663:, in command at Cairo, while Wavell was in England, that retreat from Tug Argan and evacuation from British Somaliland necessary. If his forces could be evacuated, perhaps 70 per cent of them might be removed or he could fight to the end or surrender. Wilson agreed to Godwin-Austen's request the next day and preparations were made to retreat after dark on 15 August. During that day, Observation Hill was attacked for the last time. De Simone had decided to continue the attack in the gap in lieu of completing the flanking manoeuvre and this final push succeeded. By 7:00 p.m., the XIII Brigade had seized Observation Hill, from which the British retreated in disarray. After dark, the defenders of the remaining hills were withdrawn, along with the Punjabis, who departed just as II Brigade was able to make inroads through their deserted positions. As the garrison retreated towards Berbera, the Italians occupied the Tug Argan Gap.
641:
and XV Brigade ascended Punjab Ridge, engaging its defenders. The attacks of XIV Brigade against the
Rhodesians failed but XV Brigade managed to drive the Indian defenders off Punjab Ridge. Counter-attacks were mounted against the Italians but these failed. The Italian attack on the hills was renewed the next day (12 August). The garrisons of Black, Knobbly and Mill Hills repulsed several attacks by XIV Brigade and the defence of the weakest of them, Mill Hill, began to crumble. By 4:00 p.m., the British defences were being overrun and after nightfall the British retreated from the hill, spiking their guns as they left.
142:
580:
4627:
45:
128:
469:, looked to Africa for easy conquests. The Somaliland Protectorate lacked resources, defenders and appeared vulnerable. Though Italy lacked the supply structure for a long war in the region, an expedition to Somaliland was authorised, set for late 1940. Italian forces in East Africa were relatively strong in numbers, if not in quality, with 29 colonial brigades, each comprising several infantry battalions and some light artillery, concentrated around the recently conquered
699:
645:
620:
518:, respectively. The Hargeisa road, the most direct route to the capital, was most easily blocked at the Tug Argan gap in the Assa hills. The pass was flat and open; a small force could not hold out for long against superior numbers but despite this topographical disadvantage, three battalions of the five and a light artillery battery were committed to the defence of Tug Argan with another battalion in reserve.
628:
camels and forced their riders to flee. After receiving word from other scouts that the
Italian tanks and infantry were easily avoiding the crude minefields laid before the creek, the British forces holding the forward trenches were withdrawn to the battle line. As this manoeuvre was nearing completion, Italian artillery and aircraft began to bombard the hills and parties of second-rate Ethiopian and
563:(roughly of battalion strength) to withdraw. A few days of rest and rearmament ensued before the march was resumed on 8 August. The delay was extended by administrative inertia, as Italian officers complained of heavy rains and impassable roads. Following two days of probing, de Simone and his contingent reached the head of the Tug Argan gap and an initial assault was scheduled for 11 August. General
655:
August, the XIV Brigade was relieved, after suffering many casualties, by the XIII Brigade. The fresh troops attacked
Observation Hill but failed again, even after artillery bombardment throughout the day. The II Brigade had still failed to engage the Indians and XV Brigade made little progress before fending off a counter-attack from two companies of the 2nd King's African Rifles.
526:
The strategic position of the
British was undermined by the defeat in France and the French surrender on 22 June. British planners had anticipated fighting with the French, who controlled the western quarter of the Somali coast and had relinquished military control of the border regions adjoining the
640:
medium bombers attacked Punjab Ridge, followed by an artillery bombardment lasting until noon. At 12:30 p.m., the infantry attack began; the II Brigade began moving slowly towards the
Indians through the trackless wilderness north of the road, XIV Brigade attacked Mill, Knobbly and Observation Hills
724:
Despite the emotional attachments professed by Allied and Axis leaders to the rule of
Somaliland, few spoils changed hands after the Italian victory. Defeat was a blow to British prestige but the territory had little significance to imperial strategy. Britain gained financially after being relieved
666:
Following the battle, the
Italians swiftly completed the investment of Berbera. To permit the main body of the colonial garrison to reach the coast, units of the Black Watch, 2nd Battalion King's African Rifles and the 1/2 Punjab Regiment formed a small rearguard at Barakasan, which fought into the
627:
On 10 August, the headlights of advancing
Italian supply convoys were clearly visible and Somali refugees, fleeing before De Simone's column, crossed the Mirgo Pass on the British left. A K.A.R. patrol skirmished briefly with four Italian armoured cars but the exchange of fire terrified the British
615:
and Castle Hills, positioned in a ragged diagonal echelon with 2,000–2,500 yd (1.1–1.4 mi; 1.8–2.3 km) gaps between them across the mouth of the gap. Each was a miniature fortress, housing machine-gun nests surrounded by rings of barbed wire. Given that the front was far too wide for
733:
The
British suffered casualties of 260, 38 killed, 102 wounded, and 120 missing; ten guns were left behind. In 1952, the Italian official historian wrote that Italian casualties were 16 officers killed and 46 injured, six NCOs killed, eleven wounded and one missing; metropolitan troops suffered 17
671:
had begun to evacuate troops from
Berbera on 16 August, operations that few Italian aircraft flew against, possibly due to uncertainty about whether a peace treaty might be signed. By 19 August, all remaining British military forces, including the rearguard, the last of which had embarked late the
654:
On 13 August the XIV Brigade attacks on the Rhodesian hilltop positions failed after some intense fighting, while II Brigade continued their trek through the wilderness toward the northern hills. XV Brigade began to infiltrate behind British lines, ambushing and dispersing a supply convoy. On 14
441:
running across it) in the Assa hills, when they were confronted by a British garrison in fortified positions on hills across its breadth. Italian infantry, after four days of battle, overran the undermanned British positions and were able to seize the gap, compelling the defenders to withdraw to
488:
under threat as well as Somaliland, only token units were available to control what was considered a relatively unimportant possession, devoid of infrastructure, productive capacity or natural resources. Until December 1939 British policy had been to abandon Somaliland if there was an invasion.
632:
troops attacked several times through the early evening. De Simone deployed his main forces opposite the British positions; on the Italian left, the II Brigade prepared to advance through the wilderness towards the Punjabi troops in the north. In the centre, the XIV Brigade faced the Rhodesian
509:
Berbera, the capital of British Somaliland and its only big town and port, was the obvious destination of any invasion. As plans were made to defend the city, it became apparent that the border with Ethiopia was too long and open to be defended. The rugged Somali countryside was impassable by
616:
the troops available and the gaps between the hills too large, maintaining this balance in the face of superior numbers was a difficult task. The linear arrangement of the mounds denied the British position depth, increasing its vulnerability to penetration.
725:
of the burden of providing a garrison. The impact could have been far greater if the Italians had managed to move faster after the battle. Heavy rains and difficulties supplying the troops hindered these efforts, removing any chance of a strategic victory.
550:
led 35,000 Italian troops, the vast majority of them African conscripts, across the border from their staging point at Harar into British Somaliland. The invaders were organised into three columns, one on the left, which would advance north to the coast at
445:
The Italian victory made the position of British forces in Somaliland untenable and the British colonial authorities evacuated the garrison by sea. Italy was able quickly to secure the territory, an achievement whose propaganda value to the
710:(GC&CS) in England and the Cipher Bureau Middle East (CBME) in Cairo had gained information on the Italian order of battle and aspects of the Italian strategic assessment but had not been able to uncover Italian tactical decisions.
559:, containing the bulk of his forces. Simone was to capture the British positions at Tug Argan and make straight for Berbera, ending the campaign with a decisive battle. The Italians captured Hargeisa on 6 August, forcing the
501:
that Somaliland should be defended. Five infantry battalions, the minimum force judged capable of defending the region, was assembled by the beginning of August. The defence force included two Sikh battalions and the 2nd
658:
By 14 August, Godwin-Austen knew that the XV Brigade was encircling the position, his troops were exhausted and his artillery, some already abandoned to the Italians, were running low on ammunition. He informed General
603:
Regiment, holding a group of southwest-facing strongpoints overlooking the rough wilderness beside the road. The British left was covered by another group of Indian troops, facing directly southward on Punjab Ridge.
717:. Irritated by Mussolini's boasting, Churchill excoriated Wavell via cable, labelling the low casualty numbers on the British side a mark of blatant cowardice and demanding that Godwin-Austen be subjected to a
506:, which arrived by sea in from Aden. The Indian units, contrary to expectations, were composed of well-equipped and professional soldiers, a welcome reinforcement to the inexperienced Rhodesian troops.
247:
543:. Le Gentilehomme was relieved of command by his superiors on 22 July and fled to Allied territory. His successor soon achieved détente with the Italians, leaving British Somaliland isolated.
555:, a route recently vacated by the Vichy French, before turning east to Berbera; one on the right, which would make the opposite motion on the Burao road and a main central column, led by
721:. Wavell replied that "a big butcher's bill is not necessarily evidence of good tactics", further enraging Churchill and beginning the decline of Wavell's reputation in London.
612:
240:
4683:
3198:
2943:
2551:
587:
Holding Tug Argan was essential to halting an invasion and the British made its defence their priority, though diminished by the French change of sides. A unit of the
633:
hilltop positions within the pass and the XV Brigade looked north towards Punjab Ridge on the Italian right. Behind them were XIII Brigade and the armoured vehicles.
4549:
2567:
233:
527:
two protectorates. France had a larger garrison in Somaliland than Britain and could obtain reinforcements from Madagascar. Though the armistice had been signed at
2887:
2490:
2462:
1606:
4528:
3207:
2894:
2028:
3510:
2873:
2182:
1807:
376:
2523:
2469:
1655:
2980:
2476:
2092:
1502:
754:
672:
previous day, had been evacuated by sea. An estimated 5,300–5,700 troops reached Aden. Italian forces, which had been held up by naval bombardment by
2866:
2313:
2189:
4678:
2166:
1546:
2603:
1915:
2422:
1724:
759:
4421:
4668:
3214:
3177:
3154:
2675:
1597:
1567:
2929:
3307:
3163:
3147:
3119:
2367:
1574:
4064:
3131:
3043:
2987:
2950:
2232:
510:
vehicles, meaning that the British could defend bottlenecks on the two roads to Berbera, which wound through the desert via the towns of
3036:
1768:
596:
1341:
4542:
3170:
1560:
1518:
4391:
2210:
1984:
1747:
1613:
1424:
480:
The British were outnumbered and their exiguous colonial forces were dispersed around the Middle East, North and East Africa. With
3286:
3083:
2120:
1620:
1532:
1468:
3489:
3001:
1851:
1389:
707:
419:
276:
4085:
3990:
3517:
3263:
3138:
2224:
2198:
2055:
1761:
1678:
1252:
1213:
1157:
1138:
1119:
1060:
477:. The Italians also possessed at least 60 light and medium tanks as well as 183 fighter aircraft, light and medium bombers.
76:
4318:
3725:
3611:
2776:
2243:
2239:
2217:
1821:
423:
257:
32:
4693:
4233:
3697:
3029:
3015:
2228:
702:
Archibald Wavell, whose reputation as one of Britain's finest officers suffered as a result of the retreat from Tug Argan
4442:
4311:
4189:
3767:
3482:
3433:
3191:
2746:
1998:
1837:
1685:
1539:
740:
losses were four aircraft shot down, 13 aircrew killed, 3 wounded and 7 missing, a total of 1,133 Italian casualties.
4558:
3440:
3412:
3229:
2811:
2530:
2497:
713:
The retreat from Somaliland, despite the prudent conduct of local commanders, infuriated the British Prime Minister,
608:
490:
333:
288:
271:
1713:
734:
killed and 64 injured (161) and African troops suffered casualties of 426 killed, 409 injured and 33 missing (949).
4595:
3753:
3690:
2825:
2661:
1784:
2338:
1332:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (4th impr. ed.). London: HMSO.
4119:
3960:
3949:
3785:
3544:
3503:
3396:
3334:
2721:
1991:
1860:
1828:
366:
2508:
2076:
4505:
4477:
4355:
4148:
3385:
2836:
2762:
2558:
1929:
1648:
1553:
1438:
599:. The defenders dug in across the broad arc of the gap. On the British right were three companies of the 3/15
4565:
4498:
4449:
4380:
4205:
3711:
3662:
3426:
3419:
3022:
2783:
2574:
1627:
4639:
4535:
3910:
3871:
2790:
2625:
2610:
2537:
2516:
2334:
2012:
1798:
1791:
1775:
1486:
1445:
1417:
4688:
4673:
4602:
3926:
3878:
3496:
3468:
3321:
2936:
2915:
2436:
2099:
2005:
1495:
1299:
1267:
Operations in the Somaliland Protectorate, 1939–1940 (Appendix A – G. M. R. Reid and A. R. Godwin-Austen)
1171:
749:
595:(to the rear of the gap) late on 10 August by truck and a brigade headquarters was established at nearby
318:
4400:
3896:
3815:
3760:
3648:
3604:
3254:
2880:
2804:
2706:
2583:
2455:
2448:
2408:
2381:
2113:
2046:
1641:
1452:
1382:
564:
160:
4302:
4219:
4004:
3864:
3836:
3669:
3574:
3364:
2797:
1871:
1525:
498:
2069:
4041:
4018:
3270:
3071:
3064:
2728:
2388:
2360:
2353:
1740:
1295:
1167:
649:
Kenyan troops of the King's African Rifles, who played a prominent role in the defence of Tug Argan
503:
298:
2085:
2062:
4463:
4407:
4277:
4137:
3822:
3475:
3371:
3277:
2845:
2713:
2683:
2647:
2632:
2504:
2396:
2374:
2320:
2306:
2288:
1952:
1733:
1461:
1410:
403:
4155:
4048:
3850:
3801:
3704:
3597:
3567:
3350:
3238:
2964:
2755:
2346:
2327:
2297:
1844:
1814:
637:
568:
560:
164:
4646:
4369:
4212:
4108:
4078:
4034:
3774:
3739:
3732:
3655:
3553:
2994:
2971:
2818:
2429:
1966:
1706:
1692:
1375:
660:
293:
2264:
1273:
1175:
4470:
4325:
3976:
3933:
3903:
3829:
3639:
3618:
2544:
2021:
1699:
1327:
693:
323:
303:
8:
4588:
4362:
4240:
4196:
3718:
2852:
2618:
2145:
1975:
1959:
1908:
535:, Commander-in-Chief of the French East African forces, announced that he would not join
494:
371:
1306:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. London:
1180:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. London:
225:
4581:
4414:
4339:
4293:
4263:
4171:
4011:
3676:
3560:
3454:
3405:
3343:
3099:
3050:
2859:
2483:
2138:
1936:
1278:
1045:
532:
70:
1047:
British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations
567:
arrived to take command of the British garrison from the Military-Governor, Brigadier
528:
4572:
4456:
4346:
4286:
4247:
4180:
4162:
4128:
4071:
4025:
3969:
3794:
3532:
3524:
3461:
3314:
2908:
2440:
1901:
1880:
1590:
1333:
1311:
1248:
1209:
1185:
1153:
1134:
1115:
1098:
1090:
1078:
1077:] (in Italian). Roma: Italia Stato maggiore dell'esercito Ufficio storico. 1952.
1056:
714:
433:
Italian troops were advancing northwards on a north–south road toward the capital of
4491:
4484:
4428:
4092:
3857:
3843:
3746:
3683:
3634:
3447:
3300:
3247:
3057:
3008:
2922:
2152:
2129:
1662:
1262:
718:
466:
462:
458:
427:
361:
356:
328:
36:
1671:
1304:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)
1177:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)
313:
4514:
4226:
4141:
4099:
3997:
3940:
3808:
3590:
3581:
3110:
2692:
2668:
1922:
1323:
673:
600:
556:
540:
407:
308:
169:
4626:
4521:
4057:
3983:
2035:
1894:
611:
infantry, on a line of knolls, named from north to south Black, Knobbly, Mill,
579:
547:
395:
173:
133:
1355:
44:
4662:
4332:
2257:
2106:
1945:
1337:
1315:
1189:
1082:
147:
91:
78:
1224:
1102:
4631:
4435:
2735:
2640:
2271:
1634:
1398:
636:
The attack on the gap began at 7:30 a.m. on 11 August, as a flight of
536:
346:
4270:
4256:
3918:
2594:
2415:
2400:
1754:
1361:
629:
588:
474:
3625:
3378:
3357:
2250:
1583:
1511:
668:
415:
3888:
3293:
3090:
2901:
2699:
2654:
481:
351:
2175:
1206:
The First Victory: The Second World War and the East Africa Campaign
698:
2159:
1887:
644:
511:
470:
592:
447:
434:
190:
619:
49:
Map depicting the Battle of Tug Argan and the British evacuation
2769:
1367:
539:
in neutrality, proposing instead to continue the struggle from
2957:
552:
515:
485:
399:
1307:
1181:
1052:
1071:
La Guerra in Africa Orientale, Giugno 1940 – Novembre 1941
1294:
1166:
1042:
437:
through the Tug Argan gap (named after the dry river bed
255:
16:
Part of the East African Campaign of the Second World War
1051:. History of the Second World War. Vol. I. London:
461:
entered the war on 10 June 1940, towards the end of the
2029:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
4684:
Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
1362:
Translation of the Italian Official History account
1095:Eastern Epic: September 1939 – March 1943: Defence
1044:
755:List of British military equipment of World War II
450:regime was greater than its strategic importance.
1075:The War in East Africa: June 1940 – November 1941
679:on 17 August, arrived in a Berbera on 19 August.
4660:
571:, who retained control of the Tug Argan front.
1129:Moyse-Bartlett, Lieutenant-Colonel H. (2012).
1128:
760:List of Italian Army equipment in World War II
1383:
241:
1097:. Vol. I. London: Chatto & Windus.
735:
418:). The battle determined the result of the
1390:
1376:
248:
234:
1229:stone & stone: second world war books
1089:
412:Dhulka Maxmiyada Soomaalida ee Biritishka
1272:
697:
643:
618:
607:The gap was manned by the more numerous
578:
4679:Battles of World War II involving Italy
1356:Chronology of the East African campaign
1329:The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive
1322:
1203:
1109:
138:
4661:
3237:
3215:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
1344:from the original on 27 February 2022.
1261:
1242:
420:Italian invasion of British Somaliland
4086:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
3518:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
3164:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
3120:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2225:Rape during the occupation of Germany
1371:
1222:
259:East African campaign of World War II
229:
4669:East African campaign (World War II)
3208:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2240:Rape during the liberation of France
1225:"The Invasion of British Somaliland"
1147:
1133:. Vol. II. Andrews UK Limited.
1043:Hinsley, F. H.; et al. (1979).
185:5,000 regular and colonial infantry
13:
3434:German invasion of the Netherlands
1714:Weather events during World War II
1288:
1282:. 4 June 1946. pp. 2719–2727.
14:
4705:
4065:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
1349:
1326:(1957) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).
1208:. London: Yale University Press.
876:Moyse-Bartlett 2012, pp. 497–498.
708:Government Code and Cypher School
402:from 11 to 15 August 1940 in the
394:was fought between forces of the
4625:
1397:
140:
126:
43:
1247:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
1065:– via Archive Foundation.
1023:
1014:
1005:
996:
987:
978:
969:
960:
951:
942:
933:
924:
915:
906:
897:
888:
879:
870:
861:
852:
4312:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
2022:Territorial changes of Germany
1930:Indonesian National Revolution
843:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
780:
771:
1:
3712:Japanese invasion of Thailand
3663:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
3427:German invasion of Luxembourg
1808:Mediterranean and Middle East
822:Moyse-Bartlett, 2012, p. 494.
765:
728:
591:was rushed to the village of
453:
3619:Invasion of the Soviet Union
3308:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
2626:Independent State of Croatia
682:
583:Geographic map of Somaliland
7:
4603:End of World War II in Asia
4443:Western invasion of Germany
3950:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
3927:Second Battle of El Alamein
3497:Hundred Regiments Offensive
3469:Battle of the Mediterranean
3322:Italian invasion of Albania
1496:Air warfare of World War II
1152:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword.
939:Playfair 1954, pp. 176–177.
786:Playfair 1954, pp. 171–173.
777:Playfair 1954, pp. 165–166.
743:
687:
211:5 artillery pieces captured
10:
4710:
4694:Somaliland in World War II
4529:Naval bombardment of Japan
3897:First Battle of El Alamein
3816:Battle of Christmas Island
3761:Japanese invasion of Burma
3525:Italian invasion of Greece
3441:German invasion of Belgium
3413:German invasion of Denmark
3386:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
3255:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1519:Comparative military ranks
1150:Churchill and the Generals
1035:
691:
521:
4618:
4450:Bratislava–Brno offensive
4390:
4381:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
4118:
4005:Allied invasion of Sicily
3959:
3865:Aleutian Islands campaign
3837:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
3784:
3775:Greek famine of 1941–1944
3670:Second Battle of Changsha
3575:German invasion of Greece
3543:
3420:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
3395:
3333:
3228:
3109:
2835:
2745:
2593:
2296:
2287:
2045:
1870:
1762:North and Central Pacific
1723:
1485:
1478:
1405:
1269:. London: London Gazette.
1131:The King's African Rifles
1110:Mockler, Anthony (2003).
574:
499:Chiefs of Staff Committee
304:British Somaliland (1941)
277:British Somaliland (1940)
267:
197:
179:
154:
119:
53:
42:
30:
25:
4042:Allied invasion of Italy
4019:Solomon Islands campaign
3768:Third Battle of Changsha
3365:First Battle of Changsha
3271:Second Sino-Japanese War
2211:German military brothels
2077:United States war crimes
1243:Tucker, Spencer (2005).
1204:Stewart, Andrew (2016).
1011:Stewart 2016, pp. 93–94.
885:Stewart, 2016, pp. 78–79
667:night of 17 August. The
4464:Second Guangxi campaign
4319:Philippines (1944–1945)
3823:Battle of the Coral Sea
3726:Fall of the Philippines
3372:Battle of South Guangxi
3278:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2684:Italian Social Republic
930:Playfair, 1954, p. 176.
903:Playfair, 1954, p. 176.
404:Somaliland Protectorate
4049:Armistice of Cassibile
3851:Battle of Dutch Harbor
3802:Battle of the Java Sea
3705:Attack on Pearl Harbor
3605:Syria–Lebanon campaign
3598:Battle of South Shanxi
3568:Invasion of Yugoslavia
3351:Battle of the Atlantic
2965:Korean Liberation Army
2678:(until September 1943)
2635:(until September 1944)
2613:(until September 1944)
1298:; et al. (1954).
1170:; et al. (1954).
1020:Playfair, 1954, p. 178
975:Tucker 2005, p. 1,179.
957:Wavell 1946, p. 2,724.
867:Playfair 1954, p. 175.
831:Playfair 1954, p. 174.
813:Playfair 1954, p. 173.
795:Mackenzie 1951, p. 22.
736:
703:
651:
638:Savoia-Marchetti SM.81
624:
584:
561:Somaliland Camel Corps
411:
188:30,000 Italian troops
155:Commanders and leaders
4213:Second Battle of Guam
4109:Bengal famine of 1943
4079:Second Battle of Kiev
4035:Battle of the Dnieper
3740:Battle of Wake Island
3612:East African campaign
3554:Battle of South Henan
3199:atrocities by Germans
2972:Korean Volunteer Army
1953:Occupation of Germany
1707:Music in World War II
1148:Pitt, Barrie (2004).
1002:Pitt 2004, pp. 48–49.
993:Hinsley, 1979, p. 380
849:Mockler, 2003, p. 245
840:Mockler 2003, p. 245.
701:
661:Henry Maitland Wilson
647:
622:
582:
546:On 3 August, General
504:King's African Rifles
424:East African Campaign
406:(British Somaliland,
198:Casualties and losses
33:East African Campaign
4499:Surrender of Germany
3977:Battle of West Hubei
3934:Guadalcanal campaign
3904:Battle of Stalingrad
3830:Battle of Madagascar
2604:Albania protectorate
2391:(formerly Swaziland)
2100:Wehrmacht war crimes
1916:Expulsion of Germans
1700:Art and World War II
1598:British contribution
1547:Governments in exile
1223:Stone, Bill (1998).
1112:Haile Selassie's War
966:Stewart 2016, p. 87.
948:Stewart, 2016, p. 82
858:Stewart, 2016, p. 80
804:Mockler 2003, p. 243
694:Ultra (cryptography)
209:7 aircraft destroyed
92:9.95833°N 44.45750°E
4589:Potsdam Declaration
4478:Italy (Spring 1945)
4241:Liberation of Paris
3698:Siege of Sevastopol
2716:(until August 1944)
2619:Wang Jingwei regime
2441:from September 1943
2401:from September 1944
2339:from September 1944
2199:Romanian war crimes
2190:Persecution of Jews
2176:Croatian war crimes
2146:Japanese war crimes
1960:Occupation of Japan
1909:First Indochina War
1621:Military production
1533:Declarations of war
1364:(Stone & Stone)
1358:(Stone & Stone)
565:Reade Godwin-Austen
495:Middle East Command
392:Battle of Tug Argan
367:East Indies Station
341:Associated articles
161:Reade Godwin-Austin
88: /
26:Battle of Tug Argan
4689:August 1940 events
4674:1940 in Somaliland
4582:Surrender of Japan
4415:Battle of Iwo Jima
4264:Belgrade offensive
3677:Siege of Leningrad
3561:Battle of Shanggao
3490:British Somaliland
3455:Dunkirk evacuation
3406:Norwegian campaign
3344:Invasion of Poland
3171:Japanese prisoners
2139:Italian war crimes
2070:British war crimes
1985:Soviet occupations
1769:South-West Pacific
1656:Allied cooperation
1614:Military equipment
1296:Playfair, I. S. O.
1279:The London Gazette
1168:Playfair, I. S. O.
1091:Mackenzie, Compton
704:
652:
625:
585:
533:Paul Legentilhomme
213:5 mortars captured
71:British Somaliland
4656:
4655:
4614:
4613:
4457:Battle of Okinawa
4356:Burma (1944–1945)
4190:Mariana and Palau
3970:Tunisian campaign
3795:Fall of Singapore
3719:Fall of Hong Kong
3462:Battle of Britain
3315:Operation Himmler
3224:
3223:
2888:Dutch East Indies
2531:Southern Rhodesia
2283:
2282:
2183:Genocide of Serbs
2086:German war crimes
2063:Soviet war crimes
2056:Allied war crimes
1902:Division of Korea
1881:Chinese Civil War
1679:Strategic bombing
1591:Manhattan Project
1254:978-1-85109-857-6
1215:978-0-300-20855-9
1159:978-1-84415-101-1
1140:978-1-78150-663-9
1121:978-1-902669-53-3
1062:978-0-11-630933-4
737:Regia Aeronautica
715:Winston Churchill
623:The Tug Argan Gap
385:
384:
372:East Africa Force
289:French Somaliland
224:
223:
115:
114:
97:9.95833; 44.45750
61:11–15 August 1940
4701:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4632:World portal
4630:
4629:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4492:Prague offensive
4487:
4485:Battle of Berlin
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4429:Vienna offensive
4424:
4417:
4410:
4408:Battle of Manila
4403:
4383:
4374:
4365:
4358:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4298:
4289:
4282:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4192:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4158:
4151:
4149:Korsun–Cherkassy
4144:
4133:
4111:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3991:Bombing of Gorky
3986:
3979:
3972:
3952:
3945:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3858:Battle of Midway
3853:
3846:
3844:Battle of Gazala
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3754:Battle of Borneo
3749:
3747:Malayan campaign
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3691:Bombing of Gorky
3686:
3684:Battle of Moscow
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3536:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3448:Battle of France
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3301:Munich Agreement
3296:
3289:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3257:
3250:
3235:
3234:
3217:
3210:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3186:Soviet prisoners
3180:
3173:
3166:
3157:
3150:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3126:German prisoners
3122:
3102:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2664:
2662:French Indochina
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2586:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2509:from August 1944
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2392:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2294:
2293:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2235:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2153:Nanjing Massacre
2148:
2141:
2132:
2130:Nuremberg trials
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1863:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1734:Asia and Pacific
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1665:
1663:Mulberry harbour
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1498:
1483:
1482:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1345:
1319:
1300:Butler, J. R. M.
1283:
1270:
1258:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1219:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1172:Butler, J. R. M.
1163:
1144:
1125:
1114:. Signal Books.
1106:
1086:
1066:
1050:
1030:
1029:IOH, 1952, p. 66
1027:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
994:
991:
985:
982:
976:
973:
967:
964:
958:
955:
949:
946:
940:
937:
931:
928:
922:
919:
913:
910:
904:
901:
895:
892:
886:
883:
877:
874:
868:
865:
859:
856:
850:
847:
841:
838:
832:
829:
823:
820:
814:
811:
805:
802:
796:
793:
787:
784:
778:
775:
739:
719:board of inquiry
491:Archibald Wavell
467:Benito Mussolini
463:Battle of France
428:Second World War
362:Desert Air Force
357:Red Sea Flotilla
262:
260:
250:
243:
236:
227:
226:
150:
146:
144:
143:
132:
130:
129:
103:
102:
100:
99:
98:
93:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
55:
54:
47:
37:Second World War
23:
22:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4624:
4622:
4610:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4548:
4543:Atomic bombings
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4386:
4379:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4301:
4292:
4285:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4246:
4239:
4234:Eastern Romania
4232:
4227:Warsaw Uprising
4225:
4220:Tannenberg Line
4218:
4211:
4206:Western Ukraine
4204:
4195:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4136:
4127:
4114:
4107:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3998:Battle of Kursk
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3955:
3948:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3809:St Nazaire Raid
3807:
3800:
3793:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3633:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3591:Anglo-Iraqi War
3589:
3582:Battle of Crete
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3539:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3511:Eastern Romania
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3329:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3253:
3246:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3146:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3105:
3098:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3072:Western Ukraine
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3016:Northeast China
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2722:Slovak Republic
2720:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2693:Empire of Japan
2691:
2682:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2602:
2589:
2582:
2573:
2566:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2395:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2279:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2238:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2205:Sexual violence
2204:
2197:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1935:
1928:
1923:Greek Civil War
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1866:
1859:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1748:South-East Asia
1746:
1739:
1732:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1607:Military awards
1605:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1494:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1396:
1352:
1291:
1289:Further reading
1286:
1255:
1233:
1231:
1216:
1194:
1192:
1160:
1141:
1122:
1069:
1063:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
983:
979:
974:
970:
965:
961:
956:
952:
947:
943:
938:
934:
929:
925:
920:
916:
911:
907:
902:
898:
893:
889:
884:
880:
875:
871:
866:
862:
857:
853:
848:
844:
839:
835:
830:
826:
821:
817:
812:
808:
803:
799:
794:
790:
785:
781:
776:
772:
768:
746:
731:
696:
690:
685:
577:
557:Carlo de Simone
524:
456:
388:
387:
386:
381:
377:Order of battle
338:
263:
258:
256:
254:
219:
217:
212:
210:
208:
206:
204:
189:
172:
170:Carlo de Simone
163:
141:
139:
127:
125:
111:Italian victory
96:
94:
90:
87:
82:
79:
77:
75:
74:
73:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4707:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4562:
4559:South Sakhalin
4555:
4554:
4553:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4359:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4283:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4193:
4186:
4177:
4168:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4096:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4038:
4031:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3984:Battle of Attu
3980:
3973:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3875:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
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569:Arthur Chater
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334:Guerrilla war
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218:1,530 wounded
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165:Arthur Chater
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4640:Bibliography
4623:
4436:Project Hula
4401:Vistula–Oder
4370:
4303:
4294:
4278:
4248:
4197:
4181:
4172:
4163:
4129:
4026:
3941:
3917:
3887:
3638:
3531:
3476:North Africa
3178:Soviet Union
3132:Soviet Union
3058:Soviet Union
2826:Vatican City
2736:Vichy France
2641:German Reich
2538:Soviet Union
2524:South Africa
2517:Sierra Leone
2470:Newfoundland
2289:Participants
2272:Marocchinate
1976:
1967:
1937:
1815:North Africa
1776:Indian Ocean
1635:Nazi plunder
1526:Cryptography
1399:World War II
1328:
1303:
1277:
1266:
1245:World War II
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1176:
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537:Vichy France
525:
508:
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391:
389:
347:Gideon Force
340:
339:
281:
120:Belligerents
31:Part of The
18:
4371:Bodenplatte
4257:Gothic Line
3483:West Africa
3030:Philippines
3009:Netherlands
2874:Czech lands
2812:Switzerland
2756:Afghanistan
2707:Philippines
2575:Puerto Rico
2491:Philippines
2477:New Zealand
2463:Netherlands
2416:Free France
2167:Prosecution
1968:Osoaviakhim
1838:West Africa
1822:East Africa
1469:Conferences
1274:"No. 37594"
1195:3 September
984:Stone, 1998
921:Stone, 1998
912:Stone, 1998
894:Stone, 1998
750:Eric Wilson
613:Observation
589:Black Watch
475:Addis Ababa
294:Convoy BN 7
207:120 missing
205:102 wounded
193:auxiliaries
95: /
4663:Categories
4471:West Hunan
4304:Pointblank
3640:Silver Fox
3626:Summer War
3379:Winter War
3358:Phoney War
3139:Azerbaijan
3100:Yugoslavia
2995:Luxembourg
2837:Resistance
2584:Yugoslavia
2449:Luxembourg
2251:Sook Ching
2047:War crimes
1649:Technology
1642:Opposition
1584:Lend-Lease
1561:Australian
1554:Home front
1512:Blitzkrieg
1462:Casualties
1453:Commanders
1425:Operations
1263:Wavell, A.
766:References
729:Casualties
669:Royal Navy
630:Blackshirt
531:, General
454:Background
416:Somaliland
324:Culqualber
319:Amba Alagi
220:34 missing
216:465 killed
203:38 killed
83:44°27′27″E
80:09°57′30″N
4536:Manchuria
4422:Indochina
4198:Bagration
3649:Lithuania
3294:Anschluss
3091:Viet Minh
2988:Lithuania
2930:Hong Kong
2700:Manchukuo
2655:Azad Hind
2314:Australia
2114:Aftermath
1977:Paperclip
1872:Aftermath
1672:Total war
1540:Diplomacy
1503:In Europe
1338:881709135
1316:888934805
1190:494123451
1083:799948460
683:Aftermath
674:HMS
609:Rhodesian
529:Compiègne
482:Cyrenaica
473:capital,
471:Ethiopian
442:Berbera.
352:Arbegnoch
282:Tug Argan
4647:Category
4596:document
4506:document
4363:Ardennes
4347:Budapest
4295:Crossbow
4173:Overlord
4012:Smolensk
3230:Timeline
3065:Slovakia
3051:Thailand
2902:Ethiopia
2867:Bulgaria
2791:Portugal
2729:Thailand
2611:Bulgaria
2389:Eswatini
2382:Ethiopia
2335:Bulgaria
2160:Unit 731
2121:Response
1938:Keelhaul
1888:Cold War
1861:Americas
1852:timeline
1845:Atlantic
1725:Theaters
1342:Archived
1265:(1946).
1103:59637091
1093:(1951).
744:See also
688:Analysis
597:Barkasan
541:Djibouti
512:Hargeisa
489:General
484:and the
180:Strength
66:Location
4573:Shumshu
4340:Hungary
4287:Estonia
4271:Lapland
4249:Dragoon
4182:Neptune
4164:Ichi-Go
4130:Tempest
4072:Changde
4027:Cottage
3919:Jubilee
3635:Finland
3533:Compass
3239:Prelude
3192:Finland
3078:Vietnam
3044:Romania
2916:Germany
2895:Estonia
2881:Denmark
2860:Belgium
2853:Austria
2846:Albania
2777:Ireland
2763:Andorra
2747:Neutral
2714:Romania
2648:Hungary
2633:Finland
2505:Romania
2397:Finland
2375:Denmark
2321:Belgium
2307:Algeria
2013:Romania
1999:Hungary
1755:Pacific
1479:General
1433:Leaders
1418:Battles
1411:Outline
1302:(ed.).
1234:12 June
1174:(ed.).
1036:Sources
593:Laferug
522:Prelude
448:Fascist
435:Berbera
426:of the
422:in the
299:Agordat
35:of the
4550:Debate
4522:Taipei
4515:Borneo
4093:Tarawa
3287:Europe
3248:Africa
3037:Poland
3023:Norway
3002:Malaya
2981:Latvia
2923:Greece
2909:France
2805:Sweden
2770:Bhutan
2498:Poland
2484:Norway
2456:Mexico
2423:Greece
2409:France
2347:Canada
2328:Brazil
2298:Allies
2244:Serbia
2233:Poland
2006:Poland
1992:Baltic
1785:Europe
1487:Topics
1439:Allied
1336:
1314:
1251:
1212:
1188:
1156:
1137:
1118:
1101:
1081:
1059:
601:Punjab
575:Battle
414:, now
408:Somali
329:Gondar
191:Somali
145:
131:
108:Result
4326:Leyte
4156:Narva
4142:Anzio
4100:Makin
4058:Burma
3942:Torch
3911:Rzhev
3872:Kiska
2958:Korea
2944:Japan
2937:Italy
2819:Tibet
2798:Spain
2676:Italy
2437:Italy
2430:India
2354:China
2229:Japan
1829:Italy
1741:China
1693:Women
1073:[
676:Ceres
553:Zeila
516:Burao
486:Sudan
459:Italy
400:Italy
309:Keren
272:Sudan
148:Italy
4392:1945
4120:1944
3961:1943
3889:Blue
3879:Attu
3786:1942
3545:1941
3397:1940
3335:1939
3264:Asia
3111:POWs
2951:Jews
2669:Iraq
2595:Axis
2545:Tuva
2361:Cuba
1446:Axis
1334:OCLC
1312:OCLC
1308:HMSO
1249:ISBN
1236:2024
1210:ISBN
1197:2015
1186:OCLC
1182:HMSO
1154:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1099:OCLC
1079:OCLC
1057:ISBN
1053:HMSO
706:The
514:and
398:and
390:The
314:Saïo
58:Date
439:tug
4665::
4140:/
1340:.
1310:.
1276:.
1227:.
1184:.
1055:.
465:;
430:.
410::
3643:)
3637:(
2511:)
2507:(
2443:)
2439:(
2403:)
2399:(
2341:)
2337:(
1391:e
1384:t
1377:v
1318:.
1257:.
1238:.
1218:.
1199:.
1162:.
1143:.
1124:.
1105:.
1085:.
249:e
242:t
235:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
