1743:
transferred to the Reich. The total number of ethnic
Germans resettled into the Reich has been estimated by some historians at 500,000. On arrival in the Reich, most of the resettled Germans were given German citizenship, and the young men were drafted into the Wehrmacht. In accordance with Nazi racist theories of Blut und Boden (Blood and Soil),the goal was to settle the annexed eastern lands with German farmers; the majority were placed on farms in the Warthegau, formerly the Polish province of Poznan, and a smaller number in the former Polish territory of West Prussia. In order to accomplish this, the SS and German army began to expel Polish farmers from these lands, and German re-settlers took over their houses and farms. In their place, 332,000 German evacuees, mostly farmers, were settled on these lands.
1723:(Vyacheslav Molotov and Joachim von Ribbentrop were the foreign ministers of their respective countries)—was a ten-year non-aggression pact, signed on August 23, 1939, promising that neither country would attack the other. It effectively divided Eastern Europe between Germany and the Soviet Union. By a secret protocol to this treaty, the two parties agreed to partition Poland. Germany would have a free hand in western Poland. The Soviet Union would have in its sphere of influence eastern Poland, which the Soviets called western Ukraine and western White Russia; Finland and the three Baltic states; and the Romanian provinces of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.
1352:
1731:
Nazi party paramilitary security service) and police, with the task of their resettlement to territories of western Poland, recently occupied by the
Wehrmacht (German Army), and in the process of incorporation into the Reich. The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (often shortened to VoMi), a department of the SS, carried out the relocation and settlement of the ethnic Germans, known in German as Volksdeutsche. In return, any Russian, White Russian, or Ukrainian living in German-occupied Poland had the right to be resettled in the Soviet Union. As this was a voluntary movement, it was all in one westward direction.
1679:
1739:
the Polish West, not urban residents, many of whom were elderly and without children. In winter 1939–1940, about 60,000 ethnic
Germans were brought from Volhynia, western Ukraine, first to a transit camp in Lodz in occupied Poland, and because the majority of these settlers were farmers, they were sent to the former Polish provinces of Poznan (Posen), now renamed the German province of Warthegau, or to West Prussia, the region bordering Gdansk (Danzig). The evacuees who were not suitable for farming were settled elsewhere in Germany.
283:
679:
266:
358:
1086:
2744:
1025:
790:
618:
66:
1613:
168:
25:
520:
1734:
Resettlement implementation was carried out by teams made up of SS officers and their Soviet counterparts, who interviewed each family individually to ensure that it was of German origin and wanted to be evacuated. The ethnic
Germans greeted these teams with enthusiasm and attempted to document their
1742:
At the end of
September 1940, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to transfer Germans living in the Romanian provinces of Bessarabia and Bukovina, now occupied by the Red Army. By the end of October of that year, this resettlement was practically complete, with a total of 124,000 ethnic Germans
1726:
For the
Germans living in farming settlements in Bessarabia, the German–Soviet Pact was very bad news. They had lived through the Bolshevik Revolution and the early years of the Soviet regime, before their countries of residence were detached from the Soviet Union and given to Romania. Although they
1738:
The population transfer began in the Baltic states of Latvia and
Estonia, where 66,000 and 20,000 people, respectively, settled in Germany in the late fall of 1939. The Nazi government was disappointed in the quality of these immigrants. They wanted farmers to colonize the newly conquered lands in
1730:
This compelled Nazi
Germany to take action and relocate these ethnic Germans. By a further amendment to the treaty, dated September 28, 1939, agreement was reached between Germany and the Soviet Union for a population exchange. Hitler entrusted Heinrich Himmler, the head of the SS (Schutzstaffel,
1387:
The first twenty-four villages of German emigrants were called "mother colonies". They still developed in the context of the national
Russian Colonisation. Those settlements developed after 1842 developed were called "daughter colonies". They were mainly due to the private settlement of native
1383:
obstructed reconstruction work. The early dwellings were usually earth houses with reed roofs. Only in later generations a regulated and independent life in economic, cultural and religious areas prevailed in the German settlements. The colloquial language was German, the official language was
1896:
The
Bessarabia Germans represented one of the least numerous ethnic groups which settled and lived in Bessarabia along the passing of time. During the early and mid 19th century, more specifically in 1828 and 1856, the Bessarabia Germans accounted for 1.71% and 2.4% of the total population of
2001:
On the lowest level there were elementary schools in the German villages. In the first years usually someone from the village taught the school children, until 1892, when only graduate teachers were allowed to teach. A gymnasium (grammar school) for boys and girls was located in
2262:
1138:. The official language of the department, to which belonged one president and approximately 20 co-workers (an official translator, a physician, a veterinary surgeon, a land measurer and so on), was German. Their presidents were:
1101:
Budschak). In the first settlement phase, up to 1842, twenty-four main German colonies developed. The settlements were put on usually in a valley with gently sloping hills. The farms were up to 50 m wide, and bordered by
1701:, began the Romanian agrarian reform, in which large land owners with more than 100 hectares were expropriated of the land in excess of that. Their property was distributed to the peasants, who each received 6 hectares.
725:, were banished or emigrated voluntarily after the Russian conquest, leaving the area almost deserted. Russia tried to entice foreign settlers to populate the area and work the farms, since her own farmers were mainly
1735:
German heritage by any means. Cooperation of the Soviet officials was sometimes positive and sometimes obstructionist, as many non-German anticommunists also tried to leave, usually without success.
1905:
re-settlement and during wartime Romanian administration, there were only a little above two thousand ethnic Germans still left in Bessarabia (accounting for 0.1% of Bessarabia's population).
919:
Emigrants from the northern and eastern German regions, as well as from Poland, travelled by horse and cart. They were the first Germans to arrive in Bessarabia, in 1814, and were known as
2345:
1114:
bricks or natural stone. On the farmyard were stables, threshing-rooms and a stockroom and wine cellar. In the rear part of an estate lay fruit and vegetable gardens and vineyards.
1918:
Church and religion shaped the life of all Bessarabian Germans, because many of their ancestors had once left their German homeland for religious reasons. Abroad they kept the
3833:
2098:
Historian Constantin Ungureanu ascribes a slightly different figure for 1856, more specifically 24,200, still accounting for the same total of 2.4% of Bessarabia's population.
3739:
1934:
and the village school were included as well. The colonists paid for the maintenance of the church, school, Sexton and teacher (usually a Sexton-teacher in dual functions).
3279:
916:, the migrants were quarantined for weeks on an island in the delta which claimed further victims. About 10% of the emigrants are thought not to have survived the voyage.
3093:
3076:
1690:) in 1842, the influx of emigrants from Germany ended. Afterwards, a self-colonisation began by private settlement within the country. The boundaries of the twenty-four
1162:
3300:
2358:
1550:
908:, a sort of one-way boat. Many emigrants fell ill and died while travelling on these boats. The journey carried them downriver to the Danube delta shortly before the
1705:, or hectare-towns sprang up on the free land. Approximately 150 German settlements resulted during the presence of the Germans in Bessarabia between 1814 and 1940.
1367:
Despite the incentives granted early on, the living conditions in the colonies were tough. Unusual climate and diseases extinguished whole families. Cattle disease,
1093:
Tsarist Russia settled the German migrants in Bessarabia according to plan. They kept land in the southern region, on assigned far, treeless steppe surfaces in the
2450:
2423:
1222:
1670:
farming for self-sufficiency was a matter of course on each individual farm. Unlike other farming people, the Germans used horses instead of oxen for ploughing.
1106:. While properties were only 20 metres wide at the roadside, they extended up to 250 metres in depth. The elongated, single-storey houses always stood with the
850:
Between 1814 and 1842 over 2,000 families consisting of approximately 9,000 people migrated to the Russian Bessarabia. Most came from the South German areas of
1182:
2173:
3838:
3516:
2240:
Voices from the Gulag: the Oppression of the German Minority in the Soviet Union, (American Historical Society of Germans from Russia, Lincoln, Nebraska 2015
1714:
1522:
3572:
1514:
1202:
1152:
1926:
and in the Hymn books. In newly founded villages, places of worship were the first communal facilities to be created. In larger municipalities this was a
3596:
3560:
3158:
1694:
had become limited due to increase in the population. Bessarabian Germans bought or leased land from large Russian landowners and created new villages.
3533:
2732:
3618:
3550:
3538:
1172:
3756:
3792:
1751:
With the close of the war, most of the resettled Germans in West Prussia and Poznan fled before the approaching Soviet Red Army towards Germany.
1318:
2710:
2306:
1901:). In 1919, under royal Romanian administration, the Bessarabia Germans made up 3.0% of the total population of Bessarabia. In 1941, after the
1212:
589:
1588:
1333:
1492:
881:
2,000 km journey was between two and six months, depending upon travel route. Many of those emigrating due to religious reasons formed
2443:
1327:
2346:""Oameni care au fost". Generalul de corp de armată Arthur Văitoianu, erou la Mărăști şi Oituz și om politic... De Nicolae Uszkai, Brașov"
1233:
The Committee protected the rights of the settlers and supervised their obligations with regard to the Russian government. Underneath the
1122:
The autonomy of the German settlers promised by the Tsar during the recruitment took place via a Russian special authority by the name of
3352:
1890:
Source: Ion Gumenâi (1828), Ion Nistor (1856), Russian census (1899), Romanian census (1919), Romanian census (1939), and other estimates
1482:
1428:
1628:
belt, whose earth is considered among the best farming land in Europe. As such, fertilisation was not needed. The main crops grown were
2224:
1456:
1420:
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Originally, the plots of land given to the settlers carried only numbers, e.g. "Steppe 9". In the early years of the settlement, the
1192:
2359:
https://moldova.europalibera.org/a/dificult%C4%83%C8%9Bile-re%C3%AEntregirii-ii-guvernarea-lui-arthur-v%C4%83itoianu-1/29242872.html
3828:
1621:
2436:
2319:
130:
2394:
2725:
102:
3470:
2247:
2027:
540:) symbolises the homeland at the Black Sea, left at 1940. The coat of arms consists of a shield as the main component of the
501:
2199:
474:), they were a minority consisting of 93,000 people who made up some 3% of the population. They were distinguished from the
3708:
3264:
109:
3713:
3314:
3273:
1046:
811:
639:
533:
83:
38:
1953:
denomination. Each parish had a minister, who was responsible for several villages within the parish. Besides there was
3823:
3818:
2119:
1620:
As ordered by the Tsar during his recruitment, almost all newcomers worked as farmers. Each German family received 60
3813:
3683:
3435:
2983:
2841:
2718:
1682:
Distribution of ethnic Germans in Central/Eastern Europe in 1925, also highlighting German settlements in Bessarabia.
1072:
837:
703:
665:
229:
211:
149:
52:
1054:
819:
647:
193:
116:
1698:
1655:
was not required due to the high soil fertility. Therefore, it was usually dried and used in the winter as fuel.
2740:
3678:
2808:
2748:
2553:
1282:
1050:
815:
643:
466:
Throughout their 125-year history, the Bessarabia Germans were an overwhelmingly rural population. Until their
178:
98:
87:
1237:
there were seventeen offices for those approximately 150 German municipalities, with one selected area chief (
1130:. It was concerned with the settlement of all German settlers in south Russia, with its location initially in
3503:
3383:
3284:
2923:
1990:
1384:
Russian. Characteristic of the settlers were diligence, religious devotion, large families and thriftiness.
873:
After the distribution of passports by German authorities they began the journey in larger groups, known as
2242:. Lincoln, Nebraska: American Historical Society of Germans from Russia. pp. 151, 152, 153, 156, 157.
1930:
for up to 1,000 visitors, in smaller municipalities this was a praying house, in which the dwelling of the
1253:
began renaming the villages. These designations were reminders of the places of victorious battles against
1961:
church district with four municipalities (Balmas, Emmental, Krasna, Larga). These belonged to the diocese
1297:
was signed. Later, after 1842, the settlers began naming their own villages after their own aspirations –
2385:
1720:
1356:
471:
1897:
Bessarabia. In 1889, they made up 3.1% (based on linguistic criterion, stating their native language as
1727:
did not want to leave their homes and farms, they had absolutely no desire to be Soviet subjects again.
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3141:
1294:
3332:
2940:
2047:
395:
2299:
729:. The aim of this was to re-establish agriculture on the rich black soil. Tsar Alexander I issued a
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2414:
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800:
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The building of the 'House of the Bessarabia Germans', the homeland museum of the Bessarabia and
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76:
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2521:
1438:
986:
707:
448:
2320:
http://arhivelenationale.ro/site/download/inventare/Vaitoianu-Arthur.-1878-1948.-Inv.-1452.pdf
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3214:
3209:
3189:
2834:
2798:
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1363:
as it is currently known, an example of a former typical rural Bessarabian German settlement.
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emblem. On four divisions, the crest symbolises the country's colours and other properties.
185:
3327:
3021:
2763:
2673:
2594:
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2536:
2331:
2023:
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1989:, but after their victory he fled to Germany in 1921 and the diocese was disbanded in the
8:
3703:
3418:
3229:
3194:
2793:
2494:
1978:
1962:
1270:
1094:
859:
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is taken out of the Romanian flag – the state whose citizens the Bessarabia Germans were;
3577:
3543:
3729:
3698:
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3445:
3403:
3219:
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3049:
3016:
2999:
2971:
2935:
2647:
2635:
2287:
2080:
1290:
1266:
1262:
1258:
509:
455:. The area, bordering on the Black Sea, was part of the Russian Empire, in the form of
440:
413:
386:
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2043:
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3413:
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3337:
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3269:
3241:
3224:
3168:
3108:
3103:
3009:
2783:
2622:
2607:
2599:
2568:
2563:
2243:
2218:
2065:
1954:
1927:
1314:
1286:
1278:
888:
For the emigrants from South Germany, the journey usually followed the course of the
475:
378:
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on 29 November 1813, in which he promised German settlers the following privileges:
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3423:
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3370:
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3246:
3199:
3184:
3118:
3086:
3059:
3054:
2964:
2827:
2788:
2688:
2678:
2668:
2652:
2548:
2075:
2070:
2052:
2033:
1648:
1241:). Its tasks, among other things, included the administration of the fire service.
683:
548:
537:
483:
1719:
A treaty of Nonaggression between the Soviet Union and Germany, also known as the
3511:
3408:
3398:
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2901:
2418:
2389:
2203:
1931:
1919:
1898:
1660:
932:
773:
370:
323:
309:
303:
252:
2019:
678:
497:
282:
3151:
3136:
3113:
3069:
3035:
2976:
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2617:
2489:
1958:
1902:
1624:(about 65 hectares) from the state. The settlement area lay in the Bessarabian
1372:
467:
2174:"Declaratiile de dragoste ale presedintelui reales al Germaniei, Horst Köhler"
1937:
The majority of the approximately 150 German settlements were organized in 13
851:
765:
710:, the smallest of the Russian Empire. The capital was the central Bessarabian
432:
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3606:
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3081:
3064:
3043:
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2037:
1641:
1442:
1131:
996:
711:
554:
265:
1977:
by the first bishop Ferdinand Helanus, where it remained until 1918. Bishop
776:, where German settlers had established themselves only a few years before.
357:
3455:
2957:
1360:
889:
513:
505:
493:
Perhaps the most prominent person of Bessarabian German ancestry is former
409:
3785:
3233:
1950:
1637:
1380:
769:
456:
327:
1388:
Bessarabians already living in the country. The first 24 colonies were:
1085:
504:). Before emigrating in 1940, his parents lived in the German colony of
3589:
2473:
1596:
1000:
597:
417:
351:
Lived in Bessarabia between the early 19th century and mid 20th century
286:
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2629:
3347:
2880:
2683:
2412:
American Historical Society of Germans from Russia, Lincoln, Nebraska
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1986:
1625:
909:
897:
730:
687:
452:
343:
1024:
789:
706:
between 1806 and 1812. In this Moldavian region, he established the
617:
196:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
65:
3611:
3601:
2003:
1970:
1656:
1612:
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1254:
754:
702:
was conquered by the troops of the Russian Czar Alexander I in the
699:
541:
2382:
1313:(light valley). Numerous German establishments of village took on
427:
From 1814 to 1842, 9,000 of them immigrated from the German areas
3666:
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3656:
3623:
2850:
2752:
2743:
2700:
2509:
1974:
1966:
1667:
1666:. The men's traditional black skin caps were made from the wool.
1644:), but most farms only produced enough wine for their own needs.
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Geschichte und Traditionen der deutschen Minderheit in Rumänien
2007:
1942:
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913:
901:
867:
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718:
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Main settlement areas of the 150 German colonies in Bessarabia
289:
in the past (mostly with a significant bygone presence in the
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1982:
1923:
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990:
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The agents of the Russian crown went with these promises to
3761:
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1111:
2055:(1886–1932), official representative of Bessarabia Germans
16:
Ethnic group who lived in Bessarabia between 1814 and 1940
1110:
facing the road. The whitewashed buildings were built of
893:
744:
2411:
2280:
History and traditions of the German minority in Romania
2144:
1973:
shortly after. The seat of the diocese was relocated to
400:
572:
The horse symbolises the dearest friend of the farmer.
3834:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1965:, which was created on July 3, 1848. The name of the
1715:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
2117:
2010:
the Werner school for teacher training was located.
523:
Historical location of Bessarabia in Eastern Europe.
2424:
Germans from Russia Settlement Locations Google Map
2120:"Presedintele german Köhler are origini basarabene"
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1009:
569:The cross is a symbol for the Church and religion;
424:and south-western Ukraine) between 1814 and 1940.
1908:
3805:
1659:was more widespread, especially the fine-wooled
950:Reasons for emigration from South Germany were:
508:in northern Bessarabia, being later on moved to
1003:where "Christ will reign" for a thousand years.
1651:only to a small extent, because the resulting
3487:
2835:
2726:
2444:
2273:
2171:
536:of the Bessarabia Germans (created after the
3839:Ethnic German people from the Russian Empire
3783:
2955:
2887:
2871:
2864:
2369:PA AA R 10591 (Telegram from April 23, 1918)
1708:
566:The well symbolises the importance of water;
3793:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
2274:Baier, Hannelore; Bottesch, Martin (2007).
1686:With the establishment of the last colony (
1053:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
818:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
646:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2842:
2828:
2733:
2719:
2451:
2437:
1616:A group of Bessarabian Germans, circa 1935
270:The coat of arms of the Bessarabia Germans
264:
2460:Ethnic and national minorities of Ukraine
2332:"Arthur Vaitoianu – Calator prin Romania"
1996:
1746:
1346:
1073:Learn how and when to remove this message
926:
877:(lit. "columns"). The time taken for the
838:Learn how and when to remove this message
666:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
2147:"Preşedintele german este un moldovean!"
2145:Cotidianul din București (25 May 2009).
1677:
1611:
1350:
1305:(peace valley) – or religious motives –
1126:(Welfare Service Committee), previously
1084:
721:from the southern region of Bessarabia,
677:
551:symbolises the blue sky over the steppe;
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356:
3373:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
3367:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
2406:Germans from Russia Heritage Collection
2305:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2263:"Flucht nach Westen" (german Knowledge)
3806:
2237:
2223:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1773:
870:, France, the peak occurring in 1817.
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512:, which was by that time occupied by
2118:Redacția Moldova.org (3 June 2008).
1051:adding citations to reliable sources
1018:
816:adding citations to reliable sources
783:
644:adding citations to reliable sources
611:
276:Regions with significant populations
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88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
2400:Bessarabia & Dobrudscha Germans
13:
1768:
1673:
14:
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2395:Colonization policy in Bessarabia
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2013:
896:(about 100 km south-east of
34:This article has multiple issues.
2742:
1699:Union of Bessarabia with Romania
1023:
931:Reasons for emigration from the
892:, which they followed as far as
788:
760:Exemption from military service.
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281:
166:
64:
23:
3829:Ethnic German groups in Romania
2703:of over 1,000 people are shown.
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2352:
2338:
2324:
1754:
1010:Colonisation under Russian rule
946:A worsening economic situation.
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443:areas of modern-day Poland and
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
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2256:
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2192:
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1909:Bessarabia German institutions
1607:
1379:, crop failures and swarms of
1244:
900:and 130 km north-west of
1:
2699:National or ethnic groups in
2172:Dani Rockhoff (24 May 2009).
2104:
1697:In 1920, two years after the
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878:
779:
768:, the northeast German area (
557:stands for the golden fields;
468:moving to the Greater Germany
1371:, epidemic diseases such as
954:Compulsory military service;
251:
7:
3274:Alsatians and Lotharingians
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1226:
1216:
1206:
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1186:
1176:
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1117:
478:who settled to the east of
401:
192:the claims made and adding
10:
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2282:] (in German). Mediaș.
1712:
923:because of their origins.
607:
500:(elected on behalf of the
3824:Bessarabian ethnic groups
3819:German diaspora in Europe
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2048:Prime Minister of Romania
1913:
1889:
1786:—
1709:Departure from Bessarabia
1163:Staatsrat Eugene von Hahn
586:Bessarabisches Heimatlied
576:
516:, where Köhler was born.
449:governorate of Bessarabia
447:, France, to the Russian
390:
349:
338:
333:
322:
317:
302:
297:
280:
275:
263:
250:
3814:Bessarabia-German people
2086:
1636:. In some colonies wide
700:Principality of Moldavia
698:The eastern part of the
3294:Multinational dimension
2238:Merten, Ulrich (2015).
1721:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1293:and Teplitz, where the
989:movement for practical
588:was created in 1922 by
472:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
328:Evangelical Lutheranism
293:or southern Bessarabia)
3784:
3488:
3215:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2956:
2888:
2872:
2865:
1997:Educational facilities
1981:relocated the seat to
1957:parish (Schabo) and a
1747:Escape to West Germany
1683:
1617:
1364:
1347:Settlement development
1223:Vladimir von Oettinger
1090:
987:Protestant Reformation
963:The oppressive regime;
927:Reasons for emigration
904:). There they boarded
708:Bessarabia Governorate
695:
592:, the director of the
524:
461:Bessarabia Governorate
459:; it later became the
412:(formerly part of the
382:
374:
362:
256:
1760:Historical population
1681:
1647:The Germans operated
1615:
1354:
1088:
740:Interest-free credit;
681:
522:
360:
334:Related ethnic groups
3714:United Arab Emirates
3022:Transylvanian Saxons
2046:(1864–1956), former
2024:President of Germany
2022:(born 1943), former
1183:Baron von Mestmacher
1128:Vormundschaftskontor
1047:improve this section
812:improve this section
640:improve this section
99:"Bessarabia Germans"
84:improve this article
3301:Central and Eastern
3205:Italy (South Tyrol)
2408:at library.ndsu.edu
2383:mein-bessarabien.de
1979:Josef Alois Kessler
1761:
1095:Southern Bessarabia
422:Republic of Moldova
420:(today part of the
402:Bessarabs'ki nimtsi
375:Bessarabiendeutsche
257:Bessarabiendeutsche
247:
3446:Pennsylvania Dutch
2417:2020-05-11 at the
2388:2014-05-17 at the
2348:. 8 November 2022.
2081:Germans of Romania
1759:
1684:
1640:was operated (see
1618:
1365:
1203:Alexander von Hamm
1153:General Ivan Insov
1091:
966:Crop failures and
912:. Upon arrival at
696:
525:
414:Germans of Romania
391:Бессарабські німці
383:Germani basarabeni
367:Bessarabia Germans
363:
361:Couple with infant
308:(with a series of
246:Bessarabia Germans
245:
177:possibly contains
3801:
3800:
3772:
3771:
3309:
3308:
3109:Russian Mennonite
2817:
2816:
2708:
2707:
2249:978-0-692-60337-6
2066:Black Sea Germans
2040:/religious author
1894:
1893:
1605:
1604:
1321:origins, such as
1231:
1230:
1083:
1082:
1075:
848:
847:
840:
704:Russo-Turkish War
676:
675:
668:
476:Black Sea Germans
399:
355:
354:
324:Roman Catholicism
313:
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
214:
179:original research
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
3846:
3789:
3740:Papua New Guinea
3578:Kapitaï and Koba
3544:Kapitaï and Koba
3493:
3371:Los Lagos Region
3353:British Columbia
2961:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2893:
2877:
2868:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2747:
2746:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2336:
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2328:
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2311:
2310:
2303:
2297:
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2291:
2283:
2271:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2202:. Archived from
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2115:
2099:
2096:
2076:Dobrujan Germans
2071:Bukovina Germans
2053:Immanuel Winkler
2034:Heinrich Lhotzky
1775:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1649:animal husbandry
1391:
1390:
1309:(grace valley),
1141:
1140:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1027:
1019:
921:Warsaw Colonists
880:
843:
836:
832:
829:
823:
792:
784:
684:Dobrujan Germans
671:
664:
660:
657:
651:
620:
612:
581:The Bessarabian
538:Second World War
495:German President
484:Dobrujan Germans
404:
394:
392:
307:
285:
268:
248:
244:
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217:
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194:inline citations
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3802:
3797:
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3640:
3498:
3365:Los Ríos Region
3305:
3289:
3253:
3178:Southern Europe
3173:
3147:North Schleswig
3130:Northern Europe
3125:
2988:
2929:Sudeten Germans
2896:
2853:
2848:
2818:
2813:
2755:
2741:
2739:
2709:
2704:
2693:
2657:
2573:
2478:
2462:
2457:
2419:Wayback Machine
2390:Wayback Machine
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2200:"Archived copy"
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2154:
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2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2062:
2044:Artur Văitoianu
2016:
1999:
1991:Soviet Republic
1969:was changed to
1920:German language
1916:
1911:
1757:
1749:
1717:
1711:
1676:
1674:New settlements
1610:
1441:, a village in
1349:
1325:(white horse),
1301:(hope valley),
1295:Triple Alliance
1251:Fürsorgekomitee
1247:
1235:Fürsorgekomitee
1173:Baron von Rosen
1147:Term of Office
1124:Fürsorgekomitee
1120:
1079:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1044:
1028:
1017:
1012:
976:Land shortages;
933:Duchy of Warsaw
929:
844:
833:
827:
824:
809:
793:
782:
774:Duchy of Warsaw
772:) and into the
743:Exemption from
672:
661:
655:
652:
637:
621:
610:
579:
530:
482:, and from the
416:) who lived in
350:
310:German dialects
306:
271:
259:
243:
236:
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207:
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198:
183:
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28:
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17:
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5:
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3799:
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3790:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3757:German Samoans
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
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3716:
3711:
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3285:United Kingdom
3282:
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3259:
3258:Western Europe
3255:
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3249:
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3171:
3166:
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3156:
3155:
3154:
3152:Potato Germans
3149:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
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3089:
3087:North Caucasus
3084:
3074:
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3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3029:
3024:
3014:
3013:
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2996:
2994:
2993:Eastern Europe
2990:
2989:
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2980:
2979:
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2953:
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2924:Czech Republic
2920:
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2917:Central Europe
2911:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2874:Reichsdeutsche
2869:
2866:Bundesdeutsche
2861:
2859:
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2847:
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2824:
2815:
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2640:
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2638:
2636:Transcarpathia
2633:
2627:
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2625:
2620:
2615:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
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2579:
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2497:
2492:
2490:Crimean Tatars
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2467:Dominant group
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2463:
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2377:External links
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2041:
2031:
2015:
2014:Notable people
2012:
1998:
1995:
1985:to escape the
1959:Roman Catholic
1947:Pfarrgemeinden
1922:in use in the
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1903:Heim ins Reich
1892:
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1337:(drying), and
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3607:Dar es Salaam
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3490:Colonia Tovar
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3441:United States
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3137:Baltic states
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2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2891:
2890:Volksdeutsche
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2851:German people
2845:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:Ethnic groups
2745:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
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2598:
2596:
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2588:
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2580:
2576:
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2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
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2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2447:
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2440:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2366:
2360:
2355:
2347:
2341:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2301:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2220:
2206:on 2012-07-28
2205:
2201:
2195:
2180:(in Romanian)
2179:
2175:
2168:
2153:(in Romanian)
2152:
2148:
2141:
2126:(in Romanian)
2125:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:(1859–1930),
2035:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1642:Moldovan wine
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1549:
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1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Bolhrad Raion
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1357:Vesela Dolyna
1353:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1319:Turkish-Tatar
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1077:
1074:
1066:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1032:This section
1030:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1002:
998:
997:Millennialism
995:
992:
988:
984:
981:
980:
978:
975:
972:
969:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
952:
951:
945:
942:
939:Objection to
938:
937:
936:
934:
924:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
885:(harmonies).
884:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
842:
839:
831:
821:
817:
813:
807:
806:
802:
797:This section
795:
791:
786:
785:
777:
775:
771:
767:
759:
756:
752:
749:
747:for 10 years;
746:
742:
739:
736:
735:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
693:
689:
685:
680:
670:
667:
659:
649:
645:
641:
635:
634:
630:
625:This section
623:
619:
614:
613:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
546:
545:
543:
539:
535:
521:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
408:
403:
397:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
359:
348:
345:
341:
337:
332:
329:
325:
321:
316:
311:
305:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
274:
267:
262:
258:
254:
249:
234:
231:
216:
213:
205:
195:
191:
187:
181:
180:
175:This article
173:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3585:South Africa
3098:
3004:
2958:Walddeutsche
2778:
2612:
2590:Azerbaijanis
2578:Under 50,000
2365:
2354:
2340:
2326:
2315:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2258:
2239:
2233:
2208:. Retrieved
2204:the original
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2177:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2150:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2123:
2113:
2094:
2020:Horst Köhler
2000:
1946:
1945:) and three
1939:Kirchspielen
1938:
1936:
1917:
1895:
1755:Demographics
1750:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1703:Hektardörfer
1702:
1696:
1691:
1688:Hoffnungstal
1687:
1685:
1646:
1619:
1597:Hoffnungstal
1409:Established
1386:
1381:grasshoppers
1366:
1361:Odesa Oblast
1355:Klöstitz or
1338:
1332:
1331:(salt hole)
1326:
1322:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:Hoffnungstal
1298:
1250:
1248:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1213:Th. Lysander
1127:
1123:
1121:
1098:
1092:
1069:
1060:
1045:Please help
1033:
949:
930:
920:
918:
905:
890:River Danube
887:
882:
874:
872:
849:
834:
825:
810:Please help
798:
763:
716:
697:
662:
653:
638:Please help
626:
593:
590:Albert Mauch
585:
580:
534:coat of arms
531:
528:Coat of arms
514:Nazi Germany
498:Horst Köhler
492:
465:
460:
426:
410:ethnic group
366:
364:
242:Ethnic group
226:
208:
199:
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3786:Ostsiedlung
3735:New Zealand
3709:Philippines
3551:Ivory Coast
3436:Puerto Rico
3389:El Salvador
3280:Netherlands
3234:Gottscheers
3034:(including
2984:Switzerland
2662:under 5,000
2522:Belarusians
2483:Over 50,000
2402:at grhs.org
2296:|work=
2184:31 December
2157:31 December
2130:31 December
2124:Moldova.org
1657:Shepherding
1638:viticulture
1626:black earth
1608:Agriculture
1589:Alt-Posttal
1551:Friedenstal
1403:Established
1397:Established
1334:Kurudschika
1303:Friedenstal
1245:Place names
1134:, later in
979:Religious;
973:High taxes;
852:Württemberg
770:Mecklenburg
766:Württemberg
753:Freedom of
686:located in
596:, a German
457:Novorossiya
433:Württemberg
3808:Categories
3699:Kyrgyzstan
3689:Kazakhstan
3590:Afrikaners
3384:Costa Rica
3348:Hutterites
3210:Yugoslavia
3190:Azerbaijan
3099:Bessarabia
2858:Historical
2799:Ukrainians
2769:Bulgarians
2623:Mennonites
2613:Bessarabia
2532:Hungarians
2527:Bulgarians
2474:Ukrainians
2210:2012-12-04
2178:HotNews.ro
2105:References
2038:Protestant
2030:politician
1713:See also:
1622:desyatinas
1538:Wittenberg
1506:Lichtental
1406:Settlement
1400:Settlement
1394:Settlement
1328:Basyrjamka
1311:Lichtental
1239:Oberschulz
1227:1867–1871
1217:1866–1867
1207:1858–1866
1197:1856–1858
1187:1853–1856
1177:1849–1853
1167:1845–1849
1157:1818–1845
1015:Settlement
1001:Golden Age
860:Palatinate
780:Emigration
598:university
418:Bessarabia
287:Bessarabia
186:improve it
110:newspapers
39:improve it
3730:Australia
3483:Venezuela
3466:Palatines
3414:Nicaragua
3394:Guatemala
3323:Argentina
3104:Black Sea
3050:Satu Mare
3010:Black Sea
2881:Palatines
2764:Armenians
2684:Krymchaks
2674:Albanians
2632:(Olęders)
2630:Holenders
2608:Black Sea
2595:Georgians
2559:Armenians
2542:Moldovans
2537:Romanians
2298:ignored (
2288:cite book
1987:Bolshevik
1530:Dennewitz
1483:Gnadental
1429:Neu-Arzis
1343:(salty).
1307:Gnadental
1271:Dennewitz
1097:(Budjak;
1063:July 2024
1034:does not
910:Black Sea
906:Ulm boxes
898:Stuttgart
883:Harmonien
828:July 2024
799:does not
750:Autonomy;
731:manifesto
688:Stuttgart
656:July 2024
627:does not
453:Black Sea
405:) were a
396:romanized
387:Ukrainian
344:Austrians
298:Languages
190:verifying
45:talk page
3777:See also
3704:Pakistan
3612:Zanzibar
3602:Bagamoyo
3597:Tanzania
3517:Cameroon
3451:Nebraska
3419:Paraguay
3379:Colombia
3315:Americas
3247:Bosporus
3230:Slovenia
3195:Bulgaria
3055:Bukovina
3040:Highland
3027:Landlers
2972:Slovakia
2902:Diaspora
2794:Russians
2679:Karaites
2604:Germans
2495:Russians
2415:Archived
2386:Archived
2219:cite web
2151:voxeurop
2060:See also
2004:Tarutino
1971:Tiraspol
1955:Reformed
1951:Lutheran
1943:parishes
1560:Beresina
1544:Katzbach
1493:Klöstitz
1467:Tarutino
1457:Neu-Elft
1421:Alt-Elft
1414:Borodino
1315:Romanian
1291:Katzbach
1267:Beresina
1263:Borodino
1259:Tarutino
1257:such as
1255:Napoleon
1132:Chișinău
1118:Autonomy
875:Kolonnen
755:religion
717:Nomadic
712:Chişinău
542:heraldic
441:Prussian
379:Romanian
318:Religion
312:as well)
3723:Oceania
3667:Tianjin
3662:Qingdao
3657:Beijing
3624:Baguida
3573:Senegal
3561:Nigeria
3556:Namibia
3527:Yaoundé
3478:Uruguay
3471:by city
3404:Jamaica
3333:Bolivia
3265:Belgium
3220:Croatia
3200:Georgia
3185:Armenia
3164:Finland
3142:Denmark
3119:Galicia
3094:Ukraine
3060:Dobruja
3017:Romania
3005:Moldova
3000:Belarus
2965:Galicia
2951:Olęders
2946:Vistula
2936:Hungary
2779:Germans
2753:Moldova
2701:Ukraine
2648:Koreans
2510:Hutsuls
1975:Saratow
1967:diocese
1963:Cherson
1830:+148.3%
1808:+171.3%
1668:Poultry
1661:Karakul
1582:Leipzig
1523:Teplitz
1500:Brienne
1377:cholera
1287:Leipzig
1279:Brienne
1193:Islawin
1104:acacias
1055:removed
1040:sources
983:Pietism
958:Serfdom
864:Bavaria
820:removed
805:sources
692:Germany
648:removed
633:sources
608:Origins
506:Rîșcani
488:Dobruja
451:at the
439:, some
437:Bavaria
398::
340:Germans
184:Please
124:scholar
3750:Rabaul
3745:Kokopo
3679:Israel
3539:Guinea
3522:Douala
3512:Angola
3504:Africa
3429:Pozuzo
3409:Mexico
3343:Canada
3338:Brazil
3328:Belize
3270:France
3242:Turkey
3225:Serbia
3169:Sweden
3159:Norway
3114:Crimea
3077:Russia
3070:Zipser
3044:Walser
3042:, and
3032:Danube
2977:Zipser
2941:Poland
2910:Europe
2804:Romani
2784:Greeks
2774:Gagauz
2643:Gagauz
2618:Crimea
2600:Czechs
2569:Tatars
2564:Greeks
2515:Lemkos
2505:Boykos
2500:Rusyns
2246:
2008:Sarata
1932:Sexton
1928:church
1914:Church
1899:German
1885:−97.8%
1874:+15.2%
1871:93,300
1860:81,000
1852:+31.6%
1849:79,000
1838:60,026
1827:60,000
1816:24,160
1805:24,000
1574:Plotzk
1567:Sarata
1439:Krasna
1373:plague
1369:floods
1340:Sarata
1323:Albota
968:famine
941:Polish
935:were:
914:Izmail
902:Munich
868:Alsace
858:, the
723:Budjak
719:Tatars
602:Sarata
583:anthem
577:Anthem
510:Poland
445:Alsace
407:German
371:German
304:German
291:Budjak
253:German
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
3694:Korea
3684:Japan
3674:India
3652:China
3566:Lagos
3534:Ghana
3461:Omaha
3456:Texas
3399:Haiti
3360:Chile
3082:Volga
3065:Regat
3036:Banat
2789:Poles
2689:Kurds
2669:Serbs
2653:Turks
2549:Poles
2278:[
2087:Notes
2006:. In
1983:Odesa
1924:Bible
1882:2,058
1879:1941
1868:1940
1863:+2.5%
1857:1930
1846:1919
1841:+0.0%
1835:1889
1824:1897
1819:+0.7%
1813:1862
1802:1856
1797:−1.7%
1794:8,846
1791:1828
1783:9,000
1780:1826
1664:sheep
1630:wheat
1601:1842
1577:1839
1555:1834
1533:1834
1509:1834
1487:1830
1475:Arzis
1461:1825
1450:Paris
1433:1824
1283:Paris
1275:Arzis
1136:Odesa
1108:gable
1099:germ.
991:piety
943:rule;
856:Baden
745:taxes
727:serfs
561:Gules
549:Azure
480:Odesa
429:Baden
131:JSTOR
117:books
3762:Apia
3645:Asia
3634:Lomé
3629:Sebe
3619:Togo
3424:Peru
2809:Jews
2585:Roma
2554:Jews
2307:link
2300:help
2244:ISBN
2225:link
2186:2022
2159:2022
2132:2022
1769:Pop.
1765:Year
1653:dung
1634:corn
1632:and
1593:1823
1585:1815
1571:1822
1563:1815
1547:1821
1541:1815
1527:1817
1519:1815
1515:Kulm
1503:1816
1497:1815
1479:1816
1471:1814
1453:1816
1447:1814
1425:1816
1417:1814
1375:and
1144:Name
1112:loam
1038:any
1036:cite
866:and
803:any
801:cite
631:any
629:cite
532:The
365:The
342:and
326:and
103:news
2751:in
2028:CDU
1949:of
1317:or
1049:by
894:Ulm
814:by
642:by
600:in
502:CDU
486:in
188:by
86:by
3810::
3038:,
2292::
2290:}}
2286:{{
2221:}}
2217:{{
2176:.
2149:.
2122:.
2026:,
1993:.
1774:±%
1359:,
1289:,
1285:,
1281:,
1277:,
1273:,
1269:,
1265:,
1261:,
985:–
879:c.
862:,
854:,
714:.
690:,
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