Batu Lintang camp - Knowledge

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known as the "Board of Directors", and were the only ones who knew the precise contents of the radio news received. A way of disseminating information was organised: it was arranged for rumours to be spread which contained a considerable amount of truth. Le Gros Clark, the head of the male internees, directed the dissemination of news amongst the male internees; it was decided not to provide information to the women's compound. News was also passed to the Chinese once a week, carried through the jungle by Pringle. On the first exchange, without being asked, the Chinese thoughtfully provided medical supplies; thereafter they regularly provided much-needed medicines, money, and vegetable seeds. The leaked news rumours had the desired effect and a more cheerful atmosphere was noted in the camp. The women's compound somehow learned of the existence of the radio and the camp mistress, Dorie Adams, asked that they should be provided with news; to counter worries about security she suggested that the Roman Catholic priest who celebrated mass with the R.C. nuns should deliver the news as part of his service, which was always given in Latin.

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meet in groups for discussion. The penalty for disobedience was imprisonment or death. Despite this the university, led by Bell, established classes in seven modern languages, as well as subjects as diverse as history, public speaking, navigation, pig-farming, civics and poultry keeping. Bell and his fellow educators organised courses, compiled text books, led classes, and awarded diplomas. Classes were often held in the evenings when dusk or darkness gave some protection against surprise by their captors. Paper for writing exercises and for compiling textbooks was always at a premium: books were fashioned out of paper from soap wrappers, newspaper, the backs of letters and envelopes, and cigarette paper. These were bound into books and often covered with sarong material.

3742:. In 1947, a grant was approved for the establishment of a teachers' training college on the site. It exists as such to the present day, the oldest in Malaysia. Of the numerous huts that had housed the prisoners, only 21 were considered fit for use in 1947; after refurbishment the college moved in July 1948 from its temporary home in Kuching to the site at Batu Lintang. The huts have gradually been replaced over the years, although a few remnants of the site's former life remain. These include a single hut (albeit with a galvanised roof rather than the attap (palm leaf) one of the war), the old gate posts, the gate bunker and stump of the Japanese flag pole. There is also a small museum on the site. 176: 3454:, as Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, the Japanese were required to provide information on the location of all camps and were responsible for the safety of prisoners and internees, for providing them with adequate food, shelter, clothes and medical care until their care could pass to the Allied powers, and for handing over each store together with its equipment, stores, arms and ammunition and records to the senior Allied officer in each camp. Since it was known that in many areas prisoners and internees were suffering from starvation and neglect, it was of the first importance that they were contacted and recovered as soon as possible. 2655:), the former Chief Secretary, Sarawak Government; Lt.-Col. W. C. C. Adams (of the North Borneo Constabulary), who had been assistant camp master, then served in the role until liberation. Accounts mention a British civilian internee named Don Tuxford whose eight-year-old son was in the compound with him, while Tuxford's wife and daughter Julia were in the women's compound; other sources state that Dutch boys over the age of ten were sent to the men's compound rather than being placed with the women, as the Japanese considered them men at that age. The total number of male children held in the men's camp is uncertain. 3876: 3840: 8713: 3864: 3828: 3816: 3283:

equipment. In March 1943, after the execution of some prisoners at the Sandakan POW camp for operating a radio, the Japanese stepped up their searches at Batu Lintang. Many items essential for the construction of the generator such as magnets, wire, and scrap iron were not easily available, but the involvement of "Freddie", one of the prisoners who was a self-confessed thief (and most likely the same man who had previously obtained a power supply: records are unclear) meant that material and equipment was soon obtained.

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compound, and quickly spread to the other compounds. Celebratory meals were prepared, with precious supplies and livestock used up. The Japanese guards were unaware of their country's surrender, and as the day coincided with an official camp holiday, marking the opening of the camp on 15 August three years previously, they were satisfied that the celebrations were related to the break from the working parties. The women learned shortly afterwards, when the married women had their scheduled meeting with their husbands.

2558:" compound, with a fair amount of workable land. At first the officers were with the British other ranks, but they were separated out into this compound on 5 February 1943. Including the three huts, the compound was 2½ acres (1 ha) in area with 1½ acres (0.6 ha) of cultivable land. The Officer in Charge and overall British Military Authority was Lt.-Col. M. C. Russell, until his death on 5 June 1943; Lt.-Col T. C. Whimster took over the role thereafter. The compound held 134 men in September 1944. 3852: 2724:" Some male civilian internees chose to cultivate land around their compound in order to become self-supporting; however, the other work imposed on them meant that they never cultivated the land to its full effect. Some refused to carry out this work, even though it was for the common good. Work included wood-gathering parties, latrine duties, working as cookhouse staff and medical orderlies. Sundays were a rest day, but these were later cut to one in every three weeks. 36: 3092: 2301:, brutal treatment, and lack of adequate clothing and living quarters. Of the approximately 2,000 British POWs held there, over two-thirds died during or as a result of their captivity. The construction and operation of a secret radio receiver for over 2½ years, from February 1943 until the liberation of the camp, was a morale booster and allowed the prisoners to follow the progress of the war. Discovery would have resulted in certain death for those involved. 2202: 3152:

the wood of rubber trees in and around the compounds. The nuns provided food and gifts for each child. The Japanese officers also gave sweets and biscuits to the children at Christmas. A concert was organised for Christmas 1942, as well as inter-compound games; another less lavish Christmas concert took place in 1943, and a concert party was briefly established before disbanding due to the illness and death of its members.

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English sisters. Initially there were 29 children in the compound, but by April 1943 there were 34. The oldest of these was seven when she entered the camp. None of the children died in the camp; the women often went without provisions to ensure the children's survival. A Roman Catholic priest from the nearby priests' compound came to the women's compound daily at 7 am to say mass, and the children were taught by the nuns.

2786:), with every 10 days or so some pork (such as offal, or a head, or some poor-meat bearing part of the animal). The daily rice ration in late 1943 was 11 ounces (312 grams) a day; by the end of the war the rice ration was about 4 ounces (113 grams) per man daily. In September 1944, children were recorded as receiving 50 millilitres (1.8 imp fl oz; 1.7 US fl oz) of milk a day. 3233:

dense jungle to the house. A reconnoitre mission was required. To achieve this, Russell suggested to Dr Yamamoto that as the area was a breeding ground for mosquitoes (with the resultant risk of malaria, which would affect Japanese and prisoner alike), the jungle should be cleared and sprayed. Pringle took part on this working party and was able to plot his route. He subsequently made contact and Ong Tiang Swee,

3435: 2676:" The camp mistress was initially Mother Bernardine, an English Roman Catholic nun, but when she became ill Mrs. Dorie Adams, wife of the master of the men's camp, took over the role. The women were housed in five very small barracks and each person was allotted a space of 6 feet by 4 feet (1.8m by 1.2m) in which to live and store their possessions. A chapel was constructed at one end of one of the huts. 3631: 3287: 3173: 2899: 3334:". It was clear that such important news would have a great effect in the camp; at the same time, the rejoicing it would bring would undoubtedly alert the Japanese. It was therefore decided to provide a hint to the other prisoners, rather than the full information. This was again delivered by a priest, this time by the padre officiating at one of the numerous funeral services. He quoted 3483: 2833: 2772: 2616: 2539: 3217:, where a small group of men had worked on constructing a radio. His proposal was initially met with a distinct lack of enthusiasm, as discovery would result in certain death. One of these men was G. W. Pringle, a member of the British military police. He wrote "Do these madmen ever seriously consider these idiotic plans before putting men's lives in danger?" 2829:". Yamamoto issued an order that no rations were to be issued to men in the hospital. The prisoners pooled their food and the sick were provided for even though it meant all others went short. Care of all prisoners was left to the camp doctors, such as Colonel King and Captain Bailey in the POWs' compounds and Dr. Gibson in the women's compound. 3048:

barefoot. The women fared a little better, often bartering possessions for material: clothes were fashioned out of whatever material was to hand, such as sheets and breakfast cloths. Many of the women kept their best clothes unworn in readiness for their expected eventual liberation, while their other clothes became more and more shabby.

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on the radio he first had to make some of the tools needed, such as a lathe and a soldering iron. In addition to the genuine radio parts provided by the Chinese family and a few parts brought along with the men from Tanjung Priok, the radio was constructed from items as diverse as a deaf aid, the steering damper of a

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Official orders to execute all the prisoners, both POWs and civilian, on 17 or 18 August 1945 were found in Suga's quarters after the liberation of the camp. The orders were not carried out, presumably as a result of the unconditional surrender of Japan on 15 August. A "death march", similar to those

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people in Sarawak were pro-Allied, and so contact was made with the Ongs, the leading Chinese family in Kuching, who lived about a mile from the camp, to see if they could assist in providing parts. The first night-time attempt, by G. W. Pringle, was a failure as he could not find his way through the

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was sometimes tolerated by the guards, as they themselves were involved in the buying or exchanging of goods, and at other times punished severely. Although contact with the outside world was forbidden, there were plenty of opportunities to communicate with the locals. Firewood-gathering gangs in the

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from the rubber trees growing in the camp. The Japanese did not provide replacement clothing for the prisoners when their clothes wore out. After a period male internees and POWs were issued with a loincloth and perishable rubber shoes, which soon degraded and meant in effect that most prisoners went

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The work party men were paid in what the prisoners called "camp dollars", the printed paper currency introduced by the Japanese administration. This currency was known colloquially as "banana money" because of the banana trees pictured on the 10 dollar notes. At one point the rate was 25 cents a day

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Each compound had its own "camp master" (or "camp mistress", in the case of the women's compound). The camp master was responsible for liaising between the internees and the Japanese authorities. Each compound contained a number of long barrack buildings, usually 25–30 m (82–98 ft), each of

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On 24 August, Suga officially announced to the camp that Japan had surrendered. On 29 August letters were dropped on the camp, instructing the Japanese commander to make contact with the Australian commanders. The letter contained a code of panel signals which enabled Suga to indicate that he agreed

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In early March 1943 the provision of electric power for the lighting in the internees' compounds was halted. This was a serious blow as the radio was run off the power supply. Batteries were unavailable and so the only solution, again the idea of Russell, was to construct a generator. His idea again

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The existence of the radio, referred to by many code-names but chiefly as the "Old Lady" and "Mrs Harris", was to be a closely guarded secret, for fear of alerting the Japanese to its existence through loose talk. The commanding officers of the camp and those who had constructed and operated it were

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The radio was built and operated in the British other ranks' compound. The maker of the radio was Warrant Officer Leonard A. T. Beckett, an experienced radio engineer, who was assisted in its construction, operation, and concealment by a core group of three other soldiers. Before Beckett could begin

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were held at Christmas time to make gifts for the children: worn-out clothing was cut up and sleeves, collars, and hems were cut from clothing still in use to provide materials for soft toys. More robust toys, such as scooters, carts, swords, and guns were made from materials such as barbed wire and

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Le Gros Clark, as men's camp master, issued regular official bulletins to his compound regarding meetings with Suga and other Japanese officers. Communication between the various compounds and with the outside world was forbidden. Married male internees were refused permission to see their wives and

2960:. .. the soldiers camp ... many of the men were just skeletons,—crawling about, as few were able to stand upright. Even our toddlers received the same rations as these poor , and the children are still hungry, so what must have been the suffering of those men, many of whom are hardly more than boys? 2934:

We are having a particularly hungry period and can quite truthfully say that our mouths water, and that we 'slaver' as dogs do before meals. Some of us find it advisable to rise slowly after lying down, as due to malnutrition, any rapid movement is apt to cause dizziness or even a black-out ... one

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In common with many others I experienced the pain of food deficiency disease and by May 1944 it was difficult to work and nights were a torture. My eyes failed rapidly and it became impossible to read or to distinguish objects clearly. The death rate for the whole camp jumped at an alarming rate and

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The hospital comprised three huts in January 1943 and housed both POWs and civilians. The standard of accommodation was very low and crowded, and facilities were virtually non-existent. A hut was later built for tuberculosis patients. In early September 1945 the camp hospital comprised about 30 beds

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Aerial view of part of Batu Lintang camp, on or after 29 August 1945. In the foreground is the Roman Catholic priests' compound. The central open area is one of the parade grounds; beyond that is the main enclosure containing the camps of the British other ranks, the Indonesian soldiers and the male

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18 April 2008. Part of the programme features Dandi Michael Tiong, who with his twin brother Danis Stephen Tiong was in the camp as a child. Includes some AWM archive footage of the camp. (NB all archive film material shows Batu Lintang, not the Labuan camp mentioned). Relevant times: 01:24–02:05

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Three Chinese men from North Borneo, all staff at the Chinese Consulate at Sandakan, and their families were held in the camp: Mr Huan Lai Cho (the Chinese Consul), his wife and two children; Mr Ting Yuan Li and his wife and child, and Mr Philip Yang; a total of eight Chinese people interned in the

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Photographers and cameramen accompanied the liberating force, and the events, and those of the following days, were well-documented. On liberation, the camp contained 2,024 inmates: 1,392 prisoners (including 882 British, 178 Australian and 45 Indian); and 632 internees. The most ill prisoners were

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Eastick ... mounted the rostrum and after accepting the sword of surrender from Suga was about to dismiss him when a shout, rising simultaneously from the throats of the Board of Directors of the 'Old Lady' and 'Ginnie' stopped the proceedings. 'Hold on, we have something to show you.' Carrying the

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The 9th Division troops arrived at Batu Lintang camp that afternoon, accompanied by a few American naval officers. There was no resistance from the Japanese troops. The prisoners and internees had been forewarned that there would be no delay in taking the surrender, and quickly gathered at 17:00 in

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The radio was concealed during its construction in a large stewing-pot; once completed its hiding place was in a biscuit tin buried under the bakehouse fire in the British other ranks' compound. It was operated in the stores where it had a temporary hiding place in a false-bottomed table. Elaborate

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of Sarawak and the patriarch of the Ong family, agreed to help. Ong instructed his grandson, Kee Hui to help Pringle obtain the needed parts. This was at massive risk to the family's own safety as they too would have been executed if discovered. Their only condition was that they should be provided

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Information on the outside world was gathered from a variety of sources, such as from co-workers of the Batu Lintang work parties at Kuching docks. An invaluable boost to the prisoners' morale was provided by a secret radio receiver, from which they were able to learn about the progress of the war.

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After liberation the bodies were exhumed from the cemetery and sent to Labuan for reburial in a central military cemetery there. A large number of the graves of prisoners from Batu Lintang now at Labuan are unidentified: after the Japanese surrender Suga destroyed many camp records. The cemetery in

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Other informal clubs, mainly comprising discussion groups, were established in the other compounds. They covered topics such as chess and draughts (checkers), book-keeping, sailing, and French conversation lessons. A central library for all the camp was run from the British Officers' compound, with

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Despite the surrender, the Japanese would remain in control of the camp until 11 September. During this period, there were no work parties and the prisoners did not suffer any beatings. "It became apparent during the next few days that the Japanese soldiers knew something had happened but were not

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Smuggling became an integral part of camp life, and despite frequent searches, foodstuffs in particular were smuggled into the camp (for example, dried fish was nailed to the underside of wooden bins, and the inside of a hat was a favourite hiding place). Occasional dangerous night-time forays to

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Malnutrition caused most of the invalidity and was a major factor in the high mortality rate in the camp, ascribed as the chief cause of death in 600 deaths in the camp. It was considered by the relieving forces that the Japanese were pursuing a policy of deliberate starvation. The basic diet only

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At the times of greatest hardship the internees were so hungry that they were reduced to eating snakes, rubber nuts (which were believed to be poisonous), snails and frogs, and rats, cats and dogs if they could be caught. On special occasions an extra ration would be introduced. In the British POW

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In March 1944, the women's compound comprised 280 people: 160 nuns, 85 secular women and 34 children. By September 1944 the population had declined to 271; at liberation there were 237 women and children in the compound. Of the nuns, the large majority were Dutch Roman Catholic sisters, with a few

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Dr Yamamoto came in for one hell of a time from these two Medical Officers when they saw the state of the majority of our camp. Up-to-date medical care and drugs soon began to show effect upon our sick and many lives were saved by these two officers. Out of the two thousand of us who entered that

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At 11.30 a.m. today a sea-plane dropped twenty parachutes with packages attached. One fell outside our hut and was labelled 'bread'. Others contained flour, tinned rabbit, and other meat. The goods were collected by the Japs under the supervision of Australian Officers who distributed them to the

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was dropped over the camp by three Beaufighters on 16 August. From 19–23 August, leaflets were dropped by aircraft all over known areas in which the Japanese were concentrated, giving general war news and news of the progress of the surrender. On August 19 or 20, more leaflets were dropped on the

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for questioning. On his return the same day, he was considerably shaken and recommended that the radio should be destroyed. This message was relayed to the camp master of the British other ranks' compound by Whimster, who was the senior British officer. Beckett and his colleagues were informed of

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personnel were certain they could supply the necessary components, though they thought it would take three months to make the tools needed. To disguise the noise of the work the enterprise was described as a "watch repairing factory" to the Japanese, who offered the use of various tools and other

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Initially the dead were buried in the cemetery at Kuching. The high death rate meant that this was soon filled, however, and in November 1942 a new cemetery area was created next to the camp at an area to the south-east known as "Boot Hill". The cemetery was within sight of the camp. At first the

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was largely responsible for conceiving and organising what became known by the prisoners as the "Kuching University". This operated in the British officers' compound. Under Japanese regulations prisoners were forbidden to teach, to learn, to compile or possess notes on any subject whatever, or to

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The entire camp was surrounded by a 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) perimeter barbed wire fence. The internees were segregated into categories and assigned separate compounds, each of which was also surrounded by barbed wire fencing. There were 8–10 compounds, although their make-up varied through the

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As a result some of the male internees instigated the smuggling-in of a newspaper, previously available in the camp but banned since August 1943. They were caught, and although opposed to the activity, Le Gros Clark was implicated. Nine men were tried and sentenced to between six months' and six

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The captured Japanese soldiers were then held at Batu Lintang camp. There they were visited by J. B. Archer, an ex-internee, who noted "There were about eight thousand of them ... it was difficult not to feel aggrieved at the good treatment they were receiving compared to what we had received at

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Immediately prior to the surrender of Japan, rumours abounded in the camp that the Japanese intended to execute all the prisoners rather than allow them to be freed by the approaching Allied forces; when Dr Yamamoto informed some prisoners that they were to be moved to a new camp they naturally

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where three Japanese officers, including Suga, came aboard for talks. The task of Kuching Force was to accept the surrender of and impound the Japanese forces in the Kuching area, release and evacuate Allied prisoners and internees, and establish military control. At the meeting, Suga presented

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At the beginning the British officers shared with the British Other Ranks, but were later separated into two compounds; at one point the Indonesian soldiers and the Dutch officers were sharing a compound, whilst at another they were in separate compounds; the Indian POWs were kept in different

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to the Allied Powers. The POWs learned of the surrender early in the morning of 15 August, in a broadcast by Radio Chungking received by the secret radio. Pringle made one last journey through the jungle to inform his Chinese friends. The news was immediately broken to the British other ranks'

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The generator needed to turn at 3,000 revolutions a minute, and so the fittest of the men involved in its construction was chosen to turn the wheel. He was given extra food rations to prepare him for the task. The first trial of the generator was a success, and again, Pringle recorded how news

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Clothing wore out quickly: the tropical climate meant that clothes had to be washed every day, and the rigours of labouring in them meant that they soon became torn, worn and threadbare. An enterprising male internee, J. R. Baxter, entered the camp with two pairs of shorts; as they wore out he

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Little medicine was available to the internees from the Japanese: they provided small amounts of quinine and aspirins. Morris recounts how Yamamoto would quite often beat sick men until they fell down, especially if they approached him for drugs. Few Red Cross supplies were available and most

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In a letter dated 14 September 1945, an Australian officer with the liberating force described the conditions in the camp, and stated that "Judging by the quantity of food available in Kuching when the Relief Force arrived and by the adequate supplies which were then in stock in the Japanese

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supply of parcels was received by the prisoners between March 1942 and September 1945. This arrived in March 1944 and worked out at one sixth of a parcel per person: a single tin of food. Prisoners occasionally were able to buy or barter chicks which they raised on worms and beetles and rice

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The women were at first allowed to undertake domestic tasks around their compound; later they were forced to undertake work for the Japanese such as mending uniforms, for which they were also paid in camp dollars. In the later part of the war, when the food shortages had become critical, all

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Rations were always meagre but decreased in both quantity and quality as the war progressed. The women and children drew the same rations as the men. The Japanese controlled all food supplies, releasing only what was needed for the day. At the beginning, the rations comprised rice and local

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barracks. The original area was extended by the Japanese, until it covered about 50 acres (20 hectares). The camp population fluctuated, due to movement of prisoners between camps in Borneo, and as a result of the deaths of the prisoners. It had a maximum population of some 3,000 prisoners.

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Originally the site was commemorated by a small stone. A more formal memorial was opened at the site of the camp in April 2013. Various memorial ceremonies have been held at the site of the camp, including one on 11 September 2020 to mark the 75th anniversary of the liberation of the camp.

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On 7 September, Walsh was permitted by the Japanese to fly to the headquarters of the 9th Division on Labuan island, to collect surgical and medical supplies for the camp. He returned with two Australian medical officers, Major A. W. M. Hutson and Lt.-Col. N. H. Morgan. Pepler recorded how

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and ber-beri, others in the last stages of dysentery, lay unconscious and dying. They had no pillows or clothes, few cups, fewer bowls, or even medical supplies. There were three hundred desperately sick men, many unable to help themselves, or to carry food to their mouths. Throughout our

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The mortality rate amongst the British soldiers was extremely high: ⅔ of the population of POWs died in the camp. It was suggested that this high rate was partly because most had come direct from Europe and were not acclimatised and had no idea about the importance of tropical hygiene.

2312:. On liberation, the camp population was 2,024, of whom 1,392 were POWs, 395 were male civilian internees and 237 were civilian women and children. Amongst official Japanese papers found at the camp following its liberation were two "death orders". Both described the proposed method of 3526:

After communicating with the Japanese staff at Kuching, Colonel A. G. Wilson landed on the Sarawak River on 5 September and conferred with the commander of the Japanese forces there, who confirmed there were 2,024 Allied prisoners and internees in the area. The next day, Brigadier

2740:, to which Japan was a signatory. Although it was against international law to force the prisoners to work on projects with a military objective, they were informed that refusal to work on these projects would result in their execution. Other forced labour included refuelling the 3107:

Pre-printed postcards to be sent home with stock phrases such as "I am well" and "We have plenty of food" were issued occasionally; Agnes Keith records that these were issued three times a year but in May 1945 it was decided that a certain percentage of the camp had to include a

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of every POW and internee in the camp. The first order, scheduled for enactment on 17 or 18 August, was not carried out; the second was scheduled to take place on 15 September. The timely liberation of the camp may have prevented the murder of over 2,000 men, women and children.

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with the news gathered from the radio, in order to boost the morale of the Chinese community under occupation in Kuching. They provided some radio parts, the acquisition of which must have been a considerable task as all radio equipment had been confiscated by the Japanese.

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jungle were able to make contact and arrange purchases when the guards were not paying attention; at other times these transactions were permitted with the permission of and in the presence of a lenient Japanese guard. Gold, in the form of rings and jewellery, and British

3726:, an Australian hospital ship) and in eight Douglas Dakotas and two Catalinas, to the 9th Division's "Released Prisoners of War and Internees Reception Camp", and the 2/1st Australian Casualty Clearing Station (CCS) on Labuan, before continuing their journeys homeward. 2546:

Living conditions within the compounds were cramped. Each person was allotted a very small space within a barrack building within which to sleep, keep the few personal possessions they had with them, and also to eat, as there was no communal area within the barracks.

2457:(Taiwanese). There was a range of administrative buildings, quartermaster's stores, guard houses, guards' quarters and a camp hospital. Throughout its operation, all the camps at Batu Lintang, including the internee ones, were conducted under prisoner-of-war rules. 3246:

motorcycle, a bakelite shaving soap container, an army mess tin, the backing of an old map case, pieces of glass, wire, mica and barbed wire, and parts stolen from Japanese-owned motor cars and motorcycles. The receiver was completed within four weeks of starting.

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dead were buried in coffins, but soon the number of fatalities and the shortage of timber meant that shrouds made from rice sacks or blankets were used instead. The bodies were carried to the grave in a wooden coffin with a hinged bottom, which allowed re-use.

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Any persons who are not performing some useful work in war-time are failing in their moral obligation. Internees should therefore do their best to do such work as ... agriculture, farming, and stock-breeding, in order to increase the supply of foodstuffs to the

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compounds 58 chickens were provided for 1,000 men for Christmas 1942; the next Christmas the women received a single turkey to share between 271 women and children. At Christmas 1944, their last in captivity, the internees received a single egg each.

2591:" They had no land for cultivation. Initially the compound held 1,500 POWs, with additional soldiers arriving thereafter taking the total to around 2,000, but by the end of the war the figure had been reduced to about 750. The Officer in Charge was 4706:

storehouses, it is considered that the PW food ration could easily have been maintained at a level which would have kept the PW alive and reasonably healthy. However, a policy of slow starvation was carried out instead." National Archives WO 325/52

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a favourite punishment was to make the offender stand in the blazing sun with his arms above his head holding a log of wood. If the prisoner or his arms sagged, he was punched or kicked. This treatment usually lasted until the prisoner completely

2886:, and septic bites and sores. 600 men out of 1000 were unfit for work in January 1943 owing to beri beri and skin conditions. Deaths from dysentery increased towards the end of the period of captivity. A British NCO, E. R. Pepler, commented that " 3128:

well, energetic, roughneck, reminds me my brother. Fed-up with war. Hopes deferred. Borneo is a beautiful place for living, a dreamland where the scenery is beautiful, little birds sing, very delicious fruits grow, we are very happy here. Agnes,

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Repatriation commenced on 12 September, and by 14 September, 858 former prisoners had been removed, though pressure of numbers meant that some were still at Batu Lintang a week after liberation. Ex-prisoners were transported by ship (including

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Ooi 1998, 354 In this account the author L. E. Morris mistakenly states that Tuxford's wife was in the camp. She was a native woman and so was not interned. Julie was interned with Tuxford's mother and his sister (ie with her grandmother and

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On liberation, 178 Australian officers and NCOs were held at Batu Lintang, in a compound which was without sufficient land for cultivation. The Officer in Charge was Lt.-Col. A. W. Walsh. The Australian other ranks were held in a camp at

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to the dropping of supplies for the prisoners and that he would meet Australian representatives later. These panels were placed on the roof of one of the buildings and can be seen in the photograph at the start of the article (above).

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civilian internees. The female civilian internees' camp is just visible at top right. Three panel signals to the liberating forces are visible on the roof of the long building parallel to the track on the left edge of the photograph

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The radio at first ran off torch batteries: these soon ran out and so Beckett constructed a power unit to run off the camp electricity supply. Access to the camp powerhouse was gained by one of the POWs who had been a professional

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radio and generator Len proudly showed them to the General and turning to Suga, asked, 'Well, what do you think about it Suga?' Now I know the full meaning of the saying 'If looks could kill.' Len would have died a horrible death

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and from October 1942, on the extension of the two runways at the Batu Tujoh landing ground to the south of Kuching, where a small sub-camp was constructed. Another sub-camp was made at Dahan, where the Japanese re-opened an old

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sure what it was", wrote Pepler. Extra food was provided by the Japanese shortly afterwards; the camp hospital was furnished with bed chairs and mosquito nets for the first time, and substantial amounts of medicine were issued.

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I am horrified at the increased number of graves in the burial ground. Deaths are now so frequent, that a party of grave diggers is now permanently employed, and given extra rations in order that they will have the strength to

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I know that you will realise that on account of your location, it will be difficult to get aid to you immediately, but you can rest assured that we will do everything within our power to release and care for you as soon as

2361:

The first Allied prisoners held in the camp were about 340 British and Indian soldiers who were interned there in mid-March 1942. In time, it held both Allied POWs and Allied civilian internees. Local Sarawakians including

2711: 2663:

This compound was located at the western part of the camp, slightly removed from the other compounds. The internees were mostly Dutch and British, with a few Eurasian and Chinese women, and four American women, including

2972:

I was horrified to see the condition of some of the men. I was pretty well hardened to sickness, dirt and disease, but never had I seen anything like this in all my years of nursing. Pictures of hospitals during the

3699:

of Sarawak, an ex-internee. This was followed by a parade held in honour of Wootten, as commander of the 9th Division. In appreciation of Beckett's work on the radio, fellow ex-prisoners in the camp subscribed over

2715:"Banana money", the currency introduced by the Japanese administration in the areas of Borneo that had previously been under British control. Denominations shown: 5 cents, 10 cents, 50 cents, 1 dollar, 10 dollars 3307:" The assembling and disassembling drill took less than thirty seconds, with both the "Old Lady" and "Ginnie" stowed in their hiding places in the hut which was occupied by cookhouse staff during the day. 3025:

After the Japanese defeat, an Australian war crimes investigation team worked in Kuching from the liberation until January 1946. Of around 120 guards, more than 70 had a crime or crimes ascribed to them.

2461:

period of operation of the camp. The make-up was determined by the arrival and departure of different groups of prisoners as Batu Lintang camp was also used as a transit camp: at one point some of the

3395:, on the eastern coast of Dutch Borneo. The American armed forces provided naval and air support to assist the landings, and in some cases the Australians were assisted by the advance landings of the 2845:

medication was bought or bartered from the outside world or from the guards themselves. No anaesthesia was available for operations. The main source of medical supplies in early 1943 was a pro-Allied

6498:

Ooi, Keat Gin (2006) "The 'Slapping Monster' and Other Stories: Recollections of the Japanese Occupation (1941–1945) of Borneo through Autobiographies, Biographies, Memoirs, and Other Ego-documents"

3365:, the responsibility for re-taking the island of Borneo was entrusted to Australian forces. Prior to the Australian landings, strategic bombing and reconnaissance missions were undertaken by the 2977:

showed terrible conditions, but even those could not compare with the dreadful sights I met on this visit. Shells of men lay on the floor sunken-eyed and helpless; some were swollen with hunger,

2775:

After liberation, ex-POWs throw away the pig trough in which the daily ration of boiled rice for 1200 men was served. The ration only half filled the trough, and was mixed with sweet potato tops.

3875: 6973: 3353:

chapter 3, verse 8, concerning the deliverance of the Israelites from the Egyptians to the land of milk and honey; extra piquancy was added by the fact that Suga was present at this service.

2390:). In contrast, the POWs were brought to Batu Lintang from places such as mainland Malaya and Java as well as from Borneo. Many spent time at transit or temporary camps, such as the one at 2756:

internees, male and female, were also used as agricultural labourers on the land around the camp, to produce food for their Japanese captors. The prisoners referred to themselves as "white

2888:

en wasted away from their normal weight of over ten stone to three or four stones ... As the time passed on to 1945, the deaths in our camp were taking place at two or three every day

6658:

The plan is dated 1945, and the layout of the barracks differs (mostly in orientation rather than location) from that shown in the 1945 aerial reconnaissance photographs held at the AWM

3409:

As the weeks dragged by, the lone planes of the Allies were a daily occurrence and as we had realised very early that they could do nothing to help us, we hardly took any notice of them

3377:, were seen over the camp on the morning of 25 March 1945, as they flew on a mission to bomb the Batu Tujoh landing ground. Raids continued sporadically over the next few weeks. A lone 2647:

In 1943, approximately 250 male civilian internees (excluding Roman Catholic Mission personnel) were held in this compound. From July 1942 until 14 November 1944 the camp master was

3278:

met with some initial scepticism: "Now I know he has gone mad", wrote Pringle. Pringle's colleagues were more enthusiastic. Beckett was sure he could build the generator and British

2627:

The Catholic priests, brothers and religious men, mostly Dutch and Irish, lived in a separate compound, with a large plot of land to grow vegetables. They numbered 110, including 44

2523:

In addition, the Dutch other ranks and about 50 British soldiers were stationed in a separate compound at the Kampong Batu Tujoh airfield (also known as Bukit Stabah), near Kuching.

3332:'. Now there is a name for a General! ... Somehow though, we feel that with a General bearing the name of 'Blood and Guts' there is little danger of the Germans dislodging his army 2449:; Suga was often absent from Batu Lintang as a result. His second-in-command was Lieutenant (later Captain) Nagata; some sources say Negata or Nekata. Most of the camp guards were 6570:

is the official magazine of the Australian War Memorial. The article is about a group of officers who made it their mission to uphold the morale of Australian POWs in Batu Lintang

2928:

By November 1944 the suffering caused by malnutrition was profound, as recorded by Hilda E. Bates, a female civilian internee who was a nurse based in Jesselton prior to the war:

2343:(2/15th Punjab Regiment) to defend Sarawak in case of attack by the Japanese. The camp, known from its inception as Batu Lintang, was near completion for occupation by May 1941. 7594: 5434:

Ooi 1998, 608. A second rescript was issued to Japan's armed forces on 17 August; it is unclear at what stage this would have been received and disseminated at Batu Lintang camp

3315:

this order, but were left to decide themselves what course of action to take. Realising its importance in keeping up camp morale, they decided to keep the radio, saying that "

2752:

for officers and NCOs and 10 cents a day for other ranks. As time went on, the working parties became smaller, as there was a lack of available men due to sickness and death.

3516:". Further supplies were dropped daily; tragedy struck on 7 September when a male civilian internee was hit and killed by a storpedo that had broken free from its parachute. 2793:

emerged in which the main merchants were a Dutch-Indonesian couple, who obtained goods from a Japanese guard and sold them for a profit to those with cash or tradable goods.

2366:

were not interned in the camp, although some were imprisoned in Kuching gaol. Allied civilian prisoners came almost exclusively from different territories on Borneo: from

3792:

in Canberra, Australia holds a large archive of material related to the camp, much of which is accessible on the AWM website in the collections databases. In England, the

2697:

The trying conditions of life under internment at Batu Lintang camp tested to the limits of the human struggle for survival. Food shortages, diseases and sickness, death,

3800:

in Oxford. Many of the personal recollections held at the latter two repositories are reproduced in the 1998 publication by Keat Gin Ooi (see below for full reference).

3556:

equipped with the best medical equipment obtainable ... there would be no working parties and food would be plentiful ... the sick men would be especially well cared for

3566:

and elsewhere, was to have been undertaken by those male prisoners physically able to undertake it; other prisoners were to be executed by various methods in the camp:

2966:

On 30 August 1945, after Suga had officially informed the prisoners of the Japanese surrender but before the liberation of the camp, Hilda Bates visited the sick POWs:

6966: 5364:, was made at noon on 15 August. However, the Japanese Suzuki government had indicated the surrender on August 14, by notifying the Allied forces that it accepted the 3781:

in April 1946, together with two wooden memorial plaques. After the deconsecration of the church and their temporary loss, in 1993 the flag and plaques were housed in

3704:

1,000 for him, a massive sum of money for the time, which Beckett intended to use to set up a wireless business in London, his hometown. Beckett was later awarded the

6760:

Tea towel signed by the female internees in the camp, and by some of the Japanese staff, including Lt.-Col. Suga, and embroidered over by Mrs Catherine Craig Kidd.

4009: 2422: 8379: 8686: 2996:

Brutality by the guards was another factor that damaged the health of many of the prisoners. Hilda Bates described the guards' treatment of the male prisoners: "

6165:

Lintang Camp: Official Documents from the Records of The Civilian Internment Camp (No 1 Camp) at Lintang, Kuching, Sarawak, During the Years 1942–1943–1944–1945

9118: 9098: 1851: 3038:

Private J. M. Curry, who was cook at the Australian Officers' camp, wearing the loincloth issued to him by the Japanese, his sole clothing issue in two years.

8409: 6959: 6106: 3262:

The radio was first used on the night of 24 February 1943, as radio reception was better in the evening. Some of the news was bewildering to the prisoners: "

2935:

morning recently I awoke and discovered to my horror that my sight had become very dim. Later I realised this was due to vitamin deficiency in our poor diet.

3827: 3002:

One male internee was paralysed for a week following Japanese brutality, simply because he had not made his bow in what the Japs considered a proper manner

8429: 8141: 3668:

the main square of the camp to witness Eastick accept the sword of Suga. The Japanese finally learned of the existence of the radio in a dramatic fashion:

2902:

Captain Anderson, a severely emaciated British officer, in Kuching Civil Hospital five days after his liberation from Batu Lintang camp. With him is Major

1781: 6310:. A biography of Dr James P. Taylor, Principal Medical Officer in North Borneo when the Japanese invaded. His wife Celia was in the female civilians' camp 3777:

which had been draped over the coffins of prisoners of war at the camp, and which had been raised in the camp on the Japanese capitulation, was placed in

2998:

Their favourite methods of punishment are either kicking below the waist with their heavy army boots, face slapping or striking the head with a rifle butt

2703:" The civilian internees were treated less harshly than the POWs; of those POWs, the other ranks were subjected to far worse treatment than the officers. 2805:

sweepings from the quartermaster's store floor (other edible food scraps being too precious to use). Those which were female provided much-needed eggs.

8613: 6357:

London: Michael Joseph (Mermaid Books). Originally published in 1947 by Little Brown and Company, Boston, Mass. Keith was in the female civilians' camp

5833: 3514:

groups of internees. All sorts of what we had thought of as luxuries arrived; such as sugar, sweets, milk, bundles of clothing, and even fashion books!

3297:

Events appeared to have been moving with unseemly haste during our enforced breaks from the news broadcasts. listened to names we had never heard of.

3140:

My aunt told me later that she had never felt as downhearted about my fate as when she received that card. She said that obviously I had lost my mind."

1901: 2394:, prior to their transfer to Batu Lintang. The camp officially opened on 15 August 1942, at which time a commemoration stone was erected at the camp. 8354: 1721: 3593:

Revised orders for the execution on 15 September 1945 of all the internees were also found, this time in the Administration Office at Batu Lintang:

52: 8229: 3657: 1220: 226: 6285:

Ithaca, New York: Cornell University (Data Paper 114, Southeast Asia Program, Department of Asian Studies) Digby was in the male civilians' camp

3839: 1385: 6664:"Typical Malnutrition Cases: Australian and British Prisoners of War just released from Lintang Barracks, Kuching, Borneo 16 September 1945" by 2409:(left) and Lt.-Col. A. W. Walsh (centre) shortly after the liberation of Batu Lintang on 11 September 1945. Suga killed himself five days later. 9123: 8699: 2903: 2335:

The barracks were built by the Sarawak Government in early 1941, when Britain, in agreement with the Rajah of Sarawak, sent the 2nd Battalion,

1478: 8864: 7416: 3684:

The following day, Suga, together with Captain Nagata and Dr Yamamoto, were flown to the Australian base on Labuan, to await their trials as

2230: 6888: 4266: 2603:

Soldiers from 2nd/15th Punjab Regiment were interned at Batu Lintang. The Indian POWs were housed in two huts, with no land for cultivation.

2285:. The camp, which operated from March 1942 until the liberation of the camp in September 1945, was housed in buildings that were originally 9113: 6714: 2520:

which housed 30–100 people. A barrack master was appointed for each building. The camp and barrack masters were appointed by Colonel Suga.

1761: 6815: 6719: 6234:

San Francisco: privately printed (first printing 1946). Colley was in the male civilians' camp; his wife was in the female civilians' camp

3656:. At 14:35 on 11 September, Eastick accepted the surrender of the Japanese forces in the Kuching area from their commander, Major-General 2469:

were held at the camp. Contact between the inhabitants of the different compounds was forbidden and transgressors were severely punished.

8267: 7459: 7439: 7111: 7028: 3622:

The camp was liberated on 11 September 1945, four days before the revised proposed execution date of over 2,000 men, women and children.

3338:

chapter 15, verses 9 and 10, which refer to pursuing, overtaking and destroying the enemy, and the sea. News of the bombing of London by

2320:

In July 1948, a teachers' training college moved to the site, where it continues to this day, the oldest such establishment in Malaysia.

1801: 1315: 6736:, "Family" section, pp 4–5, 1 March 2014. (The online version of the article is titled "My mother was Emperor Hirohito's poster child"). 5753: 3362: 3692:

taken to Kuching Civil Hospital, which had been entirely refitted by the Australians since serving as the Japanese military hospital.

3209:

The construction of the radio was ordered by Russell. He and some 1150 other POWs had arrived at Batu Lintang on 13 October 1942 from

2982:

internment, we women had begged to be allowed to nurse the soldiers, but the Japanese refused our offer, saying this would be indecent

5819: 3730:

their hands. A lunch of fried rice, fish, vegetable and dried fruit was shown to me. This, I was told, was just an ordinary sample."

3415: 2115: 2011: 3863: 8664: 6630: 6580:

Australia in the War 1939–1945 Series 5 (Medical), Volume 2. Canberra: Australian War Memorial (1962 reprint online in PDF form at

3695:

On 12 September, a thanksgiving service was held in the camp, led by two Australian chaplains from the liberating force and Bishop

1468: 1031: 1027: 6674:"British Prisoners-of-War after Rescue from Kuching, Borneo" by Tony Rafty. Imperial War Museum, Catalogue No. Art.IWM ART LD 5885 5057: 5032: 3063:

Prisoners were able to buy a small range of provisions from their captors at Japanese prices, which escalated as the war went on.

2988:

On his release, L. E. Morris, who was one of the "healthy" prisoners, weighed five stone, three pounds (73 lb (33 kg)).

9128: 8557: 7411: 7023: 6220:(Originally published in 1990, same ISBN). Bell was in the British officers' camp; his wife published his account after his death 1731: 8712: 6729: 8606: 7232: 7222: 8647: 8204: 7320: 7270: 7237: 6485:

Japanese Empire in the Tropics: Selected Documents and Reports of the Japanese Period in Sarawak, Northwest Borneo, 1941–1945

6364:

Boston, Mass: Little Brown and Company Semi-autobiographical novel based on Keith's time in Borneo, including her internment

6246: 6033:

Japanese Empire in the Tropics: Selected Documents and Reports of the Japanese Period in Sarawak, Northwest Borneo, 1941–1945

2120: 900: 6480:

Dublin: Michael F. Moynihan Account of O'Connor's time in Malaya, including Batu Lintang. He was in the male civilians' camp

2813:

A camp hospital was set up and run by a Japanese medical officer, Dr. Yamamoto. The prisoners believed that his policy was "

8669: 7938: 7923: 7652: 7604: 7534: 7083: 6778: 6295:

Printed in Malaysia, no publisher details or ISBN. Contains an account by J. R. Baxter, who was in the male civilians' camp

2091: 1861: 1435: 1365: 1170: 6833: 5268:

years' imprisonment. Le Gros Clark was amongst the five men of the nine at the trial who were murdered by the Japanese at

3319:", according to Pepler. Steps to safeguard the civilian internees were undertaken by cutting off news to their compounds. 35: 7738: 6707: 6174:

Compiled and edited by Vernon L. Porritt Special Issue of the Department of South-East Asian Studies, University of Hull

1891: 1741: 1661: 1415: 1120: 8694: 6905: 8950: 8642: 8224: 8026: 7444: 6757: 6700: 3396: 3194: 2481: 581: 8599: 7733: 7454: 7217: 7162: 6617: 6609: 6595: 6549: 6521: 6492: 6470: 6455: 6430: 6416: 6376: 6343: 6307: 6275: 6260: 6217: 6200: 6179: 6157: 6040: 5897: 5876: 5855: 3083:

The Japanese currency (the "camp dollars") was used by the prisoners illicitly to purchase supplies from the locals.

2763:

Only 30 men were fit enough to attend the final work parties in 1945; the rest were either too ill, or already dead.

2737: 2223: 1881: 1375: 8921: 8800: 8652: 8086: 7599: 7499: 7345: 6951: 6627:

Australia in the War 1939–1945 Series 1 (Army), Volume 4. Canberra: Australian War Memorial (Online in PDF form at

6487:

Ohio University Center for International Studies, Monographs in International Studies, SE Asia Series 101 (2 vols)

6440:

Australia in the War 1939–1945 Series 1 (Army), Volume 7. Canberra: Australian War Memorial (Online in PDF form at

6035:

Ohio University Center for International Studies, Monographs in International Studies, SE Asia Series 101 (2 vols)

3796:

in London also houses material about the camp, as does the Bodleian Library of Commonwealth and African Studies at

3520: 3206:

This had been constructed from scavenged and bartered parts. A generator was later constructed to power the radio.

2836:

The camp hospital and mortuary. In the right foreground is a stack of coffins. These had hinged bottoms for re-use.

1931: 1911: 1611: 1160: 1055: 922: 6110: 1395: 144:

Allied POWs and civilian internees (mostly British, Australian and Dutch; a few Indonesian, American and Canadian)

9067: 8928: 7773: 7167: 6172:

Glimpses of Sarawak Between 1912 & 1946: Autobiographical Extracts & Articles of an Officer of the Rajahs

3966: 3688:. Suga committed suicide there on 16 September. Nagata and Yamamoto were later tried, found guilty and executed. 2727:

POWs and male civilian internees were forced to work as stevedores and in timber yards at Kuching harbour on the

1791: 1448: 1425: 1285: 1150: 561: 8741: 6897: 8998: 8822: 8746: 7928: 7758: 7647: 7609: 7559: 7340: 7295: 7053: 6642:

Reassessing the Japanese prisoner of war and internment experience: the Lintang Camp, Kuching, Sarawak, 1942–45

5361: 3851: 3470:, General Officer Commanding, 9th Division, they informed the prisoners of the surrender of Japan, and stated " 2628: 2175: 2051: 2041: 2021: 1991: 1641: 1631: 6901: 6644:

Cambridge: M. Phil. dissertation (copy held in the Seeley Library, University of Cambridge Faculty of History)

5964: 5932: 3504:

Stores in long canisters (known by the aircraftmen as "storpedos") were first parachuted into the camp from a

3118:

I decided that were all so obvious that my people would know they were propaganda. I sent the following card:

8827: 8537: 7743: 7489: 7335: 7177: 7063: 3370: 2001: 1841: 1771: 1671: 1530: 1458: 1275: 896: 706: 5922:

Derek Round and Kenelm Digby (2002). Barbed Wire Between Us: A Story of Love and War. Random House, Auckland

3815: 3715:

Ex-internee children inspecting the RAAF Douglas Dakota C-47 on which they were to be transferred to Labuan.

3531:, commander of Kuching Force—a detachment from the 9th Division—flew to the mouth of the Sarawak River in a 9039: 8973: 8854: 8795: 8317: 8297: 7948: 7933: 7672: 7300: 7207: 7187: 7033: 6761: 5909: 3956: 2648: 2216: 2140: 2125: 2081: 2031: 1941: 1871: 1621: 1541: 1130: 1041: 840: 155: 3488:

On the six foot torpedo was printed the word BREAD ... spelled BREAD, but it meant, YOU ARE NOT FORGOTTEN

3072:

were in demand by the Japanese guards. Such was the desperation of the prisoners towards the end of their

2849:

family who lived nearby and were assisting in the provision of materials for the construction of a radio.

175: 9108: 8547: 8464: 8389: 8071: 7996: 7529: 7469: 7464: 7227: 7197: 7068: 7048: 6909: 5700: 3920: 3754:'s time in the camp, was published in 1947. It was later made into a feature film of the same name, with 2130: 1961: 1951: 1581: 1255: 551: 6869: 6865: 3618:

Sick and weak left at Batu Lintang main camp to be bayoneted and the entire camp to be destroyed by fire

3407:

aircraft on oil and petrol dumps near to the camp. Liberation still seemed a remote prospect, however: "

8960: 8869: 8522: 8469: 8444: 8439: 8424: 8359: 7943: 7848: 7763: 7753: 7642: 7479: 7350: 6677: 5488:

Bell 113; Ooi 1998, 618; Keith 182. Although sources vary, the most likely date appears to be 24 August

3505: 3076:

that two soldiers disinterred a recently buried body in order to retrieve the dead man's wedding ring.

2505: 2347: 2061: 1921: 1651: 1140: 666: 6856: 2954:

I was horrified to see their condition. Some had formerly been strong men of twelve to fourteen stone

2589:

kept in grossly over-crowded barracks, with inadequate kitchen, lighting, water and sanitary services.

2530:

plantation, and some of the trees remained inside the compounds, providing a limited amount of shade.

8414: 8327: 8322: 8076: 8041: 7116: 6930: 6410:

From an Army Camp to a Teacher College: A History of Batu Lintang Teachers' College, Kuching, Sarawak

3892: 3778: 3326:. Pringle recorded how, once again, the news brought unfamiliar names to the prisoners' attention: "' 3279: 2592: 656: 6655: 5798: 3426:

on 9 August precipitated the abrupt end of the war. On 15 August 1945, Japan announced its official

3145:

Sacks of undelivered mail both to and from the prisoners were discovered in the camp on liberation.

8933: 8842: 8837: 8679: 8567: 8552: 8517: 8349: 8214: 8184: 8174: 8046: 7918: 7888: 7579: 7564: 7393: 7134: 7078: 5377: 3392: 3389: 3349:

on 7 May 1945 was similarly cryptically relayed at a funeral by the padre. This time the verse was

2477: 2438: 2309: 1831: 1751: 1591: 1180: 850: 616: 442: 6327:(1976) "The Lintang Camp: Reminiscences of an Internee during the Japanese Occupation, 1942–1945" 5945:

Horton, A. V. M. (ed) Bornean Diaries 1938–1942 I. H. N. Evans Borneo Research Council Monograph 6

3053:

The soldiers received shorts, shoes, and blankets with instructions not to appear naked in future!

3012:

Prisoners suspected of more serious misdemeanours were taken by the Japanese military police, the

9103: 8965: 8916: 8768: 8434: 8287: 8194: 8169: 7981: 7913: 7494: 7484: 7449: 7421: 7365: 7275: 7202: 7172: 7101: 7073: 7058: 6715:

A roll book kept in the British Other Ranks' compound and now in the National Museums of Scotland

4270: 3996: 3990: 3789: 3290:

Leonard Beckett showing the radio to Brigadier T. C. Eastick and A. W. Walsh on 11 September 1945

3268:? He seems to be the man we ought to have had in charge from the very beginning. A real live wire 2957:

in weight, but were now reduced to mere shadows of themselves, and weighed less than eight stone

2866:

appearing as a secondary infection of a skin disease—were a common medical complaint, along with

2489: 2336: 2332:

from the sea; the camp was situated some 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the southeast of Kuching.

2165: 2135: 2071: 1981: 1561: 1320: 1295: 1045: 6792: 3881:'Punjabi Barracks', a reconstructed building. Currently the oldest building in the camp grounds. 3543:

camp, only seven hundred and fifty survived and of these well over six hundred were chronic sick

9019: 8993: 8955: 8832: 8790: 8783: 8474: 8449: 8404: 8394: 8307: 8292: 8252: 8056: 7898: 7768: 7355: 7265: 7260: 6824: 6687: 6380: 5780: 3904: 3738:

By June–July 1946, the bodies in the cemetery at Batu Lintang had been exhumed and reburied in

3563: 3385: 3251:

security proceedings to protect the radio were put in place, including a network of look-outs.

2636: 2611:

Indonesian soldiers were housed in a small compound close to the British other ranks' compound.

2466: 2275: 1711: 1681: 982: 830: 756: 716: 6331:

2, 33–47. Howes was a Church of England priest in Sarawak, and was in the male civilians' camp

6263:(also published by Stewart Books, Ontario, Canada). Darch was in the British other ranks' camp 3634:

Eastick addressing part of the parade at the surrender ceremony at the camp, 11 September 1945

8492: 8454: 8364: 8219: 8036: 7883: 7868: 7816: 7677: 7619: 7614: 7574: 7554: 7549: 7509: 7305: 6684:, and the command "Be faithful". It is now housed at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. 6526:

St. John-Jones, L. W. (2004) "The Kuching Prisoner-of-War Camp 1944–45: Heroism and Tragedy"

6205: 6160:(A 2008 reprint with expanded final chapter has been published by Hong Kong University Press) 6009:

Moo-Tan, Stella (2002). "A Portrait of Agnes Newton Keith: Noted Author, Survivor, Heroine".

5757: 3898: 3639: 3447: 3404: 3156: 3000:". Failure to bow properly to a guard was a common cause of a beating. Hilda Bates wrote of " 2719:

The male civilian internees' regulations (prepared by the internees themselves) stated that "

2652: 2542:

One of the barracks in the Australian officers' camp. This building housed about 60 officers.

2391: 1971: 1488: 1200: 942: 6788: 3051:

Prior to their liberation, supplies were dropped by the Australians. Hilda Bates recorded: "

2948:

In May 1945 Hilda Bates met some of the male civilian internees at the funeral of a friend:

8889: 8761: 8572: 8419: 8369: 8302: 8257: 8209: 8164: 7953: 7863: 7821: 7662: 7624: 7383: 7290: 7242: 7212: 3978: 3705: 3378: 3323: 3298: 2492:(Indonesian) KNIL soldiers. The British and Australian personnel had mostly been sent from 2418: 1601: 1526: 1405: 1305: 1075: 820: 528: 187: 6878: 3200: 2579:

This was without sufficient land for cultivation. The Officer in Charge was Lt.-Col. Mars.

8: 9031: 9011: 8817: 8622: 8459: 8399: 8384: 8374: 8312: 8199: 7903: 7873: 7858: 7806: 7687: 7504: 7388: 7315: 7285: 7280: 7192: 7144: 7043: 6746:, an article commissioned by the Dangerous Women Project and published on 18 January 2017 6150:

The Internment of Western Civilians under the Japanese 1941–45, A Patchwork of Internment

6117: 5996: 3916: 3793: 3739: 3650: 3243: 2501: 2375: 2340: 2286: 952: 646: 164: 6628: 6581: 9052: 9047: 8943: 8938: 8879: 8810: 8805: 8674: 8527: 8512: 8502: 8282: 8066: 7682: 7667: 7330: 7310: 6348: 5356:

Ooi 1998, 607–608, 614–616. The official surrender broadcast, a pre-recorded speech by

5061: 5036: 3944: 3751: 3491: 3427: 3423: 3400: 3265: 2665: 2473: 2305: 2187: 870: 790: 606: 538: 384: 250: 6671: 6661: 6064: 8736: 8159: 8011: 8006: 7569: 7544: 7539: 7524: 7360: 6678:

Photograph of the stone which commemorated the opening of the camp on 15 August 1942.

6613: 6605: 6591: 6545: 6517: 6505:

Purden, Ivor M. (1989) "Japanese P.O.W. Camps in Borneo" in Neville Watterson (1989)

6488: 6466: 6451: 6426: 6412: 6372: 6339: 6303: 6271: 6256: 6242: 6213: 6196: 6175: 6153: 6036: 5893: 5872: 5851: 5365: 3999:, later a centenarian and last surviving veteran of the Royal Flying Corps (internee) 3755: 3451: 2733: 2170: 1210: 1085: 475: 465: 364: 6981: 6739: 9024: 8849: 8773: 8731: 8721: 8234: 7908: 7853: 7843: 7692: 6918: 6843: 6801: 6288: 5357: 3782: 3329: 3229: 3164:

books donated by the internees and some from the civilian library in Kuching town.

2846: 2782: 2485: 2454: 2434: 2379: 2363: 2271: 2182: 2160: 1701: 1551: 1355: 1002: 912: 860: 726: 571: 485: 374: 321: 6726:

about her mother and maternal grandparents who were civilian internees in the camp

8657: 8497: 8272: 8189: 8179: 8081: 7976: 7801: 7474: 7375: 6634: 6602:

Borneo: The Japanese P.O.W. Camps – Mail of the Forces, P.O.W. and Internees

6573: 6507:

Borneo: The Japanese P.O.W. Camps – Mail of the Forces, P.O.W. and Internees

6441: 6353: 5969: 5373: 3972: 3910: 3767: 3746: 3496: 3302: 3148: 2912: 2859: 2822: 2701:, harsh treatment, and deplorable living quarters were daily occurrences in camp. 2278: 2267: 2206: 1691: 1571: 1345: 1245: 810: 515: 505: 452: 429: 100: 4238:

Wigmore (1957) 599 who gives the figure as 169 (149 officers and 20 other ranks)

3043:

constructed a new pair from them by glueing together the constituent parts with

8909: 8894: 8136: 7991: 7878: 7697: 6805: 3938: 3926: 3759: 3701: 3696: 3528: 3467: 3374: 3350: 3335: 3069: 2736:

mine, and used POWs to construct access roads. Such work was prohibited by the

2493: 2406: 2351: 932: 780: 776: 696: 636: 495: 6749: 6278:

Johnstone, an Australian serving in the RAF, was in the British officers' camp

9092: 8904: 8778: 8626: 8562: 8484: 8109: 7986: 7963: 7811: 7796: 7748: 6996: 3932: 3722: 3685: 3508: 3234: 3210: 3104:, 1943. Occasional, irregular meetings were allowed between married couples. 3101: 2728: 2698: 2329: 2298: 1811: 1516: 1065: 676: 626: 351: 67: 54: 4176:

locations over the period of the operation of the camp. (Ooi 1998, 139, 317)

3554:

feared the worst, especially when he promised the unlikely idyll of a camp "

3224:

Leonard Beckett with the radio (the "Old Lady") and the generator ("Ginnie")

9003: 8751: 8591: 8542: 8061: 8021: 7778: 7589: 7584: 7182: 7154: 7139: 7106: 7038: 6743: 6681: 3984: 3797: 3649:, with Eastick and staff officers on board, sailed for Kuching, along with 3643: 3532: 3064: 2790: 2692: 2414: 2402: 2367: 2293:

Life in the camp was harsh, with POWs and internees alike forced to endure

1265: 1190: 1095: 992: 800: 3018:, for interrogation at the former Sarawak Police headquarters in Kuching. 8277: 7715: 7519: 6537:

19, no 4, April 1947, 301–310. Smallfield was in the male civilians' camp

6324: 3950: 3763: 3583:

All sick unable to walk to be treated similarly in the Square at Kuching

3439: 3256: 3091: 2974: 2942: 2639:. At liberation, there were 395 civilian men, which included the priests. 2527: 2512:, British civilians (including children), and British and Dutch Catholic 2509: 2442: 197: 3573:

All POWs and male internees to be marched to a camp at milestone 21 and

3095:

Postcards sent home to England by a civilian internee couple, 5 May 1943

8983: 8859: 8532: 8262: 8016: 8001: 7971: 7893: 7788: 7657: 7514: 6665: 6186:"Caesar's Ghost!": Maurie Arvier's story of war, captivity and survival 6143:

A study of civilian internment by the Japanese in the Far East, 1941–45

3833:

Remains of the Japanese flagpole at the site of Lt.-Col. Suga's office.

3774: 3112:

sentence in addition to the 25 permitted words of free text. She wrote:

3109: 3080:

outside the camp netted foodstuffs such as a chicken or eggs or fruit.

3073: 2941:

By the end of their third year of internment, most women suffered from

2863: 2387: 2355: 2282: 1821: 962: 736: 686: 341: 296: 237: 115:

Early 1941 as military barracks; expanded significantly by the Japanese

6935: 6857:

Couple who met at Batu Lintang and married soon after their liberation

3442:

aircraft which flew over to drop leaflets announcing Japan's surrender

2922:

we began to realise that we must now begin a real fight for existence.

2386:, all of which were under British control, and from Dutch Borneo (now 2308:

on 15 August 1945, the camp was liberated on 11 September 1945 by the

7325: 6946: 6268:

To Sandakan: The Diaries of Charlie Johnstone Prisoner of War 1942–45

5834:"Memorial held at former WWII prisoner camp in Batu Lintang, Sarawak" 5369: 3419: 3014: 2875: 2867: 2801: 2497: 2462: 2446: 2426: 2313: 766: 746: 404: 394: 261: 6448:

Captain Jack Surveyor and Engineer: The autobiography of John Mackie

5848:

The Most Offending Soul Alive: Tom Harrisson and His Remarkable Life

2297:, disease and sickness for which scant medicine was made available, 8031: 7725: 7126: 6983: 6225:

The Chronicle: A Quarterly Report Of The Borneo Mission Association

6136:

The Chronicle: A Quarterly Report Of The Borneo Mission Association

6084:, ed. A.V. M. Horton, Borneo Research Council Monograph Series No 6 5269: 3125:'Seven communications sent. Seven received. Health moderate. George 2745: 2744:

that used the runways; however, this happened only once as the men

2741: 2619:

Priests waiting to welcome the liberating forces, 11 September 1945

2568: 2516:. There were a handful of Chinese and Eurasian civilian internees. 2430: 210: 6808:

Same article but both have small amounts of additional information

6473:

Accounts of six Australian officers and a female civilian internee

6188:

Launceston, Tasmania. Arvier was in the Australian officers' camp

3536:

Eastick with complete nominal rolls of all compounds in the camp.

8756: 8244: 7252: 5954:

Obituary of I. H. N. Evans in Sarawak Museum Journal 8 (2), 18–19

3574: 3346: 3019: 2883: 2871: 2757: 2450: 2383: 2259: 2255: 6193:

Don't worry about me: Wartime letters of the 8th Division A.I.F.

3434: 2354:; invasion was completed by 23 January 1942 when they landed at 8899: 8128: 7707: 7431: 7403: 3960: 2978: 2879: 2371: 2294: 2263: 1335: 972: 331: 6495:

Contains many accounts by British POWs and civilian internees.

3600:

Women internees, children and nuns – to be given poisoned rice

9059: 8151: 8051: 7634: 7093: 7015: 6423:

Pussy's in the well: Japanese Occupation of Sarawak 1941–1945

5573:

Ooi 1998, 612–614. Quotation from the papers of G. W. Pringle

3486:

Preparing to drop a storpedo into the camp, 30 August 1945. "

3044: 6942:

COFEPOW (Children and Families of Far East Prisoners of War)

6941: 6450:

Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Institute of Surveyors

6329:

Journal of the Malaysian Historical Society (Sarawak Branch)

5272:

aerodrome some time in June or July 1945 (Ooi 1998, 549–560)

3711: 3630: 3482: 3286: 3220: 3172: 3034: 2898: 2832: 2771: 2615: 2538: 2488:, British Indian Army (2nd/15th Punjab Regiment) personnel, 2397: 6881:

The webpage is mainly about Harold's brother, O. C. McManus

5380:(1937–1945) and so broadcast pro-Allied news and propaganda 3929:, anthropologist, ethnographer and archaeologist (internee) 3366: 3310:

In June 1944, Le Gros Clark was taken from the camp by the

3214: 6931:

Batu Lintang Teachers' Training College website (in Malay)

5820:"Batu Lintang Wartime Memorial Square officially unveiled" 4985:

Ooi 1998, 335, 367, 389, AWM photographs 118566 and 118567

4162: 4160: 4158: 4131:

Keith 180; Australian War Memorial (AWM) photograph 120332

3923:

and later Attorney General and judge in Sarawak (internee)

2911:

contained 1.5 ounces (44 grams) of protein and had a

6533:

Smallfield, E. J. (1947) "Internment Under the Japanese"

5933:"Kenelm Hubert Digby. (Memorials). – Free Online Library" 5636:

Ooi 1998, 620; quotation from the papers of G. W. Pringle

4010:

List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II

3339: 2513: 6982:

Historical buildings, memorials, monuments and sites in

6680:

The stone bears the name of the camp commander, Colonel

6668:. Imperial War Museum, Catalogue No. Art.IWM ART LD 5884 5794: 3664:. Later that day the Australian occupying force landed. 2504:, whereas the KNIL soldiers and the Punjab Regiment had 6403:

The War Against Japan. Volume 5: The Surrender of Japan

6253:

Survival in Japanese POW Camps with Changkol and Basket

4155: 3845:

Japanese monument at the main road leading to the camp.

2915:

of 1600. J. L. Noakes, a male civilian internee wrote:

2660:

Female civilian internees (including nuns) and children

6433:

Some accounts, many photographs and some nominal rolls

6392:

The War Against Japan. Volume 1: The Loss of Singapore

6134:

Anonymous (1944) "Kuching Internment Camp, July 1943"

6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 5609:

Long 563; AWM photographs 041062-041071, 116168-116175

3807: 3606:

Internee men and Catholic Fathers to be shot and burnt

3511:

on 30 August. A female internee, Hilda Bates, wrote: "

3058: 2413:

The camp commandant was Lieutenant-Colonel (Lt.-Col.)

6936:

Borneo POW Relatives Association of Western Australia

6223:

Brown, D. A. D. (1946) "Reminiscences of Internment"

2748:

the operation by adding urine and water to the fuel.

2350:

in mid December 1941, landing on the west coast near

16:

Japanese-run WWII internment camp in Kuching, Sarawak

6321:

Sydney: H. S. Clayton. Edition limited to 338 copies

6293:

Sabah (North Borneo) Under the Rising Sun Government

6163:

Archer, John Belville (1946) (collected and edited)

5985:

150 Years of the Anglican Church in Borneo 1848–1998

3993:, colonial administrator and ethnographer (internee) 3589:

All women and children to be burnt in their barracks

2821:". Lionel E. Morris, a sapper with the British Army 2328:

Kuching lies some 35 kilometres (22 mi) up the

6656:

Plan of the camp, one of several different versions

6016: 4082:

Kirby 1969, Appendix 30; Lim 1995, 19; Lim 2005, 34

3399:(SRD) and their local allies. This was followed by 3322:That same month the prisoners received news of the 3201:

The radio (the "Old Lady") and generator ("Ginnie")

2668:. Their quarters were described by an internee as " 6889:Short account. Mockridge was initially at Sandakan 3941:, Anglican Bishop of Labuan and Sarawak (internee) 3612:POWs to be marched into the jungle, shot and burnt 3388:was launched on 1 May 1945, with a brigade of the 3356: 2465:and British soldiers who were later to die on the 6740:Quietly Dangerous: How My Grandmother Won the War 6730:"How the Japanese used my Family" by Sarah Hilary 6145:Essex: B. Archer (University of Essex PhD thesis) 5777:Rev Brian Taylor, 2006, "Lintang Camp memorials" 5343: 5341: 5227: 5225: 5170: 5168: 131:Converted into Teachers' Training College in 1947 9090: 6514:Masa Jepun: Sarawak under the Japanese 1941–1945 6239:Defying the Odds. Surviving Sandakan and Kuching 4852: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4792: 4790: 4771: 4769: 4741: 4739: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4513: 4511: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4118: 4116: 3935:, writer, director and producer (child internee) 6425:Kuching, Sarawak: Research and Resource Centre 5528:Long 562–563; AWM photographs OG3454 and OG3455 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 3523:was signed on 2 September ending World War II. 3176:A section of the cemetery at Batu Lintang camp. 3022:was a common method of extracting information. 6662:Sketch of malnutrition cases from Batu Lintang 6555:Taylor, Brian (2006) "Lintang Camp Memorials" 6302:Carlisle, Western Australia: Hesperian Press. 5338: 5222: 5165: 4918: 4916: 3403:on 10 June. In early July, a raid was made by 3317:we might as well be hung for a sheep as a lamb 9119:Military history of Japan during World War II 9099:Japanese prisoner of war and internment camps 8865:Sabah State Water Department corruption probe 8607: 8230:St. Michael's and All Angels Church, Sandakan 7417:Sri Marathandavar Bala Dhandayuthapani Alayam 6967: 6672:Sketch of hospitalised POWs from Batu Lintang 6562:Torrens, Alexandra (1998) "Borneo burlesque" 6319:Borneo Burlesque: Comic Tragedy/Tragic Comedy 6212:(revised edition) Cambridge: Elisabeth Bell. 5871:(revised edition) Cambridge: Elisabeth Bell. 4847: 4835: 4787: 4766: 4736: 4631: 4619: 4508: 4197: 4113: 3886: 2526:The camp included areas that had once been a 2224: 8621: 6604:(published in two parts by W. N. Watterson) 6191:Arvier, Robyn (collected and edited) (2004) 4042: 3869:Plaque of the Prisoner of War camp memorial. 2323: 6947:FEPOW (Far East Prisoners of War) Community 6855:(British serviceman and civilian internee) 6516:Kuching, Sarawak: Sarawak Literary Society 6500:Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 6270:St Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin. 4913: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4148: 4146: 3969:, doctor, writer and broadcaster (internee) 2841:under the care of Lt.-Col. E. M. Sheppard. 2508:. The civilian internees were mostly Dutch 2421:and internees' camps in Borneo; there were 8614: 8600: 6974: 6960: 6938:Parts of the site still under construction 6781:Scroll down to near the bottom of the page 5060:. AII POW-MIA InterNetwork. Archived from 5035:. AII POW-MIA InterNetwork. Archived from 4035: 4033: 3959:, Secretary of Sarawak, and translator of 3895:, naturalist and museum curator (internee) 2827:never attended to ... sick or diseased men 2231: 2217: 8828:Cross border attacks from the Philippines 6552:Southwell was in the male civilians' camp 6082:Bornean Diaries 1938–1942: I. H. N. Evans 6052:The More Fool I: A Piece of Autobiography 5879:(Originally published in 1990, same ISBN) 5850:. University of Hawai'i Press: Honolulu. 3953:, forester and plant collector (internee) 3625: 2686: 8350:Bronze Globe of Tanjung Simpang Mengayau 7112:Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah Gallery 6458:Mackie was in the British officers' camp 4348: 4143: 3710: 3629: 3481: 3433: 3285: 3219: 3171: 3090: 3033: 2897: 2831: 2770: 2710: 2624:Roman Catholic priests and religious men 2614: 2537: 2396: 2274:. It was unusual in that it housed both 7024:Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Glass Temple 5701:"Reference at www.london-gazette.co.uk" 4185:Ooi 1998, 320–321, 384–385; Wigmore 596 4030: 3674:The Australian Commander, Major General 3381:regularly attacked targets in Kuching. 2674:they had a reason area for cultivation. 1802:1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak 9091: 3740:the military cemetery on Labuan island 9124:Japanese war crimes in British Borneo 8595: 8205:Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kota Kinabalu 8107: 7321:Proclamation of Independence Memorial 6994: 6955: 6768: 6753:full movie (now in the public domain) 6383:, who was in the male civilians' camp 5090:Ooi 1998, 358, 441, 457, 516–517, 549 3981:, Governor of North Borneo (internee) 3422:on 6 August 1945 followed by that of 2644:Male civilian internees and some boys 2631:friars, 5 Mountfort missionaries, 22 2472:The main groups of POWs were British 7084:Sultanah Fatimah Specialist Hospital 6590:Mona Vale, NSW, Australia: Don Wall 6232:Manila, Kuching and return 1941–1945 6167:. Published as a pamphlet March 1946 6115:"Great War veteran dies aged 107"], 3963:from Chinese into English (internee) 3373:. The first Allied planes, 15 USAAF 2092:2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack 9114:Buildings and structures in Sarawak 8700:2021 federal constitution amendment 8687:2019 federal constitution amendment 7739:Church of Our Lady of Lourdes Klang 7460:Church of the Immaculate Conception 7440:Arulmigu Balathandayuthapani Temple 7029:Church of the Immaculate Conception 6834:The use of maggots to clean a wound 6600:Watterson, W. N. (1989) and (1994) 6544:Calgary, Canada: Astana Publishing 6336:In a Fair Ground or Cibus Cassowari 3987:, colonial administrator (internee) 3975:, World War I flying ace (internee) 3808:Batu Lintang in March 2007: gallery 3059:Purchasing, bartering and smuggling 1892:2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia 13: 8951:1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis 8695:2020 Malaysia coronavirus pandemic 6720:"Perspex Crucifix" by Sarah Hilary 6379:. Derwent Kell is the pen name of 6371:Brisbane: Boolarong Publications. 5801:from the original on 18 March 2007 5470:Bell 112; Ooi 1998, 623; Keith 182 5376:'s provisional capital during the 5308:Ooi 1998, 335, 353, 604; Keith 170 3397:Services Reconnaissance Department 3295:reports told of unknown figures: " 3195:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 2482:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 1732:Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire 1652:Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident 174: 14: 9140: 8974:2020 Sarawak coronavirus pandemic 8108: 6995: 6649: 6251:Darch, Ernest G. (Airman) (2000) 6065:"Reference at www.borneopow.info" 6054:Dublin: Michael F. Moynihan, 1954 5654:Long 562; Kirby 1969, Appendix 30 3919:, proposer of the notorious 1933 3184:Hilda Bates wrote in June 1945: " 2691:Life in the camp is summed up by 2417:. Suga was the commandant of all 1902:Attacks against places of worship 8922:Anti-cession movement of Sarawak 8711: 8670:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 8087:Tanjung Tualang Tin Dredge No. 5 7500:Jalan Baru Sri Muniswarar Temple 7346:Straits Chinese Jewellery Museum 6924: 6300:Borneo Surgeon: A Reluctant Hero 6195:Launceston, Tasmania: Bokprint. 6099: 6087: 6074: 6057: 6045: 6003: 5989: 5977: 5957: 5948: 5939: 5925: 5916: 5902: 5882: 5861: 5840: 5826: 5812: 5787: 5771: 5746: 5737: 5728: 5719: 5710: 5693: 5684: 5675: 5666: 5657: 5648: 5639: 5630: 5621: 5612: 5603: 5594: 5585: 5576: 5567: 5558: 5549: 5540: 5531: 5522: 5513: 5504: 5491: 5482: 5473: 5464: 5455: 5446: 5437: 5428: 5419: 5410: 5401: 5392: 5383: 5350: 5329: 5320: 5311: 5302: 5293: 5284: 5275: 5261: 5252: 5243: 5234: 5213: 5204: 5195: 5186: 5177: 5156: 5147: 5138: 5129: 5120: 5111: 5102: 5093: 5084: 5075: 5050: 5024: 5015: 5006: 3874: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3814: 3750:, an account of female internee 2906:, an Australian medical officer. 2635:(Brothers of Huijbergen) and 38 2595:(later 2nd Lt) S. T. Sunderland. 2270:-run internment camp during the 2200: 1862:2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods 34: 8929:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 8870:2020 Sabah coronavirus pandemic 8801:Self-government of North Borneo 8665:British Military Administration 8225:St. Michael's Church, Penampang 7774:Sultan Abdul Aziz Royal Gallery 6866:Near-discovery of the generator 6836:Second article down on the page 6586:Wall, Don (no date, post-1993) 6465:South Melbourne: Lothian Books 5546:Long 563; AWM photograph 115799 4997: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4925: 4904: 4895: 4886: 4877: 4868: 4859: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4799: 4778: 4757: 4748: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4699: 4690: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4645: 4610: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4565: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4520: 4499: 4490: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4427: 4418: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4339: 4330: 4321: 4312: 4303: 4293: 4284: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4228: 4219: 4188: 4179: 4169: 4134: 4125: 3548: 3357:End of the war for Batu Lintang 3004:". E. R. Pepler recorded that " 2893: 2819:a filthy germ-ridden death hole 2600:British Indian Army other ranks 1722:Penang terminal bridge collapse 707:Separation of Perlis from Kedah 9129:1942 establishments in Sarawak 8999:North Borneo Chartered Company 8747:North Borneo Chartered Company 8643:Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888) 7759:Sri Sunderaraja Perumal Temple 7653:Church of St. Anthony of Padua 7560:Penang State Assembly Building 7296:Malay and Islamic World Museum 7054:Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple 6509:(published by W. N. Watterson) 6237:Cunningham, Michele K. (2006) 5983:Peter Mulok Kedit (ed) (1998) 5362:Imperial Rescript on Surrender 4269:. Pim Ligtvoet. Archived from 4103: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4058: 4021: 3857:Prisoner of War camp memorial. 3466:camp. Signed by Major-General 3086: 1632:Campbell Shopping Complex fire 87:POW and civilian internee camp 1: 8022:Fort of Smelly Monitor Lizard 7924:Tomb of Sultan Mahmud Shah II 7595:Sri Aghora Veerapathra Temple 7064:Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque 6559:62(83), 59–62 (December 2006) 6421:Lim, Shau Hua Julitta (2005) 6408:Lim, Shau Hua Julitta (1995) 6241:Lothian Books/Hachette Livre 6230:Colley, George S. Jr. (1951) 6170:Archer, John Belville (1997) 6127: 5681:AWM photographs 118591-118598 5600:Ooi 1998, 648; Keith 183, 206 4967:Bell 1991; Ooi 1998, 349, 369 4505:Evans 1999, 90; Ooi 1998, 288 3461:A pamphlet in English titled 3438:Prisoners waving to the RAAF 3401:landings in Brunei and Labuan 2401:The camp commander, Lt.-Col. 1842:2002 Taman Hillview landslide 897:Japanese occupation of Malaya 356: 215: 9081:Covers the three territories 9040:Crown Colony of North Borneo 8855:1991 Sabah political arrests 8796:Crown Colony of North Borneo 8653:Battle of Borneo (1941–1942) 8318:Tua Pek Kong Temple, Kuching 8298:Sacred Heart Cathedral, Sibu 7997:Chinatown (Kuala Terengganu) 7949:Seri Menanti Royal Mausoleum 7919:Sultan Abdul Samad Mausoleum 7673:Leaning Tower of Teluk Intan 7535:Nattukkottai Chettiar Temple 7470:Eastern & Oriental Hotel 7301:Malaysia Architecture Museum 7271:Church of St. Francis Xavier 7188:Kuala Lumpur railway station 6762:National Museums of Scotland 6758:Female internees' signatures 6540:Southwell, C. Hudson (1999) 6476:O'Connor, Michael P. (1954) 6461:Newman, Carolyn (ed) (2005) 6360:Keith, Agnes Newton (1972) 5099:Ooi 1998, 395, 457, 517, 522 4267:"Netherlands Indies in WWII" 3957:Cyril Drummond Le Gros Clark 3361:In the Allied plans for the 2991: 2817:", and the hospital became " 2563:Australian officers and NCOs 2533: 2392:Berhala Island, North Borneo 2348:invaded the island of Borneo 2304:Following the unconditional 2082:2024 Lumut helicopters crash 2002:Kim Jong-nam's Assassination 1882:Bukit Antarabangsa landslide 1161:North Borneo self-governance 7: 8465:Tawau Japanese War Memorial 8072:Sultan Abdul Halim Hospital 7530:Mahindarama Buddhist Temple 7465:Dhammikarama Burmese Temple 7228:Sultan Abdul Samad Building 7198:National Mosque of Malaysia 7069:Sultan Ibrahim Jamek Mosque 7049:Johor Bahru railway station 6816:The Batu Lintang Union Jack 6266:Dawson, Christopher (1995) 6093:Michael P. O'Connor, 1954, 5892:, Boolarong Publications, 5846:Heimann, Judith M. (1999). 5797:. Australian War Memorial. 4003: 3758:playing the part of Agnes, 3733: 3708:for his work on the radio. 3193:Labuan is cared for by the 3167: 3029: 2556:perhaps the most commodious 1932:Genting Highlands bus crash 1912:Cameron Highlands bus crash 1612:AIA building hostage crisis 1582:Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 1531:Philippine militant attacks 1336:Federal Territory of Labuan 1266:Declaration of Rukun Negara 1256:National Operations Council 1221:Second communist insurgency 123:March 1942 – September 1945 10: 9145: 8961:1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak 8934:Self-government of Sarawak 8523:Gaya Street, Kota Kinabalu 8470:Tun Datu Mustapha Memorial 8445:Sandakan Massacre Memorial 8440:Sandakan Japanese Cemetery 8360:Chartered Company Monument 7944:Pahang Old Royal Mausoleum 7909:Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum 7849:Birch Memorial Clock Tower 7844:Al-Ghufran Royal Mausoleum 7764:Sri Sithi Vinayagar Temple 7754:One Fathom Bank Lighthouse 7643:Al-Ghufran Royal Mausoleum 7480:Fort Cornwallis Lighthouse 7445:Church of the Risen Christ 7351:Sri Poyatha Moorthi Temple 6557:The Sarawak Museum Journal 6334:Howes, Peter H. H. (1994) 6152:London: Routledge Curzon 5754:"Sandakan ANZAC Tour 2002" 3887:POWs and internees of note 3363:South West Pacific theatre 2852: 2502:the Allied surrender there 2476:, Australian officers and 2062:2022 Batang Kali landslide 1376:Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 9079: 8982: 8878: 8720: 8709: 8703:(passed) ★ second tabling 8690:(on hold) ★ first tabling 8633: 8483: 8415:North Borneo War Monument 8340: 8328:Tua Pek Kong Temple, Sibu 8323:Tua Pek Kong Temple, Miri 8243: 8150: 8127: 8120: 8116: 8103: 7962: 7834: 7787: 7724: 7706: 7633: 7430: 7402: 7374: 7251: 7153: 7125: 7117:Sungai Petani clock tower 7092: 7034:Dato' Bentara Luar Mosque 7014: 7007: 7003: 6990: 6338:London: Excalibur Press. 6227:29(3), 37 (December 1946) 6080:Biographical Appendix in 5795:"Australian War Memorial" 5756:. COFEPOW. Archived from 3921:"King and Country" debate 3779:All Saints Church, Oxford 3452:General Douglas MacArthur 3450:, issued on 16 August by 2808: 2551:British officers and NCOs 2484:(KNIL) officers, British 2478:non-commissioned officers 2324:Location and organisation 1992:Movida Bar grenade attack 1742:Bright Sparklers disaster 1642:Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash 1622:National Monument bombing 1592:Kuala Lumpur flash floods 1386:Royal Immunity Amendments 1131:Singapore self-governance 1042:Crown Colony of N. Borneo 657:Siamese invasion of Kedah 140: 135: 127: 119: 111: 106: 96: 91: 83: 46: 33: 26: 21: 8843:2013 Lahad Datu standoff 8838:2000 Sipadan kidnappings 8680:Proclamation of Malaysia 8568:Sarawak General Hospital 8558:Queen Elizabeth Hospital 8553:Pogunon Community Museum 8518:Duchess of Kent Hospital 8390:Kuching Heroes' Cemetery 8215:Sandakan Heritage Museum 8185:Keningau Heritage Museum 8175:Jesselton Freemason Hall 8047:Malacca General Hospital 7889:Kelantan Royal Mausoleum 7600:Sri Mahamariamman Temple 7580:Thean Kong Thnuah Temple 7565:Pinang Peranakan Mansion 7455:Church of the Assumption 7394:Seremban railway station 7223:Sri Mahamariamman Temple 7079:Sultanah Aminah Hospital 6917:(Australian serviceman) 6842:(Australian serviceman) 6800:(Australian serviceman) 6777:(Australian serviceman) 6578:Middle East and Far East 6566:4 (Summer 1998), 51–55. 6283:Lawyer in the Wilderness 5965:"Ranald Graham obituary" 5672:Ooi 1998, 627; Keith 201 5378:Second Sino-Japanese War 5144:Ooi 1998, 627; Keith 182 4234:Kirby 1969 Appendix 30; 4015: 2012:Darul Quran madrasa fire 1832:2001 Kampung Medan riots 1752:Highland Towers collapse 1449:Pakatan Harapan takeover 851:Unfederated Malay States 443:Samudera Pasai Sultanate 8966:Sarawak rabies outbreak 8917:Crown Colony of Sarawak 8435:Sandakan Heritage Trail 8425:Quailey's Hill Memorial 8288:Islamic Heritage Museum 8195:Melalap railway station 8170:Batu Tinagat Lighthouse 7939:Old Protestant Cemetery 7914:Melaka Warrior Monument 7495:Jade Emperor God Temple 7485:Goddess of Mercy Temple 7450:Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion 7422:Sultan Abu Bakar Museum 7366:Undan Island Lighthouse 7276:Cape Rachado Lighthouse 7203:National Textile Museum 7102:Kedah State Art Gallery 7074:Sultan Ibrahim Building 7059:Pulau Pisang Lighthouse 6623:Wigmore, Lionel (1957) 6463:Legacies of our Fathers 6255:London: Minerva Press. 6148:Archer, Bernice (2004) 5519:Ooi 1998, 609, 625, 633 5258:Ooi 1998, 398, 549, 553 5058:"Mrs Harris and Ginnie" 5033:"Mrs Harris and Ginnie" 4976:Bell, 62; Ooi 1998, 349 4571:Ooi 1998, 352, 353, 408 4460:Ooi 1998, 288, 298, 312 4166:Kirby 1969, Appendix 30 3991:George Cathcart Woolley 3790:Australian War Memorial 3521:Instrument of Surrender 3428:unconditional surrender 3390:Australian 9th Division 2825:, wrote that Yamamoto " 2766: 2706: 2633:Broeders van Huijbergen 2587:British soldiers were " 2576:Dutch officers and NCOs 2554:This was described as " 2490:Netherlands East Indies 2429:(later Kota Kinabalu), 2405:(right) with Brigadier 2310:Australian 9th Division 2072:2023 Elmina plane crash 2052:2021-22 Malaysia floods 2032:2020-21 Malaysia floods 2022:2018 Subang Temple riot 1982:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot 1962:2014–15 Malaysia floods 1872:Bukit Gantang bus crash 1316:South China Sea dispute 1296:1977 Kelantan Emergency 1286:Federal Territory of KL 1181:Sarawak self-governance 255:65,000–40,000 BCE 9020:Battle of North Borneo 8994:Crown Colony of Labuan 8956:1987 Ming Court Affair 8833:1985 Lahad Datu ambush 8791:Battle of North Borneo 8784:Sandakan Death Marches 8475:William Pryer Monument 8450:Sandakan Memorial Park 8405:Last POW Camp Memorial 8395:Kundasang War Memorial 8380:Gunner Cleary Memorial 8293:Kuching Old Courthouse 8253:Chinese History Museum 8057:Penang Botanic Gardens 8012:Fort of Ngah Ibrahim's 7982:Biru Seri Kundang Lake 7899:Kuala Klawang Memorial 7769:Sultan Sulaiman Mosque 7356:Tamil Methodist Church 7261:Cheng Hoon Teng Temple 6906:Liberation of the camp 6877:(American serviceman) 6298:Firkins, Peter (1995) 5781:Sarawak Museum Journal 5135:Ooi 1998, 460–461, 517 4784:Ooi 1998, 422–437, 452 4451:Ooi 1998, 363, 403–405 4194:Ooi 1998, 317, 399–400 3716: 3682: 3638:On 8–9 September, the 3635: 3626:Liberation of the camp 3501: 3443: 3342:rockets was withheld. 3291: 3225: 3177: 3143: 3136: 3121: 3096: 3039: 2986: 2964: 2939: 2926: 2907: 2837: 2776: 2716: 2687:Daily life in the camp 2637:Mill Hill Missionaries 2620: 2543: 2510:Roman Catholic priests 2467:Sandakan Death Marches 2410: 1682:1985 Lahad Datu ambush 1552:Brunei's Limbang claim 1396:Asian financial crisis 983:Sandakan Death Marches 831:Federated Malay States 717:Crown Colony of Labuan 179: 8493:Agop Batu Tulug Caves 8455:Sandakan War Monument 8365:Cho Huan Lai Memorial 8220:Sandakan Jamek Mosque 8037:Lukut Fort and Museum 7884:Kedah Royal Mausoleum 7817:Rumah Warisan Haji Su 7678:Panglima Kinta Mosque 7555:Penang Masonic Temple 7550:Penang Islamic Museum 7510:Kapitan Keling Mosque 7490:Holy Spirit Cathedral 7306:Malaysia Youth Museum 6915:Vernon Hopetoun Smith 6910:Labuan field hospital 6896:(British serviceman) 6887:(British serviceman) 6864:(British serviceman) 6832:(British serviceman) 6823:(British serviceman) 6814:(British serviceman) 6528:Sabah Society Journal 6483:Ooi, Keat Gin (1998) 6367:Kell, Derwent (1984) 6210:Undercover University 6184:Arvier, Robyn (2001) 6141:Archer, B. E. (1999) 6138:28(1), 7 (March 1944) 6107:"The Daily Telegraph" 6031:Ooi, Keat Gin (1998) 6011:Sabah Society Journal 5910:"The Daily Telegraph" 5888:Kell, Derwent (1984) 5869:Undercover University 5716:Long 563; Wigmore 634 5690:AWM photograph OG3527 3770:in the role of Suga. 3714: 3670: 3640:Royal Australian Navy 3633: 3485: 3463:JAPAN HAS SURRENDERED 3437: 3289: 3223: 3175: 3137: 3122: 3114: 3094: 3037: 2968: 2950: 2945:due to malnutrition. 2930: 2917: 2901: 2835: 2774: 2738:1907 Hague Convention 2714: 2653:Wilfrid Le Gros Clark 2618: 2541: 2400: 1922:Hulu Langat landslide 1602:Malaysian haze crisis 1366:Constitutional crisis 1201:Singapore in Malaysia 1191:Formation of Malaysia 1056:Anti-cession movement 943:Parit Sulong Massacre 422:Rise of Muslim states 346:100 BCE–1474 CE 178: 68:1.53083°N 110.34806°E 8890:Sultanate of Sarawak 8420:Petagas War Memorial 8370:De Fontaine Memorial 8303:Sarawak State Museum 8258:Ching San Yen Temple 8210:Sam Sing Kung Temple 8165:Atkinson Clock Tower 7954:Taiping War Cemetery 7864:Hang Jebat Mausoleum 7822:Tian Hou Gong Temple 7663:Ipoh railway station 7625:Wat Chayamangkalaram 7384:Istana Ampang Tinggi 7291:Kampung Kling Mosque 7243:Victoria Institution 7238:St. Mary's Cathedral 7233:St. John's Cathedral 7218:Sri Kandaswamy Kovil 7213:Sin Sze Si Ya Temple 7163:Buddhist Maha Vihara 6870:Religion in the camp 6787:(civilian internee) 6640:Yap, Felicia (2004) 6535:New Zealand Surveyor 6446:Mackie, John (2007) 6281:Digby, K. H. (1980) 5973:. 16 September 2010. 5784:Vol 62, No 83, 59–62 5326:Ooi 1998, 9, 569–570 3979:Charles Robert Smith 3762:playing her husband 3706:British Empire Medal 3324:invasion of Normandy 2780:vegetables (such as 2337:15th Punjab Regiment 1852:Indian Ocean tsunami 1542:Singapore race riots 1527:North Borneo dispute 1306:Pedra Branca dispute 1121:Malayan Independence 1076:Federation of Malaya 841:Anglo-Siamese Treaty 821:Mat Salleh Rebellion 617:Dutch–Portuguese War 336:100 BCE–642 CE 288:11,000–200 BCE 136:Garrison information 9032:Colony of Singapore 9012:Straits Settlements 8818:Keningau Oath Stone 8648:Japanese occupation 8460:Starcevich Monument 8410:Mat Salleh Memorial 8400:Labuan War Cemetery 8385:Keningau Oath Stone 8375:Double Six Monument 8200:Sabah Tourism Board 8027:Independence Square 7929:Millennium Monument 7904:Lord Murugan Statue 7859:Cheras War Cemetery 7807:Ho Ann Kiong Temple 7688:Sam Poh Tong Temple 7610:St. George's Church 7505:Jubilee Clock Tower 7389:Istana Seri Menanti 7316:Poh San Teng Temple 7286:Kampung Hulu Mosque 7281:Fortress of Malacca 7193:Lee Rubber Building 7145:Kampung Laut Mosque 7044:Istana Bukit Serene 6625:The Japanese Thrust 6588:Kill the Prisoners! 6438:The Final Campaigns 6436:Long, Gavin (1963) 6397:Kirby, S. Woodburn 6386:Kirby, S. Woodburn 6381:Dr Marcus C. Clarke 6349:Keith, Agnes Newton 6118:The Daily Telegraph 5867:Bell, Frank (1991) 5219:Ooi 1998, 1998, 495 3967:Michael P. O'Connor 3947:, author (internee) 3917:Kenelm Hubert Digby 3905:Dr Marcus C. Clarke 3794:Imperial War Museum 3448:General Order No. 1 3375:Lockheed Lightnings 3347:German capitulation 3157:Frank "Tinker" Bell 2649:C. D. Le Gros Clark 2584:British other ranks 2437:island and also at 2376:Straits Settlements 2358:on the east coast. 2346:The Japanese first 2341:British Indian Army 2287:British Indian Army 2207:Malaysia portal 2042:LRT train collision 1812:Al-Ma'unah incident 1792:Tropical Storm Greg 1276:New Economic Policy 1113:Independence period 953:Battle of Singapore 647:Straits Settlements 582:Kubang Pasu Kingdom 301:500 – 200 BCE 64: / 9109:History of Sarawak 9053:20-point agreement 9048:Cobbold Commission 8944:18-point agreement 8939:Cobbold Commission 8811:20-point agreement 8806:Cobbold Commission 8675:Malaysia Agreement 8528:Lumuyu Petroglyphs 8513:Chinatown, Kuching 8503:Buloh Kasap Bridge 8430:Rafflesia Monument 8283:Hong San Si Temple 8142:Labuan Clock Tower 8042:Markets of Taiping 7869:Hang Li Poh's Well 7683:Perak State Museum 7648:All Saints' Church 7341:St. Peter's Church 7311:Middelburg Bastion 6769:Personal histories 6633:2008-06-23 at the 6512:Reece, Bob (1998) 6325:Howes, Peter H. H. 6313:Forbes, George K. 5997:"Borneo (No date)" 5912:. 12 October 2012. 5663:Ooi 1998, 620, 628 5645:Ooi 1998, 610, 627 5627:Ooi 1998, 619, 626 5582:Ooi 1998, 610, 628 5425:Ooi 1998, 610, 616 5126:Ooi 1998, 517, 549 5117:Ooi 1998, 397, 457 5012:Ooi 1998, 314, 439 4958:Ooi 1998, 373, 393 4874:Ooi 1998, 360, 392 4526:Ooi 1998, 329, 359 4433:Ooi 1998, 349, 386 4345:Ooi 1998, 327, 331 4140:Wigmore 595 note 9 3945:Agnes Newton Keith 3913:, journalist (POW) 3821:Ammunition bunker. 3752:Agnes Newton Keith 3717: 3636: 3502: 3492:Agnes Newton Keith 3444: 3393:landing at Tarakan 3299:General Eisenhower 3292: 3270:", wrote Pringle. 3266:General Montgomery 3228:It was known that 3226: 3178: 3097: 3065:Black marketeering 3040: 2908: 2838: 2777: 2717: 2666:Agnes Newton Keith 2621: 2544: 2411: 2370:(now Sabah), from 2306:surrender of Japan 2283:civilian internees 1782:Pos Dipang mudflow 1562:Penang Hartal riot 1406:Reformasi Movement 1151:Sarawak Insurgency 871:Kelantan rebellion 791:Jementah Civil War 697:Kingdom of Sarawak 667:Anglo-Dutch Treaty 607:Portuguese Malacca 539:Selangor Sultanate 188:Prehistoric period 180: 97:Controlled by 73:1.53083; 110.34806 9086: 9085: 9068:Federal territory 8737:Sultanate of Sulu 8589: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8581: 8580: 8508:Batu Lintang camp 8336: 8335: 8160:Agnes Keith House 8099: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8007:Guillemard Bridge 7934:National Monument 7879:Heroes' Mausoleum 7830: 7829: 7605:St. Anne's Church 7545:Penang High Court 7525:Lebuh Aceh Mosque 7412:All Souls' Church 7361:Tranquerah Mosque 7336:St. Paul's Church 7173:DBKL City Theatre 6798:John Stewart Bell 6502:7(3), Winter 2006 6369:A Doctor's Borneo 6289:Evans, Stephen R. 6247:978-0-7344-0917-1 5890:A Doctor's Borneo 5564:Ooi 1998, 611–614 5555:Ooi 1998, 609–610 5443:Ooi 1998, 622–623 5366:Potsdam Agreement 5299:Ooi 1998, 513–514 5290:Ooi 1998, 509–512 5281:Ooi 1998, 507–508 5201:Ooi 1998, 471–472 5183:Ooi 1998, 461–464 5081:Ooi 1998, 442–454 5021:Ooi 1998, 439–440 4883:Ooi 1998, 522–524 4814:Ooi 1998, 393–394 4678:Ooi 1998, 462–465 4553:Ooi 1998, 327–328 4469:Ooi 1998, 412–413 4379:Keith 76, 96, 130 4256:Lim 2005, 251–252 4247:Lim 2005, 266–267 3756:Claudette Colbert 3697:Francis S. Hollis 2862:—which are often 2262:on the island of 2244:Batu Lintang camp 2241: 2240: 2100: 2099: 1762:Genting landslide 1712:Ming Court Affair 1500: 1499: 1479:Bornean Amendment 1459:COVID-19 pandemic 1416:H1N1 flu pandemic 1324: 1229: 1228: 1211:ASEAN Declaration 1104: 1103: 1086:Malayan Emergency 1011: 1010: 879: 878: 590: 589: 529:Sarawak Sultanate 506:Pattani Sultanate 466:Malacca Sultanate 413: 412: 359:100 CE–1025 305: 304: 148: 147: 28:Kuching, Sarawak 22:Batu Lintang camp 9136: 9072: 9064: 9044: 9036: 9025:Battle of Labuan 9016: 9008: 8970: 8850:1986 Sabah riots 8823:Double Six Crash 8774:Jesselton revolt 8732:Brunei Civil War 8715: 8704: 8691: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8593: 8592: 8548:Petroleum Museum 8235:Tawau Bell Tower 8125: 8124: 8118: 8117: 8105: 8104: 7874:Hang Tuah's Well 7693:Taiping Hospital 7570:Penang Town Hall 7540:Penang City Hall 7168:Coliseum Theatre 7012: 7011: 7005: 7004: 6992: 6991: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6953: 6952: 6898:Life in the camp 6840:Edwin John Esler 6812:Leslie Bickerton 6732:, an article in 6722:, an article in 6711:and 17:58–25:03. 6690:Borneo Burlesque 6612:(Part 1, 1989); 6574:Walker, Allan S. 6542:Uncharted Waters 6122: 6114: 6109:. Archived from 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6029: 6014: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5961: 5955: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5929: 5923: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5886: 5880: 5865: 5859: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5822:. 24 April 2013. 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5791: 5785: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5750: 5744: 5743:Lim 1995, 81, 98 5741: 5735: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5717: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5664: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5628: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5610: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5583: 5580: 5574: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5556: 5553: 5547: 5544: 5538: 5535: 5529: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5511: 5508: 5502: 5495: 5489: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5471: 5468: 5462: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5444: 5441: 5435: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5381: 5358:Emperor Hirohito 5354: 5348: 5345: 5336: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5300: 5297: 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7668:Kellie's Castle 7629: 7475:Fort Cornwallis 7426: 7398: 7376:Negeri Sembilan 7370: 7331:St. John's Fort 7247: 7149: 7121: 7088: 6999: 6986: 6980: 6927: 6771: 6751:Three Came Home 6688:Information on 6652: 6647: 6635:Wayback Machine 6478:The More Fool I 6354:Three Came Home 6130: 6125: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6095:The More Fool I 6092: 6088: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6030: 6017: 6008: 6004: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5970:TheGuardian.com 5963: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5887: 5883: 5866: 5862: 5845: 5841: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5818: 5817: 5813: 5804: 5802: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5776: 5772: 5763: 5761: 5760:on 8 April 2007 5752: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5725:Archer 1997, 56 5724: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5554: 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4804: 4800: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4715:Walker 646, 648 4714: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4276: 4274: 4273:on 2 April 2007 4265: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4114: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4043: 4038: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4006: 3973:Alan Rice-Oxley 3911:Philip Crosland 3889: 3882: 3879: 3870: 3867: 3858: 3855: 3846: 3843: 3834: 3831: 3822: 3819: 3810: 3768:Sessue Hayakawa 3747:Three Came Home 3736: 3653:Doyle C. Barnes 3628: 3551: 3497:Three Came Home 3416:atomic bombings 3386:Borneo campaign 3379:Flying Fortress 3359: 3328:Blood and Guts 3203: 3170: 3089: 3061: 3032: 2994: 2913:calorific value 2896: 2860:Tropical ulcers 2855: 2823:Royal Engineers 2811: 2769: 2709: 2689: 2536: 2506:defended Borneo 2433:and briefly on 2326: 2246:(also known as 2237: 2201: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2155: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2110: 2102: 2101: 1772:MH2133 incident 1702:Sabah Emergency 1692:Memali Incident 1572:13 May Incident 1510: 1502: 1501: 1494: 1441: 1346:Memali incident 1328: 1246:13 May incident 1239: 1231: 1230: 1114: 1106: 1105: 1021: 1013: 1012: 906: 903: 889: 881: 880: 811:Pahang Uprising 600: 599:Colonial period 592: 591: 544: 521: 516:Johor Sultanate 458: 435: 430:Kedah Sultanate 423: 415: 414: 399:700s–1025 315: 307: 306: 297:Neolithic Klang 293: 285:Perak man/woman 282: 274:Bewah man/woman 271: 247: 223: 211:Lenggong Valley 207: 190: 166: 159: 101:Empire of Japan 72: 70: 66: 63: 58: 55: 53: 51: 50: 42: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9142: 9132: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9104:Raj of Sarawak 9101: 9084: 9083: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9073: 9065: 9057: 9056: 9055: 9045: 9037: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9017: 9009: 9001: 8996: 8990: 8988: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8971: 8969:(2017–present) 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8914: 8913: 8912: 8910:Syarif Masahor 8907: 8902: 8895:Raj of Sarawak 8892: 8886: 8884: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8846: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8728: 8726: 8718: 8717: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8705: 8697: 8692: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8655: 8645: 8639: 8637: 8631: 8630: 8619: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8596: 8587: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8538:Merdeka Square 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8498:Batu Lawi Hill 8495: 8489: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8346: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8249: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8156: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8137:Labuan Chimney 8133: 8131: 8122: 8114: 8113: 8101: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7992:Bukit Melawati 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7968: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7840: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7793: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7730: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7712: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7700: 7698:Ubudiah Mosque 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7639: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7436: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7408: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7380: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7257: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7178:Hotel Majestic 7175: 7170: 7165: 7159: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7131: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7098: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7020: 7018: 7009: 7001: 7000: 6988: 6987: 6979: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6933: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6912: 6891: 6882: 6875:Harold McManus 6872: 6859: 6853:Frances Colina 6846: 6837: 6830:W. G. Cockburn 6827: 6818: 6809: 6795: 6782: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6755: 6747: 6737: 6727: 6717: 6712: 6701:Episode 10 of 6698: 6685: 6675: 6669: 6659: 6651: 6650:External links 6648: 6646: 6645: 6638: 6621: 6620:(Part 2, 1994) 6598: 6584: 6571: 6560: 6553: 6538: 6531: 6524: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6481: 6474: 6459: 6444: 6434: 6419: 6406: 6395: 6384: 6365: 6362:Beloved Exiles 6358: 6346: 6332: 6322: 6311: 6296: 6286: 6279: 6264: 6249: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6203: 6189: 6182: 6168: 6161: 6146: 6139: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6121:, 26 July 2007 6113:on 2008-02-01. 6098: 6086: 6073: 6056: 6044: 6015: 6002: 5988: 5976: 5956: 5947: 5938: 5924: 5915: 5901: 5881: 5860: 5839: 5825: 5811: 5786: 5770: 5745: 5736: 5727: 5718: 5709: 5692: 5683: 5674: 5665: 5656: 5647: 5638: 5629: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5593: 5584: 5575: 5566: 5557: 5548: 5539: 5530: 5521: 5512: 5503: 5497:Bell 115–116; 5490: 5481: 5472: 5463: 5454: 5445: 5436: 5427: 5418: 5409: 5400: 5391: 5382: 5349: 5337: 5328: 5319: 5310: 5301: 5292: 5283: 5274: 5260: 5251: 5242: 5233: 5221: 5212: 5203: 5194: 5185: 5176: 5164: 5155: 5146: 5137: 5128: 5119: 5110: 5101: 5092: 5083: 5074: 5049: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4987: 4978: 4969: 4960: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4924: 4912: 4903: 4894: 4885: 4876: 4867: 4858: 4846: 4834: 4825: 4816: 4807: 4805:Evans 1999, 90 4798: 4786: 4777: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4735: 4726: 4717: 4708: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4660:Walker 646–647 4653: 4644: 4630: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4573: 4564: 4555: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4519: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4453: 4444: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4347: 4338: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4302: 4292: 4283: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4227: 4218: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4168: 4154: 4142: 4133: 4124: 4112: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4057: 4041: 4029: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4005: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3939:Francis Hollis 3936: 3930: 3927:I. H. N. Evans 3924: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3880: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3760:Patric Knowles 3735: 3732: 3658:Hiyoe Yamamura 3627: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3591: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3550: 3547: 3529:Thomas Eastick 3509:Douglas Dakota 3468:George Wootten 3358: 3355: 3230:ethnic Chinese 3202: 3199: 3169: 3166: 3088: 3085: 3060: 3057: 3031: 3028: 2993: 2990: 2895: 2892: 2854: 2851: 2847:ethnic Chinese 2810: 2807: 2768: 2765: 2708: 2705: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2677: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2625: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2552: 2535: 2532: 2407:Thomas Eastick 2364:ethnic Chinese 2325: 2322: 2295:food shortages 2239: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2228: 2221: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2121:Constitutional 2118: 2116:Communications 2112: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1944: 1942:MH370 incident 1938: 1937: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1662:MH653 incident 1658: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1325: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1005: 999: 998: 995: 989: 988: 985: 979: 978: 975: 969: 968: 965: 959: 958: 955: 949: 948: 945: 939: 938: 935: 933:Battle of Muar 929: 928: 925: 919: 918: 915: 909: 908: 904: 895: 890: 887: 886: 883: 882: 877: 876: 873: 867: 866: 863: 857: 856: 853: 847: 846: 843: 837: 836: 833: 827: 826: 823: 817: 816: 813: 807: 806: 803: 797: 796: 793: 787: 786: 783: 777:British Malaya 773: 772: 769: 763: 762: 759: 757:Pangkor Treaty 753: 752: 749: 743: 742: 739: 733: 732: 729: 723: 722: 719: 713: 712: 709: 703: 702: 699: 693: 692: 689: 683: 682: 679: 673: 672: 669: 663: 662: 659: 653: 652: 649: 643: 642: 639: 637:Pahang Kingdom 633: 632: 629: 623: 622: 619: 613: 612: 609: 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 588: 587: 584: 578: 577: 574: 568: 567: 564: 558: 557: 554: 548: 547: 541: 535: 534: 531: 525: 524: 518: 512: 511: 508: 502: 501: 498: 496:Aceh Sultanate 492: 491: 488: 482: 481: 478: 476:Sulu Sultanate 472: 471: 468: 462: 461: 455: 449: 448: 445: 439: 438: 432: 424: 421: 420: 417: 416: 411: 410: 407: 401: 400: 397: 391: 390: 387: 381: 380: 379:170–1135 377: 371: 370: 367: 361: 360: 354: 348: 347: 344: 338: 337: 334: 328: 327: 324: 316: 314:Early kingdoms 313: 312: 309: 308: 303: 302: 299: 290: 289: 286: 279: 278: 275: 268: 267: 265: 257: 256: 253: 244: 243: 241: 233: 232: 229: 227:Mansuli Valley 220: 219: 218:2,000,0000 BCE 213: 204: 203: 201: 191: 186: 185: 182: 181: 171: 170: 161: 160: 153: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 133: 132: 129: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 48: 44: 43: 39: 31: 30: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9141: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9078: 9069: 9066: 9061: 9058: 9054: 9051: 9050: 9049: 9046: 9041: 9038: 9033: 9030: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9013: 9010: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8981: 8975: 8972: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8905:Liu Shan Bang 8903: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8877: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8780: 8779:Sandakan camp 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8719: 8714: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8632: 8628: 8627:East Malaysia 8624: 8617: 8612: 8610: 8605: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8594: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8563:Sandakan camp 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8343:and monuments 8339: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8110:East Malaysia 8106: 8102: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8062:Princess Hill 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8017:Fort of Ruins 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7987:Bujang Valley 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7894:Kris Monument 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7837:and monuments 7833: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7812:Istana Maziah 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7797:Abidin Mosque 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7749:Istana Bandar 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7620:Wat Buppharam 7618: 7616: 7615:Suffolk House 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7266:Christ Church 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6997:West Malaysia 6993: 6989: 6985: 6977: 6972: 6970: 6965: 6963: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6925:Organisations 6920: 6919:Brief profile 6916: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6885:Les Mockridge 6883: 6880: 6879:Short account 6876: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6844:Short account 6841: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6825:Short account 6822: 6821:Charles Cleal 6819: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6806:Short account 6803: 6802:Short account 6799: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6779:Short account 6776: 6775:Maurie Arvier 6773: 6772: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706:Broadcast by 6705: 6704: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6618:0-9514951-2-7 6615: 6611: 6610:0-9514951-0-0 6607: 6603: 6599: 6597: 6596:0-646-27834-7 6593: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6550:0-9685440-0-2 6547: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6525: 6523: 6522:983-9115-06-5 6519: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6493:0-89680-199-3 6490: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6471:0-7344-0877-3 6468: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6456:0-9582486-6-4 6453: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6435: 6432: 6431:983-41998-2-1 6428: 6424: 6420: 6418: 6417:983-99068-0-1 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6377:0-908175-80-9 6374: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6344:1-85634-367-7 6341: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6308:0-85905-211-7 6305: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6276:1-86373-818-5 6273: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6261:0-7541-1161-X 6258: 6254: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6218:0-9516984-0-0 6215: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6201:0-646-44026-8 6198: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6181: 6180:0-85958-906-4 6177: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6158:0-7146-5592-9 6155: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6120: 6119: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6083: 6077: 6066: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6042: 6041:0-89680-199-3 6038: 6034: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6012: 6006: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5951: 5942: 5934: 5928: 5919: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5898:0-908175-80-9 5895: 5891: 5885: 5878: 5877:0-9516984-0-0 5874: 5870: 5864: 5857: 5856:0-8248-2149-1 5853: 5849: 5843: 5835: 5829: 5821: 5815: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5783: 5782: 5774: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5740: 5734:Ooi 1998, 672 5731: 5722: 5713: 5702: 5696: 5687: 5678: 5669: 5660: 5651: 5642: 5633: 5624: 5618:Ooi 1998, 626 5615: 5606: 5597: 5591:Ooi 1998, 628 5588: 5579: 5570: 5561: 5552: 5543: 5534: 5525: 5516: 5510:Ooi 1998, 609 5507: 5500: 5494: 5485: 5476: 5467: 5458: 5449: 5440: 5431: 5422: 5413: 5407:Ooi 1998, 622 5404: 5398:Ooi 1998, 607 5395: 5389:Ooi 1998, 616 5386: 5379: 5375: 5372:in China was 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5347:Ooi 1998, 606 5344: 5342: 5332: 5323: 5317:Ooi 1998, 604 5314: 5305: 5296: 5287: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5255: 5249:Ooi 1998, 504 5246: 5240:Ooi 1998, 398 5237: 5231:Ooi 1998, 498 5228: 5226: 5216: 5210:Ooi 1998, 494 5207: 5198: 5192:Ooi 1998, 463 5189: 5180: 5174:Ooi 1998, 549 5171: 5169: 5162:Ooi 1998, 458 5159: 5153:Ooi 1998, 570 5150: 5141: 5132: 5123: 5114: 5108:Ooi 1998, 396 5105: 5096: 5087: 5078: 5064:on 2006-11-03 5063: 5059: 5053: 5039:on 2006-11-03 5038: 5034: 5027: 5018: 5009: 5003:Ooi 1998, 363 5000: 4994:Ooi 1998, 339 4991: 4982: 4973: 4964: 4955: 4946: 4940:Keith 175–176 4937: 4931:Ooi 1998, 418 4928: 4919: 4917: 4910:Ooi 1998, 392 4907: 4901:Ooi 1998, 357 4898: 4892:Ooi 1998, 395 4889: 4880: 4871: 4865:Ooi 1998, 314 4862: 4856:Ooi 1998, 315 4853: 4851: 4844:Ooi 1998, 624 4841: 4839: 4832:Ooi 1998, 328 4829: 4823:Ooi 1998, 376 4820: 4811: 4802: 4796:Ooi 1998, 667 4793: 4791: 4781: 4775:Ooi 1998, 391 4772: 4770: 4763:Ooi 1998, 338 4760: 4754:Ooi 1998, 625 4751: 4745:Ooi 1998, 337 4742: 4740: 4733:Ooi 1998, 332 4730: 4724:Ooi 1998, 318 4721: 4712: 4702: 4696:Ooi 1998, 389 4693: 4684: 4675: 4669:Ooi 1998, 390 4666: 4657: 4651:Ooi 1998, 441 4648: 4642:Ooi 1998, 380 4639: 4637: 4635: 4628:Ooi 1998, 366 4625: 4623: 4616:Ooi 1998, 388 4613: 4607:Keith 146–147 4604: 4598:Ooi 1998, 352 4595: 4589:Ooi 1998, 331 4586: 4580:Ooi 1998, 369 4577: 4568: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4535:Ooi 1998, 350 4532: 4523: 4517:Ooi 1998, 368 4514: 4512: 4502: 4496:Ooi 1998, 324 4493: 4487:Ooi 1998, 365 4484: 4475: 4466: 4457: 4448: 4442:Ooi 1998, 373 4439: 4430: 4424:Ooi 1998, 313 4421: 4415:Ooi 1998, 309 4412: 4406:Ooi 1998, 288 4403: 4397:Ooi 1998, 287 4394: 4385: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4342: 4336:Keith 76, 146 4333: 4327:Ooi 1998, 327 4324: 4318:Ooi 1998, 321 4315: 4306: 4296: 4290:Ooi 1998, 554 4287: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4225:Ooi 1998, 351 4222: 4216:Ooi 1998, 317 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4191: 4182: 4172: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4137: 4128: 4122:Ooi 1998, 286 4119: 4117: 4106: 4097: 4091:Ooi 1998, 6–7 4088: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4055:Ooi 1998, 636 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4024: 4020: 4011: 4008: 4007: 3998: 3997:William Young 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3933:Ranald Graham 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3877: 3872: 3865: 3860: 3853: 3848: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3811: 3805: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3731: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3713: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3687: 3686:war criminals 3681: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3641: 3632: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3559: 3557: 3546: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3522: 3519:The official 3517: 3515: 3510: 3507: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3331: 3325: 3320: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3260: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3235:Kapitan China 3231: 3222: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3211:Tanjung Priok 3207: 3198: 3196: 3190: 3188: 3182: 3174: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3113: 3111: 3105: 3103: 3102:Christmas Day 3093: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3049: 3046: 3036: 3027: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3010: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2967: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2938: 2936: 2929: 2925: 2923: 2916: 2914: 2905: 2900: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2850: 2848: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2773: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2742:Zero fighters 2739: 2735: 2730: 2729:Sarawak River 2725: 2723: 2713: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2694: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2610: 2608:KNIL soldiers 2607: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2540: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2456: 2453:, with a few 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2330:Sarawak River 2321: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2299:forced labour 2296: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2198: 2197: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1953: 1952:MH17 incident 1950: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1518: 1517:Brunei revolt 1515: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1238:Modern period 1235: 1234: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1110: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1066:Malayan Union 1064: 1063: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1028:BMA of Malaya 1026: 1025: 1017: 1016: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 996: 994: 991: 990: 986: 984: 981: 980: 976: 974: 971: 970: 966: 964: 961: 960: 956: 954: 951: 950: 946: 944: 941: 940: 936: 934: 931: 930: 926: 924: 921: 920: 916: 914: 911: 910: 905: 902: 898: 894: 893: 885: 884: 874: 872: 869: 868: 864: 862: 859: 858: 854: 852: 849: 848: 844: 842: 839: 838: 834: 832: 829: 828: 824: 822: 819: 818: 814: 812: 809: 808: 804: 802: 799: 798: 794: 792: 789: 788: 784: 782: 778: 775: 774: 770: 768: 765: 764: 760: 758: 755: 754: 750: 748: 745: 744: 740: 738: 735: 734: 730: 728: 725: 724: 720: 718: 715: 714: 710: 708: 705: 704: 700: 698: 695: 694: 690: 688: 685: 684: 680: 678: 677:Burney Treaty 675: 674: 670: 668: 665: 664: 660: 658: 655: 654: 650: 648: 645: 644: 640: 638: 635: 634: 630: 628: 627:Dutch Malacca 625: 624: 620: 618: 615: 614: 610: 608: 605: 604: 596: 595: 585: 583: 580: 579: 575: 573: 572:Reman Kingdom 570: 569: 565: 563: 562:Setul Kingdom 560: 559: 555: 553: 552:Besut Kingdom 550: 549: 542: 540: 537: 536: 532: 530: 527: 526: 519: 517: 514: 513: 509: 507: 504: 503: 499: 497: 494: 493: 489: 487: 484: 483: 479: 477: 474: 473: 469: 467: 464: 463: 456: 454: 451: 450: 446: 444: 441: 440: 433: 431: 428: 427: 419: 418: 408: 406: 403: 402: 398: 396: 393: 392: 388: 386: 383: 382: 378: 376: 373: 372: 369:424–775 368: 366: 363: 362: 355: 353: 352:Gangga Negara 350: 349: 345: 343: 340: 339: 335: 333: 330: 329: 325: 323: 322:Ancient Kedah 320: 319: 311: 310: 300: 298: 292: 291: 287: 281: 280: 276: 270: 269: 266: 264: 263: 259: 258: 254: 252: 251:Niah cultures 246: 245: 242: 240: 239: 235: 234: 230: 228: 222: 221: 214: 212: 206: 205: 202: 200: 199: 195: 194: 189: 184: 183: 177: 173: 172: 169: 163: 162: 157: 152: 151: 143: 139: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 105: 102: 99: 95: 90: 86: 82: 77: 49: 45: 37: 32: 25: 20: 9004:North Borneo 8752:North Borneo 8543:Nunuk Ragang 8507: 8308:Square Tower 8002:Chinese Hill 7779:Wat Chetawan 7590:Seri Teratai 7585:Snake Temple 7575:Seri Mutiara 7183:Masjid Jamek 7155:Kuala Lumpur 7140:Istana Jahar 7107:Zahir Mosque 7039:Istana Besar 6914: 6894:Dennis Riley 6893: 6884: 6874: 6861: 6852: 6849:Robert Fyvie 6848: 6839: 6829: 6820: 6811: 6797: 6785:Mary Baldwin 6784: 6774: 6750: 6744:Sarah Hilary 6734:The Guardian 6733: 6723: 6703:Can We Help? 6702: 6693: 6689: 6682:Tatsuji Suga 6641: 6624: 6601: 6587: 6577: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6484: 6477: 6462: 6447: 6437: 6422: 6409: 6405:London: HMSO 6402: 6398: 6394:London: HMSO 6391: 6387: 6368: 6361: 6352: 6335: 6328: 6318: 6314: 6299: 6292: 6282: 6267: 6252: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6209: 6192: 6185: 6171: 6164: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6116: 6111:the original 6101: 6094: 6089: 6081: 6076: 6059: 6051: 6047: 6032: 6010: 6005: 5991: 5984: 5979: 5968: 5959: 5950: 5941: 5927: 5918: 5904: 5889: 5884: 5868: 5863: 5847: 5842: 5828: 5814: 5803:. 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