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resistance was at the two fortresses at Le Portel on the
Outreau peninsula. An ultimatum calling for prompt surrender was delivered by loudspeakers and the northern fort's garrison marched out to surrender to the HLI shortly before the expiration of the ultimatum. This left the southern fort, where General Heim was quartered and which continued firing. Armour, including flame-throwers, was brought forward and the German garrison destroyed their guns; a cease-fire came into force at 16:17. At 16:30, Heim was reported as captured and en route to brigade headquarters. A solitary gun on the harbour breakwater continued firing until Heim ordered it to stop.
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southern flank. In the northern area, Wimille was attacked by 8th
Brigade and captured the following morning, against stiff opposition. The North Shore Regiment continued the actions north of Boulogne with an attack on the coastal town of Wimereux, 3 mi (4.8 km) north of Boulogne, restricting the use of artillery to minimize civilian casualties. Actions against Fort de la Crèche got under way with reconnaissance patrols by the Queen's Own Rifles and the Chaudière. These met with strong resistance but an attack by bombers from
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themselves (this was dubbed the bargain basement incident). In the northern area, 8th
Brigade's North Shore Regiment moved against Wimille and the coastal settlement at Wimereux. The taking of the fortress of Fort de la Crèche was the responsibility of Queen's Own Rifles and the Chaudière. Fort de la Crèche was heavily defended and manned by some of the best troops available to General Heim. To protect Canadian activities elsewhere, it was shrouded by a
201:
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1021:. This attempt at the destruction of defences was surprisingly ineffective; Heim said "amongst personnel, casualties were almost negligible" and that permanent installations suffered little damage. Bomb craters proved to be a great hindrance to armoured vehicles supporting the infantry attacks. Canadian assessments noted that within the bombardment area, progress was significantly quicker than elsewhere, due to the impact upon the defenders.
932:, which flows north-north-westwards into the sea, which is to the north-west of the centre. The Liane splits the urban area, with the western side forming a high, 250 ft (76 m), peninsula between the river and the coast. High ground surrounds the city, with prominent heights, which had been fortified over the centuries. The most significant fortifications and artillery batteries were at
259:
915:. The idea was that these would be heavily fortified towns manned by troops committed to fight to the end, thus denying the Allies the use of the facilities and committing Allied troops at least to a containment role. In practice, Boulogne's landward defences were incomplete, many of its garrison troops were second-rate and demoralized by their isolation and the obvious inability of the
1150:(HLI), moved through the Glengarries to the river. The bridges had been partially destroyed, preventing an immediate advance onto the western side. Later, the HLI stormed across, under the protection of heavy fire from all available weapons. Improvised repairs were made on one bridge overnight and by daylight, light transport was across the river.
949:
had been done on the landward side, apart from some hastily built field defences. He was ordered to create a substantial defensive zone but he had neither the specialist nor the resources to achieve this, "I merely put a big red circle on my map to show that the demolitions had been theoretically carried out".
948:
2.5 mi (4.0 km) south-east of the city and various fortifications south of
Outreau on the peninsula. Heim had been appointed as commander only a few weeks before Boulogne became isolated by the advance of the Allies through northern France. The coastal fortifications were strong but little
1179:
The Nova
Scotias had continued their advance along the river's west bank to capture St Etienne, opposite Herquelingue. They then crossed the peninsula and moved northwards to deal with the defended coastal areas of Nocquet, Ningles and Le Portel, while the Camerons crossed the Liane and covered the
1141:
to the upper town or citadel. This area occupies a dominant position above the port and was (and still is) entirely surrounded by thick medieval masonry walls with a dry ditch in places. As the
Canadians prepared to assault with the AVREs, a French civilian disclosed a secret passage and a platoon
1111:
installation intact, and consolidated in
Marlborough . Mont Lambert was appreciated by both sides as the defensive key to Boulogne. The 9th Brigade's early advance had been rapid but, once its defenders had recovered from the bombardments, they gave an effective defence with artillery and machine
1136:
The guns at La
Tresorerie were captured by the North Shore Regiment and the other two regiments in the 8th Brigade made progress in the suburbs and hills to the north of the city. The 9th Brigade's North Nova Scotias finally subdued Mont Lambert by 11:00, the loss of which General Heim believed
1192:
The capture of
Wimereux was completed, to the relief of its population. The disheartened garrison of Fort de la Crèche surrendered to the Queen's Own Rifles after a brief action and bombardment before 08:00. The northern environs of Boulogne were now held by the Canadians. The last substantial
1166:
successfully completed their assault on
Herquelingue heights, south-east of the city, east of the river, overnight on 18/19 September. A large German force had remained hidden in tunnels underneath the fortifications and had to be subdued separately on 20 September after making a nuisance of
1224:
units provided soup kitchens, water and medical aid to the civilians. The port of Boulogne had to be cleared of wreckage, sunken ships and mines before it could be usable. The 8th Canadian and 9th Canadian Brigade were redeployed to Calais and the German heavy batteries at
1009:, the siege of Le Havre, before armour and artillery could become available. The Canadians gained useful intelligence on the German defences through information from evacuated civilians (8,000 were expelled by the occupiers) and with the help of the local
1029:
The outline of the attack was that the northern and southern defences would be contained or diverted while the main attack would drive into Boulogne from the east. Since German artillery at La Tresorerie posed a threat to the main assault, an attack by
1142:
was taken beneath the walls. At the same time, tank fire and demolition of the gates persuaded the German defenders to surrender. A company of North Nova Scotias, supported by armour, broke through to the River Liane in the city centre and the reserve
957:
The Allied advance into Germany depended upon supplies to the front, which was seriously constrained by the lack of convenient ports. Boulogne could not be contained until a general surrender of German forces; the port was too important as a supply
1128:. Much of Mont Lambert was in Canadian control by nightfall. La Tresorerie proved more difficult than expected (the attack was impeded in a minefield) but its artillery did not interfere with the main attacks.
575:
1016:
Attempts were made, by air and artillery bombardment, to weaken the German defences. There was also a large bombardment in the final ninety minutes, employing several hundred heavy and medium bombers and a
894:. Despite the lower than expected level of material damage by the bombardments, the high degree of co-ordination between artillery, air force, tanks and infantry greatly aided the success of the operation.
1158:
Once over the Liane, 9th Brigade moved south along the river's west bank and the Glengarries took the suburb of Outreau. The 9th Brigade was under heavy fire from a fortified position (code named
1162:) on top of the peninsula between the river and the sea. Close co-ordination of the infantry advance and a creeping barrage enabled the strongpoint to be taken. The Divisional reserve, the
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of the 8th Brigade would go in here earlier than the main attack. In the main attack, two infantry brigades would advance parallel to the main road from La Capelle to the east; the
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in England but the harbour was not open to shipping until 14 October. The added capacity of Boulogne was urgently needed by the Allies, for although the larger port of
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to rescue or support them. In the event, none of the strongpoints fought to the end, preferring to surrender when confronted by powerful forces. Their commander,
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had hoped to take Boulogne off the march as it advanced up the coast but it was stopped by the German fortifications 5 mi (8.0 km) from the city.
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Montgomery's Scientists: Operational Research in Northwest Europe. The work of No.2 Operational Research Section with 21 Army Group June 1944 to July 1945
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The Boulogne defences were incomplete but were sufficiently formidable to justify massive bombardments before and during the assault and extensive use of
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1701:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. III. The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa.
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Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-west Europe 1944. Part V: Clearing the Channel Ports, 3 Sep 44 – 6 Feb 45
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Once firing had stopped, civilian residents returned to recover their homes and the city rapidly returned to life.
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1058:) would be south of it. Once the main urban area had been captured, 8th Brigade would clear the area around
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1646:(Report). CMHQ Reports (184) (online scan ed.). Historical Section, Canadian Military Headquarters.
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1137:"would make defence of the port impossible". The Glengarries, supported by AVREs, pushed beyond
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guns. Once paths had been cleared through minefields, however, support was available from
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972:. He also wished to be certain of success, to maintain the momentum following the fall of
8:
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German prisoners marching through Boulogne shortly after its capture, September 22, 1944
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2005:
1249:, which ended on 8 November; minesweeping in the Scheldt was completed on 28 November.
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1532:"Collection search - Highland Light Infantry of Canada, Canadian Active Service Force"
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were constrained by the difficulty of moving artillery ammunition from Normandy and
964:. The vulnerability of Boulogne was not appreciated by the Canadian Army commander,
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had been captured, it was not useable until the approaches were cleared in the
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The main attacks went well. In both attacks, infantry had been transported in
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and keep up the psychological pressure upon the remaining fortresses at
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The Victory Campaign: The operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945
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Cinderella Army: the Canadians in Northwest Europe, 1944–1945
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The city and port of Boulogne is sited at the mouth of the
907:
Boulogne was one of several Channel ports to be named as a
1471:
6085:
Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
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arrived to tackle the clearance work. On 10 October, an
1201:
The German surrender was accepted by Canadian Brigadier
863:) from 17 to 22 September 1944, was an operation of the
1282:
1184:
subdued the defenders and reduced their will to fight.
3435:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
6095:
Military operations of World War II involving Germany
1306:
1294:
16:
September 1944 battle in Boulogne, France, during WW2
1692:
Stacey, Colonel C. P.; Bond, Major C. C. J. (1960).
1318:
940:
and 3 mi (4.8 km) north of the centre, at
944:, 2 mi (3.2 km) east of the city centre,
1561:
925:, had a realistic appreciation of the situation.
6066:
1586:The Encyclopedia of Code Names of World War II
1099:during the assault on Boulogne, September 1944
2789:
1793:
1107:. The 8th Brigade captured Rupembert and its
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332:
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1052:Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders
587:Canadian military actions in World War II
576:
562:
325:
311:
1536:recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca
216:supporting armour, artillery and aircraft
154:
6080:Battles of World War II involving Canada
1515:"Major-General John Meredith Rockingham"
1207:
1082:
2074:French Committee of National Liberation
1665:
1634:
1555:
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1438:
1372:
1336:
1312:
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1046:) would be north of the road while the
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4621:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
2064:French Civil and Military High Command
1720:
1324:
992:
26:Operation Wellhit (Battle of Boulogne)
5492:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
4924:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
4570:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
4526:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
3631:Rape during the occupation of Germany
2777:
1781:
1583:
1288:
557:
306:
4614:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
3646:Rape during the liberation of France
2149:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1758:
1606:
1567:
1105:Kangaroo armoured personnel carriers
902:
13:
4840:German invasion of the Netherlands
3120:Weather events during World War II
1970:
1752:
1231:Port Repair and Construction Group
1174:
14:
6111:
6090:World War II in the Pas-de-Calais
5471:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
2079:Provisional Consultative Assembly
1148:Highland Light Infantry of Canada
6031:
2803:
1809:
1114:Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers
1066:and 9th Brigade would clear the
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177:
156:
142:
130:
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5718:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
3428:Territorial changes of Germany
3336:Indonesian National Revolution
1120:flame-throwing tanks from the
875:to take the fortified port of
1:
5118:Japanese invasion of Thailand
5069:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
4833:German invasion of Luxembourg
3214:Mediterranean and Middle East
2753:Mediterranean and Middle East
2656:End of World War II in Europe
1919:French Forces of the Interior
1164:Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa
1056:North Nova Scotia Highlanders
1048:9th Canadian Infantry Brigade
1036:8th Canadian Infantry Brigade
897:
881:9th Canadian Infantry Brigade
277:Boulogne-sur-Mer in Northern
233:
5025:Invasion of the Soviet Union
4714:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
4032:Independent State of Croatia
1252:
1215:
1196:
1044:Queen's Own Rifles of Canada
1005:and by the need to complete
838:Allied occupation of Iceland
7:
6009:End of World War II in Asia
5849:Western invasion of Germany
5356:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
5333:Second Battle of El Alamein
4903:Hundred Regiments Offensive
4875:Battle of the Mediterranean
4728:Italian invasion of Albania
2902:Air warfare of World War II
1913:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
1677:, East Sussex: Masquerade.
1618:University of Toronto Press
1584:Chant, Christopher (1986).
1237:oil pipeline was laid from
1040:Le Régiment de la Chaudière
10:
6116:
5935:Naval bombardment of Japan
5303:First Battle of El Alamein
5222:Battle of Christmas Island
5167:Japanese invasion of Burma
4931:Italian invasion of Greece
4847:German invasion of Belgium
4819:German invasion of Denmark
4792:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
4661:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2925:Comparative military ranks
2304:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
2036:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
1929:French Expeditionary Corps
1073:
987:
843:Battle of the St. Lawrence
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5856:Bratislava–Brno offensive
5796:
5787:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
5524:
5411:Allied invasion of Sicily
5365:
5271:Aleutian Islands campaign
5243:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
5190:
5181:Greek famine of 1941–1944
5076:Second Battle of Changsha
4981:German invasion of Greece
4949:
4826:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
4801:
4739:
4634:
4515:
4241:
4151:
3999:
3702:
3693:
3451:
3276:
3168:North and Central Pacific
3129:
2891:
2884:
2811:
2727:
2697:1946 legislative election
2626:
2583:
2556:
2523:
2464:
2353:
2327:
2261:
2245:
2229:
2205:
2186:
2157:
2141:
2122:
2103:
2092:
2069:French National Committee
2049:
1981:
1968:
1962:French Forces of the West
1855:
1822:
1763:. Waterloo, Ont: LCMSDS.
1759:Copp, Terry, ed. (2000).
1637:The Containing of Dunkirk
595:
344:
245:
224:
207:
170:
123:
53:
42:
30:
25:
5448:Allied invasion of Italy
5425:Solomon Islands campaign
5174:Third Battle of Changsha
4771:First Battle of Changsha
4677:Second Sino-Japanese War
3617:German military brothels
3483:United States war crimes
2714:Trial of Philippe Pétain
2641:1945 municipal elections
2538:Liberation of Strasbourg
1590:Routledge and Kegan Paul
1399:, pp. 340, 342–343.
1203:John Meredith Rockingham
1095:tanks of the specialist
879:in northern France. The
5870:Second Guangxi campaign
5725:Philippines (1944–1945)
5229:Battle of the Coral Sea
5132:Fall of the Philippines
4778:Battle of South Guangxi
4684:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
4090:Italian Social Republic
2431:Liberation of Marseille
1726:The Struggle for Europe
1635:Monahan, J. W. (1947).
336:Siegfried Line campaign
5455:Armistice of Cassibile
5257:Battle of Dutch Harbor
5208:Battle of the Java Sea
5111:Attack on Pearl Harbor
5011:Syria–Lebanon campaign
5004:Battle of South Shanxi
4974:Invasion of Yugoslavia
4757:Battle of the Atlantic
4371:Korean Liberation Army
4084:(until September 1943)
4041:(until September 1944)
4019:(until September 1944)
2671:Provisional Government
2335:Liberation of Saint-Lô
2309:Maquis de Saint-Marcel
2289:Liberation of Limousin
2253:Battle of Mont Mouchet
2237:Liberation of Limousin
2133:Syria–Lebanon campaign
2084:Provisional Government
2059:Empire Defense Council
1975:
1924:French Liberation Army
1502:Stacey & Bond 1960
1466:Stacey & Bond 1960
1451:Stacey & Bond 1960
1427:Stacey & Bond 1960
1412:Stacey & Bond 1960
1397:Stacey & Bond 1960
1385:Stacey & Bond 1960
1361:Stacey & Bond 1960
1349:Stacey & Bond 1960
1212:
1122:79th Armoured Division
1100:
1097:79th Armoured Division
960:
892:79th Armoured Division
171:Commanders and leaders
6100:September 1944 events
5619:Second Battle of Guam
5515:Bengal famine of 1943
5485:Second Battle of Kiev
5441:Battle of the Dnieper
5146:Battle of Wake Island
5018:East African campaign
4960:Battle of South Henan
4605:atrocities by Germans
4378:Korean Volunteer Army
3359:Occupation of Germany
3113:Music in World War II
2661:Victory in Europe Day
2340:Battle of Mont Gargan
2197:Liberation of Corsica
1974:
1950:4th Moroccan Mountain
1945:3rd Algerian Infantry
1940:2nd Moroccan Infantry
1247:Battle of the Scheldt
1211:
1124:and the tanks of the
1086:
869:3rd Canadian Division
230:600 killed or wounded
225:Casualties and losses
61:September 17–22, 1944
5905:Surrender of Germany
5383:Battle of West Hubei
5340:Guadalcanal campaign
5310:Battle of Stalingrad
5236:Battle of Madagascar
4010:Albania protectorate
3797:(formerly Swaziland)
3506:Wehrmacht war crimes
3322:Expulsion of Germans
3106:Art and World War II
3004:British contribution
2953:Governments in exile
2646:Advance to the Rhine
2451:Battle of Montélimar
2446:Liberation of Guéret
2426:Liberation of Toulon
2299:Liberation of Guéret
2016:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1816:Liberation of France
1032:North Shore Regiment
727:Northern Netherlands
273:class=notpageimage|
96:50.72639°N 1.61472°E
5995:Potsdam Declaration
5884:Italy (Spring 1945)
5647:Liberation of Paris
5104:Siege of Sevastopol
4122:(until August 1944)
4025:Wang Jingwei regime
3847:from September 1943
3807:from September 1944
3745:from September 1944
3605:Romanian war crimes
3596:Persecution of Jews
3582:Croatian war crimes
3552:Japanese war crimes
3366:Occupation of Japan
3315:First Indochina War
3027:Military production
2939:Declarations of war
2651:Invasion of Germany
2515:Battle of Meximieux
2510:Battle of Arracourt
2472:Liberation of Nancy
2436:Liberation of Paris
2416:Battle of La Ciotat
2411:Battle of Port Cros
2376:Liberation of Brest
2361:Battle for Brittany
2279:Battle of Cherbourg
1734:Wordsworth Editions
1730:Ware, Hertfordshire
1468:, pp. 342–343.
1414:, pp. 340–341.
1351:, pp. 326–327.
1291:, pp. 330–331.
1118:Churchill Crocodile
993:Allied preparations
873:First Canadian Army
541:Services and supply
464:Nijmegen bridgehead
213:2 infantry brigades
92: /
5988:Surrender of Japan
5821:Battle of Iwo Jima
5670:Belgrade offensive
5083:Siege of Leningrad
4967:Battle of Shanggao
4896:British Somaliland
4861:Dunkirk evacuation
4812:Norwegian campaign
4750:Invasion of Poland
4577:Japanese prisoners
3545:Italian war crimes
3476:British war crimes
3391:Soviet occupations
3175:South-West Pacific
3062:Allied cooperation
3020:Military equipment
2719:Klaus Barbie trial
2456:Liberation of Nice
2274:Battle of Carentan
2269:Operation Overlord
2006:Bernard Montgomery
1976:
1671:Defeat in the West
1222:Canadian Civil Aid
1213:
1101:
970:specialized armour
888:specialized armour
861:Battle of Boulogne
6062:
6061:
6020:
6019:
5863:Battle of Okinawa
5762:Burma (1944–1945)
5596:Mariana and Palau
5376:Tunisian campaign
5201:Fall of Singapore
5125:Fall of Hong Kong
4868:Battle of Britain
4721:Operation Himmler
4630:
4629:
4294:Dutch East Indies
3937:Southern Rhodesia
3689:
3688:
3589:Genocide of Serbs
3492:German war crimes
3469:Soviet war crimes
3462:Allied war crimes
3308:Division of Korea
3287:Chinese Civil War
3085:Strategic bombing
2997:Manhattan Project
2771:
2770:
2708:Trente Glorieuses
2684:Épuration sauvage
2622:
2621:
2482:Operation Undergo
2477:Operation Astonia
2421:Provence landings
2221:Battle of Glières
2216:Battle of Vercors
2178:Battle of Réunion
2173:Tunisian campaign
2021:Raymond O. Barton
2001:Winston Churchill
1991:Charles de Gaulle
1770:978-0-9697955-9-9
1743:978-1-85326-677-5
1684:978-1-872947-03-7
1627:978-0-8020-3925-5
1599:978-0-7102-0718-0
1091:leads a troop of
1064:Fort de la Crèche
1011:French Resistance
1007:Operation Astonia
997:Preparations for
903:Fortress Boulogne
857:Operation Wellhit
851:
850:
814:Battle of Okinawa
612:Battle of Britain
551:
550:
301:
300:
239:killed or wounded
217:
119:
118:
101:50.72639; 1.61472
6107:
6075:Boulogne-sur-Mer
6055:
6048:
6041:
6038:World portal
6036:
6035:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5981:
5974:
5967:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5898:Prague offensive
5893:
5891:Battle of Berlin
5886:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5835:Vienna offensive
5830:
5823:
5816:
5814:Battle of Manila
5809:
5789:
5780:
5771:
5764:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5713:
5704:
5695:
5688:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5598:
5591:
5582:
5573:
5564:
5557:
5555:Korsun–Cherkassy
5550:
5539:
5517:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5397:Bombing of Gorky
5392:
5385:
5378:
5358:
5351:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5264:Battle of Midway
5259:
5252:
5250:Battle of Gazala
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5160:Battle of Borneo
5155:
5153:Malayan campaign
5148:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5097:Bombing of Gorky
5092:
5090:Battle of Moscow
5085:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4942:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4854:Battle of France
4849:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4707:Munich Agreement
4702:
4695:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4663:
4656:
4641:
4640:
4623:
4616:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4592:Soviet prisoners
4586:
4579:
4572:
4563:
4556:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4532:German prisoners
4528:
4508:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4092:
4085:
4077:
4070:
4068:French Indochina
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4012:
3992:
3983:
3976:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3915:from August 1944
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3798:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3700:
3699:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3641:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3607:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3559:Nanjing Massacre
3554:
3547:
3538:
3536:Nuremberg trials
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3269:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3140:Asia and Pacific
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3071:
3069:Mulberry harbour
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2911:
2904:
2889:
2888:
2877:
2870:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2677:Épuration légale
2629:
2591:Atlantic pockets
2567:Atlantic pockets
2533:Battle of Alsace
2487:Atlantic pockets
2381:Atlantic pockets
2319:Battle of Ushant
2314:Maquis de Saffré
2101:
2100:
2052:
2041:Philippe Kieffer
2031:Philippe Leclerc
2026:George S. Patton
1984:
1870:Commando Kieffer
1858:
1814:
1813:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1747:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1700:
1688:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1641:
1631:
1616:. Toronto, Ont:
1603:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1415:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1126:Fort Garry Horse
1019:creeping barrage
963:
865:Second World War
809:Aleutian Islands
797:Far East/Pacific
590:
588:
578:
571:
564:
555:
554:
339:
337:
327:
320:
313:
304:
303:
261:
260:
254:
238:
235:
215:
203:
194:
193:
182:
181:
166:
162:
160:
159:
148:
146:
145:
136:
134:
133:
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:
97:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
71:Boulogne-sur-Mer
55:
54:
47:
37:Second World War
23:
22:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6030:
6028:
6016:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5954:
5949:Atomic bombings
5947:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5792:
5785:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5707:
5698:
5691:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5652:
5645:
5640:Eastern Romania
5638:
5633:Warsaw Uprising
5631:
5626:Tannenberg Line
5624:
5617:
5612:Western Ukraine
5610:
5601:
5594:
5585:
5576:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5542:
5533:
5520:
5513:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5404:Battle of Kursk
5402:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5361:
5354:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5292:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5215:St Nazaire Raid
5213:
5206:
5199:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5039:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4997:Anglo-Iraqi War
4995:
4988:Battle of Crete
4986:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4945:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4917:Eastern Romania
4915:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4735:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4659:
4652:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4603:
4596:
4591:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4559:
4552:
4543:
4536:
4531:
4524:
4511:
4504:
4495:
4488:
4483:
4478:Western Ukraine
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4422:Northeast China
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4128:Slovak Republic
4126:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4099:Empire of Japan
4097:
4088:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4015:
4008:
3995:
3988:
3979:
3972:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3801:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3685:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3644:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3611:Sexual violence
3610:
3603:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3380:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3341:
3334:
3329:Greek Civil War
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3272:
3265:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3154:South-East Asia
3152:
3145:
3138:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3013:Military awards
3011:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2907:
2900:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2802:
2772:
2767:
2723:
2702:Fourth Republic
2627:
2618:
2579:
2552:
2525:
2519:
2460:
2441:Maillé massacre
2349:
2345:Operation Cobra
2323:
2284:Battle for Caen
2257:
2241:
2225:
2201:
2182:
2168:Operation Torch
2153:
2137:
2118:
2114:Battle of Gabon
2095:
2088:
2050:
2045:
1982:
1977:
1966:
1935:1st Free French
1856:
1851:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1771:
1755:
1753:Further reading
1750:
1744:
1722:Wilmot, Chester
1711:
1709:
1698:
1685:
1667:Shulman, Milton
1656:
1654:
1639:
1628:
1600:
1579:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1235:Operation Pluto
1218:
1199:
1190:
1177:
1175:20–21 September
1156:
1134:
1081:
1076:
1062:, Wimereux and
1027:
995:
990:
984:and elsewhere.
955:
905:
900:
854:
853:
852:
847:
821:Other campaigns
702:Southern France
661:Verrières Ridge
637:Le Mesnil-Patry
591:
586:
584:
582:
552:
547:
519:
340:
335:
333:
331:
297:
296:
295:
294:
293:
275:
269:
268:
267:
266:
262:
240:
236:
214:
188:
176:
157:
155:
143:
141:
140:
131:
129:
100:
98:
94:
91:
86:
83:
81:
79:
78:
77:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6113:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5968:
5965:South Sakhalin
5961:
5960:
5959:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5802:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5765:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5705:
5696:
5689:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5599:
5592:
5583:
5574:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5502:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5444:
5437:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5390:Battle of Attu
5386:
5379:
5371:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5352:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5281:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5239:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5196:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5139:Battle of Guam
5135:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5062:Battle of Kiev
5058:
5051:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4955:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4807:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4680:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4649:
4647:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4601:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4573:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4561:United Kingdom
4557:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4529:
4521:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4493:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:British Empire
3958:United Kingdom
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3799:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3774:Czechoslovakia
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3708:
3706:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3671:Rape of Manila
3667:
3660:
3653:
3642:
3627:
3620:
3608:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3548:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3509:
3502:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3442:United Nations
3438:
3431:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3387:
3378:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3301:Decolonization
3297:
3290:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3247:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2993:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2977:
2974:United Kingdom
2970:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2820:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2732:WW II theatres
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2563:
2561:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2294:Tulle massacre
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2051:Administration
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1885:3rd Army Corps
1882:
1872:
1867:
1865:Army of Africa
1861:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1718:
1689:
1683:
1663:
1632:
1626:
1604:
1598:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1523:
1506:
1504:, p. 343.
1494:
1482:
1470:
1455:
1453:, p. 342.
1443:
1431:
1429:, p. 341.
1416:
1401:
1389:
1387:, p. 339.
1377:
1365:
1363:, p. 337.
1353:
1341:
1329:
1327:, p. 542.
1317:
1315:, p. 217.
1305:
1303:, p. 211.
1293:
1281:
1269:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1217:
1214:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1182:No 2 Group RAF
1176:
1173:
1155:
1152:
1133:
1130:
1089:Churchill tank
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1026:
1023:
994:
991:
989:
986:
954:
951:
936:, inland from
923:Ferdinand Heim
904:
901:
899:
896:
849:
848:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
824:
823:
817:
816:
811:
806:
800:
799:
793:
792:
787:
780:
775:
770:
768:Bernhardt Line
765:
758:
752:
751:
745:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
677:
670:
663:
658:
651:
646:
639:
634:
629:
627:Normandy, 1944
624:
619:
614:
609:
603:
602:
600:Western Europe
596:
593:
592:
581:
580:
573:
566:
558:
549:
548:
546:
545:
544:
543:
538:
536:Transportation
530:
524:
523:
518:
517:
510:
505:
500:
495:
493:Hürtgen Forest
489:
488:
484:
483:
478:
473:
466:
461:
453:
452:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
426:
425:
421:
420:
415:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
383:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
350:
349:
345:
342:
341:
330:
329:
322:
315:
307:
299:
298:
283:sub-prefecture
276:
271:
270:
264:
263:
256:
255:
249:
248:
247:
246:
243:
242:
241:9,500 captured
231:
227:
226:
222:
221:
218:
210:
209:
205:
204:
196:Ferdinand Heim
186:
173:
172:
168:
167:
152:
150:United Kingdom
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
116:
115:Allied victory
113:
109:
108:
69:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
40:
39:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6112:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6010:
6006:
6003:
5999:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:Kuril Islands
5969:
5966:
5962:
5957:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5788:
5784:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5754:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5739:Syrmian Front
5736:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5685:Market Garden
5681:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5544:Monte Cassino
5541:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4910:Baltic states
4907:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4554:United States
4551:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4490:Quốc dân Đảng
4487:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4190:Liechtenstein
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:United States
3971:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3664:Comfort women
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3648: /
3647:
3643:
3640:
3637: /
3636:
3633: /
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:Camp brothels
3621:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:The Holocaust
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3499:forced labour
3496:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:Marshall Plan
3349:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3205:Eastern Front
3202:
3199:
3198:Western Front
3195:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:Puppet states
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:Naval history
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2981:United States
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2764:
2763:Sino Japanese
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Eastern Front
2746:
2744:
2743:Western Front
2741:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2613:
2612:Saint-Nazaire
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Colmar Pocket
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2392:Saint-Nazaire
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:32nd Infantry
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Cavalry Corps
1878:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1570:, p. 75.
1569:
1564:
1558:, appendix E.
1557:
1552:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1516:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1492:, para 86–87.
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1093:Sherman flail
1090:
1085:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1025:Canadian plan
1022:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
953:Allied supply
950:
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:La Tresorerie
931:
926:
924:
920:
919:
914:
910:
895:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
828:North America
826:
825:
822:
819:
818:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
798:
795:
794:
791:
788:
786:
785:
781:
779:
778:Monte Cassino
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
763:
759:
757:
754:
753:
750:
747:
746:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
722:North Brabant
720:
718:
715:
713:
712:Dunkirk, 1944
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
682:
678:
676:
675:
671:
669:
668:
664:
662:
659:
657:
656:
652:
650:
647:
645:
644:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
601:
598:
597:
594:
589:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
560:
559:
556:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
531:
529:
526:
525:
521:
520:
516:
515:
511:
509:
508:Geilenkirchen
506:
504:
503:Crucifix Hill
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
486:
485:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
471:
467:
465:
462:
460:
459:
458:Market Garden
455:
454:
450:
449:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
423:
422:
419:
416:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:Channel Coast
352:
351:
347:
346:
343:
338:
328:
323:
321:
316:
314:
309:
308:
305:
292:
291:Pas-de-Calais
288:
284:
280:
274:
253:
244:
232:
229:
228:
223:
219:
212:
211:
206:
202:
197:
192:
187:
185:
180:
175:
174:
169:
165:
153:
151:
139:
128:
127:
122:
114:
111:
110:
105:
76:
72:
68:
65:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
46:
41:
38:
34:
33:Western Front
29:
24:
19:
6046:Bibliography
6029:
5842:Project Hula
5807:Vistula–Oder
5776:
5709:
5700:
5684:
5654:
5603:
5587:
5578:
5569:
5535:
5432:
5347:
5323:
5293:
5044:
4937:
4882:North Africa
4584:Soviet Union
4538:Soviet Union
4464:Soviet Union
4232:Vatican City
4142:Vichy France
4047:German Reich
3944:Soviet Union
3930:South Africa
3923:Sierra Leone
3876:Newfoundland
3695:Participants
3678:Marocchinate
3382:
3373:
3343:
3221:North Africa
3182:Indian Ocean
3041:Nazi plunder
2932:Cryptography
2805:World War II
2706:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2636:End of Vichy
2011:Henri Giraud
1911:
1760:
1725:
1710:. Retrieved
1694:
1670:
1655:. Retrieved
1643:
1612:
1585:
1577:Bibliography
1563:
1556:Monahan 1947
1551:
1540:. Retrieved
1538:. 2016-11-25
1535:
1526:
1509:
1497:
1490:Monahan 1947
1485:
1478:Monahan 1947
1473:
1446:
1441:, para71–72.
1439:Monahan 1947
1434:
1392:
1380:
1375:, para41–42.
1373:Monahan 1947
1368:
1356:
1344:
1337:Monahan 1947
1332:
1320:
1313:Shulman 1995
1308:
1301:Shulman 1995
1296:
1284:
1277:Monahan 1947
1272:
1265:Monahan 1947
1260:
1227:Cap Gris Nez
1219:
1200:
1191:
1188:22 September
1178:
1169:smoke screen
1159:
1157:
1154:19 September
1135:
1132:18 September
1116:(AVREs) and
1102:
1079:17 September
1038:(comprising
1028:
1015:
998:
996:
966:Harry Crerar
956:
946:Herquelingue
942:Mont Lambert
927:
916:
913:Adolf Hitler
906:
885:
860:
856:
855:
820:
796:
782:
760:
748:
732:Arnhem, 1945
707:Calais, 1944
696:
679:
672:
665:
653:
641:
607:France, 1940
599:
513:
469:
457:
373:
124:Belligerents
18:
5777:Bodenplatte
5663:Gothic Line
4889:West Africa
4436:Philippines
4415:Netherlands
4280:Czech lands
4218:Switzerland
4162:Afghanistan
4113:Philippines
3981:Puerto Rico
3897:Philippines
3883:New Zealand
3869:Netherlands
3822:Free France
3573:Prosecution
3374:Osoaviakhim
3244:West Africa
3228:East Africa
2875:Conferences
2691:Tripartisme
2666:Victory Day
2602:La Rochelle
2493:La Rochelle
1996:Jean Moulin
1957:Second Army
1931:Divisions:
1900:1st Armored
1842:Netherlands
1608:Copp, Terry
1325:Wilmot 1997
1070:peninsula.
930:River Liane
790:Gothic Line
617:Spitzbergen
481:Broekhuizen
451:Netherlands
430:Mons pocket
411:Fort Driant
184:Daniel Spry
99: /
6069:Categories
5877:West Hunan
5710:Pointblank
5046:Silver Fox
5032:Summer War
4785:Winter War
4764:Phoney War
4545:Azerbaijan
4506:Yugoslavia
4401:Luxembourg
4243:Resistance
3990:Yugoslavia
3855:Luxembourg
3657:Sook Ching
3453:War crimes
3055:Technology
3048:Opposition
2990:Lend-Lease
2967:Australian
2960:Home front
2918:Blitzkrieg
2868:Casualties
2859:Commanders
2831:Operations
2526:March 1945
2524:Nov 1944 -
2371:Saint-Malo
2230:March 1944
1875:First Army
1837:Luxembourg
1712:27 January
1657:27 January
1588:. London:
1542:2024-09-07
1480:, para 85.
1339:, para 50.
1289:Chant 1986
1279:, para 41.
1267:, para 84.
1229:. An Army
898:Background
773:Moro River
632:Juno Beach
435:Moerbrugge
418:Strasbourg
287:department
237: 500
84:50°43′35″N
5942:Manchuria
5828:Indochina
5604:Bagration
5055:Lithuania
4700:Anschluss
4497:Viet Minh
4394:Lithuania
4336:Hong Kong
4106:Manchukuo
4061:Azad Hind
3720:Australia
3520:Aftermath
3383:Paperclip
3278:Aftermath
3078:Total war
2946:Diplomacy
2909:In Europe
2628:Aftermath
2465:Sept 1944
2328:July 1944
1707:606015967
1652:961860099
1568:Copp 2006
1253:Footnotes
1239:Dungeness
1216:Aftermath
1197:Surrender
1160:Buttercup
1144:battalion
1139:St Martin
918:Wehrmacht
890:from the
804:Hong Kong
762:Avalanche
737:Rhineland
681:Tractable
649:Charnwood
532:American
522:Logistics
401:Arracourt
87:1°36′53″E
35:, in the
6053:Category
6002:document
5912:document
5769:Ardennes
5753:Budapest
5701:Crossbow
5579:Overlord
5418:Smolensk
4636:Timeline
4471:Slovakia
4457:Thailand
4308:Ethiopia
4273:Bulgaria
4197:Portugal
4135:Thailand
4017:Bulgaria
3795:Eswatini
3788:Ethiopia
3741:Bulgaria
3566:Unit 731
3527:Response
3344:Keelhaul
3294:Cold War
3267:Americas
3258:timeline
3251:Atlantic
3131:Theaters
2738:Atlantic
2584:May 1945
2406:Égletons
2354:Aug 1944
2262:Jun 1944
2246:May 1944
2142:Dec 1941
2096:campaign
1724:(1997).
1669:(1995).
1610:(2006).
974:Le Havre
961:entrepôt
938:Wimereux
909:fortress
877:Boulogne
833:Atlantic
697:Boulogne
692:Le Havre
674:Totalize
655:Atlantic
476:Overloon
470:Pheasant
396:Dompaire
386:Lorraine
374:Boulogne
364:Le Havre
265:Boulogne
208:Strength
66:Location
31:Part of
5979:Shumshu
5746:Hungary
5693:Estonia
5677:Lapland
5655:Dragoon
5588:Neptune
5570:Ichi-Go
5536:Tempest
5478:Changde
5433:Cottage
5325:Jubilee
5041:Finland
4939:Compass
4645:Prelude
4598:Finland
4484:Vietnam
4450:Romania
4322:Germany
4301:Estonia
4287:Denmark
4266:Belgium
4259:Austria
4252:Albania
4183:Ireland
4169:Andorra
4153:Neutral
4120:Romania
4054:Hungary
4039:Finland
3911:Romania
3803:Finland
3781:Denmark
3727:Belgium
3713:Algeria
3419:Romania
3405:Hungary
3161:Pacific
2885:General
2839:Leaders
2824:Battles
2817:Outline
2758:Pacific
2607:Lorient
2597:Dunkirk
2503:Dunkirk
2387:Lorient
1983:Leaders
1827:Belgium
1675:Chailey
1243:Antwerp
1074:Assault
1068:Outreau
1060:Wimille
999:Wellhit
988:Prelude
982:Dunkirk
871:of the
867:by the
742:Germany
717:Scheldt
687:Falaise
643:Windsor
528:British
487:Germany
445:Scheldt
424:Belgium
369:Dunkirk
285:of the
164:Germany
5956:Debate
5928:Taipei
5921:Borneo
5499:Tarawa
4693:Europe
4654:Africa
4443:Poland
4429:Norway
4408:Malaya
4387:Latvia
4329:Greece
4315:France
4211:Sweden
4176:Bhutan
3904:Poland
3890:Norway
3862:Mexico
3829:Greece
3815:France
3753:Canada
3734:Brazil
3704:Allies
3650:Serbia
3639:Poland
3412:Poland
3398:Baltic
3191:Europe
2893:Topics
2845:Allied
2548:Bitche
2401:Lioran
2366:Rennes
2094:French
1857:Forces
1847:Norway
1767:
1740:
1705:
1681:
1650:
1624:
1596:
1146:, the
1003:Dieppe
978:Calais
756:Sicily
667:Spring
622:Dieppe
498:Aachen
379:Calais
359:Dieppe
348:France
279:France
220:10,000
198:
161:
147:
138:Canada
135:
112:Result
75:France
5732:Leyte
5562:Narva
5548:Anzio
5506:Makin
5464:Burma
5348:Torch
5317:Rzhev
5278:Kiska
4364:Korea
4350:Japan
4343:Italy
4225:Tibet
4204:Spain
4082:Italy
3843:Italy
3836:India
3760:China
3635:Japan
3235:Italy
3147:China
3099:Women
2573:Royan
2498:Royan
2187:Sept
1832:Italy
1699:(PDF)
1640:(PDF)
1518:(PDF)
1109:radar
859:(the
784:Amzio
749:Italy
514:Queen
391:Nancy
5798:1945
5526:1944
5367:1943
5295:Blue
5285:Attu
5192:1942
4951:1941
4803:1940
4741:1939
4670:Asia
4517:POWs
4357:Jews
4075:Iraq
4001:Axis
3951:Tuva
3767:Cuba
2852:Axis
2559:1945
2557:Apr
2208:1944
2206:Jan
2189:1943
2160:1942
2158:Nov
2125:1941
2123:Jun
2106:1940
2104:Nov
1765:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1714:2018
1703:OCLC
1679:ISBN
1659:2018
1648:OCLC
1622:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1054:and
1042:and
440:Geel
406:Metz
281:, a
58:Date
1895:5th
1890:4th
911:by
289:of
6071::
5546:/
2593::
2569::
2489::
2383::
1736:.
1732::
1728:.
1673:.
1642:.
1620:.
1592:.
1534:.
1458:^
1419:^
1404:^
1205:.
1171:.
1087:A
1013:.
980:,
234:c.
73:,
5049:)
5043:(
3917:)
3913:(
3849:)
3845:(
3809:)
3805:(
3747:)
3743:(
2797:e
2790:t
2783:v
2734::
1801:e
1794:t
1787:v
1773:.
1746:.
1716:.
1687:.
1661:.
1630:.
1602:.
1545:.
1520:.
1050:(
577:e
570:t
563:v
326:e
319:t
312:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
