33:
1333:
1512:"disgraceful". Although William (who was made chancellor and archbishop during Raymond's first regency) cannot be regarded as a neutral observer, his chronicle strongly influenced the works of Runciman, Baldwin and other 20th-century historians. According to Baldwin, William's account of Raymond's political and military talents should be regarded "more a statement of fact than an expression of opinion". Lewis refutes Raymond's positive assessment, saying that his "career reads as a veritable litany of inconsequential, misguided, or downright disastrous endeavours". Barber emphasizes that Raymond's "actions were usually driven by his own personal ambitions and needs".
1438:
besieged
Tiberias. The news about the siege of Tiberias aroused fresh conflict among the crusaders, because Raymond and Ridefort proposed opposite strategies. Emphasizing that the town could resist even a prolonged siege, Raymond wanted to avoid a pitched battle and proposed that Guy send envoys to Antioch asking Bohemond III for reinforcements. Ridefort and Châtillon accused him of cowardice, adding that passivity would cost the King his kingdom. Since the King was obviously willing to accept Raymond's proposal, Ridefort reminded him of Raymond's previous alliance with Saladin. The King finally decided to attack, and ordered his army to march towards Tiberias.
1170:
688:
923:
release their prisoners. Saladin returned to Homs soon after he was informed about the negotiations between the crusaders and the garrison. Instead of attacking him, the crusader army retreated to Krak des
Chevaliers; this enabled Saladin to capture the citadel on 17 March 1175. He sent envoys to the crusaders' camp to secure their neutrality in his conflict with the Zengids. After Saladin agreed to release the hostages, the crusader army withdrew to Tripoli. William of Tyre blamed Humphrey II of Toron for the crusaders' inactivity during the siege of Homs.
1113:). After studying the controversial reports of the events, the historian Bernard Hamilton concludes that Raymond and Bohemond staged a coup as they were concerned about the growing influence of the King's mother and her brother, Joscelin III of Edessa. According to Hamilton, Raymond and Bohemond wanted to forcibly persuade the King to marry Sibylla to Baldwin of Ibelin (a local candidate of their choosing) instead of Hugh, who was related to the Courtenays, and Sibylla's marriage to Guy destroyed their plan. Alternatively, the historians
987:) landed at Acre at the head of a large army of crusaders from Europe on 1 August 1177. The young king and his advisers made several efforts to persuade him to join a military campaign against Egypt, Saladin's principal power base, but Philip kept making excuses. According to rumours spreading among the crusaders, Raymond and Bohemond III convinced the count to resist because, as William of Tyre recorded it, they wanted to "entice him to their own lands, hoping with his help to undertake something which would benefit their states".
1542:(natives) who wanted to keep peace with Saladin because they wanted to ensure the survival of the crusader states. These scholars see Raymond's opponents as newcomers whose aggressive policy led to the fall of the kingdom. They accept the positive picture of Saladin in his official biographies, which describe him as a trustworthy man who never broke his word. Andrew Ehrenkreutz was the first historian to conclude that Saladin's biographies should be treated critically, due to their similarity to
959:
888:
1302:), had formed a coalition against him. Saladin made a series of attacks against Mosul, forcing Izz ad-Din to accept his suzerainty in March 1186. Raymond could not strengthen his authority during his regency; Joscelin III of Edessa, Patriarch Heraclius, and Peter, Archdeacon of Lydda (who had succeeded William of Tyre as chancellor) were Guy of Lusignan's supporters, and the Knights Templar elected his enemy Gerard of Ridefort as their grand master.
387:
1134:
grievously than usual by his illness and day by day the symptoms of leprosy became more and more evident. The sister of the king ... was awaiting the arrival of ... When the king knew that these noblemen had come, although both of them were his kinsmen, he viewed them with suspicion and hastened his sister's marriage. ... ecause certain things had happened, she was unexpectedly married to a certain young man called Guy of
Lusignan.
1203:
the mustering point. Baldwin developed a fever, which forced him to appoint Guy of
Lusignan bailiff. Saladin crossed the Jordan and pillaged Bethsan on 29 September. Although he continued his campaign for nine days, the crusaders refrained from attacking his troops. William of Tyre reported that most common soldiers accused Guy's opponents of refusing to attack the invaders because they feared that a victory would strengthen Guy's position.
703:'s contemporaneous report about Raymond's captivity is contradictory. He claimed that Raymond had spent his imprisonment "in beggary and iron", but he also emphasized that Raymond had learnt to read and acquired a high level of education in the prison. Modern historians assume, without positive evidence, that Raymond learnt Arabic during his captivity. Raymond, as William of Tyre continues, instructed his "loyal vassals" to acknowledge King
1329:
her the crown without waiting for the decision of the four
Western monarchs (as the High Court had stipulated in early 1185). Although she invited the barons at Nablus to attend her coronation, they did not acknowledge her right to rule, forbade the ceremony, and sent two Cistercian abbots to Jerusalem to inform her of their veto. Raymond dispatched one of his retainers to accompany the abbots in disguise, to spy in the capital.
998:, and more than 100 knights and 2,000 foot soldiers from the Kingdom of Jerusalem joined him in November. They attacked Hama, taking advantage of its governor's illness. The siege lasted only four days, because Bohemond persuaded them to join him in attacking Harenc. They laid siege to the fortress in early December, but could not capture it. Bohemond made peace with the Zengid ruler of Aleppo, as-Salih Ismail al-Malik (
1405:, sent Muzaffar al-Din, lord of Harenc and Edessa, to raid the kingdom. In accordance with his treaty with Saladin, Raymond allowed the Syrian troops free entry into Galilee. After al-Afdal began raiding the Nazareth region, the masters of the military orders (Gerard of Ridefort and Roger des Moulins) attacked the invaders, although the enemy forces seriously outnumbered their retinue. The raiders almost
774:, incorrectly recorded that Raymond was released after Nur ad-Din died on 15 May 1174, but Raymond had witnessed a royal charter in Jerusalem on 18 April of that year. The historian Marshall Baldwin proposes that Raymond was set free in the fall of 1173 or early in 1174. Lewis writes that Raymond was released because of developing conflict between Nur ad-Din and his ambitious commander,
1082:
1352:, queen and king, but Humphreyâwho was Châtillon's stepsonâsecretly left Nablus for Jerusalem and paid homage to Guy. Most barons followed Humphrey's example, swearing fealty to the royal couple before the end of October. After his former partisans abandoned him, Raymond returned to Tiberias without paying homage to Sibylla and Guy.
1217:, his heir, and the child was crowned on 20 November 1183. William of Tyre reported that it was "the general wish" that the King should appoint a regent, and most of the barons said that only Raymond "was suited to hold this office". The assembly was soon dissolved, because news about Saladin's sudden attack against Châtillon's
1161:, proposed a military expedition across the Jordan River to prevent Saladin's march from Egypt to Syria in May 1182. Raymond opposed Châtillon's plan because it would have left the western lands of the kingdom undefended during the campaign, but Châtillon convinced most of the realm's barons to accept his proposal.
714:), who had succeeded Baldwin III, as the lawful ruler of Tripoli for the duration of his captivity. Amalric hurried to Tripoli and took full responsibility for its government, assuming the title of "administrator of the county of Tripoli". He was able to persuade Nur ad-Din to release Bohemond III and
1530:
Contemporary Muslim authors described
Raymond as an intelligent, astute politician. Ibn al-Athir wrote that the crusaders "had nobody more influential than him, none braver and none more excellent in counsel". Ibn al-Athir emphasized Raymond's bad reputation among the Muslims, saying that Raymond was
1202:
Saladin seized Aleppo, the
Zengids' last important stronghold in Syria, on 12 June 1183; he soon decided to invade the Kingdom of Jerusalem and bring the crusaders to a pitched battle. At Baldwin's order, more than 1,000 knights and about 15,000 foot soldiers gathered at Saffuriya. Raymond hurried to
1417:
Balian of Ibelin and the archbishops of Tyre and
Nazareth arrived at Tiberias the following day. Ernoulâwho was present, as Ibelin's squireâwrote that the news of the crusaders' catastrophe came as a shock to Raymond, and he soon agreed to pay homage to Guy. He expelled the Muslim garrison which had
1367:
visited
Raymond's court in Tiberias around the time of the conflict between Raymond and the royal couple. Raymond provided patronage to Vidal, who dedicated a eulogy to him in one of his poems. Lewis notes that it was around that time that Raymond offered to appoint a member of the House of Toulouse
1147:
Since
Raymond and Bohemond lost the King's favour, they left Jerusalem shortly after Easter. They were crossing Galilee when Saladin invaded the region, and their arrival forced him to retreat. Saladin and Baldwin signed a two-year truce. The truce did not cover Tripoli, enabling Saladin to launch a
922:
for the arrears of his ransom. Raymond was willing to assist the defenders of Homs only if they immediately released their prisoners, but they refused his demand. William of Tyre later emphasized that the commanders of the crusader army doubted if the defenders of the Homs citadel actually wanted to
833:
Taking advantage of the seneschal's unpopularity, Raymond came to Jerusalem in August and laid claim to the regency on the grounds that he was the closest male relative and the most powerful vassal of the child king. Raymond also emphasized that since he had appointed the King's father to administer
1516:
was a slight-built, thin man. He was not very tall and he had a dark skin. He had straight hair of a medium colour and piercing eyes. He carried himself stiffly. He had an orderly mind, was cautious, but acted with vigour. He was more than averagely abstemious in his eating and drinking habits, and
917:
Saladin's fierce determination to unite Egypt and Syria threatened the crusader states. Raymond mustered the troops of Jerusalem and Tripoli at Arqa in early 1175, but did not intervene in the conflict between Saladin and the Zengids. The defenders of the Homs citadel offered to set their Christian
1441:
As lord of the region, Raymond was appointed to guide the army across Galilee. After Saladin's troops began attacking the rear held by the Templars, the crusaders halted at Maskana although the local well could not provide enough water for a large army. Ernoul blamed Raymond for this decision, but
1355:
Guy accused Raymond of betrayal, and invaded Galilee in October. The King demanded an accounting of Raymond's regency, but Raymond answered that he had spent all royal income on state administration. Raymond decided to resist, and sought assistance from Saladin. The sultan sent troops to Tiberias,
1328:
While most of the barons were assembling at Nablus, Sibylla and Guy of Lusignan attended the King's funeral in Jerusalem. The patriarch of Jerusalem, the grand masters of the Templars and Hospitallers, and Raynald of Châtillon were also present. Staunch supporters of Sybilla, they decided to offer
1315:
Baldwin V died unexpectedly in Acre during the summer of 1186. The cause of the child king's death is unknown. Joscelin III convinced Raymond to go to Tiberias to make preparations for a general assembly and let the Templars deliver the young king's body to Jerusalem. Taking advantage of
1156:
After a two-year absence, Raymond decided to again visit Galilee in April 1182 but Agnes of Courtenay and Joscelin III persuaded Baldwin IV to forbid his entrance to the Jerusalemite kingdom. Before long, certain "princes and greater men of the realm" (whom William of Tyre failed to identify)
1471:
The rest of the crusader army was annihilated; Raymond's many Tripolitan vassalsâPlivain of Botrun, Hugh II Embriaco and Melioret of Maraqiyyaâwere captured. The towns of the kingdom, left nearly defenceless, could not resist, and Saladin captured almost all of them over the following month.
1437:
The King ordered the assembly of the kingdom's troops at Saffuriya. Raymond joined the royal army with all the knights from Galilee, leaving his wife in Tiberias at the head of a small garrison. Knights from the County of Tripoli also came to Saffuriya. On 2 July 1187, Saladin invaded Galilee and
934:
on 13 April, and concluded a peace treaty with Aleppo which consolidated his rule in South Syria. After he allowed his Egyptian troops to return home, the crusader army was disbanded in early May. Raymond proposed a truce to Saladin, which was signed on 22 July. The truce enabled Saladin to march
503:
for her son, Baldwin ignored the late count's instructions. The teenage Raymond spent several years at the royal court in Jerusalem. The first extant document that he witnessed in Jerusalem was issued on 23 September 1152 or 1153. Lewis proposes that Baldwin III probably supervised Raymond's
1448:âwho also participated in the campaignâwrote that the King decided to stop against Raymond's advice. Saladin's troops encircled the crusaders' camp and killed all crusaders who left it in search of water. The army continued marching towards Tiberias the following day, with Raymond commanding the
1133:
he lord Prince Bohemond of Antioch and the lord Count Raymond of Tripoli, entering the kingdom with an army, terrified the lord king who feared lest they should attempt to organize a revolution by deposing the king and laying claim to the kingdom for themselves. For the king was afflicted more
1129:, who introduced his brother Guy to Sybilla. She soon fell in love with the extraordinarily handsome youth, and convinced her brother to sanction their marriage. Baldwin adds that Raymond and Bohemond came to Jerusalem "presumably on hearing of the projected match" in an attempt to prevent it.
1242:
state that Baldwin IV decided to appoint a regent only after the members of the High Court had warned him that Guy (who was the stepfather of Baldwin's minor heir) was still entitled to govern the kingdom after his death. The dying king asked them to name their candidate, and they unanimously
377:
held Raymond III in high regard, and contemporaneous Muslim historians also praised his intelligence. After the Battle of Hattin, Western historians tended to blame him for the crusaders' catastrophic defeat. In modern historiography, scholarly opinions are divided, with some historians
435:
had weakened. Raymond was still a child when he first witnessed a letter of grant of his father in 1151. The letter was also signed by his mother, an influential and active "political agent" of her age (as the historian Kevin J. Lewis characterises her), similar to her sisters, Queen
1243:
nominated Raymond. According to Ernoul's chronicle, Baldwin IV accepted their choice and asked Raymond "to act as regent of the kingdom and of the child for ten years until the child came of age". Although most sources failed to mention the date of these events, one version of the
1472:
Eschiva of Bures surrendered Tiberias to Saladin, and joined Raymond in Tyre. After Saladin occupied Beirut on 6 August, Raymond fled to Tripoli because he thought that Saladin could easily capture Tyre. His old allies, Balian of Ibelin and Raynald of Sidon, soon joined him.
1422:
him and annul his marriage. Raymond and the king met near Jerusalem, at Fort St Job, which was held by the Hospitallers. After they dismounted, Raymond knelt to the King in homage. According to Ernoul, Guy soon lifted him up and expressed regret for his irregular coronation.
1093:
Raymond and Bohemond III mustered their troops and marched to Jerusalem in April 1180. Although they ostensibly came to celebrate Easter in the Holy City, the ailing Baldwin IV feared that they wanted to depose him. He hastily married his sister and heir presumptive,
1221:
reached Jerusalem. The King mustered an army, but could not personally participate in the campaign for long and appointed Raymond to command the army before it crossed the Jordan. Learning about the arrival of the relief army, Saladin lifted the siege on 3 or 4 December.
2652:
According to Rudel's anonymous biography, completed around 1200, Rudel "fell in love with the countess of Tripoli without seeing her due to the very good and courteous things the he heard said about her by pilgrims" but he died of a sickness soon after they first met at
1254:
recorded that the High Court passed specific rules about the regency before Raymond was installed: the barons chose Joscelin III as the child king's guardian, also stipulating that the military orders would hold all royal fortresses during the King's minority, but
1213:, and the grand masters of the Templars and Hospitallers tried to intervene on Guy's behalf, Raymond, Bohemond, Reginald of Sidon and the Ibelin brothers easily persuaded him to dismiss his brother-in-law. They also convinced the King to make Guy's infant stepson,
1413:
blamed Ridefort for the catastrophe, emphasizing that Raymond's envoys had warned him not to attack the large Syrian army. The invaders rode back to Syria across Galilee, displaying the severed heads of crusaders killed in battle on the points of their lances.
353:, to claim the throne, but Humphrey swore fealty to Sybilla and Guy. Raymond refused to do homage to them and made an alliance with Saladin, allowing Saladin to cross Galilee during his campaigns against Jerusalem and to place a garrison in Galilee's capital
1558:
after the Battle of Hattin was a terrible blow to the Christian world. Raymond's alliance with Saladin and his escape from the battlefield aroused suspicion, and many Christian writers regarded him a traitor. About 60 years after the events, the chronicler
1148:
sudden raid on the county. Since the surprise attack prevented Raymond from mustering his troops, he fled to the fortress of Arqa. Saladin's army pillaged the northern plains of the county, and his fleet captured the island of Ruad at Tortosa (now
781:
William of Tyre reported that Raymond had to pay 80,000 pieces of gold as ransom, but could only pay 20,000. To guarantee payment of the arrears, Raymond surrendered hostages. Muslim authors wrote that Raymond's ransom amounted to 150,000 Syrian
1186:
garrison. The royal army returned to the kingdom's central territories, because Baldwin suspected that Saladin was planning further raids. Raymond went to Tiberias, where he fell seriously ill. When Saladin besieged the castle of Bethsain (now
334:. On his deathbed In 1185, the king made Raymond bailiff for Baldwin V. Raymond's authority would be limited, because Joscelin III of Edessa was made the child's guardian, and all royal fortresses were placed into the custody of the
1418:
been stationed in Tiberias since his alliance with Saladin. According to Ibn al-Athir, Raymond agreed to come to terms with the King only after his vassals threatened him with disobedience, and the prelates announced that they were ready to
1152:
in Lebanon). He withdrew his troops only after Raymond signed a truce. Over the following years, Raymond strengthened the county's defence by granting new territories to the Knights Hospitaller or confirming his vassals' grants to them.
1396:
Saladin decided to launch a full-scale invasion against the kingdom, and began mustering forces from his whole empire in early 1187. The barons convinced Guy to seek reconciliation with Raymond. The masters of the two military orders,
1238:. This action enraged the King, who (according to William of Tyre) soon assembled the realm's barons and handed over "the government of the kingdom and its general administration" to Raymond. In contrast, Ernoul's chronicle and the
1286:
The date of Baldwin IV's death is unknown, but it is certain that he died before 16 May 1185. The King was still alive when Raymond sent envoys to Saladin to begin negotiating an armistice. Saladin granted a four-year truce, and a
310:, which facilitated the unification of Egypt and a significant part of Syria under Saladin. When Baldwin reached the age of majority in 1176, Raymond's regency ended and he returned to Tripoli. Baldwin was ailing, and Raymond and
1464:, forcing the Muslim troops to open a pass without resistance. Instead of turning back, Raymond and the crusaders who had accompanied him (including Reynald of Sidon, Balian of Ibelin and Joscelin III of Edessa) hurried to
1181:
Raymond accompanied the royal army to Oultrejordain. During his absence, troops from the nearby Muslim towns invaded Galilee and captured 500 women. The invaders seized a fortified cave near Tiberias, with the assistance of the
1324:
and Ibn al-Athir, Raymond tried to seize the throne at the assembly. The reports are clear evidence of a widespread belief in Raymond's ambitions to seize the crown, but their reliability is questionable according to Hamilton.
1563:
said that Raymond and Saladin solidified their alliance by drinking each other's blood. The Minstrel of Reims believed that Saladin reminded Raymond of his oath of alliance to persuade him to leave the battlefield at the
1507:
William of Tyre, who held Raymond in high regard, described him as a man with "much foresight" in politics and warfare. His praise was tempered with criticism, and he called Raymond's 1179 escape from the battlefield at
814:
of Galilee in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Their marriage was childless, but Raymond loved his wife and brought up her children by her first husband as if they were his own. King Amalric died on 11 July 1174. His only son,
592:) at the head of a sizeable army in October, Baldwin III, Raynald of Châtillon and Raymond decided to launch a joint campaign against the Muslim towns of North Syria which had been ruined by the catastrophe. The
1576:
shortly before God killed him for his betrayal. Muslim historians also knew that the Christians thought that Raymond had converted (or, at least, wanted to convert) to Islam. The contemporaneous Muslim historian
330:, a supporter of the Courtenays, and Raymond had to leave the kingdom. In the following years, relations between Baldwin IV and Guy became tense, and the dying king disinherited his sister in favour of her son
1550:
European monarchs. Accepting this critical approach, Hamilton doubts Saladin's willingness to "live at peace with his Christian neighbors" and allow them to keep Jerusalem (one of Islam's holiest cities).
1491:âemphasized that Raymond's sorrow for the crusaders' catastrophic defeat at Hattin caused his illness. The childless Raymond willed the County of Tripoli to the eldest son of Bohemond III of Antioch,
1343:
Sibylla's supporters ignored the barons' opposition, and Patriarch Heraclius crowned her before the end of September. She soon put the crown on Guy's head, and the patriarch anointed him. According to the
655:
Nur ad-Din raided Krak des Chevaliers and laid siege to Harenc in the summer of 1164. Raymond marched out to join the crusaders (who were assembling to relieve the fortress), but they were defeated in the
357:. In the summer of 1187, Saladin decided to launch a full-scale invasion against the crusaders, and only then was Raymond reconciled with Guy. Raymond commanded the vanguard of the crusaders' army in the
1348:, Ridefort proudly declared "this crown well worth the marriage of Botrun" in reference to Raymond's betrayal. Raymond and his supporters decided to elect Sibylla's half-sister Isabella and her husband,
845:
in October 1174. The most powerful noblemen and clergymen assembled in Jerusalem to decide on the administration of the kingdom, and the bishops unanimously supported Raymond's claim to regency. The
1206:
Relations between Guy and the King became tense during the following months. Baldwin summoned the realm's barons to an assembly to discuss the future of the kingdom's administration. Although the
747:) in November 1164 that Amalric would be unable to defend the Frankish East alone. Nur ad-Din captured the fortress at al-Munaytira in 1165 (or 1166), and destroyed the Templars' castles at
1360:
one and all". Arnold of LĂźbeck wrote that Raymond pledged to allow Saladin's army to invade the kingdom across Galilee in exchange for the sultan's assistance in seizing the throne.
834:
Tripoli during his captivity, he was entitled to claim the same treatment. Miles of Plancy postponed the decision about Raymond's claim, saying that only the plenary session of the
1259:
was granted to Raymond to compensate him for the expenses of state administration. The High Court also ruled that if the child king died before reaching the age of majority, the
1012:
and seized considerable booty from them in 1178 or 1179, but Saladin strengthened his border defence to prevent further raids. Saladin dispatched a group of horsemen to raid the
778:
who had taken over rule of Egypt. The ailing Nur ad-Din (or his advisers) most probably regarded the crusader states as a buffer between his Syrian realm and Saladin's Egypt.
1291:
of William of Tyre's chronicle wrote that "the land was free from external battles" during Raymond's second regency. Saladin agreed to make peace with the crusaders because
1535:
records that some Muslims also regarded Raymond as one of the principal enemies of the Muslim world, and urged Saladin to capture (and kill) him and Raynald of Châtillon.
4957:
Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969) . "The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143â1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174â1189". In Baldwin, Marshall W. (ed.).
1199:
in late 1182. According to Hamilton, it was "a reconnaissance expedition" because Bosra was an excellent location to study the southward movements of the Damascus army.
5328:
1581:
wrote that Raymond did not convert only because he was afraid of his co-religionists. Modern historians agree that the stories of Raymond's conversion were invented.
604:, either; Thierry of Flanders and Raynald of Châtillon claimed the town even before it was occupied, and they could not reach a compromise. The siege of Harenc (now
322:, over the government. Before Easter 1180, they marched to Jerusalem, but their arrival had the opposite effect: Baldwin promptly arranged for his sister and heir
1444:
1538:
Baldwin, Runciman and other historians, who based their works primarily on the chronicles of William of Tyre and Ernoul, regard Raymond as a leader of the
910:. Saladin occupied Homs in early December 1174, but the garrison at the citadel resisted. Without forcing the garrison to surrender, Saladin left Homs for
4934:
The Chronicle of Ibn Al-AthÄŤr for the Crusading Period from Al-KÄmil FÄŤ'l-ta'rÄŤkh, Part 2: The years 541â589/1146â1193: The Age of Nur al-Din and Saladin
629:
or Raymond's sister, Melisende, who were both closely related to the King. Baldwin proposed Melisende, and the emperor acknowledged his choice. Twelve
2511:
5190:(1945). "Le comtĂŠ de Tripoli sous la dynastie toulousaine (1102â1187)" [The County of Tripoli under the Dynastie of Toulouse (1102â1187)].
4962:
1499:
recorded that Raymond died fifteen days after the fall of Jerusalem, on 17 October 1187, Lewis proposes that Raymond probably died in September.
1050:
758:
The date and the circumstances of Raymond's release are uncertain. According to William of Tyre, Raymond was set free after spending eight
1368:
his heir if he was willing to settle in the County of Tripoli. Since Raymond's offer is only recorded in a version of a late source, the
880:. Now Agnes was married to Reginald of Sidon, and Raymond allowed her to return to the royal court. He made the erudite William of Tyre
1191:
in Israel) on 13 July, Raymond dispatched his stepson Hugh to command the troops of Galilee and join the royal army assembling near
361:, which ended with their catastrophic defeat. He was one of the few crusader commanders who were not killed or captured. He fled to
1452:
and Saladin's troops attacking them. A group of thirsty foot soldiers which tried to break through enemy lines towards the distant
1283:
hint that Raymond persuaded the High Court to pass these rules, most of them were clearly adopted to limit the regent's authority.
995:
976:
Baldwin IV came of age at his fifteenth birthday on 15 July 1176. With the end of his regency, Raymond returned to Tripoli. Count
881:
1195:. The royal army forced Saladin to withdraw his troops from the principality. Raymond made a plundering raid on the region of
864:(or regent) only after a two-day debate, most probably because other aristocrats distrusted him. Raymond was installed at the
648:). Feeling slighted for himself and his sister, Raymond crewed his newly built fleet with criminals and sent them to raid the
5147:
5117:
5091:
5072:
5046:
5023:
5000:
4974:
4941:
824:
451:. Her husband's jealousy gave rise to scandalous matrimonial strife during the early 1150s. Although Queen Melisende came to
32:
861:
733:
303:
1401:, Raynald of Sidon and Balian of Ibelin, were appointed to begin negotiations with Raymond in Tiberias. Saladin's son,
335:
499:
in the county was to administer Tripoli if an underage count succeeded to the throne. When appointing Hodierna to the
345:. In his absence, Sibylla's supporters took possession of Jerusalem. Raymond tried to persuade Sybilla's half-sister,
4966:
566:
in Israel) to join the decimated royal army. After their arrival, Nur ad-Din withdrew his troops without resistance.
306:(or regent). Raymond remained neutral during the conflicts between Nur ad-Din's successors and his former commander,
600:
near the border of the County of Tripoli, but they could not force the defenders to surrender. They could not seize
1210:
1157:
convinced the King to allow Raymond to come to Jerusalem. At the following general assembly, Raynald of Châtillon,
633:
were built at Raymond's order, because he wanted to have a magnificent retinue for his sister during his voyage to
341:
Baldwin V died suddenly in the summer of 1186, and Raymond convoked the barons of the realm to an assembly to
1356:
forcing Guy to withdraw. According to Ibn al-Athir, Saladin offered to make Raymond "an independent king for the
1016:
region in early June 1179, and Baldwin mustered his troops to prevent their retreat. Raymond, who was staying at
608:
in Syria) was a success, but the crusading leaders finished the campaign after they captured it in January 1158.
1320:, the fief of Balian of Ibelin (one of his main supporters). According to the contemporaneous German chronicler
1531:"the devil among the Franks and the most unyieldingly hostile to the Muslims". The 13th-century Arab historian
918:
prisoners free if Raymond provided military assistance for them; the prisoners included the hostages who were
5343:
830:
took charge of the government, but was unable to persuade the commanders of the army to cooperate with him.
652:
coasts and islands in August 1161. The pirates captured and plundered sacred places, and attacked pilgrims.
1207:
865:
715:
370:
177:
78:
68:
5338:
1398:
1095:
931:
323:
699:
The crusader leaders captured at Harim were taken to Aleppo, where they were imprisoned. The chronicler
637:. The emperor then changed his mind and began negotiations about his marriage to Maria with her mother,
5333:
5171:
5139:
5015:
1560:
582:
5135:
1402:
540:
5187:
2633:
2268:
1569:
1272:
907:
464:
378:
accepting William of Tyre's assessment, and others emphasizing Raymond's selfishness and failures.
221:
1049:
came to Tripoli, Raymond pledged the first wealthy heiress in his county in marriage to him. When
5064:
2489:
2482:
2468:
1937:
1578:
1568:. Robert of Auxerre, William of Nangis and other medieval European historians accused Raymond of
1476:
1276:
1086:
835:
729:
661:
346:
311:
1020:, the capital of his Galilean principality, joined the royal army. They routed the raiders at a
552:
2611:
2593:
2121:
1764:
1749:
1370:
1214:
1032:
on 10 June. Although Raymond (who watched the battle from a hill) escaped to Tyre, his stepson
873:
846:
672:
525:
437:
319:
272:
241:
38:
1332:
5293:
5266:
5249:
4992:
2604:
2504:
2156:
2149:
1492:
1158:
1033:
868:, the traditional venue for royal coronations, in an extravagant ceremony. The King's mother
676:
416:
405:
398:
225:
217:
187:
103:
1316:
Raymond's absence, Joscelin took control of Acre and Beirut. Raymond summoned the barons to
516:, issued on 11 June 1157, he confirmed his father's diploma about the grant of Tortosa (now
5323:
5318:
5276:
5109:
5101:
5056:
2475:
2317:
2296:
2282:
2275:
1851:
1636:
1349:
1292:
1103:
1029:
977:
940:
849:
799:
704:
638:
570:
492:
350:
295:
260:
109:
786:. Raymond borrowed money from the Knights Hospitaller to pay at least part of his ransom.
551:, Baldwin III sent envoys to Tripoli and Antioch to seek assistance from Raymond and
8:
2518:
2289:
1944:
1866:
1629:
1169:
820:
737:
578:
496:
283:
1321:
1102:(a knight who had recently arrived from Poitou), although she had been promised to Duke
1456:
was massacred, and five of Raymond's knights defected to Saladin's side. Raymond led a
1264:
1054:
1046:
1041:
939:âthe easternmost territory of the Kingdom of Jerusalemâduring his new campaign against
869:
460:
420:
315:
213:
5283:
5256:
5220:
5199:
5175:
5143:
5113:
5087:
5068:
5042:
5019:
4996:
4970:
4937:
1976:
1406:
1118:
1073:
outraged Ridefort, who left Tripoli and settled in the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1179.
853:
803:
615:
612:
488:
291:
276:
256:
253:
167:
144:
755:
during the latter campaign; the fortress was recaptured in late 1169 or early 1170.
625:) sent envoys to Baldwin III in 1160. Manuel said that he was willing to marry
2310:
2132:
1432:
1126:
991:
857:
807:
771:
725:), because they were the Byzantine emperor's vassals; Raymond remained imprisoned.
649:
626:
487:
Baldwin held an assembly after Raymond II's burial at which the nobles of the
452:
448:
358:
302:, as his successor. As the child-king's closest male relative, Raymond was elected
287:
209:
155:
140:
50:
5127:
4826:
The Chronicle of Ibn Al-AthÄŤr for the Crusading Period from Al-KÄmil FÄŤ'l-ta'rÄŤkh
4785:
The Chronicle of Ibn Al-AthÄŤr for the Crusading Period from Al-KÄmil FÄŤ'l-ta'rÄŤkh
1969:
1565:
1496:
1460:
against the right wing of Saladin's army in an attempt to reach the springs near
1268:
1122:
1114:
1099:
1021:
827:
751:, Araima and Safita in the summer of 1167. Lewis argues that Nur ad-Din captured
700:
657:
521:
374:
327:
264:
237:
42:
4984:
1517:
although he was liberal to strangers he was not so affable towards his own men.
1457:
1453:
1188:
1009:
767:
748:
692:
634:
529:
240:
in 1155, after which he participated in a series of military campaigns against
5035:
The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles
5012:
The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
1125:, decided to prevent the marriage. She sought the assistance of the seneschal
1028:, but Saladin suddenly marched into Galilee and defeated the crusaders in the
914:(the seat of the Zengids in Syria) and left a small army in Homs' lower town.
687:
5312:
5203:
5179:
1543:
1488:
1419:
1275:
would be approached to decide whether his mother Sybilla or her half-sister,
1235:
936:
877:
759:
728:
Amalric was the crusader states' supreme ruler but his position was fragile.
597:
362:
1061:
in Lebanon) diedâleaving a daughter as his heirâRaymond instead gave her to
1573:
1218:
1025:
605:
544:
394:
474:), who was staying in Tripoli, recalled the widowed Hodierna to the town.
1364:
1288:
842:
660:
on 10 August. Thousands of crusaders fell during the battle and Raymond,
233:
197:
282:
Raymond was released for a large ransom which he had to borrow from the
1409:
on 1 May; only Ridefort and three knights escaped the battlefield. The
1279:, had the stronger claim to succeed him. Although some versions of the
958:
816:
783:
763:
391:
299:
1475:
Raymond fell seriously ill in Tripoli. The contemporaneous chronicler
5038:
1555:
1547:
1532:
1509:
1192:
1174:
1045:(which contains many folkloristic elements), when the Flemish knight
752:
563:
463:
murdered Raymond II at Tripoli's southern gate. Melisende's son
456:
428:
331:
249:
819:, was crowned king four days later, although he was a minor and had
1480:
1449:
1337:
1017:
887:
593:
366:
354:
4906:
4720:
1592:
Raymond's close family and relationship with neighbouring rulers
1231:
1183:
1070:
1062:
1058:
969:
899:
841:
Raymond returned to Tripoli, and Miles of Plancy was murdered in
775:
601:
548:
513:
512:
Raymond reached the age of majority in 1155. In his first extant
500:
307:
162:
4790:
491:
paid homage to Hodierna and her two minor children, Raymond and
1461:
1357:
1317:
1256:
919:
911:
630:
517:
432:
386:
342:
268:
245:
229:
3270:
5168:
Raymond III of Tripolis and the Fall of Jerusalem (1140â1187)
3353:
3203:
3201:
1465:
1196:
1149:
1013:
927:
4449:
4041:
3976:
3213:
1081:
267:
by Nur ad-Din's troops on 10 August 1164, and imprisoned in
5106:
The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174â1277
4836:
4834:
4655:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4575:
4466:
4464:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4292:
4265:
4263:
4200:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4120:
4118:
3940:
3916:
3784:
3731:
3695:
3671:
3555:
3495:
3043:
1260:
1066:
964:
903:
892:
811:
574:
455:
to mediate a reconciliation, Hodierna decided to leave for
248:
ruler of Damascus. In 1161 he hired pirates to pillage the
4882:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4667:
4587:
4391:
4367:
4248:
4130:
4029:
3964:
3894:
3892:
3796:
3707:
3198:
2726:
5132:
The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100â1187
4870:
4679:
4529:
4527:
4512:
4439:
4437:
4343:
4171:
4169:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3659:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3328:
3326:
3258:
3121:
2828:
4846:
4831:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4633:
4631:
4599:
4551:
4476:
4461:
4415:
4355:
4309:
4307:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4260:
4236:
4181:
4154:
4142:
4115:
4082:
4080:
4053:
4017:
3952:
3848:
3846:
3755:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3394:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3145:
3070:
3031:
2956:
2903:
2801:
1177:. The royal troops customarily assembled at the springs.
926:
Saladin defeated the united Zengid armies of Aleppo and
810:
in marriage to Raymond, enabling him to seize the large
4858:
4749:
4319:
4212:
4005:
3904:
3889:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3808:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3683:
3647:
3635:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3531:
3507:
3471:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3343:
3341:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3087:
3085:
3060:
3058:
3009:
3007:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2845:
2843:
2818:
2816:
2777:
2678:
906:, taking advantage of the minority of Nur ad-Din's son
806:, died in early 1174. King Amalric gave Walter's widow
4691:
4616:
4563:
4524:
4500:
4434:
4331:
4166:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
3988:
3719:
3406:
3377:
3323:
3294:
3246:
3157:
3109:
2879:
2789:
2743:
2741:
1069:
who had promised her weight in gold to him. Raymond's
4802:
4766:
4732:
4703:
4628:
4539:
4488:
4403:
4379:
4304:
4275:
4224:
4077:
3928:
3843:
3606:
3594:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3181:
3019:
2891:
1445:
Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum
1234:
tribes who grazed their herds in the royal domain of
872:
had been Amalric's first wife but their marriage was
611:
Seeking a wife from the crusader states, the widowed
495:. Raymond II had decreed that the master of the
224:, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother,
4894:
3858:
3820:
3767:
3743:
3623:
3567:
3543:
3519:
3442:
3365:
3338:
3306:
3282:
3169:
3133:
3082:
3055:
3004:
2992:
2968:
2927:
2915:
2867:
2840:
2813:
2765:
2753:
2690:
762:
in captivity; the contemporaneous Muslim geographer
4643:
4092:
4065:
2738:
2714:
2702:
2666:
1495:, who was his godson. Although the contemporaneous
1442:the anonymous author of the chronicle known as the
1407:
annihilated the crusaders at the springs of Cresson
581:in August 1157. Taking advantage of the arrival of
3483:
3425:
3225:
3097:
2980:
2944:
2855:
5329:12th-century people from the Kingdom of Jerusalem
1117:and Baldwin write that Sybilla fell in love with
766:said that Raymond had been imprisoned for twelve
547:eight days later. After Nur ad-Din laid siege to
5310:
562:). They hurried to Chastel Neuf (at present-day
365:and then to Tripoli, where he died (probably of
314:sought to diminish the influence of his mother,
4936:(Translated by D.S. Richards) (2007). Ashgate.
1426:
1363:Lewis suggests that the Occitanian troubadour
1247:states that Raymond was made regent in 1185.
423:in southern France, but by the middle of the
298:. Amalric died in 1174, leaving a minor son,
37:Raymond is appointed regent for the underage
1554:The fall of Jerusalem and nearly the entire
1230:In October 1184, Guy of Lusignan raided the
271:for almost ten years. During his captivity,
5100:
5061:Byzantium and the Crusader States 1096â1204
4661:
4298:
4206:
3802:
3276:
3207:
1374:, it may have been invented by its author.
898:Saladin had expanded his rule to Damascus,
884:, but left the office of seneschal vacant.
860:also stood by him, but Raymond was elected
459:. Shortly after their departure, a band of
419:. The Tripolitan dynasty originated in the
369:) after bequeathing Tripoli to his godson,
252:coastline and islands to take vengeance on
232:. Raymond spent the following years at the
770:. Another contemporaneous Muslim scholar,
507:
404:Born in 1140, Raymond was the only son of
294:and one of the wealthiest noblemen in the
31:
5192:Bibliothèque archÊologique et historique
5126:
5009:
4912:
4852:
4840:
4760:
4610:
4557:
4482:
4470:
4455:
4428:
4361:
4269:
4242:
4194:
4160:
4148:
4124:
4059:
4047:
4023:
3982:
3958:
3946:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3883:
3814:
3790:
3737:
3701:
3689:
3677:
3653:
3641:
3588:
3561:
3537:
3513:
3501:
3477:
3465:
3419:
3388:
3359:
3332:
3300:
3252:
3219:
3163:
3049:
2783:
2732:
1331:
1168:
1080:
996:Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers
990:Philip came to Tripoli in late October.
957:
886:
686:
385:
5186:
5165:
5084:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades
4956:
4864:
4325:
4218:
4011:
3725:
3713:
3115:
2885:
2795:
397:dying in the arms of Raymond's mother,
212:from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when
5311:
4983:
4726:
4697:
4673:
4622:
4593:
4581:
4569:
4533:
4506:
4443:
4397:
4337:
4254:
4175:
4136:
4035:
3999:
3970:
3934:
3852:
3665:
3617:
3600:
3192:
3025:
2897:
2834:
2759:
2696:
856:, and the Ibelin brothers Baldwin and
259:, who had refused to marry his sister
5055:
5032:
4900:
4888:
4876:
4813:
4796:
4772:
4743:
4714:
4685:
4637:
4545:
4518:
4494:
4409:
4385:
4373:
4349:
4313:
4286:
4230:
4086:
3871:
3837:
3778:
3761:
3749:
3629:
3576:
3549:
3525:
3453:
3400:
3371:
3347:
3317:
3288:
3264:
3175:
3151:
3139:
3127:
3091:
3076:
3064:
3037:
3013:
2998:
2974:
2962:
2938:
2921:
2909:
2873:
2849:
2822:
2807:
2771:
2747:
2720:
2708:
2684:
2672:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2566:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2411:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2361:
2335:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2173:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2040:
2038:
2036:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1698:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1584:
5081:
4949:
4649:
4109:
4071:
3489:
3436:
3240:
3103:
2986:
2950:
2861:
1524:History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea
1385:And does not let it depart from him
1141:History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea
1076:
679:and other commanders were captured.
208:(1140 â September/October 1187) was
1121:, but her mother, who disliked the
789:
734:Grand Master of the Knights Templar
13:
5158:
4926:
1336:Ruins of the crusaders' castle in
373:. The late 12th-century historian
18:Count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187
14:
5355:
4967:The University of Wisconsin Press
1310:
1225:
431:homeland and their county in the
4828:(The Year 559, ch. 303), p. 148.
4819:
4787:(The Year 582, ch. 326), p. 315.
4778:
1381:Because whereas the other barons
1164:
1089:ride to Jerusalem in early 1180.
891:Ruins of the crusader castle at
794:
539:), ambushed Baldwin III at
1383:Chase away glory, he retains it
1297:
1108:
1000:
982:
945:
742:
720:
709:
666:
643:
620:
587:
557:
534:
469:
442:
410:
5216:Raymond III, Count of Tripoli
2646:
532:ruler of Aleppo and Damascus (
1:
5166:Baldwin, Marshall W. (1936).
4969:. pp. 528â561, 590â621.
2660:
1305:
1295:, the Zengid ruler of Mosul (
465:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
381:
236:in Jerusalem. He reached the
222:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
5037:. Rulers of the Latin East.
1483:. Other sourcesâErnoul, the
1208:Latin patriarch of Jerusalem
1173:The ancient water system at
1087:Bohemond III of Antioch
1008:Raymond attacked a group of
953:
866:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
716:Thoros II, Prince of Armenia
682:
662:Bohemond III of Antioch
312:Bohemond III of Antioch
178:Raymond II, Count of Tripoli
138:1187 (aged 46–47)
7:
5033:Lewis, Kevin James (2017).
2627:
1427:Hattin and its consequences
1399:Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre
1039:According to the chronicle
932:Battle of the Horns of Hama
673:Joscelin III of Edessa
482:
320:Joscelin III of Edessa
273:Amalric I of Jerusalem
39:Baldwin V of Jerusalem
10:
5360:
5172:Princeton University Press
5140:Cambridge University Press
5016:Cambridge University Press
5010:Hamilton, Bernard (2000).
4921:
4799:, pp. 205, 228 (144).
1572:, saying that he had been
1561:Alberic of Trois-Fontaines
1430:
1065:, a wealthy merchant from
677:Hugh VIII of Lusignan
583:Thierry, Count of Flanders
406:Raymond II of Tripoli
349:, and Isabella's husband,
218:Raymond II of Tripoli
5290:
5281:
5273:
5263:
5254:
5246:
5241:
5214:
5136:A History of the Crusades
4963:A History of the Crusades
4729:, p. 424 (note 118).
2578:
2576:
2574:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2538:
2536:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2327:
2314:
2307:
2286:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2209:
2207:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2153:
2142:
2140:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1973:
1954:
1952:
1941:
1920:
1918:
1902:
1900:
1818:
1816:
1800:
1798:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1633:
1502:
1104:Hugh III of Burgundy
978:Philip I of Flanders
950:) in the summer of 1176.
941:Ghazi II Saif ud-Din
850:Humphrey II of Toron
351:Humphrey IV of Toron
263:. He was captured in the
193:
183:
173:
161:
151:
134:
126:
122:
84:
74:
64:
56:
49:
30:
25:
2639:
2634:Kingdom of Heaven (film)
2269:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
908:as-Salih Ismail al-Malik
477:
5065:Oxford University Press
4959:The First Hundred Years
2490:Bohemond III of Antioch
2483:Isabella I of Jerusalem
2469:Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
1938:Baldwin II of Jerusalem
1579:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani
1477:Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad
1379:But upon Tripoli I rely
836:High Court of Jerusalem
730:Bertrand de Blanchefort
508:First years of majority
447:) and Dowager Princess
2612:Bohemond IV of Antioch
2594:Baldwin V of Jerusalem
2304:Raymond III of Tripoli
2122:Melisende of Jerusalem
1765:Raymond IV of Toulouse
1750:William IV of Toulouse
1528:
1394:
1340:
1178:
1145:
1090:
973:
895:
825:Jerusalemite seneschal
696:
616:Manuel I Komnenos
438:Melisende of Jerusalem
401:
257:Manuel I Komnenos
5294:Hugh II of Saint Omer
5102:Riley-Smith, Jonathan
5057:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
4993:Yale University Press
3362:, pp. 26, 95â96.
2605:Raymond IV of Tripoli
2512:William of Saint Omer
2505:Hugh II of Saint Omer
2157:Raymond II of Tripoli
2150:Hodierna of Jerusalem
1514:
1479:recorded that he had
1431:Further information:
1376:
1335:
1215:Baldwin of Montferrat
1172:
1159:Lord of Oultrejordain
1131:
1084:
961:
890:
690:
417:Hodierna of Jerusalem
399:Hodierna of Jerusalem
389:
226:Hodierna of Jerusalem
216:murdered his father,
188:Hodierna of Jerusalem
104:Hodierna of Jerusalem
41:by the child's uncle
5344:Regents of Jerusalem
5277:Walter of Saint Omer
5082:Lock, Peter (2006).
4891:, pp. 274, 283.
4584:, pp. 295, 302.
4376:, pp. 261, 263.
3267:, pp. 222, 235.
3222:, pp. 399, 404.
3130:, pp. 219, 221.
2476:Sibylla of Jerusalem
2318:Walter of Saint Omer
2297:Melisende of Tripoli
2283:Constance of Antioch
2276:Amalric of Jerusalem
1852:Philippa of Toulouse
1637:Almodis of La Marche
1350:Humphrey IV of Toron
1030:Battle of Marj Ayyun
800:Walter of Saint Omer
705:Amalric of Jerusalem
639:Constance of Antioch
553:Raynald of Châtillon
504:knightly education.
427:links between their
296:Kingdom of Jerusalem
147:(modern-day Lebanon)
110:Amalric of Jerusalem
43:King Baldwin IV
4989:The Crusader States
4879:, pp. 273â274.
4688:, pp. 271â272.
4676:, pp. 307â308.
4596:, pp. 302â303.
4521:, pp. 267â269.
4458:, pp. 453â454.
4400:, pp. 297â298.
4352:, pp. 264â265.
4257:, pp. 293â294.
4139:, pp. 290â291.
4050:, pp. 205â206.
4038:, pp. 284â285.
3985:, pp. 192â193.
3973:, pp. 281â282.
3949:, pp. 188â189.
3925:, pp. 187â188.
3793:, pp. 167â168.
3764:, pp. 245â247.
3740:, pp. 151â152.
3716:, pp. 596â597.
3704:, pp. 423â424.
3680:, pp. 150â154.
3668:, pp. 274â275.
3564:, pp. 132â137.
3504:, pp. 122â128.
3403:, pp. 239â240.
3279:, pp. 102â103.
3154:, pp. 220â221.
3079:, pp. 208â209.
3052:, pp. 369â370.
3040:, pp. 204â205.
2965:, pp. 199â201.
2912:, pp. 188â189.
2837:, pp. 210â211.
2810:, pp. 184â187.
2735:, pp. 332â333.
2687:, pp. 13, 104.
2519:Ralph of Saint Omer
2290:Raymond of Poitiers
1945:Morphia of Melitene
1867:Bertrand of Tripoli
1630:Pons II of Toulouse
1371:Lignages d'Outremer
821:lepromatous leprosy
738:Louis VII of France
579:Krak des Chevaliers
573:destroyed Tripoli,
497:Knights Hospitaller
318:, and her brother,
284:Knights Hospitaller
5339:Princes of Galilee
2133:Alice of Jerusalem
1585:Genealogical table
1485:Estoire de Eracles
1468:and then to Tyre.
1411:Estoire de Eracles
1346:Estoire de Eracles
1341:
1281:Estoire de Eracles
1265:Holy Roman emperor
1252:Estoire de Eracles
1245:Estoire de Eracles
1240:Estoire de Eracles
1179:
1127:Aimery of Lusignan
1091:
1047:Gerard of Ridefort
1042:Estoire de Eracles
1034:Hugh of Saint Omer
974:
896:
870:Agnes of Courtenay
697:
421:County of Toulouse
402:
371:Raymond of Antioch
316:Agnes of Courtenay
5334:Counts of Tripoli
5307:
5306:
5303:
5300:as titular prince
5291:Succeeded by
5284:Prince of Galilee
5264:Succeeded by
5221:House of Toulouse
5149:978-0-521-06163-6
5119:978-0-333-06379-8
5093:978-0-415-39312-6
5074:978-0-19-820407-7
5048:978-1-4724-5890-2
5025:978-0-521-64187-6
5002:978-0-300-11312-9
4976:978-0-299-04834-1
4950:Secondary sources
4942:978-0-7546-4078-3
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
1977:Cecilia of France
1522:William of Tyre:
1293:Izz ad-Din Mas'ud
1139:William of Tyre:
1119:Baldwin of Ibelin
1077:Dynastic factions
1005:) in early 1177.
854:Reginald of Sidon
804:Prince of Galilee
613:Byzantine emperor
520:in Syria) to the
489:County of Tripoli
326:to be married to
292:prince of Galilee
277:county of Tripoli
275:administered the
254:Byzantine emperor
203:
202:
168:House of Toulouse
145:County of Tripoli
5351:
5297:
5274:Preceded by
5257:Count of Tripoli
5247:Preceded by
5237:
5230:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5183:
5153:
5138:. Vol. II.
5128:Runciman, Steven
5123:
5097:
5078:
5052:
5029:
5006:
4980:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4747:
4741:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4662:Riley-Smith 1973
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4432:
4426:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4302:
4299:Riley-Smith 1973
4296:
4290:
4284:
4273:
4267:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4207:Riley-Smith 1973
4204:
4198:
4192:
4179:
4173:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4113:
4107:
4090:
4084:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3856:
3850:
3841:
3835:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3803:Riley-Smith 1973
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3440:
3434:
3423:
3417:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3336:
3330:
3321:
3315:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3277:Riley-Smith 1973
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3208:Riley-Smith 1973
3205:
3196:
3190:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2654:
2650:
2311:Eschiva of Bures
2163:Agnes of Tripoli
1598:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1526:
1433:Battle of Hattin
1392:
1322:Arnold of LĂźbeck
1301:
1300: 1180â1193
1299:
1184:native Christian
1143:
1112:
1111: 1162â1192
1110:
1004:
1003: 1174â1181
1002:
992:Roger de Moulins
986:
985: 1168â1191
984:
949:
948: 1170â1180
947:
808:Eschiva of Bures
790:Count and regent
772:Ali ibn al-Athir
746:
745: 1137â1180
744:
724:
723: 1144â1169
722:
713:
712: 1163â1174
711:
670:
669: 1163â1201
668:
647:
646: 1130â1163
645:
627:Maria of Antioch
624:
623: 1143â1180
622:
591:
590: 1128â1168
589:
561:
560: 1153â1160
559:
538:
537: 1146â1174
536:
473:
472: 1143â1163
471:
461:Nizari Assassins
449:Alice of Antioch
446:
445: 1131â1153
444:
426:
414:
413: 1137â1152
412:
359:Battle of Hattin
288:Eschiva of Bures
214:Nizari Assassins
210:count of Tripoli
156:Eschiva of Bures
95:
51:Count of Tripoli
35:
23:
22:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5309:
5308:
5296:
5287:
5279:
5269:
5260:
5252:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5161:
5159:Further reading
5156:
5150:
5120:
5094:
5075:
5049:
5026:
5003:
4985:Barber, Malcolm
4977:
4965:. Vol. I.
4952:
4947:
4929:
4927:Primary sources
4924:
4919:
4915:, Appendix III.
4911:
4907:
4899:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4875:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4843:, pp. 1â2.
4839:
4832:
4824:
4820:
4812:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4783:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4759:
4750:
4742:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4713:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4668:
4660:
4656:
4648:
4644:
4636:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4609:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4469:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4442:
4435:
4427:
4416:
4408:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4312:
4305:
4297:
4293:
4285:
4276:
4268:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4241:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4217:
4213:
4205:
4201:
4193:
4182:
4174:
4167:
4159:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4135:
4131:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4093:
4085:
4078:
4070:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4046:
4042:
4034:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3945:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3897:
3890:
3882:
3878:
3870:
3859:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3821:
3813:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3748:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3575:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3443:
3435:
3426:
3418:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3387:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3206:
3199:
3191:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3126:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2630:
1970:Pons of Tripoli
1587:
1566:Horns of Hattin
1527:
1521:
1505:
1497:Ralph of Diceto
1435:
1429:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1313:
1308:
1296:
1269:kings of France
1250:Ernoul and the
1228:
1167:
1144:
1138:
1115:Steven Runciman
1107:
1100:Guy of Lusignan
1079:
999:
981:
956:
944:
838:could hear it.
828:Miles of Plancy
797:
792:
741:
719:
708:
701:William of Tyre
693:crusader states
685:
665:
658:Battle of Harim
642:
619:
596:first attacked
586:
556:
533:
522:Knights Templar
510:
485:
480:
468:
441:
424:
409:
384:
375:William of Tyre
336:military orders
328:Guy of Lusignan
300:Baldwin IV
279:on his behalf.
265:Battle of Harim
238:age of majority
139:
118:
115:
97:
96:
91:
45:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5357:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5305:
5304:
5292:
5289:
5280:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5262:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5242:Regnal titles
5239:
5238:
5218:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5198:(4): viiiâ96.
5184:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5148:
5124:
5118:
5098:
5092:
5079:
5073:
5053:
5047:
5030:
5024:
5007:
5001:
4981:
4975:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4905:
4893:
4881:
4869:
4867:, p. 598.
4857:
4855:, p. 405.
4845:
4830:
4818:
4816:, p. 274.
4801:
4789:
4777:
4775:, p. 205.
4765:
4748:
4746:, p. 275.
4731:
4719:
4717:, p. 273.
4702:
4700:, p. 312.
4690:
4678:
4666:
4664:, p. 112.
4654:
4642:
4640:, p. 270.
4627:
4625:, p. 303.
4615:
4613:, p. 458.
4598:
4586:
4574:
4572:, p. 302.
4562:
4560:, p. 457.
4550:
4548:, p. 268.
4538:
4536:, p. 300.
4523:
4511:
4509:, p. 299.
4499:
4497:, p. 207.
4487:
4485:, p. 229.
4475:
4473:, p. 454.
4460:
4448:
4446:, p. 298.
4433:
4431:, p. 228.
4414:
4412:, p. 267.
4402:
4390:
4388:, p. 261.
4378:
4366:
4364:, p. 224.
4354:
4342:
4340:, p. 296.
4330:
4328:, p. 605.
4318:
4316:, p. 264.
4303:
4301:, p. 111.
4291:
4289:, p. 260.
4274:
4272:, p. 220.
4259:
4247:
4245:, p. 218.
4235:
4233:, p. 259.
4223:
4221:, p. 604.
4211:
4209:, p. 109.
4199:
4197:, p. 217.
4180:
4178:, p. 293.
4165:
4163:, p. 216.
4153:
4151:, p. 214.
4141:
4129:
4127:, p. 211.
4114:
4091:
4089:, p. 256.
4076:
4064:
4062:, p. 204.
4052:
4040:
4028:
4026:, p. 195.
4016:
4014:, p. 601.
4004:
4002:, p. 282.
3987:
3975:
3963:
3961:, p. 190.
3951:
3939:
3937:, p. 281.
3927:
3915:
3913:, p. 179.
3903:
3901:, p. 174.
3888:
3886:, p. 173.
3876:
3874:, p. 254.
3857:
3855:, p. 278.
3842:
3840:, p. 255.
3819:
3817:, p. 172.
3807:
3805:, p. 104.
3795:
3783:
3781:, p. 253.
3766:
3754:
3752:, p. 247.
3742:
3730:
3728:, p. 597.
3718:
3706:
3694:
3692:, p. 154.
3682:
3670:
3658:
3656:, p. 147.
3646:
3644:, p. 404.
3634:
3632:, p. 250.
3622:
3620:, p. 294.
3605:
3603:, p. 273.
3593:
3591:, p. 143.
3581:
3579:, p. 244.
3566:
3554:
3552:, p. 243.
3542:
3540:, p. 415.
3530:
3528:, p. 242.
3518:
3516:, p. 128.
3506:
3494:
3482:
3480:, p. 414.
3470:
3468:, p. 103.
3458:
3456:, p. 241.
3441:
3424:
3405:
3393:
3376:
3374:, p. 239.
3364:
3352:
3350:, p. 237.
3337:
3322:
3320:, p. 236.
3305:
3293:
3291:, p. 235.
3281:
3269:
3257:
3245:
3224:
3212:
3210:, p. 102.
3197:
3195:, p. 266.
3180:
3178:, p. 222.
3168:
3156:
3144:
3142:, p. 221.
3132:
3120:
3118:, p. 561.
3108:
3096:
3094:, p. 219.
3081:
3069:
3067:, p. 208.
3054:
3042:
3030:
3028:, p. 240.
3018:
3016:, p. 204.
3003:
3001:, p. 203.
2991:
2979:
2977:, p. 199.
2967:
2955:
2943:
2941:, p. 197.
2926:
2924:, p. 183.
2914:
2902:
2900:, p. 212.
2890:
2888:, p. 541.
2878:
2876:, p. 188.
2866:
2854:
2852:, p. 187.
2839:
2827:
2825:, p. 186.
2812:
2800:
2798:, p. 536.
2788:
2786:, p. 333.
2776:
2774:, p. 184.
2764:
2762:, p. 157.
2752:
2750:, p. 170.
2737:
2725:
2723:, p. 167.
2713:
2711:, p. 185.
2701:
2699:, p. 199.
2689:
2677:
2675:, p. 168.
2664:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1519:
1504:
1501:
1458:cavalry charge
1454:Sea of Galilee
1428:
1425:
1388:
1377:
1312:
1311:Towards Hattin
1309:
1307:
1304:
1227:
1226:Second regency
1224:
1166:
1163:
1136:
1078:
1075:
1055:Lord of Botrun
1036:was captured.
955:
952:
902:, Shaizar and
796:
793:
791:
788:
684:
681:
635:Constantinople
509:
506:
484:
481:
479:
476:
383:
380:
332:Baldwin V
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
136:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
120:
119:
117:
116:
114:
113:
107:
100:
90:
89:
88:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
47:
46:
36:
28:
27:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5356:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5302:
5301:
5295:
5286:
5285:
5278:
5272:
5268:
5259:
5258:
5251:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5228:
5223:
5222:
5213:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5194:(in French).
5193:
5189:
5188:Richard, Jean
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5163:
5151:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5086:. Routledge.
5085:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4914:
4913:Runciman 1989
4909:
4903:, p. 13.
4902:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4878:
4873:
4866:
4861:
4854:
4853:Runciman 1989
4849:
4842:
4841:Hamilton 2000
4837:
4835:
4827:
4822:
4815:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4798:
4793:
4786:
4781:
4774:
4769:
4763:, p. 94.
4762:
4761:Hamilton 2000
4757:
4755:
4753:
4745:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4728:
4723:
4716:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4699:
4694:
4687:
4682:
4675:
4670:
4663:
4658:
4652:, p. 71.
4651:
4646:
4639:
4634:
4632:
4624:
4619:
4612:
4611:Runciman 1989
4607:
4605:
4603:
4595:
4590:
4583:
4578:
4571:
4566:
4559:
4558:Runciman 1989
4554:
4547:
4542:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4520:
4515:
4508:
4503:
4496:
4491:
4484:
4483:Hamilton 2000
4479:
4472:
4471:Runciman 1989
4467:
4465:
4457:
4456:Runciman 1989
4452:
4445:
4440:
4438:
4430:
4429:Hamilton 2000
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4411:
4406:
4399:
4394:
4387:
4382:
4375:
4370:
4363:
4362:Hamilton 2000
4358:
4351:
4346:
4339:
4334:
4327:
4322:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4300:
4295:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4271:
4270:Hamilton 2000
4266:
4264:
4256:
4251:
4244:
4243:Hamilton 2000
4239:
4232:
4227:
4220:
4215:
4208:
4203:
4196:
4195:Hamilton 2000
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4162:
4161:Hamilton 2000
4157:
4150:
4149:Hamilton 2000
4145:
4138:
4133:
4126:
4125:Hamilton 2000
4121:
4119:
4112:, p. 70.
4111:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4088:
4083:
4081:
4074:, p. 69.
4073:
4068:
4061:
4060:Hamilton 2000
4056:
4049:
4048:Hamilton 2000
4044:
4037:
4032:
4025:
4024:Hamilton 2000
4020:
4013:
4008:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3984:
3983:Hamilton 2000
3979:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3959:Hamilton 2000
3955:
3948:
3947:Hamilton 2000
3943:
3936:
3931:
3924:
3923:Hamilton 2000
3919:
3912:
3911:Hamilton 2000
3907:
3900:
3899:Hamilton 2000
3895:
3893:
3885:
3884:Hamilton 2000
3880:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3854:
3849:
3847:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3816:
3815:Hamilton 2000
3811:
3804:
3799:
3792:
3791:Hamilton 2000
3787:
3780:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3763:
3758:
3751:
3746:
3739:
3738:Hamilton 2000
3734:
3727:
3722:
3715:
3710:
3703:
3702:Runciman 1989
3698:
3691:
3690:Hamilton 2000
3686:
3679:
3678:Hamilton 2000
3674:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3654:Hamilton 2000
3650:
3643:
3642:Runciman 1989
3638:
3631:
3626:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3602:
3597:
3590:
3589:Hamilton 2000
3585:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3562:Hamilton 2000
3558:
3551:
3546:
3539:
3538:Runciman 1989
3534:
3527:
3522:
3515:
3514:Hamilton 2000
3510:
3503:
3502:Hamilton 2000
3498:
3492:, p. 64.
3491:
3486:
3479:
3478:Runciman 1989
3474:
3467:
3466:Hamilton 2000
3462:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3439:, p. 62.
3438:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3422:, p. 99.
3421:
3420:Hamilton 2000
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3402:
3397:
3391:, p. 98.
3390:
3389:Hamilton 2000
3385:
3383:
3381:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3360:Hamilton 2000
3356:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3335:, p. 93.
3334:
3333:Hamilton 2000
3329:
3327:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3303:, p. 89.
3302:
3301:Hamilton 2000
3297:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3266:
3261:
3255:, p. 88.
3254:
3253:Hamilton 2000
3249:
3243:, p. 61.
3242:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3221:
3220:Runciman 1989
3216:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3172:
3166:, p. 33.
3165:
3164:Hamilton 2000
3160:
3153:
3148:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3106:, p. 60.
3105:
3100:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3051:
3050:Runciman 1989
3046:
3039:
3034:
3027:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2989:, p. 56.
2988:
2983:
2976:
2971:
2964:
2959:
2953:, p. 55.
2952:
2947:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2864:, p. 54.
2863:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2784:Runciman 1989
2780:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2734:
2733:Runciman 1989
2729:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2618:
2613:
2606:
2595:
2583:
2580:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2455:
2453:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2389:
2387:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2349:
2347:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2151:
2134:
2123:
2115:
2112:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2092:
2090:
2082:
2080:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1971:
1946:
1939:
1927:
1925:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1853:
1825:
1823:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1751:
1723:
1720:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1676:
1674:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1631:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:hagiographies
1541:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1421:
1420:excommunicate
1415:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1386:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1236:Deir al-Balah
1233:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1176:
1171:
1165:New conflicts
1162:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:William Dorel
1048:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
997:
993:
988:
979:
971:
967:
966:
960:
951:
942:
938:
937:Oultrejordain
933:
929:
924:
921:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
889:
885:
883:
879:
878:consanguinity
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
844:
839:
837:
831:
829:
826:
822:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
795:First regency
787:
785:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
739:
735:
731:
726:
717:
706:
702:
694:
689:
680:
678:
674:
663:
659:
653:
651:
640:
636:
632:
628:
617:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
598:Chastel Rouge
595:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
554:
550:
546:
542:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
505:
502:
498:
494:
490:
475:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
439:
434:
430:
422:
418:
407:
400:
396:
393:
388:
379:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:, making him
289:
286:. He married
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
199:
196:
192:
189:
186:
182:
179:
176:
172:
169:
166:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
99:
98:
94:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
34:
29:
24:
21:
16:
5299:
5298:
5282:
5255:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5195:
5191:
5167:
5131:
5105:
5083:
5060:
5034:
5011:
4988:
4958:
4933:
4908:
4896:
4884:
4872:
4865:Baldwin 1969
4860:
4848:
4825:
4821:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4768:
4722:
4693:
4681:
4669:
4657:
4645:
4618:
4589:
4577:
4565:
4553:
4541:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4478:
4451:
4405:
4393:
4381:
4369:
4357:
4345:
4333:
4326:Baldwin 1969
4321:
4294:
4250:
4238:
4226:
4219:Baldwin 1969
4214:
4202:
4156:
4144:
4132:
4067:
4055:
4043:
4031:
4019:
4012:Baldwin 1969
4007:
3978:
3966:
3954:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3879:
3810:
3798:
3786:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3726:Baldwin 1969
3721:
3714:Baldwin 1969
3709:
3697:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3596:
3584:
3557:
3545:
3533:
3521:
3509:
3497:
3485:
3473:
3461:
3396:
3367:
3355:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3215:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3116:Baldwin 1969
3111:
3099:
3072:
3045:
3033:
3021:
2994:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2946:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2886:Baldwin 1969
2881:
2869:
2857:
2830:
2803:
2796:Baldwin 1969
2791:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2648:
2303:
1553:
1539:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1515:
1506:
1484:
1474:
1470:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1416:
1410:
1395:
1378:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1345:
1342:
1327:
1314:
1285:
1280:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1229:
1219:Kerak Castle
1205:
1201:
1180:
1155:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1092:
1085:Raymond and
1040:
1038:
1026:Litani River
1007:
989:
975:
963:
925:
916:
897:
840:
832:
798:
780:
757:
727:
698:
654:
610:
568:
545:Jordan River
541:Jacob's Fort
511:
486:
425:12th century
403:
395:Jaufre Rudel
340:
281:
205:
204:
92:
20:
15:
5324:1187 deaths
5319:1140 births
4727:Barber 2012
4698:Barber 2012
4674:Barber 2012
4623:Barber 2012
4594:Barber 2012
4582:Barber 2012
4570:Barber 2012
4534:Barber 2012
4507:Barber 2012
4444:Barber 2012
4398:Barber 2012
4338:Barber 2012
4255:Barber 2012
4176:Barber 2012
4137:Barber 2012
4036:Barber 2012
4000:Barber 2012
3971:Barber 2012
3935:Barber 2012
3853:Barber 2012
3666:Barber 2012
3618:Barber 2012
3601:Barber 2012
3193:Barber 2012
3026:Barber 2012
2898:Barber 2012
2835:Barber 2012
2760:Barber 2012
2697:Barber 2012
1574:circumcised
1391:Peire Vidal
1365:Peire Vidal
1289:continuator
1189:Beit She'an
768:lunar years
760:solar years
736:, reminded
234:royal court
206:Raymond III
198:Catholicism
112:(1164â1174)
106:(1152â1155)
65:Predecessor
26:Raymond III
5313:Categories
5288:1174â1187
5267:Raymond IV
5261:1152â1187
5250:Raymond II
4901:Lewis 2017
4889:Lewis 2017
4877:Lewis 2017
4814:Lewis 2017
4797:Lewis 2017
4773:Lewis 2017
4744:Lewis 2017
4715:Lewis 2017
4686:Lewis 2017
4638:Lewis 2017
4546:Lewis 2017
4519:Lewis 2017
4495:Lewis 2017
4410:Lewis 2017
4386:Lewis 2017
4374:Lewis 2017
4350:Lewis 2017
4314:Lewis 2017
4287:Lewis 2017
4231:Lewis 2017
4087:Lewis 2017
3872:Lewis 2017
3838:Lewis 2017
3779:Lewis 2017
3762:Lewis 2017
3750:Lewis 2017
3630:Lewis 2017
3577:Lewis 2017
3550:Lewis 2017
3526:Lewis 2017
3454:Lewis 2017
3401:Lewis 2017
3372:Lewis 2017
3348:Lewis 2017
3318:Lewis 2017
3289:Lewis 2017
3265:Lewis 2017
3176:Lewis 2017
3152:Lewis 2017
3140:Lewis 2017
3128:Lewis 2017
3092:Lewis 2017
3077:Lewis 2017
3065:Lewis 2017
3038:Lewis 2017
3014:Lewis 2017
2999:Lewis 2017
2975:Lewis 2017
2963:Lewis 2017
2939:Lewis 2017
2922:Lilie 2004
2910:Lewis 2017
2874:Lewis 2017
2850:Lewis 2017
2823:Lewis 2017
2808:Lewis 2017
2772:Lewis 2017
2748:Lewis 2017
2721:Lewis 2017
2709:Lewis 2017
2685:Lewis 2017
2673:Lewis 2017
2661:References
1510:Marj Ayyun
1489:Abu'l-Fida
1306:Last years
968:minted in
943:of Mosul (
882:chancellor
817:Baldwin IV
764:Ibn Jubayr
571:earthquake
526:Nur ad-Din
429:Occitanian
392:troubadour
382:Early life
242:Nur ad-Din
79:Raymond IV
69:Raymond II
5204:0768-2506
5180:458593576
5130:(1989) .
5110:Macmillan
5059:(2004) .
5039:Routledge
4650:Lock 2006
4110:Lock 2006
4072:Lock 2006
3490:Lock 2006
3437:Lock 2006
3241:Lock 2006
3104:Lock 2006
2987:Lock 2006
2951:Lock 2006
2862:Lock 2006
1556:Holy Land
1548:canonized
1533:Abu Shama
1211:Heraclius
1193:Saffuriya
1175:Saffuriya
954:Campaigns
847:constable
753:Gibelacar
683:Captivity
650:Byzantine
594:crusaders
564:Margaliot
493:Melisende
457:Jerusalem
261:Melisende
250:Byzantine
75:Successor
60:1152â1187
5104:(1973).
4987:(2012).
2653:Tripoli.
2628:See also
1570:apostasy
1520:â
1481:pleurisy
1450:vanguard
1403:al-Afdal
1389:â
1338:Tiberias
1277:Isabella
1267:and the
1137:â
1018:Tiberias
935:through
874:annulled
483:Minority
367:pleurisy
355:Tiberias
347:Isabella
194:Religion
93:See list
4922:Sources
1540:pullani
1493:Raymond
1273:England
1232:Bedouin
1123:Ibelins
1096:Sibylla
1071:perfidy
1063:Plivain
1059:Batroun
1024:on the
1010:Turkmen
972:'s name
970:Saladin
962:Copper
930:in the
900:Baalbek
862:bailiff
776:Saladin
695:in 1165
631:galleys
602:Shaizar
549:Baniyas
543:on the
514:charter
501:regency
453:Tripoli
324:Sibylla
308:Saladin
304:bailiff
141:Tripoli
85:Regents
5232:
5202:
5178:
5146:
5116:
5090:
5071:
5045:
5022:
4999:
4973:
4940:
1503:Legacy
1462:Hattin
1358:Franks
1318:Nablus
1263:, the
1257:Beirut
920:surety
912:Aleppo
858:Balian
823:. The
784:dinars
530:Zengid
528:, the
518:Tartus
433:Levant
415:) and
343:Nablus
269:Aleppo
246:Zengid
244:, the
230:regent
184:Mother
174:Father
152:Spouse
5234:Died:
5227:Born:
2640:Notes
1466:Safed
1197:Bosra
1150:Arwad
1098:, to
1057:(now
1014:Sidon
928:Mosul
749:Halba
606:Harem
478:Count
163:House
57:Reign
5236:1187
5229:1140
5200:ISSN
5176:OCLC
5144:ISBN
5114:ISBN
5088:ISBN
5069:ISBN
5043:ISBN
5020:ISBN
4997:ISBN
4971:ISBN
4938:ISBN
1487:and
1271:and
1261:pope
1067:Pisa
1022:ford
965:fals
904:Hama
893:Arqa
876:for
843:Acre
812:fief
691:The
577:and
575:Arqa
390:The
363:Tyre
135:Died
130:1140
127:Born
1546:of
671:),
569:An
5315::
5174:.
5170:.
5142:.
5134:.
5112:.
5108:.
5067:.
5063:.
5041:.
5018:.
5014:.
4995:.
4991:.
4961:.
4833:^
4804:^
4751:^
4734:^
4705:^
4630:^
4601:^
4526:^
4463:^
4436:^
4417:^
4306:^
4277:^
4262:^
4183:^
4168:^
4117:^
4094:^
4079:^
3990:^
3891:^
3860:^
3845:^
3822:^
3769:^
3608:^
3569:^
3444:^
3427:^
3408:^
3379:^
3340:^
3325:^
3308:^
3227:^
3200:^
3183:^
3084:^
3057:^
3006:^
2929:^
2842:^
2815:^
2740:^
1298:r.
1109:r.
1053:,
1001:r.
994:,
983:r.
946:r.
852:,
802:,
743:r.
732:,
721:r.
710:r.
675:,
667:r.
644:r.
621:r.
588:r.
558:r.
535:r.
524:.
470:r.
443:r.
411:r.
338:.
228:,
220:.
143:,
5206:.
5196:1
5182:.
5152:.
5122:.
5096:.
5077:.
5051:.
5028:.
5005:.
4979:.
4944:.
1106:(
980:(
740:(
718:(
707:(
664:(
641:(
618:(
585:(
555:(
467:(
440:(
408:(
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