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827:
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629:
612:
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563:
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945:
918:
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596:
569:
1508:
91:
52:
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886:
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761:
729:
652:
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837:
114:. By the time Saladin came back and successfully took over Beirut in 1187, the city castle was well documented by chroniclers. In 1197 the city was taken back by the Crusaders, and in 1198 it came under the rule of
299:"Medieval topography of Beirut. Map annotated and based on the British Army map of 1841 and on data from the various excavations in Downtown Beirut (Davie 1987: figure 3; el-Masri 1999: 1–79)"
141:, the castle was bombed and damaged by a British fleet. As evidenced by maps of that period, the old castle by then was known as "land castle" and the tower on an islet known as "sea castle."
164:. All castle structures and the promontories on which they were built were entirely flattened between 1889 and 1895 to construct a road and railway that served the new port facilities, now
407:
Badre, Leila (1998) “BEY 003 Preliminary Report, Excavations of the
American University of Beirut Museum, 1993–96”, Bulletin d’ Archéologie et d’ Architecture Libanaises 2: 6–94.
298:
1623:
1628:
213:
810:
204:. In the Crusader period, a 6-meter-wide moat separated the southwestern tower from the lower city, thus protecting the castle from attacks.
173:. The area that had laid at the foot of the castle promontory became a market for bulk trade in grains, sugar, rice, coffee and tea, known as
1633:
1385:
1315:
434:
138:
115:
408:
196:
and west of the present-day intersection of
Charles Helou Avenue and Al-Shuhada Street. A separate fortification known as
1613:
537:
21:
1345:
277:
129:
troops captured the city from the
Crusaders in 1291, they partly demolished the fortifications, but the Mamluk
111:
427:
94:
Photograph of Beirut Castle in
December 1869 (center), with the tower of Burj-al-Musallah islet on the left
1484:
518:
478:
1543:
1464:
498:
331:
1608:
1618:
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446:
241:
714:
420:
181:
106:
by the
Crusaders in 1110. A first city castle appears to have been built in 1183–1185, following
1519:
1404:
1389:
1364:
1354:
1339:
1329:
1289:
1279:
371:"Narrating Beirut Public Spaces Westernization: An urban perspective from the late 19th century"
1563:
193:
103:
574:
349:
354:
226:
119:
207:
For centuries, sailors found safe access to the Beirut harbor by setting a course that kept
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8:
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was built on an islet that was located roughly on the intersection of Helou Avenue and
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378:
236:
153:
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destroyed part of the castle but then rebuilt the tower again. In 1840 during the
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1089:
933:
99:
63:
320:. Vol. 16, no. 4. Research Foundation of State University of New York.
1573:
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662:
370:
231:
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51:
36:
23:
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90:
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110:'s unsuccessful siege attempt in 1183 and probably under the leadership of
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201:
1549:
1120:
1018:
885:
831:
787:
770:
760:
728:
651:
1172:
901:
192:
The castle was built upon a promontory on the sea, to the north of the
145:
133:
built a new tower on the site in the late 14th century. In the 1770s,
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635:
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1143:
1034:
751:
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75:
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1285:
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In 1887, following decades of rapid economic expansion driven by
107:
71:
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836:
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552:
529:
509:
469:
180:
Excavations conducted in 1995 in the context of development of
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67:
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1400:
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1002:
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184:
uncovered remains of the Beirut (Land) Castle’s basement.
278:"Le château croisé de Beyrouth : Étude préliminaire"
275:
350:"Archaeologists Find Proof of Lost Crusader Castle"
314:Port-Cities of the Eastern Mediterranean 1800–1914
375:Méditerranée – Journal of Mediterranean Geography
1600:
78:and demolished during works of extension of the
311:
1624:Demolished buildings and structures in Lebanon
428:
368:
165:
1629:Buildings and structures demolished in 1889
435:
421:
16:Former Crusader castle in Beirut, Lebanon
271:
269:
267:
265:
263:
261:
259:
257:
122:, following its refurbishment by John.
89:
50:
459:Sorted by modern states, with crusader
312:Y. EyĂĽp Ă–zveren (Fall 1993). "Beirut".
1601:
118:. The castle was described in 1212 by
416:
254:
98:Beirut's city walls are mentioned by
13:
1634:Buildings and structures in Beirut
442:
401:
14:
1645:
74:. It was mostly built during the
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156:obtained authorization from the
318:Review (Fernand Braudel Center)
362:
342:
324:
305:
291:
187:
1:
276:Patricia Antaki (2001–2002),
160:to enlarge and modernize the
112:Raymond III, Count of Tripoli
7:
1544:Order of the Holy Sepulchre
220:
10:
1650:
1614:Military history of Beirut
383:10.4000/mediterranee.11486
85:
82:in the late 19th century.
55:Beirut Castle in the 1870s
1498:
1474:
1454:
1266:
1203:
528:
508:
488:
468:
457:
453:
247:
242:List of Crusader castles
182:Beirut Central District
1588:Catholicism portal
1564:Order of Saint Lazarus
194:ancient Tell of Beirut
166:
154:Municipality of Beirut
95:
56:
369:Nadine Hindi (2020).
355:Associated Press News
227:Castle Square, Beirut
120:Wilbrand of Oldenburg
93:
54:
37:33.89944°N 35.50694°E
1514:Kingdom of Jerusalem
461:names in parentheses
217:on Martyrs’ Square.
146:trade liberalization
139:Egyptian–Ottoman War
66:located in downtown
1534:Knights Hospitaller
102:at the time of its
33: /
1411:Saint Louis Castle
1336:Citadel of Tripoli
175:Souk Mal-al-Qabban
96:
57:
42:33.89944; 35.50694
1596:
1595:
1524:County of Tripoli
1494:
1493:
1421:Scandelion Castle
740:Caesarea Maritima
579:Saint Jean d'Acre
1641:
1609:Crusader castles
1586:
1585:
1572:
1562:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1447:
1437:
1431:Sidon Sea Castle
1427:
1417:
1407:
1392:
1376:Deir Kifa Castle
1372:
1367:
1357:
1342:
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1322:
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747:
736:
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715:Belvoir Fortress
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346:
340:
339:
328:
322:
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309:
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237:Sidon Sea Castle
209:Burj al-Musallah
198:Burj al-Musallah
172:
48:
47:
45:
44:
43:
38:
34:
31:
30:
29:
26:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1619:House of Ibelin
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1580:
1554:Knights Templar
1507:
1505:
1490:
1470:
1450:
1296:Beaufort Castle
1262:
1199:
1175:
1163:
1146:
1134:
1097:
1080:
1064:
1037:
1010:
958:
936:
909:
906:Castellum Regis
867:
855:
813:
801:
779:
767:Château Pèlerin
742:
685:
643:
636:Ateret Fortress
626:
609:
602:Apollonia–Arsuf
582:
560:
524:
504:
484:
464:
449:
441:
404:
402:Further reading
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100:William of Tyre
88:
64:Crusader castle
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24:
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11:
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1574:Teutonic Order
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1452:
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1383:
1381:Hasbaya Castle
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1185:Khirbat Jiddin
1182:
1170:
1153:
1141:
1124:
1104:
1087:
1074:Tel Tanninim (
1071:
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557:Casal Imbertia
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358:. 7 June 1995.
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245:
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239:
234:
229:
222:
219:
214:Burj al-Kashef
189:
186:
162:Port of Beirut
158:Ottoman Empire
116:John of Ibelin
104:first conquest
87:
84:
80:Port of Beirut
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1331:
1327:
1326:Byblos Castle
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:Beirut Castle
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1213:Ajloun Castle
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1061:Blanche Garde
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794:Castle Arnold
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405:
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372:
365:
357:
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345:
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333:
332:"Archaeology"
327:
319:
315:
308:
300:
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283:
279:
272:
270:
268:
266:
264:
262:
260:
258:
253:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
232:Byblos Castle
230:
228:
225:
224:
218:
216:
215:
211:in line with
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
185:
183:
178:
176:
171:
170:
169:Charles Helou
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
131:Sultan Barquq
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
92:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:Beirut Castle
53:
49:
46:
1502:Associations
1483:
1463:
1396:Mseilha Fort
1346:Dubay Castle
1305:
1223:Kerak Castle
1188:
1159:
1130:
1110:
1093:
1075:
1060:
1057:Tell es-Safi
1006:
986:
976:
954:
927:
905:
896:Château Neuf
895:
880:
851:
703:
682:Beth Gibelin
681:
666:
605:
578:
556:
541:
517:
497:
477:
460:
374:
364:
353:
344:
335:
326:
317:
313:
307:
293:
285:
281:
212:
208:
206:
197:
191:
179:
174:
150:silk exports
143:
135:Jazzar Pasha
124:
97:
62:was a major
59:
58:
18:
1160:La Sephorie
1107:Tel Yokneam
1076:Torin Selin
1052:Tel Hanaton
924:Migdal Afek
700:Beit She'an
678:Bayt Jibrin
202:Foch Street
188:Description
40: /
1603:Categories
1253:Vaux Moise
1173:Umm Khalid
987:Beauverium
663:Bayt 'Itab
28:35°30′25″E
25:33°53′58″N
1351:Gibelacar
1156:Sepphoris
951:Qalansawe
811:Jerusalem
799:Ein Hemed
667:Bethaatap
542:Fontenoid
538:Abu Ghosh
391:213424544
1386:Moinetre
1316:Belhacem
1233:Montreal
1144:Tiberias
1035:Tel Afek
955:Calanson
934:Montfort
777:Destroit
752:Cafarlet
444:Crusader
336:Solidere
221:See also
76:Crusades
1361:Coliath
1286:Batroun
1268:Lebanon
1243:Tafilah
1111:Caymont
1094:Belmont
928:Mirabel
902:Mi'ilya
725:Burgata
704:Bethsan
624:Ascalon
167:Avenue
108:Saladin
86:History
72:Lebanon
1511:
1476:Turkey
1401:Nephin
1205:Jordan
1131:Ibelin
1007:Saphet
983:Qastal
877:Latrun
852:Caypha
553:Achziv
530:Israel
510:Greece
470:Cyprus
389:
152:, the
127:Mamluk
68:Beirut
1456:Syria
1441:Toron
1189:Judin
1127:Yavne
1025:Taibe
1003:Safed
973:Qaqun
892:Hunin
881:Toron
865:Jaffa
848:Haifa
658:Yazur
640:siege
606:Arsur
490:Egypt
447:sites
387:S2CID
248:Notes
125:When
1485:More
1465:More
1276:Arqa
1090:Suba
993:Qula
977:Caco
575:Acre
519:More
499:More
479:More
282:ARAM
148:and
379:doi
177:.
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286:13
284:,
280:,
256:^
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