Behaviour therapy - Knowledge

871:. As of March 2022, there are over 900 randomized trials of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and 60 mediational studies of the ACT literature. ACT has been included in over 275 meta-analyses and systematic reviews. As the result of multiple randomized trials of ACT by the World Health Organization, WHO now distribute ACT-based self-help for "anyone who experiences stress, wherever they live, and whatever their circumstances." As of March 2022, a number of different organizations have stated that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is empirically supported in certain areas or as a whole according to their standards. These include: American Psychological Association, Society of Clinical Psychology (Div. 12), The World Health Organization, The United Kingdom National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Australian Psychological Society, Netherlands Institute of Psychologists: Sections of Neuropsychology and Rehabilitation, Sweden Association of Physiotherapists, SAMHSA's National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices, California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare, and the U.S. Veterans Affairs/DoD. 555:

change and the rewards and punishments that go along with that behaviour. In order for a contingency contract to be official it needs to have five elements. First it must state what each person will get if they successfully complete the desired behaviour. Secondly those people involved have to monitor the behaviours. Third, if the desired behaviour is not being performed in the way that was agreed upon in the contract the punishments that were defined in the contract must be done. Fourth if the persons involved are complying with the contract they must receive bonuses. The last element involves documenting the compliance and noncompliance while using this treatment in order to give the persons involved consistent feedback about the target behaviour and the provision of reinforcers.

559:

are mainly used in institutional and therapeutic settings. In order for a token economy to be effective there must be consistency in administering the program by the entire staff. Procedures must be clearly defined so that there is no confusion among the clients. Instead of looking for ways to punish the patients or to deny them of rewards, the staff has to reinforce the positive behaviours so that the clients will increase the occurrence of the desired behaviour. Over time the tokens need to be replaced with less tangible rewards such as compliments so that the client will be prepared when they leave the institution and won't expect to get something every time they perform a desired behaviour.

510:

reduce the attractiveness of certain behaviours and the stimuli that elicit them. The punishment side of aversion therapy is when an aversive stimulus is presented at the same time that a negative stimulus and then they are stopped at the same time when a positive stimulus or response is presented. Examples of the type of negative stimulus or punishment that can be used is shock therapy treatments, aversive drug treatments as well as response cost contingent punishment which involves taking away a reward.

628:

situations and their perceived powerlessness to change that situation that adds to the hopelessness. For a person with suicidal ideation, it is important to start with small steps. Because that person may perceive everything as being a big step, the smaller you start the easier it will be for the person to master each step. This technique has also been applied to people dealing with agoraphobia, or fear of being in public places or doing something embarrassing.

374:. Classical conditioning happens when a neutral stimulus comes right before another stimulus that triggers a reflexive response. The idea is that if the neutral stimulus and whatever other stimulus that triggers a response is paired together often enough that the neutral stimulus will produce the reflexive response. Operant conditioning has to do with rewards and punishments and how they can either increase or decrease certain behaviours. 505:

involves not only the cues of the "model person" as well as the situations of a certain behaviour that way the relationship can be seen between the appropriateness of a certain behaviour and situation in which that behaviour occurs is demonstrated. With the behavioural rehearsal and homework treatment a client gets a desired behaviour during a therapy session and then they practice and record that behaviour between their sessions.

342:. In some areas the cognitive component had an additive effect (for example, evidence suggests that cognitive interventions improve the result of social phobia treatment.) but in other areas it did not enhance the treatment, which led to the pursuit of third generation behaviour therapies. Third generation behaviour therapy uses basic principles of operant and respondent psychology but couples them with functional analysis and a 649: 443:

for any maladaptive responses that the client may have. By having this baseline, as therapy continues this same measure can be used to check a client's progress, which can help determine if the therapy is working. Behaviour therapists do not typically ask the why questions but tend to be more focused on the how, when, where and what questions. Tests such as the Rorschach inkblot test or personality tests like the MMPI (

207:

time that this became a feature of human life there must have been occasions when a man complained of his ills to another who advised or persuaded him of a course of action. In a broad sense, this could be called behavior therapy whenever the behavior itself was conceived as the therapeutic agent. Ancient writings contain innumerable behavioral prescriptions that accord with this broad conception of behavior therapy.

741: 451:

considered. These "person variables" come from a person's social learning history and they affect the way in which the environment affects that person's behaviour. An example of a person variable would be behavioural competence. Behavioural competence looks at whether a person has the appropriate skills and behaviours that are necessary when performing a specific response to a certain situation or stimuli.

223:'s research group. The experimental tradition in clinical psychology used it to refer to psycho-therapeutic techniques derived from empirical research. It has since come to refer mainly to techniques for increasing adaptive behaviour through reinforcement and decreasing maladaptive behaviour through extinction or punishment (with emphasis on the former). Two related terms are behaviour therapy and 472:

therapeutic effectiveness is to use positive reinforcement or operant conditioning. Although behaviour therapy is based on the general learning model, it can be applied in a lot of different treatment packages that can be specifically developed to deal with problematic behaviours. Some of the more well known types of treatments are: Relaxation training,

412:. Functional analytic psychotherapy is a longer duration behaviour therapy. Functional analytic therapy focuses on in-session use of reinforcement and is primarily a relationally-based therapy. As with most of the behavioural psychotherapies, functional analytic psychotherapy is contextual in its origins and nature. and draws heavily on 926:(formerly the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy) is for those with a more cognitive orientation. The ABCT also has an interest group in behaviour analysis, which focuses on clinical behaviour analysis. In addition, the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies has a special interest group on addictions. 765:(VRT) has shown to be effective for a fear of heights. It has also been shown to help with the treatment of a variety of anxiety disorders. Due to the costs associated with VRT in 2007, therapists were still awaiting results of controlled trials investigating VRT, to assess which applications demonstrate the best results. 780:

Response costs has been shown to work in suppressing a variety of behaviours such as smoking, overeating or stuttering with a diverse group of clinical populations ranging from sociopaths to school children. These behaviours that have been suppressed using this technique often do not recover when the

619:

Exposure and prevention procedure techniques can be used to treat people who have anxiety problems as well as any fears or phobias. These procedures have also been used to help people dealing with any anger issues as well as pathological grievers (people who have distressing thoughts about a deceased

612:

has been used in dealing with fears and phobias. Fears are thought to develop through observational learning, and so positive modelling, when a person's behaviour is imitated, can used to counter these effects. In a systematic review of 1,677 papers, positive modelling was found to lower fear levels.

558:

Token economies is a behaviour therapy technique where clients are reinforced with tokens that are considered a type of currency that can be used to purchase desired rewards, like being able to watch television or getting a snack that they want when they perform designated behaviours. Token economies

554:

Another technique of behaviour therapy involves holding a client or patient accountable of their behaviours in an effort to change them. This is called a contingency contract, which is a formal written contract between two or more people that defines the specific expected behaviours that you wish to

491:

Relaxation training involves clients learning to lower arousal to reduce their stress by tensing and releasing certain muscle groups throughout their body. Systematic desensitization is a treatment in which the client slowly substitutes a new learned response for a maladaptive response by moving up a

442:

Most behaviour therapists use objective assessment methods like structured interviews, objective psychological tests or different behavioural rating forms. These types of assessments are used so that the behaviour therapist can determine exactly what a client's problem may be and establish a baseline

438:

Behaviour therapists complete a functional analysis or a functional assessment that looks at four important areas: stimulus, organism, response and consequences. The stimulus is the condition or environmental trigger that causes behaviour. An organism involves the internal responses of a person, like

354:

The behavioural approach to therapy assumes that behaviour that is associated with psychological problems develops through the same processes of learning that affects the development of other behaviours. Therefore, behaviourists see personality problems in the way that personality was developed. They

206:

While the modern behavior therapist deliberately applies principles of learning to this therapeutic operations, empirical behavior therapy is probably as old as civilization – if we consider civilization as having started when man first did things to further the well-being of other men. From the

877:

is based on a functional analysis of the therapeutic relationship. It places a greater emphasis on the therapeutic context and returns to the use of in-session reinforcement. In general, 40 years of research supports the idea that in-session reinforcement of behaviour can lead to behavioural change.

768:

For those with suicidal ideation, treatment depends on how severe the person's depression and sense of hopelessness is. If these things are severe, the person's response to completing small steps will not be of importance to them, because they don't consider the success an accomplishment. Generally,

550:

Shaping and graded task assignments are used when behaviour that needs to be learned is complex. The complex behaviours that need to be learned are broken down into simpler steps where the person can achieve small things gradually building up to the more complex behaviour. Each step approximates the

496:

of situations involving fear. Systematic desensitization is based in part on counter conditioning. Counter conditioning is learning new ways to change one response for another and in the case of desensitization it is substituting that maladaptive behaviour for a more relaxing behaviour. Exposure and

454:

When making a behavioural assessment the behaviour therapist wants to answer two questions: (1) what are the different factors (environmental or psychological) that are maintaining the maladaptive behaviour and (2) what type of behaviour therapy or technique that can help the individual improve most

586:

Two large studies done by the Faculty of Health Sciences at Simon Fraser University indicate that both behaviour therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) are equally effective for OCD. CBT is typically considered the "first-line" treatment for OCD. CBT has also been shown to perform slightly

471:

Functional analysis has even been applied to problems that therapists commonly encounter like client resistance, partially engaged clients and involuntary clients. Applications to these problems have left clinicians with considerable tools for enhancing therapeutic effectiveness. One way to enhance

261:

In general, behaviour therapy is seen as having three distinct points of origin: South Africa (Wolpe's group), the United States (Skinner), and the United Kingdom (Rachman and Eysenck). Each had its own distinct approach to viewing behaviour problems. Eysenck in particular viewed behaviour problems

517:

Another characteristic of applied behaviour analysis is how it (behaviour analysis) goes about evaluating treatment effects. The individual subject is where the focus of study is on, the investigation is centred on the one individual being treated. A third characteristic is that it focuses on what

509:

and punishment is a technique in which an aversive (painful or unpleasant) stimulus is used to decrease unwanted behaviours from occurring. It is concerned with two procedures: 1) the procedures are used to decrease the likelihood of the frequency of a certain behaviour and 2) procedures that will

562:

Closely related to token economies is a technique called response costs. This technique can either be used with or without token economies. Response costs is the punishment side of token economies where there is a loss of a reward or privilege after someone performs an undesirable behaviour. Like

601:

Behaviour therapy can be applied to a number of mental disorders and in many cases is more effective for specific disorders as compared to others. Behaviour therapy techniques can be used to deal with any phobias that a person may have. Desensitization has also been successfully applied to other

463:

Behaviour therapy based its core interventions on functional analysis. Just a few of the many problems that behaviour therapy have functionally analyzed include intimacy in couples relationships, forgiveness in couples, chronic pain, stress-related behaviour problems of being an adult child of a

231:. While behaviour modification and applied behaviour analysis typically uses interventions based on the same behavioural principles, many behaviour modifiers who are not applied behaviour analysts tend to use packages of interventions and do not conduct functional assessments before intervening. 634:

Token economies are used in controlled environments and are found mostly in psychiatric hospitals. They can be used to help patients with different mental illnesses but it doesn't focus on the treatment of the mental illness but instead on the behavioural aspects of a patient. The response cost

891:

developed from dissatisfaction with traditional behavioural couples therapy. Integrative behavioural couples therapy looks to Skinner (1966) for the difference between contingency-shaped and rule-governed behaviour. It couples this analysis with a thorough functional assessment of the couple's

884:

emerged from a component analysis of cognitive behaviour therapy. Researchers hope to prove that it can be complete treatment in its own right. Behavioural activation is based on a matching model of reinforcement. A recent review of the research, supports the notion that the use of behavioural

513:

Applied behaviour analysis is using behavioural methods to modify certain behaviours that are seen as being important socially or personally. There are four main characteristics of applied behaviour analysis. First behaviour analysis is focused mainly on overt behaviours in an applied setting.

754:

When using modelling procedures this technique is often compared to another behavioural therapy technique. When compared to desensitization, the modelling technique does appear to be less effective. However it is clear that the greater the interaction between the patient and the subject he is

504:

Virtual reality therapy provides realistic, computer-based simulations of troublesome situations. The modelling process involves a person being subjected to watching other individuals who demonstrate behaviour that is considered adaptive and that should be adopted by the client. This exposure

597:

There has been a development towards combining techniques to treat psychiatric disorders. Cognitive interventions are used to enhance the effects of more established behavioural interventions based on operant and classical conditioning. An increased effort has also been placed to address the

627:

Shaping and graded task assignments has been used in dealing with suicide and depressed or inhibited individuals. This is used when a patient feel hopeless and they have no way of changing their lives. This hopelessness involves how the person reacts and responds to someone else and certain

450:

Behavioural assessment specifically attempts to find out what the environmental and self-imposed variables are. These variables are the things that are allowing a person to maintain their maladaptive feelings, thoughts and behaviours. In a behavioural assessment "person variables" are also

758:

While undergoing exposure therapy, a person typically needs five sessions to assess the treatment's effectiveness. After five sessions, exposure treatment has been shown to provide benefit to the patient. However, it is still recommended treatment continue beyond the initial five sessions.

750:

Systematic desensitization has been shown to successfully treat phobias about heights, driving, insects as well as any anxiety that a person may have. Anxiety can include social anxiety, anxiety about public speaking as well as test anxiety. It has been shown that the use of systematic

447:) are not commonly used for behavioural assessment because they are based on personality trait theory assuming that a person's answer to these methods can predict behaviour. Behaviour assessment is more focused on the observations of a person's behaviour in their natural environment. 2025:

Cautilli, J.; Tillman, T.C.; Axelrod, S.; Dziewolska, H. & Hineline, P. (2006). Resistance Is Not Futile: An experimental analogue of the effects of consultee "resistance" on the consultant's therapeutic behavior in the consultation process: A replication and extension.

2329:

Bechdolf, A., Knost, B., Kuntermann, C., Schiller, S., Klosterkotter, J., Hambrecht, M., & Pukrop, R. (2004). A randomized comparison of group cognitive-behavioural therapy and group psychoeducation in patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110,

455:

effectively. The first question involves looking at all aspects of a person, which can be summed up by the acronym BASIC ID. This acronym stands for behaviour, affective responses, sensory reactions, imagery, cognitive processes, interpersonal relationships and drug use.

286:, which developed a particular type of graphing program called the standard celeration chart to monitor the progress of clients. Skinner became interested in the individualising of programs for improved learning in those with or without disabilities and worked with 623:

Virtual reality therapy deals with fear of heights, fear of flying, and a variety of other anxiety disorders. VRT has also been applied to help people with substance abuse problems reduce their responsiveness to certain cues that trigger their need to use drugs.

934:

By nature, behavioural therapies are empirical (data-driven), contextual (focused on the environment and context), functional (interested in the effect or consequence a behaviour ultimately has), probabilistic (viewing behaviour as statistically predictable),

171:

Cognitive-behavioural therapy views cognition and emotions as preceding overt behaviour and implements treatment plans in psychotherapy to lessen the issue by managing competing thoughts and emotions, often in conjunction with behavioural learning principles.

400:. Behavioral psychotherapy has become increasingly contextual in recent years. Behavioral psychotherapy has developed greater interest in recent years in personality disorders as well as a greater focus on acceptance and complex case conceptualizations. 518:

the environment does to cause significant behaviour changes. Finally the last characteristic of applied behaviour analysis is the use of those techniques that stem from operant and classical conditioning such as providing reinforcement, punishment,

346:/case conceptualisation of verbal behaviour more inline with view of the behaviour analysts. Some research supports these therapies as being more effective in some cases than cognitive therapy, but overall the question is still in need of answers. 310:

remains relatively stable. While the concept had its share of advocates and critics in the west, its introduction in the Asian setting, particularly in India in the early 1970s and its grand success were testament to the famous Indian psychologist

772:

Contingency contracts have been seen to be effective in changing any undesired behaviours of individuals. It has been seen to be effective in treating behaviour problems in delinquents regardless of the specific characteristics of the contract.

2401: 439:

physiological responses, emotions and cognition. A response is the behaviour that a person exhibits and the consequences are the result of the behaviour. These four things are incorporated into an assessment done by the behaviour therapist.

227:. Since techniques derived from behavioural psychology tend to be the most effective in altering behaviour, most practitioners consider behaviour modification along with behaviour therapy and applied behaviour analysis to be founded in 115:. They tend to look for treatment outcomes that are objectively measurable. Behaviour therapy does not involve one specific method, but it has a wide range of techniques that can be used to treat a person's psychological problems. 175:

A 2013 Cochrane review comparing behaviour therapies to psychological therapies found them to be equally effective, although at the time the evidence base that evaluates the benefits and harms of behaviour therapies was weak.

1307:

Clark, David M.; Ehlers, A.; Hackmann, A.; McManus, F.; Fennell, M.; Grey, N.; Waddington, L.; Wild, J. (June 2006). "Cognitive therapy versus exposure and applied relaxation in social phobia: A randomized controlled trial".

2605:

Klein, R.A. (1999). Treating fear of flying with virtual reality exposure therapy. In L. Vandercreek & T.L. Jackson (Eds.), Innovations in clinical practice: A sourcebook, (Vol. 17). Sarasota, Fl: Professional Resource

2221:

Kramer, Geoffrey P., Douglas A. Bernstein, and Vicky Phares. "Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapies." Introduction to Clinical Psychology. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. 269-300.

776:

Token economies have been shown to be effective when treating patients in psychiatric wards who had chronic schizophrenia. The results showed that the contingent tokens were controlling the behaviour of the patients.

954:

Recent efforts in behavioural psychotherapy have focused on the supervision process. A key point of behavioural models of supervision is that the supervisory process parallels the behavioural psychotherapy provided.

551:

eventual goal and helps the person to expand their activities in a gradual way. This behaviour is used when a person feels that something in their lives can not be changed and life's tasks appear to be overwhelming.

812:

Other authors object to the term "third generation" or "third wave" and incorporate many of the "third wave" therapeutic techniques under the general umbrella term of modern cognitive behavioural therapies.

250:. The paper talked about operant conditioning and how it could be used to help improve the functioning of people who were diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia. Early pioneers in behaviour therapy include 2274:

Gregory C. Murphy & Neville J. King (2007). Clinical data illustrating the need for greater involvement of behaviourally-oriented psychologists in the design and delivery of rehabilitation services.

602:

issues such as dealing with anger, if a person has trouble sleeping and certain speech disorders. Desensitization does not occur over night, there is a process of treatment. Desensitization is done on a

915:

is another professional organisation. ACBS is home to many clinicians with specific interest in third generation behaviour therapy. Doctoral-level behaviour analysts who are psychologists belong to

1970:

Kanter, J.W.; Cautilli, J.D.; Busch, A.M. & Baruch, D.E. (2005). Toward a Comprehensive Functional Analysis of Depressive Behavior: Five Environmental Factors and a Possible Sixth and Seventh.

1800:

Nelson, R.O., & Hayes, S.C. (1986). The nature of behavioural assessment. In R.O. Nelson & S.C. Hayes (Eds.) Conceptual foundations of behavioural assessment (pp. 3-41). New York: Guilford.

946:

Behavioural therapy develops, adds and provides behavioural intervention strategies and programs for clients, and training to people who care to facilitate successful lives in various communities.

769:

in those without severe depression or fear, this technique has been successful, as completion of simpler activities builds their confidences and allows them to progress to more complex situations.

156:(ABA) is the application of behaviour analysis that focuses on functionally assessing how behaviour is influenced by the observable learning environment and how to change such behaviour through 547:

Some other techniques that have been used in behaviour therapy are contingency contracting, response costs, token economies, biofeedback, and using shaping and grading task assignments.

355:

do not look at behaviour disorders as something a person has, but consider that it reflects how learning has influenced certain people to behave in a certain way in certain situations.

606:

and happens over a number of sessions. The hierarchy goes from situations that make a person less anxious or nervous up to things that are considered to be extreme for the patient.

1050:

Shinohara, Kiyomi; Honyashiki, Mina; Imai, Hissei; Hunot, Vivien; Caldwell, Deborah M.; Davies, Philippa; Moore, Theresa H. M.; Furukawa, Toshi A.; Churchill, Rachel (2013-10-16).

2584:

Krijin, M., Emmelkamp, P.M.G., Olafsson, R.P., & Biemond, R. (2004). Virtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety disorders: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 259-281.

501:

and response prevention) is the general technique in which a therapist exposes an individual to anxiety-provoking stimuli while keeping them from having any avoidance responses.

430:

Functional analytic psychotherapy has a strong research support. Recent functional analytic psychotherapy research efforts are focusing on management of aggressive inpatients.

2639:

Lloyd, Kenneth E., and Warren K. Garlington. "Weekly Variations in Performance on a Token Economy Psychiatric Ward." Behaviour Research and Therapy 6.4 (1968): 407-10. Print.

895:

A review study published in 2008, concluded that at the time, third-generation behavioral psychotherapies did not meet the criteria for empirically supported treatments.

793:

as "the third-generation" of behavioural therapy. Under this classification, the first generation of behavioural therapy is that independently developed in the 1950s by

781:

punishment contingency is withdrawn. Also undesirable side effects that are usually seen with punishment are not typically found when using the response cost technique.

2052:

Bernstein, D.A., Borkovec, T.D., & Hazlette-Stevens, H. (2000). Progressive relaxation training: A manual for the helping professions (2nd ed.). New York: Praeger.

1040:

Antony, M.M., & Roemer, E. (2003). Behaviour therapy. In A.S. Gurman & S.B. Messer (Eds.), Essential psychotherapies (2nd ed., pp. 182-223). New York: Guilford.

4212: 2250:

Stuart, Richard B., and Leroy A. Lott, Jr. "Behavior Contracting with Delinquents." Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 3 (1972): 161-69. Print

816:

This "third wave" of behavioural therapy has sometimes been called clinical behaviour analysis because it has been claimed that it represents a movement away from

3209: 3254: 2039:

Cautilli, J.D.; Riley-Tillman, T.C.; Axelrod, S. & Hineline, P. (2005). Current Behavioral Models of Client and Consultee Resistance: A Critical Review.

3264: 1997: 2151:

Agras, W. Stewart., Alan E. Kazdin, and G. Terence Wilson. Behavior Therapy: Toward an Applied Clinical Science. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1979. Print.

1654: 392:

Behavioural therapy based on operant and respondent principles has considerable evidence base to support its usage. This approach remains a vital area of

2937:

Spates, C.R.; Pagoto, S. & Kalata, A. (2006). A Qualitative And Quantitative Review of Behavioral Activation Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder.

4217: 2160:

Schnieder, B.H. & Bryne, B.M. (1985). Children's social skills training: A meta-analysis. In B.H. Schneider, K. Rubin, & J.E. Ledingham (Eds.)

923: 631:

Contingency contracting has been used to effectively deal with behaviour problems in delinquents and when dealing with on task behaviours in students.

1189:

Lindsley, O.; Skinner, B.F.; Solomon, H.C. (1953). Studies in behavior therapy (Status Report I) (Report). Walthama, MA.: Metropolitan State Hospital.

659: 2924:

Cullen, J.M.; Spates, C.R; Pagoto, S. & Doran, N. (2006). Behavioral Activation Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Pilot Investigation.

4207: 975: 4222: 3038:

Walser, R.D. & Westrup, D. (2006). Supervising Trainees in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

1944:

Holmes, Dykstra Williamns, Diwan, & River, (2003) Functional Analytic Rehabilitation: A Contextual Behavioral Approach to Chronic Distress.

43: 2898:

Cautilli, J.T.; Riley-Tillman, C.; Axelrod S. & Hineline, P. (2005). The Role of Verbal Conditioning in Third Generation Behavior Therapy.

1880:

Christensen, A.; Jacobson, N.S. & Babcock, J.C. (1995). Integrative behavioral couples therapy. In N.S. Jacobson & A.S. Gurman (Eds.)

190:

Precursors of certain fundamental aspects of behaviour therapy have been identified in various ancient philosophical traditions, particularly

2827: 2798: 2769: 2291:"Predictors of response to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a systematic review" 912: 867:

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) may be the most well-researched of all the third-generation behaviour therapy models. It is based on

590:

Considerable policy implications have been inspired by behavioural views of various forms of psychopathology. One form of behaviour therapy (

566:

Considerable policy implications have been inspired by behavioural views of various forms of psychopathology. One form of behaviour therapy,

2819: 423:

Functional analytic psychotherapy holds to a process model of research, which makes it unique compared to traditional behaviour therapy and

2687:

Price, M., & Anderson, P. (2007). The role of presence in virtual reality exposure therapy. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 724-751.

2911:

Jacobson, N.S.; Martell, C.R. & Dimidjian, S. (2001). Behavioral activation treatment for depression: Returning to contextual roots.

2651:

Kazdin, Alan E. "Response Cost: The Removal of Conditioned Reinforcers for Therapeutic Change." Behavior Therapy 3.4 (1972): 533-46. Web.

2339: 444: 2708:

Hayes, S. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies.

3222: 3202: 2236:

Freeman, Arthur. "Treatment of Suicidal Behavior." Comprehensive Handbook of Cognitive Therapy. New York: Plenum, 1989. Pg. 341. Print.

990: 892:

relationship. Recent efforts have used radical behavioural concepts to interpret a number of clinical phenomena including forgiveness.

262:

as an interplay between personality characteristics, environment, and behaviour. Skinner's group in the United States took more of an

2199:

Wong, S.E. (2006). Behavior Analysis of Psychotic Disorders: Scientific Dead End or Casualty of the Mental Health Political Economy?

1957:

Smith, J.E.; Milford, J.L & Meyers, R.J. (2004). CRA and CRAFT: Behavioral Approaches to Treating Substance-Abusing Individuals.

635:

technique has been used to successfully address a variety of behaviours such as smoking, overeating, stuttering, and psychotic talk.

298:

rehabilitation. Gerald Patterson used programme instruction to develop his parenting text for children with conduct problems. (see

1575:"Temperament, reward and punishment sensitivity, and clinical disorders: Implications for behavioral case formulation and therapy" 3408: 888: 849: 720: 4227: 692: 540:, coaching, and social cognitive techniques in that order. Social skills training has some empirical support particularly for 3195: 3122: 3101: 3080: 2731: 1634: 1291: 1118: 1896:

Cordova, J.; Cautilli, J.D.; Simon, C. & Axelrod-sabag, R. (2006). Behavior Analysis of Forgiveness in Couples Therapy.

219:

makes frequent use of the term "modifying behavior". Through early research in the 1940s and the 1950s the term was used by

2340:

National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (May 4, 2023).

3512: 3345: 1506:"Personality, Personality "Theory" and Dissociative Identity Disorder: What Behavior Analysis Can Contribute and Clarify" 699: 2186:

Corrigan, P.W. & Holmes, E.P. (1994). Patient identification of "street skills" for a psychosocial training module.

1342:

Block, J.A. & Wulfert, E. (2000) Acceptance or Change: Treating Socially Anxious College Students with ACT or CBGT.

4232: 3460: 916: 904: 3517: 3490: 3485: 3355: 3320: 3234: 3141: 3023: 2289:

McDonald, Sarah; Melkonian, Maral; Karin, Eyal; Dear, Blake F; Titov, Nickolai; Wootton, Bethany M. (April 4, 2023).

1216: 874: 845: 833: 409: 678: 322:

and respondent paradigm, in the second half of the 20th century, many therapists coupled behaviour therapy with the

3613: 3293: 2441:"Preventing and reducing fear using positive modelling: A systematic review of experimental research with children" 706: 514:

Treatments are developed as a way to alter the relationship between those overt behaviours and their consequences.

477: 17: 4237: 4181: 1922:

Ruben, D.H. (2001). Treating Adult Children of Alcoholics: A behavioral approach. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

1363:Öst, L.-G. (2008). "Efficacy of the third wave of behavioral therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis". 4263: 3737: 1685: 1655:"Clinical behavior analysis: Where it went wrong, how it was made good again, and why its future is so bright" 751:

desensitization is an effective technique that can be applied to a number of problems that a person may have.

688: 3858: 3727: 3450: 3181: 1931:

Lappalainen and Tuomisto (2005): Functional Analysis of Anorexia Nervosa: Applications to Clinical Practice.

841: 424: 123: 2761: 789:

Since the 1980s, a series of new behavioral therapies have been developed. These have been later labeled by

4186: 3799: 3686: 3507: 3497: 3315: 3279: 3218: 940: 578:

Currently, there is a greater call for behavioural psychologists to be involved in rehabilitation efforts.

339: 139: 112: 2204: 4036: 3537: 3432: 3401: 3288: 2009: 1771:

Augustson (2002). An Overview of Some Current Challenges within the Field of Clinical Behavior Analysis.

1179:

In A.J. Bachrach (Ed.), Experimental foundations of clinical psychology (pp. 3–25). New York: Basic Books

331: 616:

Aversive therapy techniques have been used to treat sexual deviations, as well as alcohol use disorder.

3808: 3480: 3308: 3303: 3269: 3249: 2615:

Rothbaum, B.O. (2006). Virtual reality in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. CNS Spectrums, 11,34.

1200: 861: 473: 397: 299: 224: 165: 1758:

Gifford, E. (2002) Socrates and the Dodo Bird: Clinical Behavior Analysis and Psychotherapy Research.

4258: 3863: 3846: 3633: 667: 481: 153: 108: 99:, influences those behaviours, and consists of techniques based on behaviorism's theory of learning: 3732: 3547: 3470: 1996:

Kyle, S. (2011). Brief Behavioural Treatment Improves Chronic Sleep Disturbance in Elderly Adults.

817: 417: 50: 2790: 1983:

Hopko, D.R.; Robertson, S. & Lejuez, C.W.(2006). Behavioral Activation for Anxiety Disorders.

266:

focus. The operant focus created a functional approach to assessment and interventions focused on

3841: 3623: 3562: 3330: 3325: 1208: 1110:

The Philosophy of Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy

868: 762: 663: 591: 567: 303: 127: 119: 100: 27:

Clinical psychotherapy that uses techniques derived from behaviourism and/or cognitive psychology

1240:

Goldfarb, R. (2006). Operant Conditioning and Programmed Instruction in Aphasia Rehabilitation.

4171: 3772: 3651: 3641: 3618: 3394: 3274: 985: 881: 857: 837: 713: 537: 525: 377: 359: 291: 275: 267: 234:

Possibly the first occurrence of the term "behavior therapy" was in a 1953 research project by

157: 131: 2746:

Blackledge, J.T. (2003). An Introduction to Relational Frame Theory: Basics and Applications.

1281: 903:

Many organisations exist for behaviour therapists around the world. In the United States, the

3873: 3722: 3676: 3529: 3445: 3335: 3298: 3244: 853: 609: 498: 185: 147: 4268: 4151: 3986: 3911: 3777: 3712: 3375: 2516:(Second ed.). Science Direct: Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional. 943:

and treating the person as a unit), and relational (analysing bidirectional interactions).

821: 674: 529: 381: 367: 343: 307: 263: 104: 2874: 1909:

Sanders, S.H. (2006). Behavioral Conceptualization and Treatment for Chronic Pain (2006).

1619:

Functional Analytic Psychotherapy: Creating Intense and Curative Therapeutic Relationships

919:'s Division 25 – behaviour analysis. APA offers a diploma in behavioural psychology. 836:(ACT), cognitive behavioural analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP) (McCullough, 2000), 8: 3883: 3794: 3671: 3542: 1784:

Michael Daffern (2007). Assessing The Functions Of Aggression In Psychiatric Inpatients.

970: 965: 563:

token economies this technique is used mainly in institutional and therapeutic settings.

413: 393: 143: 3177: 2848: 2593:

Gorman, J.M. (2006). Virtual Reality: A real treatment option. CNS Spectrums, 11, 12-13.

4011: 3826: 3717: 3646: 3365: 3350: 2525: 2521: 2468: 2383: 1084: 1051: 908: 613:

Modelling has been used in the treatment of fear of snakes as well as a fear of water.

603: 493: 335: 283: 3956: 3187: 2989: 2820:"Meta-Analyses and Systematic, Scoping, or Narrative Reviews of the ACT Evidence Base" 2341: 1505: 95:. It looks at specific, learned behaviours and how the environment, or other people's 4156: 4126: 4086: 3966: 3681: 3598: 3502: 3259: 3147: 3137: 3118: 3097: 3076: 3019: 2727: 2529: 2511: 2472: 2460: 2387: 2379: 2312: 2173:

Corrigan, P.W. (1997). Behavior therapy empowers persons with severe mental illness.

1741: 1677: 1630: 1596: 1555: 1486: 1445: 1380: 1325: 1287: 1212: 1114: 1089: 1071: 465: 323: 312: 92: 38: 4161: 4131: 4001: 3803: 3782: 3762: 3588: 3340: 3283: 3239: 2517: 2452: 2375: 2302: 1731: 1669: 1622: 1586: 1547: 1520: 1476: 1435: 1372: 1317: 1079: 1067: 1063: 829: 519: 506: 485: 247: 212: 161: 2366:

Craighead, L.W.; Craighead, W.E. (1990). "Behavior therapy: recent developments".

464:

person with an alcohol use disorder, anorexia, chronic distress, substance abuse,

4176: 4106: 4091: 4046: 3896: 3851: 3608: 3552: 3360: 3160: 3112: 3091: 3070: 1108: 790: 315:'s enduring commitment to the principles of behavioural therapy and biofeedback. 56: 2724:

An Introduction to Modern CBT. Psychological Solutions to Mental Health Problems

544:. However, with schizophrenia, behavioural programs have generally lost favour. 4146: 4141: 4116: 4101: 4076: 4066: 4061: 3931: 3901: 3836: 3455: 3370: 2456: 1652: 1538:

Augustson, Erik M. (1999). "Issues of acceptance in chronic pain populations".

1376: 1321: 798: 287: 279: 239: 199: 2307: 2290: 1626: 4252: 4166: 4051: 4031: 4016: 4006: 3971: 3941: 3787: 3696: 3593: 3583: 3417: 2440: 1745: 1681: 1600: 1559: 1490: 1449: 1147:

Thorndike, E.L. (1911), "Provisional Laws of Acquired Behavior or Learning",

1075: 541: 533: 271: 84: 4191: 4136: 4111: 4071: 4056: 4021: 3981: 3951: 3946: 3936: 3868: 3603: 2464: 2316: 1854:

Cordova, J. (2003). Behavior Analysis and the Scientific Study of Couples.

1384: 1329: 1093: 1052:"Behavioural therapies versus other psychological therapies for depression" 980: 825: 802: 794: 371: 255: 251: 243: 235: 228: 220: 195: 3151: 66: 4121: 4096: 4026: 3991: 3906: 3831: 3578: 3557: 528:

teaches clients skills to access reinforcers and lessen life punishment.

480:

techniques, social skills training, modelling, behavioural rehearsal and

363: 211:

The first use of the term behaviour modification appears to have been by

135: 88: 318:

While many behaviour therapists remain staunchly committed to the basic

4081: 3996: 3891: 806: 677:

if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

327: 1188: 4041: 3976: 3961: 3691: 1826: 1824: 1736: 1719: 1701:

Williams (2002). Constructing a Behavior Analytical Helping Process.

1673: 1591: 1574: 1551: 1524: 1481: 1464: 1440: 1423: 96: 1653:

Kohlenberg, R.J.; Bolling, M.Y.; Kanter, J.W.; Parker, C.R. (2002).

885:

activation is clinically important for the treatment of depression.

805:, while the second generation is the cognitive therapy developed by 536:

had the largest effect size for training social skills, followed by

3767: 3440: 3051:

Callaghan, G.M. Functional Analytic Psychotherapy and Supervision.

1009: 1007: 936: 191: 1821: 1465:"Contextual behavior therapies in the treatment of PTSD: A review" 3117:. Prentice-Hall series on social learning theory. Prentice-Hall. 2964: 1463:

Mulick, Patrick S.; Landes, Sara J.; Kanter, Jonathan W. (2005).

1135:

Behavior Therapy Techniques: A Guide to the Treatment of Neuroses

1019: 319: 295: 3386: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2162:

Children's Peer relations: Issues in assessment and intervention

1004: 2671: 2669: 2565: 2563: 1836: 1403: 1036: 1034: 2479: 2082: 828:, in particular functional analysis and behavioural models of 168:

or other interventions based on the same learning principles.

3090:

Boyle, S.W. (2006). "Knowledge and Skills for Intervention".

2225: 2072: 2070: 1867:

Stuart, R.B. (1998). Updating Behavior Therapy with Couples.

1796: 1794: 1424:"Evidence-based practice in psychology and behavior analysis" 3040:

International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy

3016:

Clinical Psychology: Evolving Theory, Practice, and Research

2666: 2560: 2548: 1579:

International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy

1469:

International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy

1391: 1199: 1049: 1031: 2654: 2258: 2256: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2106: 1720:"Can contextual therapies save clinical behavior analysis?" 594:) has been found to be highly effective for treating tics. 570:, has been found to be highly effective for treating tics. 2536: 2491: 2288: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2130: 2118: 2094: 2067: 1791: 1306: 755:

modelling the greater the effectiveness of the treatment.

2635: 2633: 2420: 2147: 2145: 2055: 107:. Behaviourists who practice these techniques are either 4213:

Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback

2253: 2208: 3217: 2239: 118:

Behavioural psychotherapy is sometimes juxtaposed with

2952:

Contingencies of Reinforcement: A Theoretical Analysis

2647: 2645: 2630: 2142: 1808: 1806: 294:. Programmed instruction had some clinical success in 3255:

Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy

1421: 3265:

Community reinforcement approach and family training

2690: 2618: 403: 3134:

Behavior therapy: techniques and empirical findings

2642: 2601: 2599: 1803: 1255:

Families: A social learning approach to family life

1231:

Yates, A.J.(1970). Behavior Therapy. New York Wiley

1205:

Science and Practice of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

4218:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies 2365: 1730:(3). American Psychological Association: 254–258. 1648: 1646: 1612: 1610: 1475:(3). American Psychological Association: 223–238. 1462: 1434:(3). American Psychological Association: 335–350. 924:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies 522:and any other learning principles that may apply. 358:Behaviour therapy is based upon the principles of 3110: 2580: 2578: 1842: 1830: 1279: 1193: 1025: 1013: 408:One current form of behavioural psychotherapy is 217:Provisional Laws of Acquired Behavior or Learning 4250: 4208:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy 2866: 2596: 1585:(1). American Psychological Association: 56–76. 1546:(1). American Psychological Association: 14–17. 1100: 581: 4223:Association for Behavior Analysis International 1892: 1890: 1817:(3rd ed.). New York: Pergamon. p. 13. 1713: 1711: 1643: 1607: 1182: 784: 380:programs are a direct product of research from 126:integrates aspects of both approaches, such as 3158: 2575: 1616: 1422:O'Donohue, William; Ferguson, Kyle E. (2006). 1409: 1397: 673:Please review the contents of the section and 497:response prevention techniques (also known as 3402: 3203: 3075:. General Psychology Series. Pergamon Press. 3068: 2965:"Association for Contextual Behavior Science" 2828:Association for Contextual Behavioral Science 2799:Association for Contextual Behavioral Science 2770:Association for Contextual Behavioral Science 2762:"ACT Randomized Controlled Trials since 1986" 2675: 2660: 2569: 2554: 2112: 1310:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1106: 913:Association for Contextual Behavioral Science 2439:Krause, Litza; Askew, Chris (January 2022). 1887: 1708: 1160: 1158: 587:better at treating co-occurring depression. 3131: 3096:(1st ed.). Pearson/Allyn & Bacon. 2782: 2542: 2497: 2485: 2438: 2426: 2136: 2124: 2100: 2088: 2076: 2061: 1617:Kohlenberg, Robert J.; Tsai, Mavis (1991). 1056:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 991:Professional practice of behaviour analysis 860:. These approaches are squarely within the 445:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 282:is credited with forming a movement called 3409: 3395: 3210: 3196: 2721: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 3114:Behavior Therapy: Application and Outcome 3072:Dictionary of Behavior Therapy Techniques 2913:Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2513:Functional Analysis in Clinical Treatment 2346:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2306: 1735: 1590: 1537: 1480: 1439: 1280:Michael.J.Stevens, Danny Vedding (2004). 1169:, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press 1155: 1146: 1083: 3013: 2811: 2164:(pp. 175–90). New York: Springer-Verlag. 458: 2849:"Doing What Matters in Times of Stress" 2295:Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 1717: 1349: 889:Integrative behavioural couples therapy 850:integrative behavioural couples therapy 14: 4251: 4228:European Association for Psychotherapy 3132:Rimm, David; Masters, John C. (1974). 1572: 1503: 1266:Perlmutter, M. & Hall, E. (1985). 1167:Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition 83:is a broad term referring to clinical 3390: 3191: 3159:Schaefer, H.H.; Martin, P.L. (1969). 3089: 2696: 2624: 2509: 2262: 1882:Clinical Handbook for Couples Therapy 1812: 1286:. Francis & Taylor. p. 227. 1164: 638: 166:clinical behaviour analysis therapies 3111:O'Leary, K.D.; Wilson, G.T. (1975). 2840: 2753: 1283:Handbook of International Psychology 642: 598:interpersonal context of behaviour. 573: 349: 3513:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy 3346:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy 3018:. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. 2791:"ACT Studies with Mediational Data" 2726:. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 1362: 1133:Wolpe, J. & Lazarus, A. (1966) 907:'s Division 25 is the division for 24: 4233:Society for Psychotherapy Research 3461:Transference focused psychotherapy 3165:. Blakiston Division, McGraw-Hill. 3069:Bellack, A.S.; Hersen, M. (1985). 2522:10.1016/B978-0-12-805469-7.00017-6 1203:; Christopher G. Fairburn (1997). 929: 917:American Psychological Association 905:American Psychological Association 87:that uses techniques derived from 25: 4280: 3518:Rational emotive behavior therapy 3491:Functional analytic psychotherapy 3486:Acceptance and commitment therapy 3416: 3356:Rational emotive behavior therapy 3321:Functional analytic psychotherapy 3235:Acceptance and commitment therapy 3170: 2954:. New York: Meredith Corporation. 2872: 2846: 2188:Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1884:(pp. 31–64). New York: Guildford. 1151:, New York: The Macmillan Company 875:Functional analytic psychotherapy 846:functional analytic psychotherapy 834:acceptance and commitment therapy 468:, anxiety, insomnia and obesity. 410:functional analytic psychotherapy 404:Functional analytic psychotherapy 3294:Exposure and response prevention 3045: 3032: 3007: 2982: 2957: 2944: 2931: 2918: 2905: 2892: 2817: 2788: 2759: 2380:10.1097/00001504-199112000-00020 2010:Behavioral Control of overeating 1815:The Practice of Behavior Therapy 898: 864:tradition of behaviour therapy. 739: 647: 478:exposure and response prevention 387: 113:cognitive-behavioural therapists 4238:World Council for Psychotherapy 2740: 2715: 2702: 2681: 2609: 2587: 2510:Plaud, Joseph J. (2020). "17". 2503: 2432: 2394: 2359: 2333: 2323: 2282: 2268: 2193: 2180: 2167: 2154: 2046: 2033: 2019: 2002: 1990: 1977: 1964: 1951: 1938: 1925: 1916: 1903: 1874: 1861: 1848: 1778: 1765: 1752: 1695: 1566: 1531: 1497: 1456: 1415: 1336: 1300: 1273: 1260: 1247: 1234: 1225: 3093:Direct Practice in Social Work 2445:Behaviour Research and Therapy 2342:"Tourette Syndrome Treatments" 2014:Behaviour Research and Therapy 1365:Behaviour Research and Therapy 1173: 1140: 1127: 1068:10.1002/14651858.CD008696.pub2 1043: 675:add the appropriate references 13: 1: 3451:Mentalization-based treatment 2368:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 997: 842:dialectical behaviour therapy 582:Treatment of mental disorders 433: 425:cognitive behavioural therapy 124:cognitive behavioural therapy 3508:Dialectical behavior therapy 3498:Cognitive behavioral therapy 3316:Dialectical behavior therapy 3219:Cognitive behavioral therapy 3136:. New York: Academic Press. 2847:World, Health Organization. 476:, virtual reality exposure, 164:, which are used throughout 7: 3538:Emotionally focused therapy 3289:Direct therapeutic exposure 2875:"State of the ACT Evidence" 2475:– via Science Direct. 1621:. Boston, MA: Springer US. 1573:Farmer, Richard F. (2005). 1268:Adult development and aging 958: 949: 660:reliable medical references 340:cognitive behaviour therapy 10: 4285: 3809:Systematic desensitization 3738:Practitioner–scholar model 3481:Clinical behavior analysis 3309:Systematic desensitization 3304:Prolonged exposure therapy 3270:Compassion-focused therapy 3250:Cognitive analytic therapy 3062: 2969:www.contextualscience.org/ 2939:The Behavior Analyst Today 2926:The Behavior Analyst Today 2900:The Behavior Analyst Today 2748:The Behavior Analyst Today 2457:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103992 2201:Behavior and Social Issues 1985:The Behavior Analyst Today 1972:The Behavior Analyst Today 1959:The Behavior Analyst Today 1946:The Behavior Analyst Today 1933:The Behavior Analyst Today 1911:The Behavior Analyst Today 1856:The Behavior Analyst Today 1786:The Behavior Analyst Today 1773:The Behavior Analyst Today 1760:The Behavior Analyst Today 1724:The Behavior Analyst Today 1718:Wulfert, Edelgard (2002). 1703:The Behavior Analyst Today 1662:The Behavior Analyst Today 1540:The Behavior Analyst Today 1513:The Behavior Analyst Today 1428:The Behavior Analyst Today 1410:Schaefer & Martin 1969 1398:Schaefer & Martin 1969 1377:10.1016/j.brat.2007.12.005 1344:The Behavior Analyst Today 1322:10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.568 862:applied behaviour analysis 474:systematic desensitization 398:clinical behavior analysis 300:Parent management training 225:applied behaviour analysis 183: 179: 154:Applied behaviour analysis 4200: 3924: 3882: 3819: 3753: 3746: 3705: 3664: 3632: 3571: 3528: 3469: 3431: 3424: 3230: 3014:Sundberg, Norman (2001). 2879:www.contextualscience.org 2676:Bellack & Hersen 1985 2661:Bellack & Hersen 1985 2570:Bellack & Hersen 1985 2555:Bellack & Hersen 1985 2308:10.1017/s1352465823000103 2113:Bellack & Hersen 1985 1843:O'Leary & Wilson 1975 1831:O'Leary & Wilson 1975 1788:, Volume 8, No. 1, 43–51. 1627:10.1007/978-0-387-70855-3 1504:Phelps, Brady J. (2001). 1026:O'Leary & Wilson 1975 1014:O'Leary & Wilson 1975 666:or relies too heavily on 81:behavioural psychotherapy 63: 49: 37: 32: 3820:Other individual therapy 2873:State, of ACT Evidence. 1253:Patterson, G.R. (1969). 418:functional contextualism 3842:Cognitive restructuring 3563:Person-centered therapy 3331:Inference-based therapy 3326:Habit reversal training 3184:about Behaviour therapy 2543:Rimm & Masters 1974 2498:Rimm & Masters 1974 2486:Rimm & Masters 1974 2427:Rimm & Masters 1974 2137:Rimm & Masters 1974 2125:Rimm & Masters 1974 2101:Rimm & Masters 1974 2089:Rimm & Masters 1974 2077:Rimm & Masters 1974 2062:Rimm & Masters 1974 1270:. New York: John Wiley. 1209:Oxford University Press 869:relational frame theory 763:Virtual reality therapy 592:habit reversal training 568:habit reversal training 304:respondent conditioning 128:cognitive restructuring 120:cognitive psychotherapy 3773:Contingency management 3652:Transtheoretical model 3642:Eclectic psychotherapy 3619:Transactional analysis 3275:Contingency management 2950:Skinner, B.F. (1969). 2277:Behavior Analyst Today 1813:Wolpe, Joseph (1982). 1107:Robertson, D. (2010). 986:Observational learning 882:Behavioural activation 858:metacognitive training 838:behavioural activation 526:Social skills training 378:Contingency management 360:classical conditioning 292:programmed instruction 276:behavioural activation 268:contingency management 209: 186:Behaviour modification 158:contingency management 132:positive reinforcement 4264:Psychotherapy by type 3723:Common factors theory 3687:Residential treatment 3336:Metacognitive therapy 3245:Behavioral activation 2990:"Clinical Psychology" 2824:contextualscience.org 2795:contextualscience.org 2766:contextualscience.org 2402:"Treatment - Phobias" 2175:Behavior Modification 2008:Stuart, R.B. (1967). 939:(rejecting mind–body 854:metacognitive therapy 832:. This area includes 459:Clinical applications 215:in 1911. His article 204: 4152:Lorna Smith Benjamin 3987:Harry Stack Sullivan 3912:Sensitivity training 3713:Clinical formulation 3376:Self-control therapy 2710:Behavior Therapy, 35 966:Behaviour management 822:radical behaviourism 530:Operant conditioning 414:radical behaviourism 396:and is often termed 382:operant conditioning 368:operant conditioning 344:clinical formulation 308:operant conditioning 306:appears to slow but 278:. Skinner's student 264:operant conditioning 105:operant conditioning 93:cognitive psychology 3884:Group psychotherapy 3795:Counterconditioning 3672:Brief psychotherapy 3543:Existential therapy 2722:Hofmann SG (2011). 2488:, pp. 151–153. 2265:, pp. 223–225. 2091:, pp. 125–126. 1149:Animal Intelligence 971:Covert conditioning 824:and other forms of 689:"Behaviour therapy" 394:clinical psychology 144:counterconditioning 4012:Milton H. Erickson 3847:Emotion regulation 3827:Autogenic training 3718:Clinical pluralism 3647:Multimodal therapy 3446:Analytical therapy 3366:Relapse prevention 3351:Multimodal therapy 3182:in other libraries 3176:Library resources 3162:Behavioral Therapy 1869:The Family Journal 1165:Wolpe, J. (1958), 1113:. London: Karnac. 909:behaviour analysis 785:"Third generation" 639:Treatment outcomes 336:Donald Meichenbaum 284:precision teaching 162:exposure therapies 109:behaviour analysts 4246: 4245: 4172:William R. Miller 4157:Marsha M. Linehan 4127:Jean Baker Miller 4087:Salvador Minuchin 3967:Ludwig Binswanger 3920: 3919: 3755:Behaviour therapy 3682:Online counseling 3660: 3659: 3599:Narrative therapy 3503:Cognitive therapy 3384: 3383: 3260:Cognitive therapy 3124:978-0-13-073890-5 3103:978-0-205-40162-8 3082:978-0-08-030168-6 2733:978-0-470-97175-8 1833:, pp. 24–25. 1636:978-0-387-70854-6 1412:, pp. 20–24. 1293:978-0-415-94612-4 1120:978-1-85575-756-1 1028:, pp. 12–14. 748: 747: 724: 574:In rehabilitation 350:Theoretical basis 324:cognitive therapy 313:H. Narayan Murthy 77:Behaviour therapy 74: 73: 33:Behaviour therapy 16:(Redirected from 4276: 4259:Behavior therapy 4162:Vittorio Guidano 4132:Otto F. Kernberg 4002:Donald Winnicott 3859:Free association 3804:Exposure therapy 3783:Stimulus control 3763:Aversion therapy 3751: 3750: 3614:Systemic therapy 3589:Feminist therapy 3441:Adlerian therapy 3429: 3428: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3341:Method of levels 3284:Exposure therapy 3240:Behavior therapy 3212: 3205: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3166: 3155: 3128: 3107: 3086: 3056: 3049: 3043: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2942: 2935: 2929: 2922: 2916: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2860: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2757: 2751: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2719: 2713: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2640: 2637: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2603: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2573: 2567: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2337: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2310: 2286: 2280: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2251: 2248: 2237: 2234: 2223: 2219: 2206: 2203:, 15(2), 152–77 2197: 2191: 2184: 2178: 2171: 2165: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2037: 2031: 2023: 2017: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1981: 1975: 1968: 1962: 1961:, 5(4), 391–402. 1955: 1949: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1914: 1907: 1901: 1900:, 2(2), 192–213. 1894: 1885: 1878: 1872: 1865: 1859: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1819: 1818: 1810: 1801: 1798: 1789: 1782: 1776: 1769: 1763: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1739: 1737:10.1037/h0099984 1715: 1706: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1684:. Archived from 1674:10.1037/h0099988 1659: 1650: 1641: 1640: 1614: 1605: 1604: 1594: 1592:10.1037/h0100735 1570: 1564: 1563: 1552:10.1037/h0099866 1535: 1529: 1528: 1525:10.1037/h0099949 1510: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1484: 1482:10.1037/h0100747 1460: 1454: 1453: 1443: 1441:10.1037/h0100155 1419: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1360: 1347: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1277: 1271: 1264: 1258: 1251: 1245: 1238: 1232: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1162: 1153: 1152: 1144: 1138: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1087: 1062:(10): CD008696. 1047: 1041: 1038: 1029: 1023: 1017: 1016:, pp. 7–12. 1011: 830:verbal behaviour 820:and back toward 743: 742: 734: 731: 725: 723: 682: 651: 650: 643: 520:stimulus control 507:Aversion therapy 488:and punishment. 486:aversion therapy 248:Harry C. Solomon 213:Edward Thorndike 67:edit on Wikidata 59: 30: 29: 21: 18:Behavior therapy 4284: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4196: 4177:Steven C. Hayes 4107:Paul Watzlawick 4092:Paul Watzlawick 4047:Virginia Axline 3957:Sándor Ferenczi 3916: 3897:Couples therapy 3878: 3852:Affect labeling 3815: 3800:Desensitization 3742: 3728:Discontinuation 3701: 3656: 3628: 3609:Reality therapy 3567: 3553:Gestalt therapy 3524: 3472: 3465: 3420: 3415: 3385: 3380: 3361:Reality therapy 3280:Desensitization 3226: 3216: 3178:in your library 3173: 3144: 3125: 3104: 3083: 3065: 3060: 3059: 3055:, 2(3), 416–31. 3050: 3046: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3012: 3008: 2998: 2996: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2949: 2945: 2941:, 7(4), 508–12. 2936: 2932: 2928:, 7(1), 151–64. 2923: 2919: 2910: 2906: 2902:, 6(2), 138–57. 2897: 2893: 2884: 2882: 2871: 2867: 2858: 2856: 2845: 2841: 2832: 2830: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2801: 2787: 2783: 2774: 2772: 2758: 2754: 2750:, 3(4), 421–42. 2745: 2741: 2734: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2568: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2408:. July 27, 2022 2400: 2399: 2395: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2338: 2334: 2328: 2324: 2287: 2283: 2279:, 8(3), 273–83. 2273: 2269: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2240: 2235: 2226: 2220: 2209: 2198: 2194: 2185: 2181: 2172: 2168: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2043:, 1(2), 147–64. 2038: 2034: 2030:, 2(3), 362–76. 2024: 2020: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1987:, 7(2), 212–33. 1982: 1978: 1969: 1965: 1956: 1952: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1913:, 7(2), 253–61. 1908: 1904: 1895: 1888: 1879: 1875: 1866: 1862: 1853: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1829: 1822: 1811: 1804: 1799: 1792: 1783: 1779: 1775:, 3(3), 265–70. 1770: 1766: 1757: 1753: 1716: 1709: 1700: 1696: 1688: 1657: 1651: 1644: 1637: 1615: 1608: 1571: 1567: 1536: 1532: 1508: 1502: 1498: 1461: 1457: 1420: 1416: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1392: 1361: 1350: 1341: 1337: 1305: 1301: 1294: 1278: 1274: 1265: 1261: 1252: 1248: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1219: 1201:Clark, David M. 1198: 1194: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1163: 1156: 1145: 1141: 1132: 1128: 1121: 1105: 1101: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1032: 1024: 1020: 1012: 1005: 1000: 995: 961: 952: 932: 930:Characteristics 901: 791:Steven C. Hayes 787: 744: 740: 735: 729: 726: 683: 672: 668:primary sources 652: 648: 641: 584: 576: 461: 436: 406: 390: 352: 194:. For example, 188: 182: 140:desensitisation 70: 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4282: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4147:Arnold Lazarus 4144: 4142:Irvin D. Yalom 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4117:Eugene Gendlin 4114: 4109: 4104: 4102:Ogden Lindsley 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4077:Virginia Satir 4074: 4069: 4067:James Bugental 4064: 4062:Silvano Arieti 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3932:Philippe Pinel 3928: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3902:Family therapy 3899: 3894: 3888: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3844: 3839: 3837:Clean language 3834: 3829: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3797: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3770: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3697:Support groups 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3534: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3477: 3475: 3471:Cognitive and 3467: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3456:Psychoanalysis 3453: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3414: 3413: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3371:Schema therapy 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3215: 3214: 3207: 3200: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3172: 3171:External links 3169: 3168: 3167: 3156: 3142: 3129: 3123: 3108: 3102: 3087: 3081: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3044: 3042:, 2(1), 12–16. 3031: 3024: 3006: 2981: 2956: 2943: 2930: 2917: 2904: 2891: 2865: 2839: 2810: 2781: 2752: 2739: 2732: 2714: 2701: 2699:, p. 232. 2689: 2680: 2678:, p. 156. 2665: 2653: 2641: 2629: 2627:, p. 233. 2617: 2608: 2595: 2586: 2574: 2572:, p. 123. 2559: 2557:, p. 122. 2547: 2545:, p. 411. 2535: 2502: 2500:, p. 403. 2490: 2478: 2431: 2419: 2393: 2374:(6): 916–920. 2358: 2332: 2322: 2301:(4): 302–319. 2281: 2267: 2252: 2238: 2224: 2207: 2192: 2179: 2166: 2153: 2141: 2139:, p. 390. 2129: 2127:, p. 374. 2117: 2105: 2103:, p. 353. 2093: 2081: 2079:, p. 348. 2066: 2054: 2045: 2032: 2018: 2001: 1989: 1976: 1974:, 6(1), 65–78. 1963: 1950: 1937: 1935:, 6(3), 166–75 1924: 1915: 1902: 1886: 1873: 1860: 1858:, 3(4), 412–9. 1847: 1835: 1820: 1802: 1790: 1777: 1764: 1762:, 3(3), 259–61 1751: 1707: 1705:, 3(3), 262–4. 1694: 1691:on 2011-10-08. 1642: 1635: 1606: 1565: 1530: 1496: 1455: 1414: 1402: 1390: 1371:(3): 296–321. 1348: 1335: 1299: 1292: 1272: 1259: 1246: 1244:, 1(1), 56–65. 1233: 1224: 1217: 1192: 1181: 1172: 1154: 1139: 1126: 1119: 1099: 1042: 1030: 1018: 1002: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 962: 960: 957: 951: 948: 931: 928: 900: 897: 809:in the 1970s. 799:Ogden Lindsley 786: 783: 746: 745: 738: 736: 730:September 2018 655: 653: 646: 640: 637: 583: 580: 575: 572: 532:procedures in 460: 457: 435: 432: 405: 402: 389: 386: 351: 348: 288:Fred S. Keller 280:Ogden Lindsley 240:Ogden Lindsley 181: 178: 72: 71: 64: 61: 60: 53: 47: 46: 41: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4281: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4187:Jeffrey Young 4185: 4183: 4182:Michael White 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4167:Les Greenberg 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4052:Carl Whitaker 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4032:Viktor Frankl 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4017:Jacques Lacan 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4007:Wilhelm Reich 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3972:Melanie Klein 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3942:Sigmund Freud 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3788:Token economy 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3594:Music therapy 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3584:Dance therapy 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3433:Psychodynamic 3430: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3418:Psychotherapy 3412: 3407: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3164: 3163: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3143:0-12-588850-3 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3054: 3048: 3041: 3035: 3027: 3025:0-13-087119-2 3021: 3017: 3010: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2953: 2947: 2940: 2934: 2927: 2921: 2914: 2908: 2901: 2895: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2785: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2749: 2743: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2711: 2705: 2698: 2693: 2684: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2663:, p. 73. 2662: 2657: 2648: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2626: 2621: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2590: 2581: 2579: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2556: 2551: 2544: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2506: 2499: 2494: 2487: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2429:, p. 45. 2428: 2423: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2278: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2189: 2183: 2176: 2170: 2163: 2157: 2148: 2146: 2138: 2133: 2126: 2121: 2115:, p. 14. 2114: 2109: 2102: 2097: 2090: 2085: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2064:, p. 43. 2063: 2058: 2049: 2042: 2036: 2029: 2022: 2015: 2011: 2005: 1998: 1993: 1986: 1980: 1973: 1967: 1960: 1954: 1948:, 4(1), 34–45 1947: 1941: 1934: 1928: 1919: 1912: 1906: 1899: 1893: 1891: 1883: 1877: 1870: 1864: 1857: 1851: 1845:, p. 19. 1844: 1839: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1816: 1809: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1787: 1781: 1774: 1768: 1761: 1755: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1714: 1712: 1704: 1698: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1668:(3): 248–53. 1667: 1663: 1656: 1649: 1647: 1638: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1613: 1611: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1569: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1534: 1526: 1522: 1519:(4): 325–36. 1518: 1514: 1507: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1459: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1400:, p. 20. 1399: 1394: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1346:, 1(2), 3–10. 1345: 1339: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1316:(3): 568–78. 1315: 1311: 1303: 1295: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1276: 1269: 1263: 1256: 1250: 1243: 1237: 1228: 1220: 1218:0-19-262726-0 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1196: 1185: 1176: 1168: 1161: 1159: 1150: 1143: 1136: 1130: 1122: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1103: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1046: 1037: 1035: 1027: 1022: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1003: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 956: 947: 944: 942: 938: 927: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 899:Organisations 896: 893: 890: 886: 883: 879: 876: 872: 870: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 737: 733: 722: 719: 715: 712: 708: 705: 701: 698: 694: 691: – 690: 686: 685:Find sources: 680: 676: 670: 669: 665: 661: 656:This section 654: 645: 644: 636: 632: 629: 625: 621: 617: 614: 611: 607: 605: 599: 595: 593: 588: 579: 571: 569: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 545: 543: 542:schizophrenia 539: 535: 534:meta-analysis 531: 527: 523: 521: 515: 511: 508: 502: 500: 495: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 469: 467: 456: 452: 448: 446: 440: 431: 428: 426: 421: 419: 415: 411: 401: 399: 395: 388:Current forms 385: 383: 379: 375: 373: 370:developed by 369: 365: 362:developed by 361: 356: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 316: 314: 309: 305: 302:.) With age, 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 272:token economy 269: 265: 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 208: 203: 201: 197: 193: 187: 177: 173: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 116: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 97:mental states 94: 90: 86: 85:psychotherapy 82: 78: 68: 62: 58: 54: 52: 48: 45: 42: 40: 36: 31: 19: 4201:Associations 4192:Peter Fonagy 4137:Nathan Azrin 4112:Arthur Janov 4072:Joseph Wolpe 4057:Albert Ellis 4037:George Kelly 4022:Erik Erikson 3982:Karen Horney 3952:Alfred Adler 3947:Pierre Janet 3937:Josef Breuer 3869:Hypnotherapy 3754: 3604:Play therapy 3161: 3133: 3113: 3092: 3071: 3052: 3047: 3039: 3034: 3015: 3009: 2997:. Retrieved 2993: 2984: 2972:. Retrieved 2968: 2959: 2951: 2946: 2938: 2933: 2925: 2920: 2915:, 8, 255–70. 2912: 2907: 2899: 2894: 2883:. Retrieved 2878: 2868: 2857:. Retrieved 2852: 2842: 2831:. Retrieved 2823: 2813: 2802:. Retrieved 2794: 2784: 2773:. Retrieved 2765: 2755: 2747: 2742: 2723: 2717: 2709: 2704: 2692: 2683: 2656: 2620: 2611: 2589: 2550: 2538: 2512: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2422: 2412:December 16, 2410:. Retrieved 2405: 2396: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2351:December 16, 2349:. Retrieved 2345: 2335: 2325: 2298: 2294: 2284: 2276: 2270: 2200: 2195: 2190:, 45, 273–6. 2187: 2182: 2174: 2169: 2161: 2156: 2132: 2120: 2108: 2096: 2084: 2057: 2048: 2040: 2035: 2027: 2021: 2013: 2004: 1992: 1984: 1979: 1971: 1966: 1958: 1953: 1945: 1940: 1932: 1927: 1918: 1910: 1905: 1897: 1881: 1876: 1871:, 6(1), 6–12 1868: 1863: 1855: 1850: 1838: 1814: 1785: 1780: 1772: 1767: 1759: 1754: 1727: 1723: 1702: 1697: 1686:the original 1665: 1661: 1618: 1582: 1578: 1568: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1516: 1512: 1499: 1472: 1468: 1458: 1431: 1427: 1417: 1405: 1393: 1368: 1364: 1343: 1338: 1313: 1309: 1302: 1282: 1275: 1267: 1262: 1254: 1249: 1241: 1236: 1227: 1204: 1195: 1184: 1175: 1166: 1148: 1142: 1134: 1129: 1109: 1102: 1059: 1055: 1045: 1021: 981:Matching law 953: 945: 933: 921: 902: 894: 887: 880: 873: 866: 826:behaviourism 815: 811: 803:Hans Eysenck 795:Joseph Wolpe 788: 779: 775: 771: 767: 761: 757: 753: 749: 727: 717: 710: 703: 696: 684: 664:verification 657: 633: 630: 626: 622: 618: 615: 608: 600: 596: 589: 585: 577: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 546: 524: 516: 512: 503: 490: 470: 462: 453: 449: 441: 437: 429: 422: 407: 391: 376: 372:B.F. Skinner 357: 353: 332:Albert Ellis 317: 270:such as the 260: 256:Hans Eysenck 252:Joseph Wolpe 244:Nathan Azrin 236:B.F. Skinner 233: 229:behaviourism 221:Joseph Wolpe 216: 210: 205: 189: 174: 170: 152: 117: 89:behaviourism 80: 76: 75: 4269:Behaviorism 4122:R. D. Laing 4097:Haim Ginott 4027:Carl Rogers 3992:Fritz Perls 3907:Psychodrama 3832:Biofeedback 3634:Integrative 3579:Art therapy 3558:Logotherapy 2994:www.apa.org 2853:www.who.int 2177:, 21, 45–61 2016:, 5, 357–65 818:cognitivism 658:needs more 364:Ivan Pavlov 290:to develop 136:habituation 4253:Categories 4082:Aaron Beck 3997:Anna Freud 3892:Co-therapy 3747:Techniques 3677:Counseling 3665:Approaches 3530:Humanistic 3473:behavioral 2999:14 January 2885:2022-03-31 2859:2022-03-30 2833:2022-03-31 2804:2022-03-31 2775:2022-03-31 2712:, 639–665. 2697:Boyle 2006 2625:Boyle 2006 2263:Boyle 2006 1137:, pp. 1–2. 998:References 976:Decoupling 807:Aaron Beck 700:newspapers 466:depression 434:Assessment 328:Aaron Beck 184:See also: 101:respondent 4042:Rollo May 3977:Otto Rank 3962:Carl Jung 3692:Self-help 2530:242960404 2473:240187655 2388:261308898 1746:1539-4352 1682:1539-4352 1601:1555-7855 1560:1539-4352 1491:1555-7855 1450:1539-4352 1076:1469-493X 620:person). 610:Modelling 604:hierarchy 538:modelling 494:hierarchy 148:modelling 3874:Modeling 3864:Homework 3768:Chaining 3706:Research 3548:Focusing 3299:Flooding 2974:31 March 2465:34837839 2317:37013903 1385:18258216 1330:16822113 1094:24129886 959:See also 950:Training 937:monistic 499:flooding 482:homework 338:to form 192:Stoicism 122:. While 39:ICD-9-CM 3778:Shaping 3733:History 3425:Schools 3063:Sources 1242:SLP-ABA 1085:4110712 941:dualism 848:(FAP), 714:scholar 679:removed 320:operant 296:aphasia 202:wrote, 200:Lazarus 180:History 91:and/or 57:D001521 3925:People 3152:793562 3150: 3140: 3121: 3100: 3079: 3022: 2818:ACBS. 2789:ACBS. 2760:ACBS. 2730: 2606:Press. 2528: 2471: 2463: 2386: 2330:21-28. 2315: 2222:Print. 1999:(Blog) 1744: 1680: 1633: 1599: 1558: 1489: 1448: 1383: 1328: 1290: 1215: 1117: 1092: 1082: 1074: 911:. The 840:(BA), 716: 709: 702: 695: 687: 484:, and 334:, and 146:, and 3572:Other 3053:IJBCT 2526:S2CID 2469:S2CID 2384:S2CID 2041:IJBCT 2028:IJBCT 1898:IJBCT 1689:(PDF) 1658:(PDF) 1509:(PDF) 721:JSTOR 707:books 326:, of 196:Wolpe 65:[ 44:94.33 3624:List 3223:list 3180:and 3148:OCLC 3138:ISBN 3119:ISBN 3098:ISBN 3077:ISBN 3020:ISBN 3001:2022 2976:2022 2728:ISBN 2461:PMID 2414:2023 2353:2023 2313:PMID 1742:ISSN 1678:ISSN 1631:ISBN 1597:ISSN 1556:ISSN 1487:ISSN 1446:ISSN 1381:PMID 1326:PMID 1288:ISBN 1213:ISBN 1115:ISBN 1090:PMID 1072:ISSN 1060:2013 922:The 856:and 801:and 693:news 662:for 416:and 366:and 274:and 254:and 246:and 198:and 138:(or 51:MeSH 2518:doi 2453:doi 2449:148 2406:NHS 2376:doi 2303:doi 1732:doi 1670:doi 1623:doi 1587:doi 1548:doi 1521:doi 1477:doi 1436:doi 1373:doi 1318:doi 1080:PMC 1064:doi 160:or 142:), 111:or 103:or 79:or 4255:: 3282:/ 3146:. 2992:. 2967:. 2881:. 2877:. 2855:. 2851:. 2826:. 2822:. 2797:. 2793:. 2768:. 2764:. 2668:^ 2644:^ 2632:^ 2598:^ 2577:^ 2562:^ 2524:. 2467:. 2459:. 2451:. 2447:. 2443:. 2404:. 2382:. 2370:. 2344:. 2311:. 2299:51 2297:. 2293:. 2255:^ 2241:^ 2227:^ 2210:^ 2144:^ 2069:^ 2012:. 1889:^ 1823:^ 1805:^ 1793:^ 1740:. 1726:. 1722:. 1710:^ 1676:. 1664:. 1660:. 1645:^ 1629:. 1609:^ 1595:. 1581:. 1577:. 1554:. 1542:. 1515:. 1511:. 1485:. 1471:. 1467:. 1444:. 1430:. 1426:. 1379:. 1369:46 1367:. 1351:^ 1324:. 1314:74 1312:. 1211:. 1207:. 1157:^ 1088:. 1078:. 1070:. 1058:. 1054:. 1033:^ 1006:^ 852:, 844:, 797:, 681:. 427:. 420:. 384:. 330:, 258:. 242:, 238:, 150:. 134:, 130:, 3802:/ 3410:e 3403:t 3396:v 3225:) 3221:( 3211:e 3204:t 3197:v 3154:. 3127:. 3106:. 3085:. 3028:. 3003:. 2978:. 2888:. 2862:. 2836:. 2807:. 2778:. 2736:. 2532:. 2520:: 2455:: 2416:. 2390:. 2378:: 2372:4 2355:. 2319:. 2305:: 1748:. 1734:: 1728:3 1672:: 1666:3 1639:. 1625:: 1603:. 1589:: 1583:1 1562:. 1550:: 1544:1 1527:. 1523:: 1517:2 1493:. 1479:: 1473:1 1452:. 1438:: 1432:7 1387:. 1375:: 1332:. 1320:: 1296:. 1257:. 1221:. 1123:. 1096:. 1066:: 732:) 728:( 718:· 711:· 704:· 697:· 671:. 69:] 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index