33:
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2417:, which ultimately stimulated the rapid growth of a European sugar beet industry. By 1840 about 5% of the world's sugar was derived from sugar beets, and by 1880 this number had risen more than tenfold to over 50%. The sugar beet was introduced to North America after 1830 with the first commercial production starting in 1879 at a farm in
977:
Cultivated beets are grown worldwide in regions without severe frosts. They prefer relatively cool temperatures between 15 and 19 °C. Leaf beets can thrive in warmer temperatures than beetroot. As descendants of coastal plants, they tolerate salty soils and drought. They grow best on pH-neutral
722:
have a long petiole (which may be thickened and red, white, or yellow in some cultivars). The simple leaf blade is oblanceolate to heart-shaped, dark green to dark red, slightly fleshy, usually with a prominent midrib, with entire or undulate margin, 5â20 cm long on wild plants (often much
765:
In fruit, the glomerules of flowers form connate hard clusters. The fruit (utricle) is enclosed by the leathery and incurved perianth, and is immersed in the swollen, hardened perianth base. The horizontal seed is lenticular, 2â3 mm, with a red-brown, shiny seed coat. The seed contains an
2385:, Germany. Moritz Baron von Koppy and his son further selected from this race for white, conical tubers. The selection was named 'WeiĂe Schlesische ZuckerrĂźbe', meaning white Silesian sugar beet, and boasted about a 6% sugar content. This selection is the progenitor of all modern sugar beets.
2336:
primarily by leafy forms like chard and spinach beet. Zohary and Hopf also argue that it is very probable that beetroot cultivars were also grown at the time, and some Roman recipes support this. Later
English and German sources show that beetroots were commonly cultivated in
2229:. Beetroot cells are quite unstable and will 'leak' when cut, heated, or when in contact with air or sunlight. This is why red beetroots leave a purple stain. Leaving the skin on when cooking, however, will maintain the integrity of the cells and therefore minimize leakage.
1192:) - The sugar beet is a major commercial crop due to its high concentrations of sucrose, which is extracted to produce table sugar. It was developed from garden beets in Germany in the late 18th century after the roots of beets were found to contain sugar in 1747.
1030:. Today sea beet and cultivated beets are considered as belonging to the same species, because they may hybridize and form fertile offspring. The taxonomy of the various cultivated races has a long and complicated history, they were treated at the rank of either
2996:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
718:); they are brown, fibrous, sometimes swollen, and woody in the wild subspecies. The stems grow erect or, in the wild forms, often procumbent; they are simple or branched in the upper part, and their surface is ribbed and striate. The basal
1022:. Linnaeus regarded sea beet, chard and red beet as varieties (at that time, sugar beet and mangelwurzel had not been selected yet). In the second edition of "Species Plantarum" (1762), Linnaeus separated the sea beet as its own species,
2995:
2412:
opened schools specifically for studying the plant. He also ordered that 28,000 hectares (69,000 acres) be devoted to growing the new sugar beet. This was in response to
British blockades of cane sugar during the
2184:
pigments. The composition of different betalain pigments can vary, resulting in strains of beetroot which are yellow or other colors in addition to the familiar deep red. Some of the betalains in beets are
714:
up to 120 cm (rarely 200 cm) height; cultivated forms are mostly biennial. The roots of cultivated forms are dark red, white, or yellow and moderately to strongly swollen and fleshy (subsp.
1219:) - The leaf beet group has a long history dating to the second millennium BC. The first cultivated forms were believed to have been domesticated in the Mediterranean, but were introduced to the
2118:" was once a common name for beet root cultivars for the garden. Examples include: Bastian's Blood Turnip, Dewing's Early Blood Turnip, Edmand Blood Turnip, and Will's Improved Blood Turnip.
1100:
2365:
isolated sugar from beetroots and found them at concentrations of 1.3-1.6%. He also demonstrated that sugar could be extracted from beets that was the same as that produced from
1138:
2975:
3426:
1293:) - This is the red root vegetable that is most typically associated with the word 'beet'. It is especially popular in Eastern Europe where it is the main ingredient of
3098:
Massey, L. K.; Roman-Smith, H; Sutton, R. A. (1993). "Effect of dietary oxalate and calcium on urinary oxalate and risk of formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones".
1891:
vegetable. They are also pickled. Raw beets are added to salads. A large proportion of the commercial production is processed into boiled and sterilised beets or into
1857:
1870:. Young leaves of the garden beet are sometimes used similarly. The midribs of Swiss chard are eaten boiled while the whole leaf blades are eaten as spinach beet.
1135:, the wild ancestor of all cultivated beets. Its distribution area reaches from the coasts of Western Europe and the Mediterranean Sea to the Near and Middle East.
1043:
2318:, suggests the leafy varieties of the beet were grown primarily for most of its history, though these lost much of their popularity following the introduction of
738:
or in the upper half of the inflorescence without bracts. The hermaphrodite flowers are urn-shaped, green or tinged reddish, and consist of five basally connate
3049:
Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant
Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
2288:. Zohary and Hopf note that beetroot is "linguistically well identified". They state the earliest written mention of the beet comes from 8th century BC
3227:
1243:. This variety is widely cultivated for its leaves, which are usually cooked like spinach. It can be found in many grocery stores around the world.
3779:
2428:
It remains a widely cultivated commercial crop for producing table sugar, in part due to subsidies scaled to keep it competitive with tropical
3854:
1266:) - Chard leaves have thick and fleshy midribs. Both the midribs and the leaf blades are used as vegetables, often in separate dishes. Some
1270:
are also grown ornamentally for their coloured midribs. The thickened midribs are thought to have arisen from the spinach beet by mutation.
1917:(New Year). Its Aramaic name ץ××§× sounds like the word for "remove" or "depart"; it is eaten with a prayer "that our enemies be removed".
3058:
Keritot 6a; Horiyot 12a; Rabbenu Nissim at the end of Rosh
Hashana, citing the custom of Rav Hai Gaon; Abudraham; Shulchan Aruch OC 583:1
2681:
Free, J. B.; Williams, Ingrid H.; Longden, P. C.; Johnson, M. G. (1975). "Insect pollination of sugar-beet (Beta vulgaris) seed crops".
1119:): occurring in disturbed habitats and steppes of Southeast Europe (Greece) and Western Asia (Cyprus, Israel, western Syria and Turkey).
3644:
3965:
3260:
3003:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
2129:
living in the plant. Breeding programs can produce cultivars with low geosmin levels yielding flavours more acceptable to consumers.
2900:
1887:
The usually deep-red roots of garden beet can be baked, boiled, or steamed, and often served hot as a cooked vegetable or cold as a
3872:
3727:
3133:
Lee, E. J.; An, D; Nguyen, C. T.; et al. (2014). "Betalain and betaine composition of greenhouse- or field-produced beetroot (
2967:
3434:
3792:
3740:
3191:
Lu, G.; Edwards, CG; Fellman, JK; et al. (February 2003). "Biosynthetic origin of geosmin in red beets (Beta vulgaris L.)".
3890:
2148:/acre) harvest requires 600 grams of elemental boron per hectare (8.6 ounces/acre) for growth. A lack of boron causes the
3343:
Domestication of plants in the old world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley
3916:
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3944:
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2125:. Researchers have not yet answered whether beets produce geosmin themselves or whether it is produced by symbiotic soil
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4027:
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32:
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The leaves and stems of young plants are steamed briefly and eaten as a vegetable; older leaves and stems are
661:
are typically recognised. All cultivars, despite their quite different morphologies, fall into the subspecies
3841:
1122:
723:
larger in cultivated plants). The upper leaves are smaller, their blades are rhombic to narrowly lanceolate.
2752:
1853:
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1903:, is a popular dish. Yellow-coloured garden beets are grown on a very small scale for home consumption.
3978:
2362:
1844:
4116:
4068:
3882:
3815:
3488:
2730:
2576:, Volume 4: "Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae", part 1., Oxford University Press, New York, p. 266-267,
2397:
734:. Very small flowers sit in one- to three- (rarely eight-) flowered glomerules in the axils of short
1320:) - This variety was developed in the 18th century from the garden beet for its tubers for use as a
4111:
4096:
3389:
2396:
A royal decree led to the first factory devoted to sugar extraction from beetroots being opened in
3833:
1873:
In some parts of Africa, the whole leaf blades are usually prepared with the midribs as one dish.
3970:
3704:
3548:
3346:
56:
3631:
1741:
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3691:
3510:
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1702:
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literary sources suggest that in the 1st century BC the domestic beet was represented in the
2066:
1715:
160:
4019:
3934:
3496:
3652:
3271:
2508:
2418:
2189:, isobetanin, probetanin, and neobetanin (the red to violet ones are known collectively as
1966:
1767:
1728:
4042:
8:
2893:
2333:
2136:-intensive of modern crops, a dependency possibly introduced as an evolutionary response
1856:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
999:
3957:
2512:
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2781:
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2658:
2629:
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1996:
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184:
51:
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3405:
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3316:
3208:
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3014:
3004:
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2874:
Euro+Med
Plantbase â the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
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2771:
2716:
2690:
2653:
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2526:
2516:
2322:. The ancient Romans considered beets an important health food and an aphrodisiac.
2284:
though it has not been determined whether these were domesticated or wild forms of
2208:
2054:
1983:
1610:
1169:.: all cultivated beets belong to this subspecies. There are five Cultivar groups:
1035:
939:
704:
3618:
3572:
2833:
2809:
3996:
3903:
3559:
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3393:
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1039:
887:
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707:
630:
117:
81:
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3533:
2753:"A synopsis of Chenopodiaceae subfam. Betoideae and notes on the taxonomy of
2702:
2382:
2269:
2237:
2196:
2126:
2034:
2015:
1942:
1930:
1539:
1437:
1007:
731:
623:
176:
127:
3181:, from Heirloom Seedsmen, a website of the Baker Creek Heirloom Seed Company
2257:, the ancestor of modern cultivated beets, prospered along the coast of the
2164:
3461:
3212:
3171:
3158:
3018:
2667:
2540:
2374:
2325:
2315:
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959:
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137:
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3119:
2962:
3908:
3828:
3753:
3595:
3542:
3190:
2649:
2378:
2289:
2281:
2204:
2203:). Indicaxanthin has been shown as a powerful protective antioxidant for
2181:
2177:
2121:
The "earthy" taste of some beetroot cultivars comes from the presence of
2007:
1950:
1900:
1877:
1397:
1247:
1220:
962:. Naturalized they occur in other continents. The plants grow at coastal
955:
770:
759:
638:
3719:
2776:
2490:
2361:
subsidised experiments aimed at processes for sugar extraction. In 1747
879:
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1173:
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1031:
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658:
634:
3204:
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2310:
also mentions the plant. Available evidence, such as that provided by
3758:
3665:
3433:. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from
3307:
M.A. Eastwood; H. Nyhlin (1995). "Beeturia and colonic oxalic acid".
2366:
2311:
2307:
2277:
2273:
2153:
2145:
2141:
1954:
1660:
1535:
1053:
754:. The perianths of neighbouring flowers are often fused. Flowers are
619:
3504:
2627:
2610:. Science Press/Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing/St. Louis,
1239:. Their popularity declined in Europe following the introduction of
4004:
3867:
3527:
2938:
Hanelt, Peter; BĂźttner, R.; Mansfeld, Rudolf; Kilian, Ruth (2001).
2750:
2725:
2409:
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1992:
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107:
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2011:
1978:
1934:
1515:
1294:
1240:
971:
774:
3921:
3657:
3580:
2940:
Mansfeld's
Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
2497:
Species (Amaranthaceae) from a Time-Scaled
Molecular Phylogeny"
2405:
2401:
2303:
2293:
2115:
2084:
2071:
2000:
1988:
1946:
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1321:
983:
963:
778:
747:
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2388:
907:
900:
865:
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804:
2493:"Evolutionary and Biogeographic Insights on the Macaronesian
2422:
2215:
2133:
2100:
2053:
Cultivars with large, brightly coloured leaves are grown for
1888:
1427:
1373:
1335:
1228:
1224:
1200:
987:
743:
735:
646:
68:
2459:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017
1881:
1339:
719:
626:. Economically, it is the most important crop of the large
2989:
2968:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2680:
2491:
Romeiras M.M.; Vieira A.; Silva D.N.; et al. (2016).
2404:) in 1801. The Silesian sugar beet was soon introduced to
2218:
in people who are unable to break it down. This is called
3340:
2572:. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds.):
2329:
1938:
1457:
1330:
3388:
2847:
Linnaeus, C. (1762). "Species
Plantarum", (ed. 2): 322.
2832:
Linnaeus, C. (1753). "Species
Plantarum", Tomus I: 222.
2172:
The color of red/purple beetroot is due to a variety of
1044:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
3097:
766:
annular embryo and copious perisperm (feeding tissue).
3427:"Eat this! Fresh beets, nature's jewels for the table"
3400:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.
3306:
2630:"'Floral and Inflorescence Morphology and Ontogeny in
2199:
and vulgaxanthins (yellow to orange pigments known as
730:
are produced in dense spike-like, basally interrupted
2602:
In: Zhengyi, W., Raven, P.H., & Hong, D. (eds.):
1351:
Beets are a food plant for the larvae of a number of
2144:; on commercial farms, a 60 tonne per hectare (26.8
1965:The roots and leaves of the beet have been used in
669:. The wild ancestor of the cultivated beets is the
618:) is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily
3492:L. by KewScience, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, UK
3225:
3000:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2801:
1231:by 850 AD. These were used as medicinal plants in
982:soils containing plant nutrients and additionally
3137:L.) and inhibition of HepG2 cell proliferation".
2628:Flores Olvera H.; Smets E.; Vrijdaghs A. (2008).
2377:for sugar content and selected a local race from
2152:and the shoot to languish, eventually leading to
1692:
1525:
1110:(Pamukç. ex Aellen) Ford-Lloyd & J.T.Williams
4083:
3132:
2751:Kadereit G.; Hohmann S.; Kadereit J. W. (2006).
2596:Zhu, G.; Mosyakin, S.L.; Clemants, S.E. (2003).
2176:pigments, unlike most other red plants, such as
2272:, and four charred beetroots were found in the
2014:foods which are implicated in the formation of
2956:
2634:, with Special Emphasis on the Ovary Position"
2261:. Beetroot remains have been excavated in the
2021:
1392:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
938:are distributed in southwestern, northern and
2907:Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database.
2249:), the wild ancestor of the cultivated forms.
3100:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
2933:
2841:
2826:
2797:
2795:
1973:used beetroot as a treatment for fevers and
645:or garden beet; the leaf vegetable known as
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2872:In: "Chenopodiaceae (pro parte majore)." â
2302:later describes the beet as similar to the
2168:A selection of different colored beetroots.
2045:for their potential biological properties.
2003:to nullify the effects of 'garlic-breath'.
1995:, three of which feature the root of beet.
929:
3219:
3193:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3139:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2964:United States Food and Drug Administration
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
762:, the former method being more important.
373:(O.Bolòs & Vigo) Juan & M.B.Crespo
31:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3309:QJM: An International Journal of Medicine
2792:
2775:
2657:
2621:
2530:
2520:
2159:
3448:
3327:
3300:
3287:
3281:
3255:
3253:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
2910:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2421:. The sugar beet was also introduced to
2387:
2236:
2195:). Other pigments contained in beet are
2163:
2070:
1377:
1329:
1081:
1062:
1026:, and left only the cultivated beets in
688:
3184:
2737:
2709:
2471:
1960:
4084:
3424:
3418:
3367:
2860:
2574:Flora of North America North of Mexico
1925:In a 100 gram amount, beets supply 43
1016:, at the same time creating the genus
633:. It has several cultivar groups: the
3509:
3508:
3250:
3036:
2878:
2592:
2590:
2547:
2214:Betacyanin in beetroot may cause red
1969:to treat a wide variety of ailments.
1096:is classified into three subspecies:
750:, and a semi-inferior ovary with 2-3
4033:127ca4c0-4ada-4d7a-945b-ed19e8ef09f0
3883:769a29ce-c7b8-4e10-850f-d99c7f1fcd07
3341:Hopf, Maria; Zohary, Daniel (2000).
2111:", "table beet", or "garden beet").
637:, of greatest importance to produce
2225:The pigments are contained in cell
1866:Spinach beet leaves are eaten as a
773:found in 2 sets, which makes beets
649:or spinach beet or silverbeet; and
13:
3085:De honesta voluptate et valetudine
2695:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1975.tb00529.x
2587:
641:; the root vegetable known as the
14:
4138:
3482:
2425:via German settlers around 1850.
2344:
1999:recommended taking beetroot with
1060:, including the Chenopodiaceae).
966:, on stony and sandy beaches, in
3984:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:164505-1
1906:The consumption of beets causes
906:
899:
886:
864:
851:
829:
803:
55:
3473:University of California, Davis
3165:
3126:
3091:
3074:
3061:
3052:
3025:from the original on 2024-05-09
2978:from the original on 2024-03-27
1913:Jews traditionally eat beet on
3425:Zeldes, Leah A. (2011-08-03).
2942:. Springer. pp. 235â241.
2674:
2442:
2353:date back to mid-18th century
2207:and prevents the breakdown of
2060:
1880:and have a flavour resembling
970:or coastal grasslands, and in
684:
1:
2435:
2048:
1078:) at the shores of Heligoland
3112:10.1016/0002-8223(93)91530-4
2608:Ulmaceae through Basellaceae
2522:10.1371/journal.pone.0152456
2373:, evaluated 23 varieties of
2103:or "Bull's Blood"), or as a
1937:and have a minute amount of
1920:
1852:Percentages estimated using
1382:Packaged, precooked beetroot
896:
861:
826:
800:
7:
4127:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3226:Stephen Nottingham (2004).
3177:September 30, 2008, at the
2802:Stephen Nottingham (2004).
2138:its pre-industrial ancestor
2022:Phytochemicals and research
1991:for soups to be given as a
1945:of significant content are
1845:Link to USDA Database entry
1042:are used, according to the
993:
10:
4143:
4107:Medicinal plants of Europe
2457:Plants of the World Online
2232:
2132:Beets are one of the most
2064:
1977:, amongst other ailments.
1402:180 kJ (43 kcal)
1367:
1346:
16:Species of flowering plant
3517:
3467:January 20, 2009, at the
2731:Missouri Botanical Garden
2683:Annals of Applied Biology
2083:Beets are cultivated for
2010:are both considered high
1929:, contain 88% water, 10%
1851:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1792:
1779:
1766:
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1740:
1727:
1714:
1701:
1680:
1676:
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1626:
1609:
1592:
1575:
1558:
1534:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
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1478:
1474:
1470:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1426:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1391:
1056:in family Amaranthaceae (
1052:belongs to the subfamily
920:
883:Cross-eye view
878:
843:
817:
791:
786:
277:Krassochkin & Burenin
265:Krassochkin & Burenin
190:
183:
166:
159:
52:Scientific classification
50:
39:
30:
23:
4122:Plants described in 1753
4102:Medicinal plants of Asia
3290:"Beetroot Beta vulgaris"
2140:'s constant exposure to
930:Distribution and habitat
848:Parallel view
746:), 3-5 Ă 2â3 mm, 5
3347:Oxford University Press
3288:Hamilton, Dave (2005).
2400:, Silesia (now Konary,
2037:compounds prevalent in
1854:US recommendations
1363:
1358:
2393:
2250:
2169:
2160:Red or purple coloring
2080:
1858:the National Academies
1383:
1343:
1090:
1079:
822:Right frame
697:
597:Krassochkin ex Burenin
573:Krassochkin ex Burenin
2834:First description of
2566:Shultz, L.M. (2003).
2391:
2240:
2167:
2074:
2067:List of beet diseases
1500:Vitamins and minerals
1381:
1333:
1277:or garden beet (Syn.
1085:
1066:
1034:, or convarieties or
974:or disturbed places.
796:Left frame
692:
2419:Alvarado, California
1967:traditional medicine
1961:Traditional medicine
1338:(with purple-leaved
1006:was made in 1753 by
3398:Agricultural plants
2866:Uotila, P. (2011).
2777:10.3372/wi.36.36101
2513:2016PLoSO..1152456R
2334:Mediterranean basin
2079:, known as beetroot
1899:beet soup, such as
1611:Pantothenic acid (B
1388:
1000:species description
781:notation, 2n = 18.
218:Beta atriplicifolia
3268:Rio Tinto Minerals
2903:2013-05-04 at the
2650:10.1093/aob/mcn140
2394:
2357:where the king of
2251:
2170:
2091:), for sugar (the
2081:
1941:(table). The only
1819:Other constituents
1386:
1384:
1344:
1246:Flavescens Group,
1091:
1080:
934:The wild forms of
698:
501:O.Bolòs & Vigo
4079:
4078:
3930:Open Tree of Life
3511:Taxon identifiers
3411:978-0-521-40563-8
3360:978-0-19-850356-9
3261:"Can't beet this"
3205:10.1021/jf020905r
3151:10.1021/jf404648u
3010:978-0-309-48834-1
2949:978-3-540-41017-1
2495:Beta-Patellifolia
2371:Franz Karl Achard
2259:Mediterranean Sea
1864:
1863:
1809:
1808:
1273:Conditiva Group,
1172:Altissima Group,
1168:
1157:
1118:
1117:Pamukç. ex Aellen
1111:
1013:Species Plantarum
948:Mediterranean Sea
927:
926:
916:
915:
874:
873:
839:
838:
813:
812:
779:chromosome number
760:insect-pollinated
607:
606:
598:
586:
574:
562:
550:
538:
526:
514:
502:
490:
478:
466:
458:
450:
442:
434:
426:
418:
410:
402:
394:
386:
374:
362:
350:
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
266:
254:
246:
238:
234:Beta brasiliensis
230:
222:
214:
206:
4134:
4117:Palearctic flora
4072:
4071:
4059:
4058:
4046:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4023:
4022:
4013:
4012:
4000:
3999:
3987:
3986:
3974:
3973:
3961:
3960:
3948:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3925:
3924:
3912:
3911:
3899:
3898:
3886:
3885:
3876:
3875:
3863:
3862:
3850:
3849:
3847:NBNSYS0000003106
3837:
3836:
3824:
3823:
3811:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3788:
3787:
3775:
3774:
3762:
3761:
3749:
3748:
3736:
3735:
3723:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3700:
3699:
3687:
3686:
3674:
3673:
3661:
3660:
3648:
3647:
3635:
3634:
3622:
3621:
3609:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3575:
3563:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3506:
3505:
3476:
3459:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3394:Langer, R. H. M.
3386:
3365:
3364:
3338:
3325:
3324:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3292:. Archived from
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3270:. Archived from
3265:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3232:. Archived from
3223:
3217:
3216:
3188:
3182:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3095:
3089:
3078:
3072:
3069:De Re Coquinaria
3065:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2935:
2908:
2891:
2876:
2864:
2858:
2845:
2839:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2808:. Archived from
2799:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2761:
2748:
2735:
2734:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2638:Annals of Botany
2625:
2619:
2594:
2585:
2564:
2545:
2544:
2534:
2524:
2488:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2446:
2363:Andreas Marggraf
2209:alpha-tocopherol
2180:, which contain
2006:Beet greens and
1984:De re coquinaria
1910:in some people.
1696:
1647:
1631:
1614:
1597:
1580:
1563:
1536:Vitamin A equiv.
1529:
1496:
1495:
1389:
1385:
1166:
1155:
1116:
1109:
940:Southeast Europe
910:
903:
892:
890:
880:
868:
857:
855:
845:
833:
819:
807:
793:
784:
783:
596:
584:
572:
560:
548:
536:
524:
512:
500:
488:
476:
464:
456:
448:
440:
432:
424:
416:
408:
400:
392:
384:
372:
360:
348:
340:
332:
324:
316:
308:
300:
292:
284:
276:
264:
252:
244:
236:
228:
226:Beta bengalensis
220:
212:
204:
172:
152:B. vulgaris
60:
59:
35:
21:
20:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4112:Root vegetables
4097:Leaf vegetables
4082:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4067:
4062:
4054:
4049:
4041:
4039:
4031:
4026:
4018:
4016:
4008:
4003:
3995:
3990:
3982:
3977:
3969:
3964:
3956:
3951:
3943:
3941:
3933:
3928:
3920:
3915:
3907:
3904:Observation.org
3902:
3894:
3889:
3881:
3879:
3871:
3866:
3858:
3853:
3845:
3840:
3832:
3827:
3819:
3814:
3806:
3805:MichiganFlora:
3804:
3796:
3791:
3783:
3778:
3770:
3765:
3757:
3752:
3744:
3739:
3731:
3726:
3718:
3716:
3708:
3703:
3695:
3690:
3682:
3677:
3669:
3664:
3656:
3651:
3643:
3638:
3630:
3625:
3617:
3612:
3604:
3602:
3594:
3592:
3584:
3579:
3571:
3566:
3558:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3513:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3469:Wayback Machine
3460:
3449:
3440:
3438:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3387:
3368:
3361:
3339:
3328:
3305:
3301:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3224:
3220:
3189:
3185:
3179:Wayback Machine
3172:Beets Varieties
3170:
3166:
3131:
3127:
3096:
3092:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3037:
3028:
3026:
3011:
2994:
2990:
2981:
2979:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2936:
2911:
2905:Wayback Machine
2892:
2879:
2865:
2861:
2849:description of
2846:
2842:
2831:
2827:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2800:
2793:
2759:
2749:
2738:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2679:
2675:
2626:
2622:
2595:
2588:
2565:
2548:
2507:(3): e0152456.
2489:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2415:Napoleonic Wars
2369:. His student,
2347:
2339:Medieval Europe
2235:
2162:
2069:
2063:
2051:
2024:
1963:
1923:
1847:
1842:
1800:
1787:
1774:
1761:
1748:
1735:
1722:
1709:
1697:
1667:
1654:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1612:
1604:
1595:
1587:
1578:
1570:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1530:
1501:
1490:
1485:
1466:
1461:
1422:
1417:
1376:
1368:Main articles:
1366:
1361:
1349:
1334:Yellow-stemmed
1237:Medieval Europe
1040:cultivar groups
1038:. Now rankless
996:
946:coasts and the
932:
912:
911:
904:
884:
870:
869:
849:
835:
834:
809:
808:
756:wind-pollinated
712:perennial plant
687:
603:
398:Beta orientalis
393:Bunge ex Boiss.
196:
195:
179:
174:
168:
155:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4140:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4060:
4056:wfo-0000564998
4047:
4037:
4024:
4014:
4001:
3988:
3975:
3962:
3949:
3939:
3926:
3913:
3900:
3887:
3877:
3864:
3851:
3838:
3825:
3812:
3802:
3789:
3776:
3763:
3750:
3737:
3724:
3714:
3701:
3688:
3675:
3662:
3649:
3636:
3623:
3610:
3600:
3590:
3577:
3564:
3554:
3539:
3523:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3503:
3502:
3494:
3484:
3483:External links
3481:
3478:
3477:
3447:
3431:Dining Chicago
3417:
3410:
3366:
3359:
3326:
3299:
3296:on 2005-05-25.
3280:
3277:on 2008-10-31.
3249:
3218:
3183:
3164:
3145:(6): 1324â31.
3125:
3090:
3073:
3060:
3051:
3035:
3009:
2988:
2955:
2948:
2909:
2877:
2859:
2840:
2825:
2791:
2736:
2708:
2689:(2): 127â134.
2673:
2644:(4): 643â651.
2620:
2604:Flora of China
2586:
2546:
2470:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2381:in modern-day
2346:
2345:The sugar beet
2343:
2234:
2231:
2161:
2158:
2105:root vegetable
2097:leaf vegetable
2062:
2059:
2050:
2047:
2043:basic research
2023:
2020:
1971:Ancient Romans
1962:
1959:
1943:micronutrients
1922:
1919:
1897:Eastern Europe
1862:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1300:Crassa Group,
1298:
1271:
1244:
1233:Ancient Greece
1227:, and finally
1193:
1136:
1120:
1114:Beta adanensis
995:
992:
931:
928:
925:
924:
918:
917:
914:
913:
905:
898:
897:
894:
893:
876:
875:
872:
871:
863:
862:
859:
858:
841:
840:
837:
836:
828:
827:
824:
823:
815:
814:
811:
810:
802:
801:
798:
797:
789:
788:
732:inflorescences
686:
683:
631:Caryophyllales
622:of the family
605:
604:
602:
601:
600:
599:
587:
575:
563:
551:
539:
527:
515:
503:
491:
479:
467:
459:
451:
443:
435:
427:
419:
411:
403:
395:
387:
385:(Roth) Burenin
375:
363:
361:(Rouy) Burenin
358:atriplicifolia
351:
343:
335:
327:
322:Beta incarnata
319:
311:
306:Beta hortensis
303:
298:Beta esculenta
295:
290:Beta decumbens
287:
279:
267:
255:
247:
242:Beta carnulosa
239:
231:
223:
215:
210:Beta altissima
207:
193:
192:
191:
188:
187:
181:
180:
175:
164:
163:
157:
156:
149:
147:
143:
142:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
118:Caryophyllales
115:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4139:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3873:Beta~vulgaris
3869:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3645:Beta_vulgaris
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3586:beta-vulgaris
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3550:
3549:Beta vulgaris
3544:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3519:Beta vulgaris
3516:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3499:Beta vulgaris
3497:PROTAbase on
3495:
3493:
3491:
3490:Beta vulgaris
3487:
3486:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3437:on 2014-09-27
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3413:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3322:
3318:
3315:(10): 711â7.
3314:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3239:on 2009-03-21
3235:
3231:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3199:(4): 1026â9.
3198:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3135:Beta vulgaris
3129:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3064:
3055:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2992:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2869:Beta vulgaris
2863:
2857:
2856:
2855:Beta maritima
2852:
2851:Beta vulgaris
2844:
2838:
2837:
2836:Beta vulgaris
2829:
2815:on 2012-02-09
2811:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2719:Beta vulgaris
2712:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2632:Beta vulgaris
2624:
2617:
2616:1-930723-27-X
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2599:Beta vulgaris
2593:
2591:
2583:
2582:0-19-517389-9
2579:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2569:Beta vulgaris
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2452:Beta vulgaris
2445:
2441:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2383:Saxony-Anhalt
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:Thebes, Egypt
2267:
2264:
2263:Third dynasty
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2243:Beta vulgaris
2239:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2211:(Vitamin E).
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:indicaxanthin
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2077:Beta vulgaris
2073:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:Beta vulgaris
2036:
2035:phytochemical
2032:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2016:kidney stones
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:carbohydrates
1928:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1577:Riboflavin (B
1574:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1544:
1541:
1540:beta-Carotene
1537:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1438:Dietary fiber
1435:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:Carbohydrates
1409:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1356:
1354:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:Cicla Group,
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1160:Beta vulgaris
1154:
1150:
1149:Beta vulgaris
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:Beta vulgaris
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1124:Beta vulgaris
1121:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:Beta vulgaris
1099:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:Beta vulgaris
1089:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1072:Beta vulgaris
1069:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Beta vulgaris
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:Beta vulgaris
1025:
1024:Beta maritima
1021:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1008:Carl Linnaeus
1005:
1004:Beta vulgaris
1001:
991:
989:
985:
981:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:Beta vulgaris
923:
919:
909:
902:
895:
889:
882:
881:
877:
867:
860:
854:
847:
846:
842:
832:
825:
821:
820:
816:
806:
799:
795:
794:
790:
785:
782:
780:
776:
772:
769:There are 18
767:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:
702:
701:Beta vulgaris
696:
695:Beta vulgaris
691:
682:
680:
676:
675:Beta vulgaris
672:
668:
664:
663:Beta vulgaris
660:
656:
653:, which is a
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
629:
625:
624:Amaranthaceae
621:
617:
613:
612:
611:Beta vulgaris
595:
591:
590:Beta vulgaris
588:
583:
579:
578:Beta vulgaris
576:
571:
567:
566:Beta vulgaris
564:
559:
555:
554:Beta vulgaris
552:
547:
543:
542:Beta vulgaris
540:
535:
531:
530:Beta vulgaris
528:
523:
519:
518:Beta vulgaris
516:
511:
507:
506:Beta vulgaris
504:
499:
495:
494:Beta vulgaris
492:
487:
483:
482:Beta vulgaris
480:
475:
471:
470:Beta vulgaris
468:
463:
462:Beta triflora
460:
455:
452:
447:
444:
439:
436:
431:
428:
423:
420:
415:
412:
407:
406:Beta purpurea
404:
399:
396:
391:
388:
383:
379:
378:Beta maritima
376:
371:
367:
366:Beta maritima
364:
359:
355:
354:Beta maritima
352:
347:
346:Beta maritima
344:
339:
336:
331:
328:
323:
320:
315:
312:
307:
304:
299:
296:
291:
288:
283:
280:
275:
271:
268:
263:
259:
256:
251:
248:
243:
240:
235:
232:
227:
224:
219:
216:
211:
208:
203:
200:
199:
198:
197:
189:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
170:Beta vulgaris
165:
162:
161:Binomial name
158:
154:
153:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:Amaranthaceae
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:Tracheophytes
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
46:
42:
41:Beta vulgaris
38:
34:
29:
26:
25:Beta vulgaris
22:
19:
4092:Beta (plant)
3518:
3498:
3489:
3439:. Retrieved
3435:the original
3430:
3420:
3397:
3342:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3294:the original
3283:
3272:the original
3241:. Retrieved
3234:the original
3228:
3221:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3167:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3106:(8): 901â6.
3103:
3099:
3093:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3063:
3054:
3027:. Retrieved
2999:
2991:
2980:. Retrieved
2971:
2958:
2939:
2895:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2828:
2817:. Retrieved
2810:the original
2804:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2724:
2718:
2711:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2623:
2607:
2606:. Volume 5:
2603:
2598:
2573:
2568:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2461:. Retrieved
2456:
2451:
2444:
2427:
2395:
2375:mangelwurzel
2348:
2324:
2316:Theophrastus
2300:Theophrastus
2285:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2224:
2213:
2201:betaxanthins
2200:
2190:
2171:
2131:
2120:
2113:
2089:mangelwurzel
2082:
2076:
2075:A bundle of
2052:
2041:, are under
2038:
2025:
2005:
1982:
1975:constipation
1964:
1949:(27% of the
1924:
1915:Rosh Hashana
1912:
1905:
1886:
1875:
1872:
1865:
1823:
1818:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1526:
1521:
1514:
1480:
1456:
1412:
1352:
1350:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:mangelwurzel
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:spinach beet
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1167:(Koch) DĂśll)
1163:
1159:
1156:(L.) Arcang.
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1075:
1071:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1003:
997:
978:to slightly
976:
968:salt marshes
960:Western Asia
952:North Africa
935:
933:
921:
787:Stereo image
768:
764:
725:
715:
710:or, rarely,
700:
699:
694:
678:
674:
666:
662:
657:crop. Three
651:mangelwurzel
615:
610:
609:
608:
593:
589:
581:
577:
569:
565:
557:
553:
545:
541:
533:
529:
522:mediasiatica
521:
517:
509:
505:
497:
493:
486:coniciformis
485:
481:
473:
469:
461:
454:Beta sulcata
453:
446:Beta stricta
445:
437:
429:
422:Beta rapacea
421:
413:
405:
397:
389:
381:
377:
369:
365:
357:
353:
345:
337:
329:
321:
314:Beta hybrida
313:
305:
297:
289:
281:
273:
269:
261:
257:
249:
241:
233:
225:
217:
209:
201:
169:
167:
151:
150:
138:
101:
88:
75:
44:
40:
24:
18:
3958:kew-2675613
3829:NatureServe
3754:iNaturalist
3543:Wikispecies
3349:. pp.
3345:. Oxford :
3071:3.2.1, 3, 4
2764:Willdenowia
2392:Sugar beets
2379:Halberstadt
2351:sugar beets
2297:Peripatetic
2290:Mesopotamia
2286:B. vulgaris
2282:Netherlands
2268:pyramid at
2205:thalassemia
2182:anthocyanin
2178:red cabbage
2061:Cultivation
2008:Swiss chard
1987:gives five
1951:Daily Value
1933:, about 2%
1901:cold borsch
1560:Thiamine (B
1353:Lepidoptera
1248:swiss chard
1221:Middle East
956:Macaronesia
771:chromosomes
693:Flowers of
685:Description
639:table sugar
594:viridifolia
534:ovaliformis
438:Beta sativa
390:Beta noeana
338:Beta marina
282:Beta crispa
95:Angiosperms
4086:Categories
3953:Plant List
3603:Calflora:
3441:2012-08-03
3243:2006-08-27
3029:2024-06-21
2982:2024-03-28
2819:2010-08-15
2436:References
2430:sugar cane
2241:Sea beet (
2192:betacyanin
2093:sugar beet
2065:See also:
2057:purposes.
2055:decorative
2049:Other uses
1957:(16% DV).
1953:, DV) and
1908:pink urine
1878:stir-fried
1755:Phosphorus
1387:Beets, raw
1264:flavescens
1174:sugar beet
1088:sugar beet
1086:Flowering
1032:subspecies
942:along the
922:Beet seeds
742:segments (
705:herbaceous
659:subspecies
635:sugar beet
570:rubrifolia
549:W.D.J.Koch
430:Beta rosea
425:Hegetschw.
382:orientalis
330:Beta lutea
270:Beta cicla
258:Beta cicla
250:Beta cicla
3710:200006793
3697:200006793
3462:Sugarbeet
2703:1744-7348
2618:, p. 354.
2367:sugarcane
2312:Aristotle
2308:Aristotle
2278:Aartswoud
2274:Neolithic
2154:heart rot
2142:sea spray
1955:manganese
1921:Nutrition
1768:Potassium
1742:Manganese
1729:Magnesium
1661:Vitamin C
1644:Folate (B
1628:Vitamin B
1594:Niacin (B
1355:species.
1268:cultivars
1190:altissima
1106:adanensis
1054:Betoideae
1036:varieties
620:Betoideae
582:virescens
513:(L.) Moq.
414:Beta rapa
202:Beta alba
146:Species:
65:Kingdom:
4028:VicFlora
4005:Tropicos
3868:NSWFlora
3834:2.149088
3785:10594705
3772:164505-1
3640:eFloraSA
3593:BioLib:
3528:Wikidata
3465:Archived
3396:(1991).
3390:Hill, G.
3237:(E-book)
3229:Beetroot
3213:12568567
3175:Archived
3159:24467616
3067:Apicius
3023:Archived
3019:30844154
2976:Archived
2966:(2024).
2901:Archived
2894:Sorting
2813:(e-book)
2805:Beetroot
2786:84677159
2770:: 9â19.
2726:Tropicos
2668:18694878
2541:27031338
2501:PLOS ONE
2410:Napoleon
2306:, while
2276:site of
2255:sea beet
2247:maritima
2227:vacuoles
2220:beeturia
2174:betalain
2150:meristem
2127:microbes
2109:beetroot
2095:), as a
2031:betalain
1993:laxative
1927:Calories
1884:leaves.
1868:pot herb
1824:Quantity
1749:0.329 mg
1689:Quantity
1683:Minerals
1638:0.067 mg
1622:0.155 mg
1605:0.334 mg
1571:0.031 mg
1522:Quantity
1516:Vitamins
1370:Beetroot
1314:vulgaris
1312:convar.
1291:vulgaris
1287:vulgaris
1285:convar.
1275:beetroot
1258:convar.
1211:convar.
1209:vulgaris
1186:vulgaris
1184:convar.
1144:vulgaris
1133:Sea beet
1128:maritima
1076:maritima
1068:Sea beet
994:Taxonomy
980:alkaline
944:Atlantic
777:. Using
740:perianth
716:vulgaris
708:biennial
679:maritima
671:sea beet
667:vulgaris
643:beetroot
510:maritima
498:marcosii
474:aurantia
370:marcosii
262:argentea
237:Scheidw.
185:Synonyms
124:Family:
108:Eudicots
45:vulgaris
4010:7200163
3816:MoBotPF
3733:7068845
3627:Ecocrop
3534:Q165191
3475:website
3471:from a
3402:197â199
3321:7493168
3120:8335871
3081:Platina
2659:2701786
2532:4816301
2509:Bibcode
2463:12 July
2359:Prussia
2355:Silesia
2349:Modern
2320:spinach
2280:in the
2266:Saqqara
2245:subsp.
2233:History
2187:betanin
2123:geosmin
2114:"Blood
2027:Betaine
2012:oxalate
1997:Platina
1989:recipes
1979:Apicius
1935:protein
1893:pickles
1801:0.35 mg
1703:Calcium
1588:0.04 mg
1482:Protein
1347:Ecology
1308:subsp.
1295:borscht
1281:subsp.
1254:subsp.
1241:spinach
1207:subsp.
1180:subsp.
1164:rapacea
1162:subsp.
1151:subsp.
1147:(Syn.:
1142:subsp.
1126:subsp.
1112:(Syn.:
1104:subsp.
972:ruderal
775:diploid
752:stigmas
748:stamens
728:flowers
677:subsp.
665:subsp.
585:Burenin
561:Burenin
558:rubidus
546:rapacea
537:Burenin
525:Burenin
489:Burenin
477:Burenin
465:Salisb.
417:Dumort.
380:subsp.
368:subsp.
356:subsp.
301:Salisb.
274:viridis
253:(L.) L.
134:Genus:
114:Order:
69:Plantae
43:subsp.
4069:426023
4020:449480
4017:uBio:
3966:PLANTS
3935:273185
3922:426023
3880:NZOR:
3860:161934
3821:279155
3746:300073
3720:BETVUL
3717:FoIO:
3684:167819
3658:585884
3581:ARKive
3573:115158
3557:APDB:
3408:
3357:
3319:
3211:
3157:
3118:
3088:, 3.14
3017:
3007:
2946:
2898:names.
2784:
2701:
2666:
2656:
2614:
2580:
2539:
2529:
2408:where
2406:France
2402:Poland
2398:Kunern
2330:Jewish
2304:radish
2292:. The
2116:Turnip
2087:(e.g.
2085:fodder
2033:, two
2001:garlic
1947:folate
1833:87.58g
1781:Sodium
1775:325 mg
1723:0.8 mg
1668:4.9 mg
1655:109 Îźg
1489:1.61 g
1465:0.17 g
1432:6.76 g
1428:Sugars
1421:9.56 g
1398:Energy
1322:fodder
1318:crassa
1304:(Syn.
1260:cicla.
1250:(Syn.
1203:(Syn.
1176:(Syn.
1074:subsp
984:sodium
964:cliffs
744:tepals
736:bracts
720:leaves
655:fodder
449:K.Koch
441:Bernh.
433:Steud.
409:Steud.
341:Crantz
333:Steud.
325:Steud.
317:Andrz.
293:Moench
285:Tratt.
213:Steud.
4064:WoRMS
4040:WoI:
3997:98644
3971:BEVU2
3942:PFI:
3909:20540
3891:NZPCN
3798:20681
3780:IRMNG
3759:54498
3679:EUNIS
3671:BEAVX
3596:38650
3560:26735
3275:(PDF)
3264:(PDF)
2782:S2CID
2760:(PDF)
2423:Chile
2326:Roman
2294:Greek
2216:urine
2134:boron
2101:chard
1895:. In
1889:salad
1830:Water
1788:78 mg
1762:40 mg
1736:23 mg
1710:16 mg
1553:20 Îźg
1442:2.8 g
1374:Chard
1336:chard
1324:crop.
1316:var.
1306:B. v.
1289:var.
1279:B. v.
1262:var.
1252:B. v.
1229:China
1225:India
1217:cicla
1215:var.
1213:cicla
1205:B. v.
1201:chard
1188:var.
1178:B. v.
1153:cicla
988:boron
958:, to
950:, in
703:is a
647:chard
628:order
592:var.
580:var.
568:var.
556:var.
544:var.
532:var.
520:var.
508:var.
496:var.
484:var.
472:var.
457:Gasp.
309:Mill.
272:var.
260:var.
245:Gren.
229:Roxb.
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
4043:1677
3979:POWO
3917:OBIS
3896:3502
3855:NCBI
3793:ITIS
3767:IPNI
3741:GRIN
3728:GBIF
3666:EPPO
3619:LNNK
3606:1082
3568:APNI
3406:ISBN
3355:ISBN
3317:PMID
3209:PMID
3155:PMID
3116:PMID
3015:PMID
3005:ISBN
2944:ISBN
2896:Beta
2853:and
2755:Beta
2699:ISSN
2664:PMID
2612:ISBN
2578:ISBN
2537:PMID
2465:2020
2328:and
2314:and
2253:The
2029:and
1882:taro
1794:Zinc
1716:Iron
1548:2 Îźg
1372:and
1364:Food
1359:Uses
1340:kale
1235:and
1019:Beta
998:The
986:and
726:The
616:beet
401:Roth
221:Rouy
194:List
139:Beta
4051:WFO
3992:RHS
3945:447
3842:NBN
3705:FoC
3692:FNA
3653:EoL
3632:514
3614:CoL
3351:200
3201:doi
3147:doi
3108:doi
2972:FDA
2772:doi
2691:doi
2654:PMC
2646:doi
2642:102
2527:PMC
2517:doi
2454:L."
2146:ton
1981:in
1939:fat
1773:11%
1747:14%
1694:%DV
1653:27%
1527:%DV
1458:Fat
1342:).
1199:or
1058:s.l
1010:in
1002:of
758:or
681:).
205:DC.
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3197:51
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3153:.
3143:62
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3104:93
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2974:.
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2780:.
2768:36
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2535:.
2525:.
2515:.
2505:11
2503:.
2499:.
2473:^
2432:.
2341:.
2222:.
2156:.
2107:("
2018:.
1799:3%
1786:3%
1760:3%
1734:5%
1721:4%
1708:1%
1666:5%
1636:4%
1620:3%
1603:2%
1586:3%
1569:3%
1551:0%
1546:0%
1310:v.
1283:v.
1256:v.
1223:,
1182:v.
1158:,
1131:,
1046:.
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