102:
490:
29:
89:
459:(provincial government) for a loan. In 1773, the Society of Berbice had repaid Ć’134,815 of the Ć’786,354, and asked for a deferral of payment, which was granted. There are no records that the remaining amount or interest have ever been paid. In February 1765, Gedney Clarke's son send an invoice of Ć’41,060 for his assistance, which was never paid.
420:
on 15 April 1764. The Dutch executed many rebels for participating in the rebellion. The estimates vary from 75 to 128 (125 men and 3 women). leading to the colony’s recapture by the summer of 1764 and savage repercussions. Around 1,800 rebels died, with 24 burned alive
Captain Accara was pardoned, and later served as a
419:
On 1 January 1764, the six ships arrived, providing the starting signal for expeditions against the rebel slaves. The insurgents were being defeated. Captain Atta and Accara were captured, at which time Accara changed sides, and helped the Dutch to capture
Captain Accabre, the last of the insurgents,
437:
did complain about the number of executions after the uprising, however, they were worried about their reputation and the loss of valuable slaves. The Dutch newspapers devoted a lot of coverage to the uprising, they quickly lost interest after the revolt was put down. The last publication was on the
1147:
Coffy
Gouverneur van de Negers van de Berbice en Capitein Accara laat U Ed. Groet, laat U Ed. weet dat geen Oorlog zoek, maar als UEd. zoek Oorlog de Negers zyn ook klaar.(...) de Gouverneur sal U Ed. geefe de half Berbice en zy luye zal almaal na boven gaan, maar moet niet denke dat de Negers weer
415:
was assigned to devise a plan to reconquer the colony. On 19 October 1763, it was reported to the governor that
Captain Atta had revolted against Coffij, and that Coffij had committed suicide. This cancelled the peace negotiations; however, the colonists had already been strengthened by the arrival
358:
Coffij contacted van
Hoogenheim and said that he regretted the attack, and started peace negotiations suggesting to split Berbice into a European and an African part. The Governor replied that Amsterdam should make the decision, and that it could take three to four months. Two days after receiving
199:
or Kofi and his deputy Akra or Akara. The slave rebellion lasted from
February 1763 into 1764. Cuffy, like Tacky, was born in West Africa before being trafficked and enslaved. He led a revolt of more than 2,500 against the colony's regime. After acquiring firearms, the rebels attacked plantations.
1130:
Coffy, Governor of the
Negroes of Berbice, and Captain Akara send greetings and inform Your Excellency that they seek no war; but if Your Excellency wants war, the Negroes are likewise ready (...) The Governor will give Your Excellency one half of Berbice, and all the Negroes will go high up the
322:
There were supposed to be 60 soldiers in Fort Nassau; however, at the time of uprising, there were only 18 men including civilian militia in the fort. As plantation after plantation fell to the slaves, the Dutch settlers fled northward and the rebels began to take over control of the region. For
207:
saying that he did not want a war against the whites and proposed a partition of
Berbice with the whites occupying the coastal areas and the blacks the interior. Akara's faction won, and Cuffy killed himself. The anniversary of Cuffy's slave rebellion, 23 February, is Republic Day in Guyana, and
259:
caused a reduction in supplies to the colony, resulting in hunger among the slave population. In late 1762, a disease had broken out in the fort, and many soldiers had died or fallen ill. On 3 July 1762, Laurens
Kunckler, the owner of plantation Goed Fortuin, left for
200:
They gained an advantage after taking the house of
Peerboom. They told the whites inside that they could leave, but the rebels killed many as they did and took several prisoners, including the wife of a plantation owner, whom Cuffy kept as his wife.
397:. The Barbadian militiamen stayed and captured a rebel stronghold at the La Savonnette plantation. The appearance of Clarke's force at Demerara discouraged slaves from joining the rebellion and reassured local planters. In May,
424:
with the marines under his former adversary Fourgeoud. The population of the colony had decreased to 1,308 male slaves, 1,317 females, 745 children, and 115 whites in November 1764, which includes recently purchased slaves.
389:
and "other personnel", consisted of 300 men in total. Clarke owned seven plantations in Dutch Guiana, and this force, acting without authorisation from the British Crown, was intended to protect those interests.
276:
similar to those in Suriname. The soldiers, despite aid by indigenous allies, were unable to recapture the island until the rebels were forced to leave on 8 or 9 August, likely due to lack of food.
323:
almost a year, the rebels held on to southern Berbice, while the whites were able to hold on to the north. Eventually only about half of the white population that had lived in the colony remained.
1505:
330:. Coffij was installed as the political leader, and Accara was the military leader. Coffij tried to keep the captured plantations operating to prevent starvation. Governor
662:
393:
The force soon arrived in Demerara. However, as Rodney was recalled to England not long after, he ordered the 100 marines and sailors in Clarke's force to come back to
451:
had been abandoned and set on fire to prevent it falling into enemy hands. In 1785, it was decided to move the government to Fort Sint Andries, which was renamed as
830:
1427:
509:
Coffij is commemorated on 23 February as the national hero of Guyana. In 1976, a bronze monument was erected in the Square of the Revolutions, in the capital
1650:
Williams, Brackette (1990), "Dutchman Ghosts and the History Mystery: Ritual, Colonizer, and Colonized Interpretations of the 1763 Berbice Slave Rebellion",
862:, an amount each plantation had to pay per person. New plantation were exempt for 10 years, therefore the real population figure was several hundred higher.
297:
1640:
1523:
272:) were crucial to the Dutch effort to retake Berbice, as their scouting and harassing of rebel troops in the interior prevented the formation of
1268:
580:
1747:
1478:
1084:
486:
pointed to the Berbice slave uprising. In the mid-1770s military officers who had handled the Berbice uprising were dispatched to Suriname.
411:
reported the revolt of the slaves. The merchants demanded action, and six ships with a total of 600 men set sail to Berbice. Field Marshal
319:
working as a cooper. He is said to have organized them into a military unit. From then on, the revolt spread to neighbouring plantations.
184:, and when Guyana became a republic in 1970 the state declared 23 February as a day to commemorate the start of the Berbice slave revolt.
133:
412:
144:
1742:
1727:
1212:
834:
264:. The slaves used this opportunity to raid the plantation, and hide on an island high upriver. Indigenous soldiers (especially
1401:
1293:"Narrative of a five years' expedition against the revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America"
1131:
river, but don't think they will remain slaves. Those Negroes that Your Excellency has on the ships - they can remain slaves.
1606:
620:
456:
1717:
749:
1597:
Geschiedenis van de koloniën Essequebo, Demerary en Berbice, van de vestiging der Nederlanders aldaar tot op onzen tijd
1687:
1682:
1585:
1018:
704:
646:
335:
1712:
963:
Thompson, Alvin O., "The Berbice Revolt 1763–64", in Winston F. McGowan, James G. Rose and David A. Granger (eds),
1213:"'Their power has been broken, the danger has passed.' Dutch newspaper coverage of the Berbice slave revolt, 1763"
288:
in Berbice rebelled, protesting harsh and inhumane treatment. They torched the plantation house, and made for the
1652:
522:
378:
980:
1737:
1697:
1692:
1618:
1488:
386:
382:
307:
of Suriname attacked, and killed them. On 27 February 1763, a revolt took place on plantation Hollandia on the
203:
After several months, a dispute between Cuffy and Akra led to a war. On 2 April 1763, Cuffy wrote to Governor
937:
331:
204:
129:
1046:
Kars, Marjoleine (2016). "Dodging Rebellion: Politics and Gender in the Berbice Slave Uprising of 1763".
1364:, p. 259: Gedney Clark had recently died, and his son arrived in Demerara to settle the inheritance
1732:
1707:
1702:
1566:
1537:
527:
691:
Slavery, Family, and Gentry Capitalism in the British Atlantic: The world of the Lascelles, 1648–1834
639:
Slavery, Family, and Gentry Capitalism in the British Atlantic: The World of the Lascelles, 1648–1834
251:
In 1762, the population of the Dutch colony of Berbice included 3,833 enslaved Blacks, 244 enslaved
138:
455:
in 1791. The Society of Berbice was in serious financial problems after the revolt, and asked the
532:
467:
350:("The Daybreak"). On 2 April, 300 to 400 rebels attacked, led by Accara, which drove them back.
1517:
724:
696:
498:
452:
407:
1114:
688:
1288:
478:
received in 1760 and 1762 respectively, but a war was declared instead. The reason why the
448:
302:
261:
228:
of the Van Peere family. After refusing to pay the ransom demanded by the French privateer
1246:
489:
8:
479:
372:
256:
244:. The colony was not very successful compared to other colonies, because it only paid 4%
180:. The first major slave revolt in South America, it is seen as a major event in Guyana's
1595:
1325:
1665:
1238:
805:
510:
494:
440:
434:
273:
241:
233:
209:
1614:
1581:
1484:
1242:
1063:
919:
809:
700:
689:
642:
537:
364:
1722:
1661:
1228:
1220:
1148:
Slaven wil zyn, maar de Neger die U Ed. heb op de Scheepe die kan zyn U Ed. Slaven.
1055:
911:
795:
289:
181:
1452:
1367:
1355:
831:"Inventaris van het archief van de Sociëteit van Berbice, (1681) 1720–1795 (1800)"
1379:
1177:
542:
229:
169:
1624:
346:
with 100 soldiers. The former slaves were driven back, and a camp was set up at
398:
237:
196:
94:
900:"Dodging Rebellion: Politics and Gender in the Berbice Slave Uprising of 1763"
800:
757:
176:
that began on 23 February 1763 and lasted to December, with leaders including
1676:
1067:
942:
923:
783:
720:
483:
471:
368:
308:
293:
265:
114:
1642:
Storm van 's Gravesande: zijn werk en zijn leven uit zijne brieven opgebouwd
1292:
385:
had put into commission. This force, supplemented by sailors from Britain's
1483:(Thesis) (in Dutch). Paramaribo: Radboud University Nijmegen. p. 167.
1273:
1059:
915:
470:
attacked plantations. Boni tried to get a peace treaty similar to what the
326:
The rebels came to number about 3,000 and threatened European control over
208:
Cuffy is a national hero commemorated in a large monument in the capital,
444:, which published a sensationalist eyewitness account of the executions.
327:
316:
285:
1506:"Rebellie der Zwarte Jagers. De nasleep van de Bonni-oorlogen 1788–1809"
1578:
Blood on the River: A Chronicle of Mutiny and Freedom on the Wild Coast
899:
232:, the colony changed hands to four Amsterdam merchants who founded the
28:
1233:
1224:
402:
873:
1638:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1183:
475:
463:
421:
360:
343:
245:
106:
1453:"The Saramaka Peace Treaty in Sranan: An edition of the 1762 text"
1402:"Boni (ca. 1730 – 1793), leider van de slavenrevoltes in Suriname"
1269:"Dutch exhibition offers new insight into Berbice slave uprising"
221:
188:
56:
401:
provided military assistance. In the meantime, word had reached
284:
On 23 February 1763, slaves on plantation Magdalenenberg on the
312:
269:
192:
177:
173:
150:
110:
60:
1639:
Storm van 's Gravesande, Laurens; Villiers, J.A.J. de (1920).
1428:"The Ndyuka Treaty Of 1760: A Conversation with Granman Gazon"
1607:"History: Early Settlement And The Period of Dutch Control"
513:. The monument has been designated as a National Monument.
482:
changed their position is unknown; however, people such as
225:
433:
Very little changed after the Berbice slave uprising. The
627:, Vol. 1, Westport, Ct: Greenwood Press, 2007, pp. 55–56.
1568:
Beschryving van Guiana, of de wilde kust in Zuid-America
1306:
1189:
1165:
1153:
1136:
1085:"History: The Berbice uprising, 1763 (Sixth Instalment)"
359:
news of the rebellion, Gedney Clarke Sr., a merchant in
1343:
998:
849:
726:
The Guyana Story: From Earliest Times to Independence
338:
for military assistance. On 28 March 1763, the ship
1604:
1396:
1394:
585:Slavenhandel MCC (Provincial Archives of Zeeland)
1674:
1287:
367:carrying 50 Barbadian militiamen along with 100
85:
1613:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
1391:
1326:"'From a Glorious past to a Promising Future'"
625:Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
1206:
1204:
1109:
1107:
1105:
858:, p. 191:"Population figure is based on
777:
775:
747:
493:1763 Monument on Square of the Revolution in
1522:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1386:Storm van 's Gravesande & Villiers 1920
1374:Storm van 's Gravesande & Villiers 1920
1362:Storm van 's Gravesande & Villiers 1920
1184:Storm van 's Gravesande & Villiers 1920
975:
973:
641:. Cambridge University Press. p. 116.
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
554:
1210:
1201:
1102:
784:"De Nederlandsche Kolonie Berbice in 1771"
772:
255:or indigenous people, and 346 whites. The
27:
1564:
1476:
1312:
1232:
1195:
1171:
1159:
1142:
1016:
799:
1649:
1600:(in Dutch). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
1593:
1349:
1079:
1077:
1004:
970:
871:
855:
781:
598:
488:
438:subject was on 19 September 1764 by the
145:Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
1041:
1039:
719:
33:The revolting plantations (highlighted)
1675:
1266:
1019:"Video: The beginning of the Uprising"
865:
823:
695:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1503:
1074:
686:
667:People, History and Culture of Guyana
636:
1748:Military history of the Dutch Empire
1575:
1045:
1036:
897:
195:, was led by a Coromantin man named
1510:Digital Library of Dutch Literature
1301:His name is spelt Okera in the book
13:
1666:10.1111/j.1467-6443.1990.tb00094.x
1611:The Negro Family in British Guiana
1558:
1512:. De Gids (in Dutch). p. 293.
1267:Boffey, Daniel (22 January 2021).
1217:Early Modern Low Countries Journal
1145:, p. 404:Original in Dutch: "
965:Themes in African-Guyanese History
898:Kars, Marjoleine (February 2016).
874:"The causes of the 1763 rebellion"
663:"The 1763 Berbice Slave Rebellion"
14:
1759:
1743:Wars involving the Dutch Republic
1728:Slave rebellions in South America
1594:Netscher, Pieter Marinus (1888).
1480:Bosneger and overheid in Suriname
296:and troops commanded by Governor
187:In 1763, the slave rebellion in
100:
87:
45:23 February 1763 – 15 April 1764
1653:Journal of Historical Sociology
1645:(in Dutch). The Hague: Nijhoff.
1530:
1497:
1470:
1445:
1420:
1318:
1281:
1260:
1115:"The Collapse of the Rebellion"
1010:
957:
930:
891:
523:Cheddi Jagan Bio Diversity Park
381:had lent to Clarke and Admiral
1571:, Amsterdam: Gerrit Tielenburg
1048:The American Historical Review
967:, London: Hansib, 2009. p. 80.
904:The American Historical Review
741:
713:
680:
655:
630:
497:, designed by Guyanese artist
353:
16:1763 slave rebellion in Guyana
1:
1538:"Guyana's National Monuments"
621:"Berbice Slave Revolt (1763)"
548:
279:
215:
938:"The 1762 revolt in Berbice"
428:
371:and sailors from the 60-gun
224:was originally a hereditary
7:
1605:Smith, Raymond T. (2000) .
687:Smith, Simon David (2006).
637:Smith, Simon David (2006).
516:
462:A couple of years later in
47:(1 year, 1 month)
10:
1764:
1718:African diaspora in Guyana
1542:Guyana Times International
1504:Groot, Silvia, de (1970).
756:(2): 20–22. Archived from
623:, in Junius P. Rodriguez,
581:"Berbice Uprising in 1763"
528:Demerara rebellion of 1823
413:von Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
311:next to Lilienburg, where
1576:Kars, Marjoleine (2020),
801:10.1163/22134360-90001004
788:Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
504:
123:
79:
37:
26:
21:
1688:1764 in the Dutch Empire
1683:1763 in the Dutch Empire
1565:Hartsinck, J.J. (1770),
782:Beyerman, J. J. (1934).
466:, escaped slaves led by
242:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
1713:18th-century rebellions
1477:Scholtens, Ben (1994).
182:anti-colonial struggles
748:David Granger (1992).
501:
405:. On 21 May 1763, the
124:Commanders and leaders
1738:Wars involving Guyana
1698:1764 in South America
1693:1763 in South America
1297:University of Florida
492:
447:During the fighting,
408:Amsterdamsche Courant
248:to the stockholders.
1432:culturalsurvival.org
1299:. pp. 122–123.
1289:John Gabriel Stedman
1060:10.1093/ahr/121.1.39
981:"2013 anniversaries"
916:10.1093/ahr/121.1.39
837:on 8 September 2012
480:Society of Suriname
619:Cleve McD. Scott,
502:
495:Georgetown, Guyana
441:Leeuwarder Courant
435:Society of Berbice
363:, dispatched five
274:Maroon communities
234:Society of Berbice
1733:Slavery in Guyana
1708:Conflicts in 1764
1703:Conflicts in 1763
1580:, The New Press,
538:History of Guyana
457:States of Holland
365:armed merchantmen
298:Wigbold Crommelin
191:, in present-day
166:Berbice Rebellion
162:
161:
75:
74:
22:Berbice Rebellion
1755:
1668:
1646:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1623:. Archived from
1601:
1590:
1572:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1513:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1398:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1245:. Archived from
1236:
1225:10.18352/emlc.61
1211:Esther Baakman.
1208:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1111:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
991:
977:
968:
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
934:
928:
927:
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
869:
863:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
833:. Archived from
827:
821:
820:
818:
816:
803:
779:
770:
769:
767:
765:
745:
739:
738:
736:
734:
717:
711:
710:
694:
684:
678:
677:
675:
673:
659:
653:
652:
634:
628:
617:
596:
595:
593:
591:
577:
306:
290:Courantyne River
257:Seven Years' War
142:
105:
104:
103:
97:
93:
91:
90:
39:
38:
31:
19:
18:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1673:
1672:
1630:
1628:
1621:
1588:
1561:
1559:Further reading
1556:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1515:
1514:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1406:Is Geschiedenis
1400:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1286:
1282:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1141:
1137:
1123:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1044:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1017:Ineke Velzing.
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
979:
978:
971:
962:
958:
948:
946:
936:
935:
931:
896:
892:
882:
880:
870:
866:
854:
850:
840:
838:
829:
828:
824:
814:
812:
780:
773:
763:
761:
760:on 26 June 2008
746:
742:
732:
730:
718:
714:
707:
685:
681:
671:
669:
661:
660:
656:
649:
635:
631:
618:
599:
589:
587:
579:
578:
555:
551:
543:Slave rebellion
519:
507:
431:
356:
300:
282:
230:Jacques Cassard
218:
170:slave rebellion
158:Captain Accabre
157:
155:
153:
143:
136:
132:
113:
109:
101:
99:
98:
88:
86:
63:
46:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1761:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1671:
1670:
1660:(2): 133–165,
1647:
1636:
1619:
1602:
1591:
1586:
1573:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1529:
1496:
1489:
1469:
1444:
1419:
1390:
1378:
1376:, p. 261.
1366:
1354:
1352:, p. 256.
1342:
1317:
1315:, p. 538.
1313:Hartsinck 1770
1305:
1280:
1259:
1200:
1198:, p. 410.
1196:Hartsinck 1770
1188:
1176:
1174:, p. 408.
1172:Hartsinck 1770
1164:
1162:, p. 405.
1160:Hartsinck 1770
1152:
1143:Hartsinck 1770
1135:
1101:
1073:
1035:
1009:
1007:, p. 174.
997:
969:
956:
929:
890:
872:Husani Dixon.
864:
848:
822:
794:(1): 313–314.
771:
750:"Guyana coins"
740:
729:(1st ed.)
721:Ishmael, Odeen
712:
705:
679:
654:
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332:van Hoogenheim
281:
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240:listed on the
238:public company
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317:enslaved man
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154:Captain Atta
80:Belligerents
672:23 February
449:Fort Nassau
354:Suppression
348:De Dageraad
328:the Guianas
301: [
286:Canje River
262:Fort Nassau
253:Amerindians
137: [
1677:Categories
1631:2014-05-05
1620:0415863295
1490:9991410155
1408:(in Dutch)
1253:2020-08-07
1234:1887/67718
1119:Guyane.org
990:7 February
860:head money
549:References
511:Georgetown
334:asked the
280:Revolution
216:Background
210:Georgetown
1547:27 August
1243:166092522
1219:: 45–67.
1068:0002-8762
1028:10 August
924:0002-8762
810:161118749
754:El Dorado
533:Boni Wars
484:Lichtveld
429:Aftermath
403:Amsterdam
149:Governor
134:Fourgeoud
1462:7 August
1437:7 August
1335:8 August
1124:7 August
1094:7 August
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883:8 August
841:8 August
815:8 August
723:(2005).
590:7 August
517:See also
476:Saramaka
464:Suriname
422:freedman
395:Pembroke
374:Pembroke
361:Barbados
344:Suriname
246:dividend
107:Barbados
52:Location
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1412:21 July
369:marines
315:was an
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472:Ndyuka
313:Coffij
294:Caribs
292:where
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193:Guyana
178:Coffij
174:Guyana
168:was a
151:Coffij
119:Rebels
115:Kalina
111:Arawak
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68:Result
61:Guyana
1239:S2CID
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340:Betsy
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236:as a
197:Cuffy
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