820:
138:
437:
385:
121:
27:
410:
653:. The tribes and families of large tents, allied with the authorities, shared power through a game of balance, symbolized by the investiture with a caftan that the tribal chiefs received after the Bey. In Constantine, the city notables took an active part in the management of affairs and owned large agricultural land in the cereal crown around the city.
578:
and its definitive attachment to the central power of
Algiers in the 1530s. Control of the entire province is acquired only after clashes with the powerful tribal confederations of the region. In the 18th century, Constantine experienced a period of great political stability, thanks in particular to
613:
In addition, intrigues linked to power and maintained by the rivalries and ambitions of the contenders for the various government posts. The Beylik had experienced many popular revolts due to the rigours of the fiscal pressure in addition to socio-economic difficulties. This instability was
601:
didn't hesitate to legislate according to their interests and new alliances were also made through strategies of common marital practices among large families. Thus, Ahmed Bey el Kolli had married one of the
Bengana daughters and, in the second marriage, a daughter of the Mokrani family.
1054:(standard bearer of the pilgrimage caravan) is a major political and religious institution in local life, which has evolved a lot. Before the Ottoman period, it was the role of the Abdal-Muman family, then it passed to the Lefgoun family in 1572, where it remained until the
583:(1771–1792), who is considered the most remarkable governor of the province. It was a period marked by the consolidation of the government, urban development works, internal expeditions to maintain order as well as several victorious expeditions against
594:
Most of the wealth of the Beylik came from the levies on agricultural production. The agents of the administration maintained their provision at the prices of privileges granted to the local urban and rural elites. The city's
579:
the succession of a few energetic governors and competent administrators: Hasan Bey "Bou Kemia" (1713–1736), Hassan Bey Bou-Hanek (1736–1754), Hussein Bey Zereg-Aïnou (1754–1756), Ahmed Bey el Kolli (1756–1771) and especially
819:
137:
925:
Constantine had truly urban authorities. There was an employee called Qaid ed-dar with "municipal" attributions, in charge of the administration and the police of the city, he had a large number of municipal officials:
676:
tribes and other mountain populations escaped the authority of the Bey. Several tribes had a nomadic or semi-nomadic culture in the south, which constituted the most important part of the Beylik, including the
843:
especially, the Beys exercised an autonomous power in the provinces which were entrusted to them. The Bey was assisted by a number of administrators (who could also have a military role) including:
700:
there always remained very small: the permanent garrison of the province comprised only 300 men. They were mainly present in
Constantine and in the garrison towns, it was the same as the
1305:
261:
287:
707:
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Constantine had between 25 and 30,000 inhabitants, alongside the indigenous population of urban origin known as
1184:
727:
was one of the cities of the pre-colonial era with a population of over 10,000 inhabitants, the other cities having only a smaller population.
629:, who organized the fight against the French troops. It took two sieges to overcome the resistance of the inhabitants of the city, which
588:
1310:
863:
684:
Among the important tribes of the western region, we could distinguish the
Telaghma, the Oulad Abdenour, the Amar Gheraba and the
852:
1130:
was the oldest and most redoubted cavalry of the
Makhzen in the province, it formed a warrior tribe established in the plain of
991:, an active role and where they animated the parties which shared the city. Civil justice was exercised through the care of two
770:
It measured approximately 430 km in its greatest length and 330 km in average width. The coast of the province, from
649:
The Beylik of
Constantine was the most populated of three Beylik of the Regency, it brought together nearly two-thirds of the
1276:
1295:
120:
70:
48:
41:
1022:
Constantine had about a hundred religious establishments, including many mosques. Each mosque was attached by an
311:
128:
1191:
696:, the Nementcha and the Amar Cheraga. The Turkish ethnic element played only a negligible role, the number of
567:. The city is built on a plateau, surrounded on three sides by a deep ravine at the bottom of which flows the
1204:(1987). ""The characteristics of an "average" Arab city in the 18th century. The instance of Constantine." -
614:
correlated with the economic situation, agricultural production, periods of drought, famines and diseases.
962:
or trustees of the trade corporations, were responsible for supervising the workers and settling disputes;
1300:
618:
1015:. This tribunal met every Friday and tried the most serious cases. It was chaired by the Bey or by the
824:
610:. The mother of the last Bey was a Bengana and he had married one of the daughters of the Mokrani too.
538:
542:
436:
403:
1123:
202:
35:
782:, the seat of the Beylik, was the most important city, followed by Annaba, the other cities were
650:
1261:
526:
490:
462:
390:
52:
1251:
Statistical, historical, military and political considerations about the regency of
Algiers -
1122:
which had a total of 333 men. To compensate for this low number, the government relied on the
1206:" Les caractéristiques d'une ville arabe "moyenne" au XVIIIe siècle. Le cas de Constantine. "
862:: had the command of the provincial troops and had a cavalry made up of the fractions of the
851:: was the bey's deputy and had for functions; ensure the collection of taxes and control the
760:
607:
580:
299:
206:
1095:
1055:
779:
630:
564:
534:
530:
348:
174:
559:
The Beylik of the East was the most important and the richest of the three
Beyliks of the
8:
1253:
Considérations statistiques, historiques, militaires et politiques sur la régence d'Alger
325:
831:
The highest authority in the Beylik was the Bey of
Constantine who was appointed by the
560:
554:
507:
143:
638:
574:
The period extending from 1514 to 1648 saw the end of
Constantine's dependence on the
1272:
1228:(1973). ""The Constantine flag at the time of Hadj Ahmed, last Bey of Constantine" -
1225:
1187:
748:
735:
The province of Constantine had a vast territory. It was bounded on the north by the
511:
257:
147:
1150:
were the true administrators of the tribes. In addition to these tribes, each great
873:: was a kind of secretary general who ensured the important correspondence with the
1237:
1213:
874:
441:
188:
1201:
1131:
1230:" Le drapeau constantinois à l'époque de Hadj Ahmed, dernier Bey de Constantine "
988:
764:
744:
584:
481:
453:
239:
192:
151:
98:
522:, also known as the Beylik of the Sunset). The region liberated itself from the
1071:
836:
832:
740:
697:
575:
523:
519:
1289:
1159:
878:
791:
756:
736:
622:
1241:
1217:
568:
1107:
1075:
840:
771:
231:
223:
164:
711:, the city attracted populations from the interior of Algeria, known as
701:
515:
506:) as was its official designation, was one of the three Beyliks of the
795:
673:
634:
626:
1158:
had a certain number of horsemen with him. In addition to that, the
1119:
1050:, considered the leader of the religion, who also bore the title of
1000:
996:
693:
678:
955:, was in charge of the city police, particularly during the night;
1180:
1147:
1111:
1067:
1031:
1027:
799:
716:
704:. A Jewish population was also noted in the towns of the beylik.
692:. East of Constantine, we could have found the Oulad Zenati, the
685:
669:
603:
428:
235:
1103:
1099:
1004:
803:
775:
752:
724:
720:
689:
597:
220:
184:
969:, administered the vacant estates for the benefit of the poor;
1162:
tribes could put 15 to 20,000 infantry under arms if needed.
1115:
1039:
992:
855:. It had tribes as its prerogative and could use the militia;
787:
783:
533:
in the mid to late 16th century. The Beylik collapsed in the
1023:
1046:
or agents responsible for the management of the cult. The
641:
and continued the struggle until he surrendered in 1848.
529:
in the early 16th century, and constituted itself around
268:
253:
1248:
146:. The Beylik of Constantine is the easternmost, between
823:
Tribal map of the province of Constantine during the
1266:
History of North Africa, from its origins to 1830 –
501:
495:
467:
1268:Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830
1234:Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée
1210:Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée
1142:and had for military and administrative chief the
909:: was the overseer of the money transport convoys;
916:: was in charge of the march of horses and mules.
814:
664:(fractions of tribes) which were subdivided into
545:was formed upon the bases of the Beylik in 1848.
1287:
920:
755:in the northern part of their frontier from the
625:in 1830, the Constantinians invested power in
563:. The Bey usually made his residence there in
16:Governorate (Beylik) in the Regency of Algiers
1306:States and territories disestablished in 1837
1138:. All the other tribesmen of war were called
809:
934:, collected the duties of grant and customs;
90:
1249:Juchereau de Saint-Denis, Antoine (1831).
987:The local families played, throughout the
888:: was the head of the bey's private guard;
136:
902:: was the leader of the standard bearers;
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
1171:
1146:, installed in Constantine, however the
818:
656:The rural populations were divided into
435:
34:This article includes a list of general
1200:
1288:
1260:
1224:
681:, the Seghnia, and the Oulad Sultan.
1176:L'Algérie durant la période Ottomane
1174:Algeria during the Ottoman period –
1086:service (expeditionary column). The
895:: was the head of the bey's stables;
20:
948:, was in charge of the cleanliness;
606:married his three daughters to the
485:
457:
91:
13:
440:Reception of an ambassador in the
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1322:
1134:, whose chief bore the title of
408:
383:
119:
25:
1311:History of Constantine Province
1165:
1061:
983:, announced official decisions.
815:Administration of the province
514:, also known as the Beylik of
1:
921:Administration of Constantine
644:
751:, separated by the chain of
730:
260:under the suzerainty of the
142:Map of the Provinces of the
7:
976:, was the head of the Jews;
502:
496:
468:
10:
1327:
1296:Former countries in Africa
1172:Kaddache, Mahfoud (1992).
810:Organization of the Beylik
739:, and on the south by the
552:
548:
539:French conquest of Algeria
941:, controlled the markets;
535:1837 siege of Constantine
510:(the other two being the
424:
404:Constantine (departement)
362:
358:
345:
335:
331:
321:
317:
305:
293:
281:
277:
267:
245:
212:
198:
180:
170:
159:
135:
127:Personal standard of the
116:
111:
85:
1242:10.3406/remmm.1973.1252
1218:10.3406/remmm.1987.2163
1082:service (garrison) and
747:and on the west by the
181:Official languages
129:last Bey of Constantine
55:more precise citations.
1078:. It was divided into
828:
589:Tunisian–Algerian Wars
543:Constantine department
445:
1262:Julien, Charles-André
1090:were divided into 22
1003:. The two Qadis, the
822:
743:, on the east by the
715:, composed mainly of
660:(tribes), made up of
553:Further information:
474:Beylik of the Sunrise
450:Beylik of Constantine
442:Palace of Constantine
439:
199:Common languages
637:found refuge in the
349:Siege of Constantine
1271:. p. 677-677.
866:around Constantine;
688:, guardians of the
651:Algerian population
337:• Established
326:Early Modern Period
1301:Regency of Algiers
1236:(15–16): 323–326.
1226:Temimi, Abdeljelil
1038:(administrator of
829:
778:, is mountainous.
619:capture of Algiers
561:Regency of Algiers
555:Regency of Algiers
520:Beylik of the West
508:Regency of Algiers
478:Beylik of the East
446:
144:Regency of Algiers
87:Beylik of the East
1278:978-2-228-88789-2
1094:in the cities of
1056:colonial conquest
1052:Amir rakb al-hajj
749:Beylik of Titteri
527:Emirate of Béjaïa
512:Beylik of Titteri
494:
466:
434:
433:
420:
419:
416:
415:
396:
395:
391:Hafsids of Béjaïa
307:• 1826–1837
300:Salah ben Mostefa
295:• 1771–1792
283:• 1528–1567
258:Elective monarchy
81:
80:
73:
1318:
1282:
1257:
1245:
1221:
1197:
1036:Sheikh an-nadher
967:Oukil bit el-mal
875:Pasha of Algiers
745:Regency of Tunis
576:Hafsids of Tunis
505:
499:
497:Bâylik Ash-sharq
489:
487:
471:
469:Bâylik Qasentina
461:
459:
412:
411:
400:
399:
387:
386:
380:
379:
364:
363:
140:
123:
105:Bâylik Qasentina
102:
94:
93:
83:
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65:
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56:
51:this article by
42:inline citations
29:
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1285:
1279:
1212:(44): 134–147.
1194:
1168:
1064:
1048:Sheikh al-Islam
923:
860:Agha es sbaihia
825:French conquest
817:
812:
733:
647:
639:Aurès Mountains
557:
551:
503:Bâylik Al-sharq
409:
384:
351:
338:
308:
296:
288:Ramdane-Tchulak
284:
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203:Algerian Arabic
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47:Please help to
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1258:
1246:
1222:
1202:Raymond, André
1198:
1192:
1167:
1164:
1124:Makhzen tribes
1066:The Bey had a
1063:
1060:
1042:property) and
1011:, made up the
985:
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
922:
919:
918:
917:
914:Khodja al-khil
910:
907:Bach khazbadji
903:
896:
889:
882:
867:
856:
833:Dey of Algiers
816:
813:
811:
808:
741:Saharan desert
732:
729:
646:
643:
633:. Afterwards,
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322:Historical era
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1247:
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1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1185:Alger: O.P.U.
1182:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:Agha ed-Daïra
1141:
1137:
1136:Qaid ez-zmala
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
982:
978:
975:
971:
968:
964:
961:
957:
954:
953:Qaid el-Casba
950:
947:
946:Qaid ez-zebel
943:
940:
936:
933:
929:
928:
927:
915:
911:
908:
904:
901:
897:
894:
890:
887:
886:Bach mekaheli
883:
880:
879:Sublime Porte
876:
872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
854:
850:
846:
845:
844:
842:
838:
834:
826:
821:
807:
805:
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797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
737:Mediterranean
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
675:
671:
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659:
654:
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642:
640:
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632:
628:
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620:
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611:
609:
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600:
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586:
582:
577:
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566:
562:
556:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
498:
492:
483:
479:
475:
470:
464:
458:بايلك قسنطينة
455:
451:
443:
438:
430:
427:
425:Today part of
423:
407:
405:
402:
401:
398:
392:
389:
382:
381:
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371:
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149:
145:
139:
134:
130:
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115:
110:
106:
100:
92:بايلك قسنطينة
84:
75:
72:
64:
54:
50:
44:
43:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
1269:
1265:
1254:
1250:
1233:
1229:
1209:
1205:
1177:
1173:
1166:Bibliography
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1065:
1062:Public Force
1051:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
986:
980:
973:
966:
959:
952:
945:
939:Qaid es-souk
938:
931:
924:
913:
906:
899:
893:Bach serradj
892:
885:
870:
859:
848:
835:, among the
830:
769:
759:Kingdoms of
734:
712:
708:
706:
683:
665:
661:
657:
655:
648:
631:fell in 1837
616:
612:
596:
593:
573:
569:Rhumel River
558:
477:
473:
449:
447:
373:Succeeded by
372:
367:
262:Algerian Dey
249:
227:
216:
207:Judeo-Arabic
104:
67:
58:
39:
18:
1096:Constantine
1076:Kouloughlis
1070:made up of
1017:Qaid ed-dar
989:Ottoman era
932:Qaid el-Bab
841:Kouloughlis
780:Constantine
702:kouloughlis
587:during the
565:Constantine
537:during the
531:Constantine
486:بيليك الشرق
368:Preceded by
240:Catholicism
232:Ibadi Islam
228:Minorities:
224:Sunni Islam
175:Constantine
165:governorate
163:Provincial
53:introducing
1290:Categories
1193:9961000994
1132:Aïn M'lila
1026:, several
871:Bach katib
790:, Béjaïa,
713:barrâniyya
645:Population
617:After the
518:, and the
312:Hadj Ahmed
246:Government
61:March 2021
36:references
900:Bach alam
761:Ait Abbas
731:Geography
674:Ferdjioua
635:Ahmed Bey
627:Ahmed Bey
581:Salah Bey
491:romanized
463:romanized
250:1528–1830
217:Official:
213:Religion
112:1528–1837
1264:(1994).
1013:Medjelés
1001:Hanafite
999:and one
997:Malekite
974:Mokkadem
877:and the
849:Khalifah
694:Hanancha
679:Haraktas
662:kharouba
608:Mokranis
1148:Sheikhs
1112:Tebessa
1084:mahalla
1068:militia
1032:Muezzin
1028:Talibes
837:Ottoman
827:(1842).
800:Tebessa
721:Biskris
717:Kabyles
686:Medjana
670:Zouaoua
621:by the
604:Ali Bey
549:History
493::
465::
429:Algeria
347:•
236:Judaism
193:Osmanli
171:Capital
148:Titteri
49:improve
1275:
1190:
1160:Kabyle
1152:Sheikh
1126:. The
1120:Bouïra
1108:Béjaïa
1104:Biskra
1100:Annaba
1009:Adouls
1007:, the
1005:Muftis
995:, one
981:Berrah
960:Amines
864:douars
804:Biskra
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