459:
149:
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42:
387:, and Japan had also supplied Feng with 1.5 million yen (via warlord Zhang Zuolin) in hopes that he would agree to topple the Cao government. The Japanese wanted to remove the Zhili government due to its strong anti-Japanese policy. In the autumn of 1924 the Zhili clique went to war with Zhang Zuolin's
402:
Early on
October 23, 1924, however, Feng Yuxiang's Beijing defense troops seized control of key government buildings, public utilities and the roads leading into and out of Beijing. Cao Kun was placed under house arrest and stripped of his presidency. Upon receiving news of the coup, the Fengtian
486:
led a so-called First United Front movement to topple Duan's provisional government, calling it the
Capital Revolution. Feng wanted to support this but changed his mind, preferring to concentrate his forces on Zhang's army. As a result, the Capital Revolution movement collapsed.
446:
as the official timepiece. However, Huang refused to guarantee foreign privileges and Zhang Zuolin became despondent at his one-time ally. The only major agreement Feng and Zhang made was to dissolve the discredited
National Assembly and create a
411:
used this opportunity to launch a major offensive and broke the Zhili clique's frontline, putting them in a favorable military position. Zhang Zuolin took full advantage of the coup, pursued the Zhili army and won a major victory outside
332:, had already established itself as the dominant military force in China through a succession of resounding military victories. However, Cao was not satisfied with being just a strongman and wished the prestige of being officially titled
462:
On
November 17, 1924, Zhang Zuolin invited Feng Yuxiang to talk at the home of Tianjin Ruili. Feng decided to hold the section as "temporary ruling" and went to Beijing to preside over government affairs.
340:
from office, Cao openly offered $ 5,000 to any member of parliament who would elect him president. There was massive public outrage against Cao's plan, but he succeeded despite a counter-bribe to
498:. Had the coup not happened, the Zhili clique would surely have finished off the Kuomintang after defeating the Fengtian clique. Feng was saved from losing all his power by allying with
399:'s armies, it was expected to be victorious. If the Fengtian clique was destroyed, the Zhili clique could finish off its few remaining rivals in the south with ease.
471:
Plans were made to hold negotiations for national reunification among Feng, Zhang, Duan and Sun Yat-sen. These were fruitless and Sun died in
Beijing in March 1925.
687:
360:
that year (i.e., October 10, 1923) with a newly minted constitution, President Cao subsequently neglected his duties as president to concentrate on defeating the
856:
502:
during the
Northern Expedition, but later became disillusioned with the Generalissimo's leadership. Feng rebelled against Chiang and was defeated during the
1317:
1068:
434:
as acting president of the
Beijing government. Huang initiated several reforms on Feng's behalf, including the expulsion of Titular Emperor
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423:. All of north China was divided between the Fengtian clique and Feng Yuxiang, whose forces were renamed the
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427:(Nationalist Army). Zhang Zuolin took the prosperous northeast while Feng was left with the poor northwest.
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524:, though it erroneously claims the president fled the capital instead of being put under house arrest.
304:, this government was replaced on November 23, 1924, by a conservative, pro-Japanese government led by
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to defeat the previously dominant Zhili clique. Followed by a brief period of liberalization under
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736:
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by the
Nationalist Party, its greatest impact was to buy time for the Kuomintang to build up its
940:
936:
816:
448:
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While the defeat of the powerful Zhili clique paved the way for the long-term success of the
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Wu and his remaining forces fled to central China where they met up with his ally
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308:. The coup alienated many liberal Chinese from the Beijing government.
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From war to nationalism: China's turning point, 1924 - 1925
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defected to the
Guominjun on November 22 and started the
367:
One of Cao's subordinates, the semi-Zhili-affiliated
474:Feng and Zhang came to blows when Fengtian General
82:; pro-Japanese interests and conspiracies of the
1294:
572:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 181–185.
371:, became increasingly dissatisfied with Cao and
292:). The coup occurred at a crucial moment in the
568:Waldron, Arthur (2003). Waldron, Arthur (ed.).
451:with the pro-Japanese but relatively competent
639:
600:Chinese Warlord. The Career of Feng Yü-hsiang
1083:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
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632:
40:
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596:
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540:
457:
567:
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1295:
1069:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
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627:
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46:Feng Yuxiang (center) during the coup
1318:1920s coups d'état and coup attempts
24:
767:Constitutional Protection Movement
328:, whose military was commanded by
25:
1329:
86:; Japanese plans against Wu Peifu
1055:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
915:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
666:
654:
320:became president by bribing the
147:
986:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
590:
466:
442:and abolishing the role of the
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234:
214:
13:
1:
1284:Republic of China (1912–1949)
733:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
527:
375:. Feng's sympathies lay with
296:and allowed the pro-Japanese
817:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
430:After the coup, Feng placed
7:
1313:Military history of Beijing
1132:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
867:Washington Naval Conference
597:Sheridan, James E. (1966).
496:National Revolutionary Army
10:
1334:
1194:National Pacification Army
1059:Northeast Flag Replacement
965:Zhongshan Warship Incident
662:and warlordism during the
514:The coup was mentioned in
336:. After ousting President
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395:. With Wu at the helm of
393:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
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294:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
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177:
172:
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99:Allowed the pro-Japanese
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71:
59:
51:
39:
32:
27:1924 coup d'état in China
1037:Muslim conflict in Gansu
1007:Shanghai Commune of 1927
997:Nanking incident of 1927
877:First Zhili–Fengtian War
444:old bell and drum towers
955:Canton–Hong Kong strike
737:National Protection War
238:) was the October 1924
78:'s desire to overthrow
941:May Thirtieth Movement
797:Paris Peace Conference
482:. Six days after this
463:
449:provisional government
362:rival warlord factions
344:elect him, offered by
837:Guangdong–Guangxi War
787:Siberian intervention
461:
259:. Feng called it the
257:Zhili warlord faction
97:removed as president
1092:Sino-Soviet conflict
747:Death of Yuan Shikai
605:Stanford, California
189:Matsumuro Takayoshi
1051:Huanggutun incident
981:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
976:Northern Expedition
806:May Fourth Movement
555:, pp. 144–145.
543:, pp. 139–145.
516:Bernardo Bertolucci
492:Northern Expedition
1103:Central Plains War
937:Yunnan–Guangxi War
888:First United Front
757:Manchu Restoration
723:Twenty-One Demands
703:Bai Lang Rebellion
510:In popular culture
504:Central Plains War
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261:Capital Revolution
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1118:Qinghai–Tibet War
1017:Shanghai massacre
951:Anti-Fengtian War
924:
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713:Second Revolution
579:978-0-521-52332-5
480:Anti-Fengtian War
356:. Inaugurated on
322:National Assembly
250:Chinese President
235:Běijīng Zhèngbiàn
203:
202:
168:
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114:Qing royal family
16:(Redirected from
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1265:Communist Party
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1114:Sino-Tibetan War
1027:July 15 Incident
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899:Lincheng Outrage
801:Shandong Problem
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591:Bibliography
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476:Guo Songling
473:
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467:Significance
429:
418:
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369:Feng Yuxiang
366:
346:Zhang Zuolin
341:
326:Zhili clique
315:
287:
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246:Feng Yuxiang
239:
233:
207:Beijing Coup
206:
204:
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182:Feng Yuxiang
180:
173:Lead figures
162:Zhili clique
142:
139:Anhui clique
105:Zhili clique
98:
84:Anhui clique
76:Feng Yuxiang
55:October 1924
33:Beijing Coup
18:Beijing coup
1303:Warlord Era
1257:Kuomintang
1242:New Guangxi
1237:Old Guangxi
1152:Two-Liu war
1142:Han–Liu War
660:Warlord Era
403:commanders
377:Sun Yat-sen
354:Sun Yat-sen
338:Li Yuanhong
241:coup d'état
91:Resulted in
1297:Categories
1200:Zhili Army
528:References
453:Duan Qirui
409:Li Jinglin
381:Kuomintang
350:Duan Qirui
306:Duan Qirui
186:Duan Qirui
103:to defeat
1247:Guangdong
1212:Guominjun
1124:1931–1935
1110:1930–1932
1065:1928–1929
1033:1927–1930
971:1926–1928
947:1925–1926
883:1923–1927
863:1921–1922
843:1920–1926
833:1920–1921
813:1919–1921
783:1918–1920
773:1917–1929
763:1917–1922
729:1915–1916
699:1911–1914
684:1925–1934
681:1915–1924
506:of 1930.
484:Li Dazhao
438:from the
425:Guominjun
385:Guangzhou
135:Guominjun
116:from the
72:Caused by
1222:Xinjiang
1190:Fengtian
688:Factions
617:65018978
518:'s film
432:Huang Fu
373:Wu Peifu
330:Wu Peifu
316:In 1923
302:Huang Fu
248:against
112:and the
80:Wu Peifu
60:Location
1252:Guizhou
1232:Sichuan
1175:Beiyang
1085:(incl.
414:Tianjin
391:in the
318:Cao Kun
265:Chinese
253:Cao Kun
211:Chinese
195:Cao Kun
124:Parties
95:Cao Kun
65:Beijing
1227:Yunnan
1207:Shanxi
615:
576:
324:. His
312:Events
286::
284:pinyin
267::
232::
230:pinyin
213::
152:
1267:(CCP)
1259:(KMT)
1185:Zhili
1180:Anhui
397:Zhili
1158:1934
1148:1932
1138:1932
1098:1930
1075:1929
1043:1928
1023:1927
1013:1927
1003:1927
993:1927
961:1926
933:1925
905:1924
895:1923
873:1922
853:1921
823:1920
793:1919
753:1917
743:1916
719:1915
709:1913
613:LCCN
574:ISBN
436:Puyi
407:and
352:and
205:The
110:Puyi
52:Date
35:北京政變
379:'s
342:not
244:by
1299::
1217:Ma
1196:)
1130:/
1116:/
611:.
607::
603:.
560:^
416:.
364:.
348:,
282:;
228:;
1192:(
1089:)
647:e
640:t
633:v
619:.
582:.
279:命
276:革
273:都
270:首
263:(
225:變
222:政
219:京
216:北
209:(
20:)
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