Battle of Hürtgen Forest

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commanded a machine-gun company in the earlier world war and having experienced the Argonne, he might have been familiar with the special problem of fighting in a forest, where the troops cannot see the signals of the leader. On his visits to the line, he didn't often get farther forward than a division headquarters, and he was thus out of contact with the troops who had to obey his orders. He was innocently violating one of General Patton's wise observations: 'Plans should be made by those who are going to execute them.' Hodges had not exactly lost touch with his soldiers, but he seemed not to realize that he was commanding not professional troops but terribly scared boy draftees. Hodges brought to the battle a bundle of conventional approaches, while the battle demanded nothing but the unconventional. His corps commanders kept sending into the Hürtgen area division after division to replace those that had failed. The 28th Division was one of the first assigned to this hell. It failed, like the 9th Division it relieved. Next was the 8th Division, so badly mauled that it too had to be withdrawn, to be relieved by the 1st Division. Beaten up in turn, it yielded the job to the 4th Division. Then the 83rd Division. Then the 5th Armored. More than a quarter of all these troops became casualties, and what shell fragments, bullets, grenades, mines, and trench foot didn't take care of, diarrhea did. These varied troops were brave enough and willing enough, but their experience in the forest was so awful that it produced a whole parade of 'unmanly' behaviors: unordered flight and even rout; flagrant disobedience; bursting into tears; faking illnesses; and self-inflicted wounds. Here is radioman George Barrette's reaction to his first artillery barrage: 'Me and this buddy of mine were in the same hole with only a little brush on top, and I remember I was actually bawling. We were both praying to the Lord over and over again to please stop the barrage, shaking and shivering and crying and praying all at the same time.' One cause of troop weakness was training failure: despite Lesley McNair's efforts, apparently no one had thought very hard about tactics to be used in heavy woods and defensive measures to be taken in such a setting. Apparently no officer or noncom had ever lectured on tree bursts, and there were few other kinds in a forest. (A tree burst is a shell burst not at ground level but up in the air. At ground level, a foxhole or trench will offer some protection, for the shell fragments come horizontally. But a tree burst delivers the fragments downward, and the only protection is to hug a tree.) One of Patton's maxims was, 'Do not dig slit trenches under trees, if you can avoid it.' Yes, but where else in this thick, dark forest could you find protection from shells bursting everywhere?

2201: 2071:"It was during the final days of preparation before the attack that Cota made three crucial mistakes that would have far reaching effects on his division's assault into the Huertgen. The first was that neither he nor his staff directed subordinate units to conduct patrolling into the Huertgen Forest ; the second mistake was tied to the first. Cota had approved the extremely narrow Kall trail to serve as the division's main supply route . Aerial reconnaissance could not confirm the trails condition due to the dense forest covering it but ground patrols would have provided much valuable information, both about the enemy and the trail. The third mistake was his decision not to use armor to support his infantry. Believing that the forest would not allow access and the required road network to support tanks, he kept all but two of his tank companies and all of his tank destroyer units in the rear to augment his division artillery. Had he discussed this with the commander of 9th Infantry Division, he would have learned that tanks could operate in many areas of the forest and with some training and prior coordination they could provide valuable support to the infantry." 2170: 2138: 2149:, the Allied thrust to the Rur River. In this phase, the U.S. 4th Infantry Division was to clear the northern half of the forest between Schevenhütte and Hürtgen, capture Hürtgen, and advance to the Rur south of Düren. From 10 November, this would be VII Corps′ responsibility and it was part of the main VII Corps effort to reach the Rur. The 4th Division was now fully committed to the Hürtgen, although its 12th Infantry Regiment was already mauled from its action at Schmidt, leaving just two fully effective regiments to achieve the divisional objectives. U.S. VII Corps was opposed by German forces, mainly from the LXXXI Corps, consisting of three understrength divisions. In the Hürtgen, there was the 275th Infantry Division—6,500 men with 150 artillery pieces. They were well dug-in and prepared. 2457: 2022:, on the northern fringes of the forest, with few casualties. The division had surprised the Germans, but lacked the strength to push on as two of their regiments were committed to the south. Attacks on and around the Höfen-Alzen ridge by the 39th and 60th Infantry Regiments were met with heavy resistance and pushed back. The 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 39th captured Lammersdorf, but could not dislodge enemies entrenched in the woods behind the village; the 3rd Battalion suffered heavy losses attacking Hill 554, near Lammersdorf. In these early engagements, the 9th Infantry Division was unable to eject the Germans from the periphery of the forest, and decided to push through it to the northeast and capture 2433: 192: 181: 204: 146: 160: 2551: 2094:, attacking from Germeter, took Vossenack and the neighboring ridge by the afternoon. The 112th was then halted by strong defenses and difficult terrain. The 1st and 3rd Battalions of the 112th moved across the Kall Valley and captured Kommerscheidt and Schmidt, respectively, on 3 November. The German supply route to Monschau was cut, but American supply, reinforcement, and evacuation were very limited as the Kall Trail had poor terrain and was infiltrated by the Germans. At dawn on November 4, a strong German counter-attack by tanks of the 2292: 2798: 2874: 2421: 2445: 1695:

difficult roads and the lack of trucks and fuel; most supplies had to be manhandled to the front line. Nonetheless, despite increasing numbers of replacements lacking experience, German defenders had the advantage in that their commanders and many of their soldiers had been fighting for years and had learned the necessary tactics for fighting efficiently in winter and forested areas, whereas the Americans were often well-trained but inexperienced.

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and that plan had failed. Hodges dictated that the 28th was to capture Vossenack and the treeline facing the village of Huertgen. Gerow directed that an entire regiment would assault Huertgen to the north; a second regiment would attack and capture Schmidt in the center and a third regiment attack south towards Rafflesbrand. The 28th Division was reinforced with the attached 707th Tank Battalion, tracked

2864: 1677:, which were also centers of resistance. The dense forest allowed infiltration and flanking attacks, and it was sometimes difficult to establish a front line or to be confident that an area had been cleared of the enemy. The small numbers of routes and clearings in the forest had also allowed German machine gun, mortar, and artillery teams to pre-range their weapons and fire accurately. 2031:-Düren road was quickly cut, but both regiments were slowed by defenses and suffered significant casualties: The 60th's 2nd Battalion was reduced to a third after the first day. The 39th was halted at the Weisser Weh Creek; there were problems with narrow paths, air bursts in trees, and fire breaks which were blocked or 2491:

American commanders, in particular, misunderstood the impassability of the dense Hürtgen Forest, and its effects of reducing artillery effectiveness and making air or armoured support impracticable. The better alternative—breaking through south-east out into the open valley, where their advantages in

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and a chance encirclement by troops from the 89th Infantry Division rapidly expelled the 3rd Battalion from Schmidt, and they were unable to counter-attack. The battalion disintegrated after constant shelling and a fierce attack by the 116th Panzer Division and some men inadvertently fled east, to be

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and Kleinhau. The engagement began on September 19, 1944. Repeated probes entered the forest toward their objective, but were beaten back by the terrain and Germans dug into prepared positions. On October 5, the 39th and 60th Infantry Regiments attacked towards the town of Schmidt while the 47th held

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The Germans were hampered by much the same difficulties, worsened because their divisions had already taken heavy losses on the retreat through France and were hastily filled up with untrained boys and old men, often unfit for normal military service. Transportation was also a problem, because of the

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Military actions at the Siegfried Line up to 15 December alone brought death, injury or captivity to more than 250,000 soldiers from both sides. The First and Ninth U.S. Army suffered 57,039 battle casualties (dead, wounded, captured, missing in action); 71,654 non-battle casualties, i.e. accidents,

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attacked the Weisser Weh Valley, continuing toward Hürtgen. The 121st Infantry Regiment hit heavy defenses immediately. Despite armored support from the 10th Tank Battalion, daily advances were less than 600 yd (550 m). Hürtgen was taken on 29 November and the battle continued to Kleinhau,

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By 18 November, tanks were deemed essential, so engineers blasted tank routes through the forest. Communications and logistics remained a problem, so the next day the attack paused to allow re-supply and evacuation of the wounded. German reinforcements arrived from 344th and 353rd Infantry Divisions

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River and Aachen. In the autumn and early winter of 1944, the weather was cold, wet, and cloudy, and often prevented air support. Apart from the poor weather, the dense forest and rough terrain also prevented proper use of Allied air superiority, which had great difficulties in spotting any targets.

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When Cota received the operations order for the attack he was perplexed and none too happy. It was far too directive and detailed and left little for him, his staff and his regimental commanders to do except execute it. It was basically the same plan that had been given to the 9th Infantry Division

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shaped-charge grenade launchers. The Allies made improvised rocket launchers, using rocket tubes from aircraft and spare Jeep trailers. Later in the battle, it proved necessary to blast tank routes through the forest. Transportation was similarly limited by the lack of routes: at critical times, it

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I didn't want to create a monument to heroes, no theatrical representation, no pathos, but wanted to appear more unassumingly with a frugal shape, hewn in stone, dignifying the actual place of the incident. A place perhaps, at which once everything may have started rationally, then however, became

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tanks. At Vossenack, the 112th's 2nd Battalion was nearly forced out of the town on November 6 by a fierce German counterattack, but were assisted by engineers in retaking the western part of the town. The Americans across the Kall Valley at Kommerscheidt held on until November 8, when an order to

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Historical discussion revolves around whether or not the American battle plan made any operational or tactical sense. One analysis is that the Allies under-estimated the strength and determination remaining in the psyche of the German soldier, believing his fighting spirit had collapsed under the

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and the path of First Army to the Rur River. After heavy fighting, primarily by the 4th Infantry Division, VII Corps' attack ground to a halt. V Corps was committed on 21 November 1944. Attacking with 8th Inf Div, and CCR 5th AD, the V Corps managed to capture Huertgen after stiff fighting on 28

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launched his counteroffensive in the Monschau area. On December 15 the 2nd battalion, 309th Infantry was annihilated when the 272nd Volksgrenadiers counterattacked and took back Kesternich. The Germans knew that from the heights at Kesternich the Americans could detect the troop buildup for the

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of Company A, 707th Tank Battalion attempted to cross the Kall Valley, but only three actually made it across to support the beleaguered 112th. The 116th Panzer Division again attacked with tanks and infantry several times. The American tanks, along with infantry and air support, destroyed five

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The Battle of Hürtgen Forest has been referred to as a stalemate that consumed large amounts of resources on both sides. The Americans suffered 33,000 casualties during the course of the battle which ranged up to 55,000 casualties, included 9,000 non-combat losses and represented a 25 percent

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Courtney H. Hodges, commander of First Army. He was running the battle from Spa, in Belgium, thirty miles away. At his best he must have been calm and impressive, but, as a military thinker, he was, says one historian, a 'most conservative tactician, forever worried about his flanks.' Having

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had to clear the woods next to the Kall River, capture Simonskall, and maintain a supply route for the advance on Schmidt: Again, these were very difficult tasks due to weather, prepared defenses, determined defenders, and terrain. The weather prevented tactical air support until 5 November.

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The American advantage in numbers (as high as 5:1), armor, mobility, and air support was thus greatly reduced by weather and terrain. In the forest, relatively small numbers of determined and prepared defenders could be highly effective. To exacerbate matters, as the American divisions took

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The attack started on 16 November. The two infantry regiments attacked in parallel columns: the 8th along the northern edge of the forest towards Düren, the 22nd further south in parallel. The open flanks invited infiltration. Similar tactics elsewhere in Hürtgen had "invited disaster".

1330:, a 140 km (54 sq mi) area about 5 km (3.1 mi) east of the Belgian–German border. Lasting 88 days, it was the longest battle on German ground during World War II and is the second longest single battle the U.S. Army has ever fought after the four-day-longer 2240:. Shortly thereafter, on 12 December, the towns of Gey and Strass were taken by American Forces. On the last day of the Hürtgen battle the Germans retook the hill from the 13th Regiment who had replaced the Rangers. The U.S. Army would not seize Hill 400 again until February 1945. 2230:

Elements of the 8th and the 28th Infantry Divisions then advanced on Brandenberg. The 28th Division—just like the 9th before it (and the 4th Infantry Division, which would relieve the 28th)—also took heavy casualties during its stay in the Hürtgen Forest. On 14 November, the

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unit—arrived the same day to relieve the battered 9th. Cota established his division command post in the village of Rott on 25 October and began coordination with the V Corps staff for future operations as his units began to occupy the 9th's positions north of Lammersdorf.

2503:, blames the impracticality of Lieutenant General Courtney H. Hodges' command and untrained troops' demoralization for the defeat in the battle, citing the violation of Patton's observation that "Plans should be made by those who are going to execute them." 2394:

A memorial sculpture on Kall Bridge recalls that moment of humanity amidst the horrors of war. It was officially dedicated on the 60th anniversary of the ceasefire on the Kall Bridge, November 7, 2004. It was created by Michael Pohlmann, who commented:

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Trigg describes the battle as one of the "most ill-conceived and unnecessary offensives of the whole northwest Europe campaign" and said that Hodges "lacked tactical imagination" and that "it was a miracle that he retained Eisenhower's confidence".

2212:, on the northeastern edge of the forest. Two American companies took the village, but they were later destroyed in a German counter-attack. More than 300 soldiers of the 1st Infantry Division were killed in action on November 29 and 30, 1944. 1672:

The German defenders had prepared the area with improvised blockhouses, minefields, barbed wire, and booby-traps, hidden by the mud and snow. There were also numerous concrete bunkers in the area, mostly belonging to the deep defenses of the

2169: 2123:, negotiated an unofficial ceasefire with the Americans at the Kall Bridge from 7–12 November, in order to attend to the wounded of both sides, numbering in the thousands. The lives of many American soldiers were saved by German medics. 2456: 2235:

Battalion arrived to relieve elements of the 112th Infantry Regiment. On 6 December, the Rangers moved on Bergstein and subsequently took the strategic position of Hill 400 from defending troops from 980th Grenadier Regiment of the

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The dense conifer forest is broken by few roads, tracks, and firebreaks; vehicular movement is restricted. Conditions on the ground became a muddy morass, further impeding vehicular traffic, especially heavy vehicles such as tanks.

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at least 33,000 killed and wounded, including both combat and non-combat losses, with upper estimates at 55,000; German casualties were 28,000. The city of Aachen in the north eventually fell on 22 October at high cost to the

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transport and air support. Of its three regiments, one was deployed to protect the northern flank, another to attack Germeter, and the third to capture Schmidt, the main objective. The area had terrible terrain with the

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The Allies also thought it was necessary to remove the threat posed by the Rur Dam. The stored water could be released by the Germans, swamping any forces operating downstream. In the view of the American commanders,

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at the head of the Rur Reservoir (Rurstausee). The Allies failed to capture the area after several heavy setbacks, and the Germans successfully held the region until they launched their last-ditch offensive into the

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came to a complete halt in early January, when German forces in the northern shoulder of the bulge were blocked by a strong American defence, the destruction of bridges by American engineers, and a lack of fuel.

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In addition, American forces were concentrated in the village of Schmidt, and neither tried to conquer the strategic Rur Dams nor recognized the importance of Hill 400 until an advanced stage of the battle.

2200: 2082:. Just one mile (1.6 km) was gained after two days, after which the 109th dug in and endured casualties. This initial attack was nearly all the ground the 109th would take during the battle. The 2078:, assigned to capture the woods north of Germeter, was impeded after 300 yards (270 m) by an unexpected minefield (the "Wild Pig"), pinned down by mortar and artillery fire and harassed by local 1719:. They had little artillery and no tanks. As the battle progressed, German reinforcements were added. American expectations that these troops were weak and ready to withdraw were overly optimistic. 1409:. This was launched on 16 December and ended the Hürtgen offensive. The Battle of the Bulge gained widespread press and public attention, leaving the battle of Hürtgen Forest less well remembered. 3678: 2610:

Fussell, Paul. The Boys' crusade: American G.I.s in Europe: chaos and fear in World War Two. Pages 85-86. 2004. Retrieved on 22 Sept. 2023."'Officially,' the American in charge of all this was

2064: 2387:(29 September 1921 – 12 November 1944), a German lieutenant. Lengfeld died on 12 November 1944, of severe wounds sustained while helping a wounded American soldier out of the "Wild Sow" (" 1483:—a U.S. Army historian and former company commander who served in the Hürtgen battle—has described it as "...a misconceived and basically fruitless battle that should have been avoided." 1376:, he still kept himself fully informed on the situation, slowing the Allies' progress, inflicting heavy casualties, and taking full advantage of the fortifications the Germans called the 711: 514: 2995: 3733: 3519: 3805: 2601:

holding the Urftstausee. If the floodgates were opened, the resulting surge would flood low-lying areas downstream and temporarily prevent forces from crossing the river.

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mobility and airpower could come into play, and then heading northeast towards the actual objectives—seems not to have been really considered by the higher headquarters.

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A farmhouse in Hürtgen served as shelter for HQ Company, 121st Infantry Regiment, 8th Infantry Division, XIX Corps, 9th US Army. They nicknamed it the "Hürtgen Hotel".

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At the start, the forest was defended by the German 275th and 353rd Infantry Divisions; understrength but well prepared—5,000 men (1,000 in reserve)—and commanded by

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A track (from a U.S. armored vehicle) that was buried by U.S. troops on an upward slope of a pathway to assist in traction for other U.S. vehicles in the Kall Valley

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in the American lines almost sixty miles (100 km) deep at its maximum extent. However, the Germans never came close to their primary objective, the capture of

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captured by the Germans. The rest of the battalion retreated to Kommerscheidt to join the 112th's 1st Battalion. Realizing the gravity of the situation, eight

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Attacks by the 8th Infantry Regiment on Rother Weh Creek hit heavy resistance and were repulsed with heavy losses. The 22nd failed to take Raven's Hedge (

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The plaque was created by the sculptor Tilman Schmitten, Eupen. The memorial sculpture and plaque were endowed by the Konejung Foundation: Culture

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experienced hard resistance pushing through the Aachen Gap and perceived a potential threat from enemy forces using the Hürtgen Forest as a base.

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Oral history interview with Arthur C. Neriani, a member of the 8th Infantry Division describes his experiences from the battle of Hürtgen Forest

17: 1455:, which had encircled Aachen. Although the 1st Infantry Division called for the surrender of the German garrison in the city, German commander 1337:

The U.S. commanders' initial goal was to pin down German forces in the area to keep them from reinforcing the front lines farther north in the

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more and more irrational and totally out of control until a return to sanity—or was it still emotion?—made a humanitarian encounter come true.

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holds back the Rurstausee and is the major structure in a network. Upstream are other, smaller, structures: the Paulushof Dam holding the

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Commemorative plaque at a house in Merode remembering the soldiers of the 1st Infantry Division lost in action at the Merode area 1944

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was slowing down due to extended supply lines and increasing German resistance. The next strategic objective was to move up to the

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The VII (U.S.) Corps, First Army attacked 16 November 1944, with 1st Inf Div, 4th Inf Div, 104th Inf Div, and CCR 5th AD to clear

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Trail running along a deep river ravine. The terrain was not suited to tanks, despite the need for armor to support the infantry.

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intended to bring the Allied thrust to a standstill. While he interfered less in the day-to-day movements of units than at the

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American infantrymen move through Hürtgen on their way to the front lines. Company I, 181st Regiment, 8th Infantry Division.

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A marker in a Germany Military Cemetery honouring German Lieutenant Lengfeld who gave his life trying to save a US Soldier

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Victory was Beyond Their Grasp: With the 272nd Volks-Grenadier Division from the Hürtgen Forest to the Heart of the Reich

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withdraw was given. The positions at Schmidt and the Kall Trail were abandoned. It wasn't until February 1945 that the

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The densely forested terrain also limited the use of tanks and provided cover for German anti-tank teams equipped with

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Folgen der Säkularisierung für die Klöster im Rheinland – Am Beispiel der Klöster Schwarzenbroich und Kornelimünster

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In early February, American forces attacked through the Hürtgen Forest for the final time. On 10 February 1945, the

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The Hürtgen Forest lay within the area of the U.S. First Army under Hodges. Responsibility fluctuated between the

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There is a stone monument with a bronze plaque at the Hürtgen Military Cemetery, dedicated by veterans of the

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Troops of Co. I, 3rd Battalion, 8th Regiment, 4th Infantry Division, in the Hürtgen forest on 18 November 1944

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The attack by the 28th Division started on 2 November; the defenders were expecting it and were ready. The

2043: 1558: 1319: 721: 48: 30:"Battle of Hill 400" redirects here. For the battle during the Sino-Vietnamese conflicts of 1979–1991, see 1232: 2036: 1392:

The Germans fiercely defended the area because it served as a staging area for the 1944 winter offensive

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A German infantry gun firing in defense against a U.S. attack on 22 November 1944 in the Hürtgen forest

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casualty rate. The Germans had also suffered heavy losses with 28,000 casualties—many of these were

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A Machine Gunner's War: From Normandy to Victory with the 1st Infantry Division in World War II

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proved difficult to reinforce or supply front-line units or to evacuate the dead and wounded.

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The figure of 33,000 includes 9,000 friendly fire and non-combat casualties during the battle

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On 16 December 1944, German forces began the Ardennes Offensive, more commonly known as the

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The overall cost of the Siegfried Line Campaign in American personnel was close to 140,000.

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was taken by American forces and the forest itself was not cleared until the 17th when the

2248: 1480: 1365: 1269: 1164: 998: 880: 795: 785: 373: 2550: 2223:(OKH)) of 27 November, stated that in the old Langerwehe penetration area, the U.S. Army ( 8: 3515: 2352: 2320: 2280: 1792: 1782: 1732: 1397: 1227: 1189: 1142: 1135: 1099: 1034: 919: 800: 662: 650: 637: 561: 339: 3421: 2851:"Major General Cota and the Battle of the Huertgen Forest: A Failure of Battle Command?" 2947: 2518: 2384: 2252: 1852: 1346: 1252: 1046: 1039: 977: 910: 895: 756: 576: 548: 541: 414: 407: 334: 297: 31: 3684:

Major General Cota and the Battle of the Huertgen Forest: A Failure of Battle Command?

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forces off guard. The Germans attacked with nearly 30 divisions; including the elite

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Center of Military History, United States Army, 1993. Previously published in 1952.

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was opened on 29 March 1983 in Kleinhau, in a stone barn to commemorate the battle.

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A memorial in Vossenack dedicated to the battle by Father Laurentius Englisch, OFM

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Blood on German Snow: An African American Artilleryman in World War II and Beyond

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Ardennes Offensive and place artillery there to fire on advancing German troops.

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Scorpio's Website – The Battle in the Huertgen Forest – Schlacht im Hürtgenwald

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Hell in Hürtgen Forest: The Ordeal and Triumph of an American Infantry Regiment

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A Dark and Bloody Ground: The Hürtgen Forest and the Roer River Dams, 1944–1945

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The 9th Infantry Division's ultimate objective were the Rur River crossings at

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World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia Military History of the United States

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Panzer Divisions, with the northernmost point of the battlefront centered on

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casualties, inexperienced replacements had to be fed directly into combat.

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Follow Me and Die: The Destruction of an American Division in World War II

2018:. On September 16, 1944, an attack by the 47th Infantry Regiment captured 241: 3777:

from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University

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The figure includes losses from entire battle, 9 September to 17 February

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From 1–12 December, the 309th, 310th and 311th Infantry Regiments of the

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Division commander : a biography of Major General Norman D. Cota

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Some military historians are no longer convinced by these arguments.

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The Bloody Forest: Battle for Huertgen September 1944 – January 1945

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Later, the secret daily report of the Supreme High Command of the

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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network of fortified industrial towns and villages speckled with

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World War Two lieutenant and History professor and academician,

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To VE-Day through German Eyes: The Final Defeat of Nazi Germany

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Responsibility was returned to V Corps and, on 21 November,

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The 22d Infantry Regiment in the Battle of Hürtgen Forest

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The 9th Infantry Division's battle in the Hürtgen Forest

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and as a result further fighting in the Hürtgen ended.

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against the 272nd Volksgrenadier Division when General

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The abstract of a U.S. report describes what happened:

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Siegfried Line 1944–45: Battles on the German frontier

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The Hürtgen Forest occupies a rugged area between the

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Battles of World War II involving the United States

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Archived from 3413: 705: 508: 257: 1523:introducing citations to additional sources 1396:(known in English-speaking countries as the 522: 3471:The Guinness book of more military blunders 3408:. Mobile, AL. October 16, 2004. p. 19. 3189:Andrews, Ernest A.; Hurt, David B. (2022). 3188: 271: 3738: 2549: 2522:, a 1998 HBO film which depicts the battle 712: 698: 515: 501: 264: 250: 3428: 3318: 3251: 3126: 3055: 2831: 2819: 2792: 2768: 2753: 2690: 2660: 2002:Learn how and when to remove this message 1636:Learn how and when to remove this message 156: 3811:Tank battles involving the United States 3629:Eyewitness account 4th Infantry Division 3299: 3228: 3150: 2981: 2290: 2199: 2168: 2136: 2062: 1655: 1647: 1513:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1464:refused to capitulate until 21 October. 3632: 3590: 3561: 3193:. Philadelphia & Oxford: Casemate. 2858:United States Army Combined Arms Center 2804: 2780: 2741: 2645: 14: 3816:20th century in North Rhine-Westphalia 3783: 3651: 3520:"We owe our freedom to GIs who fought" 3371: 3352: 3024: 2993: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2717: 2675: 2470: 3542: 3468: 3447: 3138: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2729: 2702: 1660:View to the west over the Kall Valley 1424:pursuit of the German army after the 693: 496: 245: 27:Series of battles during World War II 3273: 3237:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 3079: 3067: 2848: 1984:adding citations to reliable sources 1955: 1585: 1490: 3621:. New York, Ballantine Books, 1987 2964:from the original on August 8, 2014 1874: 24: 3739:MacQuarrie, Brian (May 29, 2021). 3690: 3433:. London: Orion Publishing Group. 3025:Miller, Edward G (November 1996). 2837: 2189:and resistance stiffened further. 1698: 1652:Map showing the area of the battle 25: 3847: 3770:When Trumpets Fade – movie (1998) 3763: 3276:The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge 2994:Marino, James (October 3, 2016). 3734:Battle for Huppenbroich, Germany 2862: 2455: 2450:The sculpture on the Kall Bridge 2443: 2431: 2419: 1960: 1590: 1506:relies largely or entirely on a 1495: 202: 190: 179: 158: 144: 59: 3182: 3156: 3109: 3085: 3027:"Desperate Hours at Kesternich" 3018: 2987: 2910: 2604: 2583: 2197:1 mi (1.6 km) north. 2126: 1971:needs additional citations for 77:19 September – 16 December 1944 3826:Tank battles involving Germany 3671: 3633:Zabecki, David T, ed. (2015). 2574: 2565: 1951: 13: 1: 3431:The Battle for the Rhine 1945 3169:"Hopes Dashed in the Hürtgen" 3116:de:Bild:Lengfeld memorial.jpg 2622: 2238:272nd Volksgrenadier Division 2145:The second phase was part of 1941:326th Volksgrenadier Division 1936:272nd Volksgrenadier Division 1931:246th Volksgrenadier Division 1723:U.S. divisions and formations 1415: 679:End of World War II in Europe 3831:Tank battles of World War II 3712:The Battle of Hürtgen Forest 3593:The Battle of Hürtgen Forest 3295:. New York: Stein & Day. 3259:. Casemate / Vaktel Forlag. 2286: 2116:A German regimental doctor, 2092:U.S. 112th Infantry Regiment 2084:U.S. 110th Infantry Regiment 2076:U.S. 109th Infantry Regiment 1926:47th Volksgrenadier Division 1921:12th Volksgrenadier Division 1911:3rd Panzergrenadier Division 1486: 18:Battle of the Hürtgen Forest 7: 3568:. New York: Stein and Day. 3324:The Siegfried Line campaign 2744:, pp. xi–xiv, 271–274. 2506: 2037:U.S. 28th Infantry Division 1616:the claims made and adding 1420:By mid-September 1944, the 10: 3852: 3677:This article incorporates 3372:Miller, Robert A. (1989). 2409:1944 Hürtgen Forest Museum 2381:U.S. 4th Infantry Division 2130: 2027:a defensive position. The 1833:Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr. 1534:"Battle of Hürtgen Forest" 1445:U.S. 1st Infantry Division 1280:Raids on the Atlantic Wall 1275:Strategic Bombing Campaign 29: 3656:. Osprey Publishing Ltd. 3652:Zaloga, Steven J (2007). 3595:. New York: Orion Books. 3591:Whiting, Charles (1989). 3562:Whiting, Charles (1976). 3429:Neillands, Robin (2005). 3291:Currey, Cecil B. (1984). 2936:Konejung Stiftung: Kultur 2480:and the reduction of the 2374: 1946: 731: 536: 283: 227: 214: 172: 137: 69: 58: 46: 41: 3801:History of the Rhineland 3543:Trigg, Jonathan (2020). 3469:Regan, Geoffrey (1993). 3448:Owens, Emiel W. (2006). 3211:. 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1553: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1536: – 1535: 1531: 1530:Find sources: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1508:single source 1504:This section 1502: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1462:Gerhard Wilck 1460: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1320:Western Front 1317: 1316:German forces 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1117:Colmar Pocket 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1101: 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Gen. 1841:(Maj. Gen. 1831:(Maj. Gen. 1821:(Maj. Gen. 1811:(Maj. Gen. 1801:(Maj. Gen. 1791:(Maj. Gen. 1773:Norman Cota 1771:(Maj. Gen. 1761:(Maj. Gen. 1751:(Maj. Gen. 1741:(Maj. Gen. 1731:(Maj. Gen. 1687:Panzerfaust 1430:Rhine River 1357:as part of 1158:Blockbuster 1066:Netherlands 1021:Dieppe Raid 816:Afsluitdijk 741:River Forth 528:(1944–1945) 420:Broekhuizen 390:Netherlands 369:Mons pocket 350:Fort Driant 107: / 3785:Categories 3499:0700611282 3364:1585442585 3217:0891416994 3139:Trigg 2020 3102:2024-09-10 2968:2007-02-03 2730:Regan 1993 2703:Owens 2006 2623:References 2335:, and the 2297:half-track 2233:2nd Ranger 2053:M29 Weasel 1610:improve it 1545:newspapers 1438:First Army 1416:Background 1165:Lumberjack 1035:Baby Blitz 1000:Donnerkeil 958:Kanalkampf 881:Montcornet 786:Maastricht 765:Luxembourg 735:Phoney War 663:Reichswald 374:Moerbrugge 357:Strasbourg 92:50°42′31″N 3322:(1984) . 3080:Cole 1965 3068:Cole 1965 2955:dtic.mil/ 2795:, Ch. 27. 2389:Wilde Sau 2287:Aftermath 2270:frostbite 2262:pneumonia 2179:Rabenheck 2118:Hauptmann 2106:Panzer IV 2033:enfiladed 1614:verifying 1515:talk page 1487:Geography 1453:VII Corps 1449:XIX Corps 1355:Rur River 1347:pillboxes 1326:, in the 1265:The Blitz 1248:Nuremberg 1243:Heilbronn 1228:Frankfurt 1213:Paderborn 1191:Undertone 1144:Veritable 1137:Blackcock 1029:1944–1945 986:1941–1943 920:Abbeville 801:Rotterdam 796:The Hague 651:Blackcock 471:American 461:Logistics 340:Arracourt 120:, Germany 95:6°21′46″E 3725:Archived 3611:22443408 3506:47081237 3394:20218839 3284:65-60001 3255:(2014). 3224:43810800 3010:19 April 2959:Archived 2957:. 1984. 2599:Urft Dam 2597:and the 2507:See also 2341:Monschau 2029:Monschau 1407:Ardennes 1378:Westwall 1351:Monschau 1312:American 1233:Würzburg 1112:2nd Alps 1106:Nordwind 1048:Chastity 1041:Overlord 993:Cerberus 979:Sea Lion 963:Adlertag 937:1st Alps 896:Boulogne 852:Gembloux 757:Wikinger 644:Nordwind 611:Lorraine 592:Boulogne 582:Le Havre 549:Chastity 542:Overlord 415:Overloon 409:Pheasant 335:Dompaire 325:Lorraine 313:Boulogne 303:Le Havre 215:Strength 82:Location 3754:May 29, 3584:2188959 3348:1350067 3332:1351714 3041:24 July 2595:Obersee 2591:Rur Dam 2371:river. 2361:Rur Dam 2349:Antwerp 2345:salient 2337:12th SS 2323:caught 2299:of the 2295:A U.S. 2104:German 2024:Hürtgen 1705:V Corps 1608:Please 1559:scholar 1402:Rur Dam 1322:during 1318:on the 1253:Hamburg 1223:TF Baum 1205:Varsity 1198:Plunder 1176:Cologne 1171:Remagen 1151:Grenade 1129:Germany 1095:Scheldt 1055:Dragoon 951:Britain 906:Dunkirk 828:Belgium 806:Zeeland 626:Scheldt 587:Dunkirk 556:Dragoon 467:British 426:Germany 384:Scheldt 363:Belgium 308:Dunkirk 220:120,000 166:Germany 3660: 3641: 3625: 3609: 3599: 3582: 3572: 3551: 3504: 3497: 3477: 3458: 3437: 3392: 3382: 3361: 3346: 3330: 3308: 3282: 3263: 3241: 3222: 3215: 3197: 2923:, p. 7 2548: 2375:Legacy 2351:. The 2333:2nd SS 2329:1st SS 2325:Allied 2274:trauma 2272:, and 1947:Battle 1561: 1554: 1547: 1540: 1532: 1458:Oberst 1422:Allied 1304:German 1238:Kassel 1184:Gisela 1083:Aachen 912:Dynamo 901:Calais 886:Saumur 869:France 857:La Lys 840:Hannut 616:Aachen 597:Calais 577:Dieppe 437:Aachen 318:Calais 298:Dieppe 287:France 236:28,000 223:80,000 163: 149: 126:Result 2962:(PDF) 2951:(PDF) 2854:(PDF) 2559:Notes 2225:enemy 2016:Düren 1566:JSTOR 1552:books 1100:Bulge 1089:Queen 931:Paula 925:Lille 891:Arras 876:Sedan 846:David 638:Bulge 632:Queen 562:Paris 453:Queen 330:Nancy 3756:2021 3658:ISBN 3639:ISBN 3623:ISBN 3607:OCLC 3597:ISBN 3580:OCLC 3570:ISBN 3549:ISBN 3536:2008 3502:OCLC 3495:ISBN 3475:ISBN 3456:ISBN 3435:ISBN 3390:OCLC 3380:ISBN 3359:ISBN 3344:OCLC 3328:OCLC 3306:ISBN 3280:LCCN 3261:ISBN 3239:ISBN 3220:OCLC 3213:ISBN 3195:ISBN 3043:2018 3012:2017 2589:The 2546:IMDb 2534:and 2407:The 2369:Roer 2312:and 2183:NCOs 2090:The 2058:Kall 1538:news 1451:and 1443:The 1314:and 1298:The 1218:Ruhr 791:Mill 746:Saar 669:Alps 379:Geel 345:Metz 74:Date 2544:at 2039:—a 1982:by 1666:Rur 1612:by 1521:by 51:of 3787:: 3745:. 3605:. 3578:. 3522:. 3404:. 3388:. 3171:. 3095:. 3029:. 2998:. 2953:. 2928:^ 2856:. 2839:^ 2812:^ 2761:^ 2710:^ 2683:^ 2668:^ 2653:^ 2630:^ 2484:. 2331:, 2316:. 2268:, 2264:, 2185:. 1436:′ 1361:. 1334:. 1306:: 3758:. 3666:. 3647:. 3613:. 3586:. 3557:. 3538:. 3483:. 3464:. 3443:. 3396:. 3367:. 3334:. 3314:. 3286:. 3269:. 3247:. 3203:. 3175:. 3105:. 3045:. 3014:. 2971:. 2871:. 2860:. 2554:) 2538:( 2219:( 2005:) 1999:( 1994:) 1990:( 1976:. 1855:) 1845:) 1835:) 1825:) 1815:) 1805:) 1795:) 1785:) 1775:) 1765:) 1755:) 1745:) 1735:) 1639:) 1633:( 1628:) 1624:( 1606:. 1577:) 1573:( 1563:· 1556:· 1549:· 1542:· 1525:. 1511:. 1302:( 713:e 706:t 699:v 516:e 509:t 502:v 265:e 258:t 251:v 34:. 20:)

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Knowledge

Battle of Hürtgen Forest

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