
1556:Categories
1511:Queensland
1469:Munangabum
1448:Coranderrk
1175:Box Gulley
1144:Wurundjeri
1137:Wathaurung
1070:Coranderrk
1036:Wurundjeri
1029:Wotjobaluk
1022:Woiwurrung
1001:Warkawarka
987:Taungurung
945:Minyambuta
938:Mardidjali
784:Bungandidj
601:: 419–420.
398:Dixon 2002
326:Kwai-dhang
257:bulluwrung
252:bullroarer
199:bulluwrung
195:wurradhang
145:Green Cape
141:rainforest
125:kwai-thang
52:) were an
1217:Kow Swamp
1168:Bend Road
973:Pangerang
959:Ngurelban
882:Jari Jari
840:Gadubanud
805:Dhudhuroa
798:Dadi Dadi
609:(2010) .
379:Citations
322:, speech)
312:Muk-dhang
187:Dyerrayal
121:muk-thang
109:muk-thang
105:Dhudhuroa
61:Gippsland
1532:Victoria
1525:Tasmania
1271:See also
1130:Bunurong
924:Kwatkwat
889:Jupagalk
854:Gulidjan
756:Bidhawal
679:(1974).
671:: 17–24.
659:(1908).
563:(2002).
553:24045800
268:kuringal
261:deddelun
241:deddelun
236:deddelun
231:deddelun
227:deddelun
219:burrikin
203:kuringal
153:Delegate
93:borrowed
75:Language
65:Victoria
46:Bidhawal
1404:History
1043:Yalukit
1015:Wergaia
741:Peoples
530:Sources
278:History
248:turndun
131:Country
97:Ngarigo
50:Bidwell
42:Bidawal
18:Bidawal
1370:Cases:
1210:Keilor
917:Kurung
691:
649:983474
647:
619:
577:
551:
89:Kurnai
1155:Sites
910:Kulin
903:Koori
645:JSTOR
549:JSTOR
337:Notes
117:their
101:Thawa
57:tribe
689:ISBN
617:ISBN
575:ISBN
306:ma:p
302:Maap
139:and
103:and
79:The
48:and
40:The
320:ðan
316:mak
221:).
59:of
1558::
683:.
669:38
667:.
663:.
641:46
639:.
599:15
597:.
573:.
569:.
543:.
405:^
386:^
213:.
205:.
159:.
63:,
1111:/
726:e
719:t
712:v
697:.
651:.
625:.
583:.
555:.
545:8
415:.
328:(
314:(
304:(
250:(
20:)
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