Battle of Renfrew - Knowledge

551: 807:. Before the end of the year, Guðrøðr is said by the same source to have arrived in the Isles, and ruthlessly overpowered his brother. Guðrøðr thereafter regained the kingship, and the realm was divided between him and Clann Somairle, in a partitioning that stemmed from Somairle's coup in 1156. Although there is no direct evidence that Somairle's imperium fragmented upon his death, there is reason to suspect that it was indeed divided between his sons. In the decades that followed Somairle's demise, there is evidence to suggest that the known inter-dynastic infighting amongst his descendants was capitalised upon by Walter and his family. 322: 711: 833: 821: 653: 641: 450: 438:, Somairle's invasion fleet numbered one hundred and sixty ships. If each ship carried forty to fifty combatants, Somairle may have led between six thousand and eight thousand men. Although the tallies of combatants given by mediaeval sources are generally suspect, they can be indicative of the magnitude of a force's size. The participation of Dubliners in Somairle's venture suggests that he had an alliance with the Dubliners. Specifically, he may have had a pact with either the overlord of Dublin, 707:, a Scandinavian-Gaelic magnate who held lands in Carrick. Fergus' attestation could indicate that, whilst Somairle's family may have suffered marginalisation as a result of Máel Coluim's defeat and David's consolidation of the region, Fergus and his family could have conversely profited at this time as supporters of David's cause. The record of Fergus amongst the Scottish elite at Cadzow is certainly evidence of the increasing reach of David's royal authority in the 1130s. 236: 595:. The fact that this charter includes the caveat "in whatever year I should receive it" could indicate that, between 1141 and 1152, the Scottish Crown lost royal control of these territories to Somairle. Although David may well have regarded Argyll as a Scottish tributary, Somairle's ensuing career clearly reveals that the latter regarded himself a fully independent ruler. Somairle's first attestation by a contemporary source occurs in 1153, when the 216:, a people of mixed Scandinavian and Gaelic ethnicity, like Sumarliði/Somairle himself. There is reason to suspect that this region was lost to the Scots upon the collapse of Máel Coluim's rebellion, and afterwards doled out to powerful Scottish magnates in the context of Scottish consolidation. Somerled may have also invaded the region in an attempt to counter a perceived threat that the Scots posed to his authority in the 12281: 755:, and Walter himself. As such, the mid-part of the twelfth century saw a steady consolidation of Scottish power along the western seaboard by some of the realm's greatest magnates—men who could well have encroached into Somairle's sphere of influence. The continuous encroachment of Scottish authority may well have spurned Somairle to launch a counter-strike. It is conceivable that Somairle first acquired the 1366:. The fact that Bute seems to have fallen into the hands of Walter's family by about 1200 could indicate that Alan capitalised upon Clann Somairle's internal discord and thereby seized the island. Alternately, it is also possible that Alan received the island from Ragnall as payment for military support against Aongus, who seems to have had gained the upper hand over Ragnall by 1192. 227:, is recorded to have gained power, Guðrøðr was able overcome him within the year. Upon Guðrøðr's reestablishment in the Isles, the realm was again divided between him and Somerled's descendants, in a partitioning that stemmed from Somairle's coup in 1156. The Battle of Renfrew may have been Malcolm's greatest victory. It is certainly the last major event of his reign on record. 1188:, Somairle had been attacking the Scots for twelve years before his final invasion. This would give 1152 as the year Somairle began campaigning against the Scots. As such, the given number may be a mistake for eleven years. In any case, the span of time appears to be somewhat generalised on account of the evidence of the concord between Somairle and Malcolm. 739:

of Scottish power along the western seaboard—particularly exemplified by Walter's expansive territorial grants in the region—meant that the Scots were also positioned to capitalise upon the situation. In fact, there is reason to suspect that, during Malcolm's reign—and perhaps with Malcolm's consent—Walter began to extend his own authority into the

1252:, and notes successful naval campaigns conducted against David's enemies, which suggests that Máel Coluim's support was indeed centred in Scotland's western coastal periphery. By the mid 1130s, David had not only succeeded in securing Máel Coluim, but also appears to have gained recognition of his overlordship of Argyll. 747:, and the fringes of Argyll. The allotment of Scottish fiefs along the western seaboard suggests that these lands were settled in the context of defending the Scottish realm from external threats in Galloway and the Isles. It was probably in this context that substantial western lordships were granted to men such as 1073:, alleges that Somairle died as a result of a traitorous assassination orchestrated on behalf of the Scottish Crown. One possibility is that such traditions of treachery could have been crafted to explain the sudden demise of a figure imagined by later generations to have been almost invincible in battle. 674:

Another possibility is that Somairle was attempting to secure a swathe of territory that had only recently been secured by the Scottish Crown. Although there is no record of Somairle before 1153, his family was evidently involved in an earlier insurrection by Máel Coluim against David that ended with

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One possibility is that Malcolm swore not to aid Guðrøðr, and that Somairle swore not to aid the cause of Máel Coluim. Somairle may have also acknowledged Malcolm's overlordship of Argyll, or Malcolm may have acknowledged Somairle's right there. The concord between Somairle and Malcolm may have been

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There are several possible ways which Somairle and the Meic Máel Coluim could have been related. On one hand, the sons of Máel Coluim could have been descended from a sister of Somairle. On the other hand, their mother could have been a daughter of Somairle. Another possibility is that Somairle and

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Scottish magnates—posed to his authority. A catalyst of this collision of competing spheres of influence may have been the vacuum left by Óláfr's assassination. Although the political uncertainty following Óláfr's elimination would have certainly posed a threat to the Scots, the concurrent build-up

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and drove Guðrøðr from the kingship into exile. With Guðrøðr gone, it appears that either Dubgall or Somairle became King of the Isles. Although the young Dubgall may well have been the nominal monarch, the chronicle makes it clear that it was Somairle who possessed the real power. Certainly, Irish

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after his 1156 clash with Guðrøðr. In so doing, Somairle gained control of islands in a territory that appears to have been regarded by the Scots as vital to their own security. In fact, the catalyst for the establishment of Scottish castles along the River Clyde could well have been the potential

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The reasons for Somerled's invasion of Scotland are uncertain. One possibility is that he was renewing his support for the sons of Máel Coluim. Another possibility is that he was attempting to conquer the southwest part of Scotland that may have only recently fallen under Scottish royal authority.

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1160, a Scottish royal charter reveals that Somairle had come to an understanding of peace with Malcolm at some point earlier that year. Nevertheless, four years later Somairle launched his final invasion of Scotland, and it is possible that it was conducted in the context of another attempt to

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were passed by Somairle's naval forces, suggesting that it was either Baldwin or his followers who engaged and overcame the invaders. In any case, the victory over the Islesmen and their allies appears to have ensured peace in Scotland for the rest of Malcolm's rule. It may have been Malcolm's

1293:, and not the removal of the native population, it may nevertheless be evidence of Malcolm's extension of royal authority. Whilst there is no known link between the relocation and Somairle's invasion the next year, it is conceivable that there could have been a connection between the events. 566:

Somairle's rise to power appears to coincide with an apparent weakening of Scottish royal authority in Argyll. Such outside influence in Argyll may be evidenced by Scottish royal acta. Specifically, one royal charter, dating to 1141×1147, reveals that David granted a portion of his

703:, a people of mixed Scandinavian and Gaelic ethnicity. One possibility is that these lands had formerly comprised part of a Gall Gaidheil realm before the Scottish Crown overcame Máel Coluim and his supporters. The Cadzow charter is one of several that mark the earliest record of 870:

There are several local traditions concerning the location of the battle. One account, dating to the late eighteenth century, asserts that the invaders landed at Renfrew, and that they marched southwards to Knock, an elevated land form situated between Renfrew and

204:, and his sons were closely related to Somerled. At about the time of the rebellion's collapse, Somerled appears to have shifted his energies from Scotland towards the Isles. In 1156, he wrested about half of the Kingdom of the Isles from his brother-in-law, 914:. If so, the seal's depiction of a man leaning against a pillar could commemorate the Scottish victory. In any case, "Queen Blearie's Stone" was demolished before the end of the eighteenth century. By this point, part of it evidently formed a 1132:

of Glasgow, that resulted in the Scots' victory over Somairle in 1164. The apparent attack of 1153, and the negative effects it may have had upon the status of the cathedral's bishop and saint, may account for the original compilation of

1028:. The Dubliners' part in this campaign to subdue the Welsh suggests that Henry also had a deal with Diarmait, or Muirchertach. There is reason to suspect that Somairle and Muirchertach were allied together in 1154, when a certain 10899: 529:, and Walter. Whilst there is reason to suspect that Somairle focused his offensive upon Walter's lordship at Renfrew, it is also possible that Herbert, as Malcolm's agent in the west, was the intended target. Certainly, 524:

group of holdings, or even as the principal seat of his entire lordship. The leadership of the Scottish forces is uncertain. It is conceivable that the commander was one of the three principal men of the region: Herbert,

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on the island of Bute. The attack upon this stronghold seems to evince the anxiety felt by Somairle's thirteenth-century descendants in the face of the steadily increasing regional influence of Walter's own

1273:. By about 1200, during the latter's career, the family certainly seems to have gained control of the island. By the latter half of the thirteenth century, the family certainly held authority over Cowal. 1157:

states that the attackers of Glasgow "drove out the weak" or "carried off the weak". If the latter interpretation of the phrase is correct, the passage could refer to slaving conducted by the attackers.

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Twelfth-century secular lordships on the western seaboard of Scotland. These lordships, created by David I and Malcolm IV (image a), appear to have carved out of territories previously occupied by the

485:, where his forces could have first engaged the Scots. The battle was evidently a fiasco for the Islesmen, with their commanding-king killed in a skirmish against local levies. The account given by 189:

are all possible candidates for this position. The battle was a disaster for the Islesmen and Dubliners. Somerled was slain in the encounter, apparently by local levies, and his forces were routed.

497:"—and overcome by a hastily organised body of local defenders. As such, Somairle could have fallen in the opening encounter, with his leaderless followers giving up the fight. The account given by 308:. According to the chronicle, when the clash finally concluded the feuding brothers-in-law divided the Kingdom of the Isles between themselves. Two years later, the chronicle reveals that Somairle 910:("Memorial of Battle")—a name that actually referred to the Battle of Renfrew. If the monument was indeed associated with the battle, it could be identical to the pillar pictured upon Walter's 763:

Somairle's final campaign appears similar to later Norwegian-backed invasions of the Firth of Clyde conducted by his descendants in the thirteenth century (1230 and 1263). In fact, the Viking

434:. Such depictions of Somairle's forces appear to reflect the remarkable reach of power that he possessed at his peak. The invasion was clearly a well-planned affair. According to the 722:. The Scandinavian connections of leading members of the Isles may have been reflected in their military armament, and could have resembled that depicted upon such gaming pieces. 10262:

McDonald, RA (2016). "Sea Kings, Maritime Kingdoms and the Tides of Change: Man and the Isles and Medieval European Change, AD c1100–1265". In Barrett, JH; Gibbon, SJ (eds.).

1362:, in 1192, it could be evidence of an attempt by Ragnall—who may have been seriously weakened from his defeat to Aongus—to secure an alliance with Walter's son and successor, 7879: 627:, and surrounding countryside. Upon the collapse of the uprising, Somairle apparently abandoned the Meic Máel Coluim, whereupon he turned his energies towards the Isles. By 8431:

Clancy, TO (2007). "A Fragmentary Literature: Narrative and Lyric from the Early Middle Ages". In Clancy, TO; Pittock, M; Brown, I; Manning, S; Horvat, K; Hales, A (eds.).

1048:. If Somairle and Muirchertach were indeed assisting each other in 1154 and 1164, the latter episode could well have seen Muirchertach return the favour of earlier support. 9529:

Descriptive Catalogue of Impressions From Ancient Scottish Seals, Royal, Baronial, Ecclesiastical, and Municipal, Embracing a Period From A.D. 1094 to the Commonwealth

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This account, and that of Somairle's invasion of Scotland in 1153 given by the same source, are probably the source for the accounts of these events given by Roger's

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Williams, G (2007). "'These People were High-Born and Thought Well of Themselves': The Family of Moddan of Dale". In Smith, BB; Taylor, S; Williams, G (eds.).

8997: 1238:, a strategic coastal site from where Scottish forces may have conducted seaborne military operations against Malcolm's western allies. The twelfth-century 13211: 10947: 10862: 10336: 9173: 8880: 8124: 7846: 7806: 1082:

Gilla Brigte appears to have been a product of marriage between Somairle and another woman, a union that may have predated Somairle's binding to Ragnhildr.

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Caldwell, DH; Hall, MA; Wilkinson, CM (2009). "The Lewis Hoard of Gaming Pieces: A Re-examination of Their Context, Meanings, Discovery and Manufacture".

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McDonald, RA (2004). "Coming in From the Margins: The Descendants of Somerled and Cultural Accommodation in the Hebrides, 1164–1317". In Smith, B (ed.).

285:, enstrengthened by Norwegian military support, and was unanimously acclaimed as king by the leading Islesmen. He is then stated to have continued on to 509:, Somairle was killed with a son named Gilla Coluim. It is possible that this source has mistaken the latter's name for Gilla Brigte, the name that the 220:. The fact that the battle is said to have been fought at Renfrew, the seat of one of Walter's lordships, could indicate that he was a specific target. 791:. One possibility is that the king's impairment was opportunistically seized upon by Somairle, who overestimated a weakening in Scottish royal power. 886:

Earlier accounts of the monument accorded it forms of the name "Queen Blearie's Stone", and associated it with accounts linking it to the death of

443: 304:, was produced as a replacement to Guðrøðr's rule. Late in 1156, on the night of 5/6 January, Somairle and Guðrøðr finally clashed in a bloody but 9974:

McDonald, A (1995). "Scoto-Norse Kings and the Reformed Religious Orders: Patterns of Monastic Patronage in Twelfth-Century Galloway and Argyll".

1358:—was closely associated with Walter's family. Since Ragnall's grant appears to postdate a recorded clash between him and another son of Somairle, 675:

Máel Coluim's capture and imprisonment in 1134. An aftereffect of this failed insurgency may be perceptible in a Scottish royal charter issued at

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McDonald, RA (2000). "Rebels Without a Cause? The Relations of Fergus of Galloway and Somerled of Argyll With the Scottish Kings, 1153–1164". In

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Márkus, G (2007). "Saving Verse: Early Medieval Religious Poetry". In Clancy, TO; Pittock, M; Brown, I; Manning, S; Horvat, K; Hales, A (eds.).

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Registrum Monasterii de Passelet, Cartas Privilegia Conventiones Aliaque Munimenta Complectens, A Domo Fundata A.D. MCLXIII Usque Ad A.D. MDXXIX

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states that the Scottish king was stricken with a "great sickness" in 1163, and it is possible that he never fully recovered. The fact that the

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associates Herbert with the victory, and makes no mention of Walter or any Scottish royal forces. On the other hand, Baldwin's nearby lands of

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Further evidence that the Scots held authority in Argyll may be the fact that men from the Isles and Lorne are stated by the twelfth-century

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Beuermann, I (2014). "No Soil for Saints: Why was There No Native Royal Martyr in Man and the Isles". In Sigurðsson, JV; Bolton, T (eds.).

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McDonald, RA (2012). "The Manx Sea Kings and the Western Oceans: The Late Norse Isle of Man in its North Atlantic Context, 1079–1265". In

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Another figure first attested by these charters is Walter, a man who may have been granted the lands of Strathgryfe, Renfrew, Mearns, and

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McDonald, RW (2015). "Outsiders, Vikings, and Merchants: The Context Dependency of the Gall-Ghàidheil in Medieval Ireland and Scotland".

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McDonald, RA (1995). "Images of Hebridean Lordship in the Late Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries: The Seal of Raonall Mac Sorley".

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reveals that David received English military assistance against Máel Coluim. This source specifies that a force against Máel Coluim was

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Jennings, A (2017). "Three Scottish Coastal Names of Note: Earra-Ghàidheal, Satíriseið, and Skotlandsfirðir". In Worthington, D (ed.).

883:, with a foss round the base, and a single stone on the top", which he was led to believe marked the spot where Somairle was defeated. 775:. Another factor that may have spurned Somairle to attack the Scots could have been Malcolm's increasingly poor health. Certainly, the 281:. Within months of his father's assassination, Guðrøðr executed his vengeance. According to the chronicle, he journeyed from Norway to 260: 8271:

Caldwell, DH (2016). "The Sea Power of the Western Isles of Scotland in the Late Medieval Period". In Barrett, JH; Gibbon, SJ (eds.).

248: 9680: 9832:. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 176–199. 10812: 10769: 10077:

McDonald, RA (1999). "'Treachery in the Remotest Territories of Scotland': Northern Resistance to the Canmore Dynasty, 1130–1230".

8570:. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 65–80. 8024:. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 81–95. 7900: 6474:

The Charters of David I: The Written Acts of David I King of Scots, 1124–53, and of his Son Henry, Earl of Northumberland, 1139–52

1387:. Whilst the earliest known seal of his son, Alan, is also non-heraldic, a later one bears the earliest depiction of the heraldic 13747: 12928: 9324: 748: 439: 10380:

McLeod, W (2002). "Rí Innsi Gall, Rí Fionnghall, Ceannas nan Gàidheal: Sovereignty and Rhetoric in the Late Medieval Hebrides".

734:. One explanation for Somairle's invasion is that he may have been compelled to counter a threat that Walter—and other recently- 12472: 11469: 968:, Somairle's fleet numbered eighty when he fought Guðrøðr in 1156, and numbered fifty-three when the men clashed again in 1158. 7609:

Abrams, L (2007). "Conversion and the Church in the Hebrides in the Viking Age". In Smith, BB; Taylor, S; Williams, G (eds.).

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The Annals of Roger de Hoveden: Comprising the History of England and of Other Countries of Europe, From A.D. 732 to A.D. 1201

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Reliquiæ Celticæ: Texts, Papers and Studies in Gaelic Literature and Philology, Left by the Late Rev. Alexander Cameron, LL.D.

12360: 11464: 11308: 11268: 11249: 11184: 11162: 11049: 11019: 11000: 10645: 10279: 10252: 10221: 10202: 10067: 9945: 9845: 9781: 9661: 9480: 9245: 8952: 8709: 8700:. Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Scandinavian Studies. Aberdeen: Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies and The Centre for Celtic Studies, 8651: 8575: 8440: 8397: 8371: 8292: 8261: 8165: 8029: 8010: 7630: 1363: 550: 526: 517: 186: 182: 121: 116: 13712: 13707: 13566: 13306: 13076: 11404: 804: 619:. There is reason to suspect that some of the campaigning conducted by Somairle and the Meic Máel Coluim is also evinced by 224: 12408: 11153:. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 10411:. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 8566:

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McDonald, RA (2007a). "Dealing Death From Man: Manx Sea Power in and around the Irish Sea, 1079–1265". In Duffy, S (ed.).

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of a barn door, although by the mid nineteenth century it disappeared. The approximate site of "Queen Blearie's Stone" (

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Although it is conceivable that Dubgall was able to secure power following his father's demise, it is evident from the

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As a result of Somerled's death in battle, the Kingdom of the Isles fractured once again. Although Guðrøðr's brother,

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Sellar, WDH (2000). "Hebridean Sea Kings: The Successors of Somerled, 1164–1316". In Cowan, EJ; McDonald, RA (eds.).

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Mìorun Mòr nan Gall, 'The Great Ill-Will of the Lowlander'? Lowland Perceptions of the Highlands, Medieval and Modern

7936: 7894: 7749: 7726: 6485: 520:. The latter certainly possessed Renfrew during his career, and it is possible that it functioned as the seat of his 13752: 13844: 11227:

Woolf, A (2005). "The Origins and Ancestry of Somerled: Gofraid mac Fergusa and 'The Annals of the Four Masters'".

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Strickland, MJ (2012). "The Kings of Scots at War, c. 1093–1286". In Spiers, EM; Crang, JA; Strickland, MJ (eds.).

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by way of Ragnhildr's royal descent. The year 1153 marked a watershed in the history of the Isles. Not only did

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Seanchas: Studies in Early and Medieval Irish Archaeology, History and Literature in Honour of Francis J. Byrne

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Durkan, J (1998). "Cadder and Environs, and the Development of the Church in Glasgow in the Twelfth Century".

864:. The counter-seal shows a warrior, holding with a spear or staff in his right hand, leaning against a pillar. 767:

in 870 may parallel these invasions, since it is possible that Dublin-based Vikings destroyed the fortress of

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Clancy, TO (2012). "Scottish Literature Before Scottish Literature". In Carruthers, G; McIlvanney, L (eds.).

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Duffy, S (2006). "The Royal Dynasties of Dublin and the Isles in the Eleventh Century". In Duffy, S (ed.).

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Davies, JR (2009). "Bishop Kentigern Among the Britons". In Boardman, S; Davies, JR; Williamson, E (eds.).

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Origines Parochiales Scotiae: The Antiquities, Ecclesiastical and Territorial, of the Parishes of Scotland

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Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland: A Survey of Scottish Topography, Statistical, Biographical, and Historical

13592: 13096: 12788: 12683: 12260: 10079: 8355: 7741: 7676: 1347: 895: 13191: 12868: 12708: 11409: 1306:, an apparent descendant of Somairle, led a Norwegian-backed fleet into the Firth of Clyde and captured 612: 193: 13829: 13436: 12968: 12938: 12823: 12563: 11596: 10979: 9936:

Martin, FX (2008) . "Diarmait Mac Murchada and the Coming of the Anglo-Normans". In Cosgrove, A (ed.).

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Beuermann, I (2010). "'Norgesveldet?' South of Cape Wrath? Political Views Facts, and Questions". In

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Beuermann, I (2002). "Metropolitan Ambitions and Politics: Kells-Mellifont and Man & the Isles".

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The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society From the Eleventh to the Fourteenth Century

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Wadden, P (2014). "Cath Ruis na Ríg for Bóinn: History and Literature in Twelfth-Century Ireland".

10550: 10486: 10412: 9551: 9518: 9257: 7559: 7139: 7054: 7031: 6868: 6834: 6800: 6766: 6732: 6698: 6664: 6630: 6596: 6565:. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 5. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. 704: 13371: 12653: 8512: 481:, Somairle's fleet made landfall at Renfrew. It is possible that the fleet specifically landed at 289:, where he overcame three kin-slaying cousins, and successfully secured the kingship for himself. 208:. Two years later, Somerled decisively defeated Guðrøðr, gaining complete control of the kingdom. 13506: 13451: 13181: 12908: 12758: 12713: 12673: 11535: 9441: 8932: 8804: 7928: 6395: 1320:

As such, Malcolm may have been the original "Malcolm Canmore". His eleventh-century predecessor,

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Much later Hebridean tradition alleges that Somairle was killed through treachery. Specifically,

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The First Hundred Years of Paisley Abbey's Patrons: The Stewart Family and Their Tenants to 1241

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Somerled first appears on record in the 1150s, when he is stated to have supported the cause of

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Scottish expansion, albeit father afield in Moray, may be perceptible in a vague notice by the

1231: 1098: 699:. Historically, this region appears to have once formed part of the territory dominated by the 13677: 13476: 12558: 11434: 6540:

Annals of Scotland, From the Accession of Malcolm III to the Accession of the House of Stewart

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in every part of their body after the Danish manner. Some wore long coats of mail, other iron

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Land Assessment and Military Organisation in the Norse Settlements in Scotland, c.900–1266 AD

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Vol. 2. Inverness: The Northern Counties Newspaper and Printing and Publishing Company.

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The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600

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The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600

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Cill- Names and Saints in Argyll: A Way Towards Understanding the Early Church in Dál Riata?

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is reported to have commanded the mercenary fleet of Muirchertach against forces supporting

13742: 13657: 13521: 13416: 13396: 13020: 12918: 12878: 12873: 12853: 12818: 12753: 12663: 12628: 12588: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12433: 12345: 11914: 11581: 11556: 11474: 11419: 11383: 9418: 9147: 8849:

Duffy, S (2002). "The Bruce Brothers and the Irish Sea World, 1306–29". In Duffy, S (ed.).

8389: 8363: 7360: 6556: 1343: 1240: 1093: 1024: 979: 301: 252: 150: 74: 13682: 13171: 12643: 11726: 10995:. Glasgow: Centre for Scottish and Celtic Studies, University of Glasgow. pp. 1–119. 9918: 9908: 9546: 7568:. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. 516:

The stated location of Renfrew could be evidence that the target of Somairle's strike was

8: 13687: 13582: 13501: 13266: 13121: 12848: 12798: 12778: 12718: 12678: 12603: 12455: 12312: 11771: 11737: 11601: 11591: 11586: 10405: 9828:

Martin, C (2014). "A Maritime Dominion — Sea-Power and the Lordship". In Oram, RD (ed.).

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The New Coastal History: Cultural and Environmental Perspectives From Scotland and Beyond

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A near-contemporary account of an attack on Dublin in 1171, given by the twelfth-century

772: 768: 343: 154: 83: 13697: 13291: 12668: 12220: 11525: 10900:

Scottish Studies: The Journal of the School of Scottish Studies, University of Edinburgh

10835: 10792: 10214:

Manx Kingship in its Irish Sea Setting, 1187–1229: King Rǫgnvaldr and the Crovan Dynasty

9307:

The English in the Twelfth Century: Imperialism, National Identity, and Political Values

9151: 7182: 1230:

On at least two occasions that may date before 1134, David temporarily based himself at

13672: 13667: 13612: 13231: 13176: 13066: 12953: 12858: 12783: 12773: 12703: 12658: 12633: 12623: 12593: 12553: 12533: 12215: 12195: 11934: 11919: 11824: 11719: 11520: 11439: 11101: 11084:

Wadden, P (2013). "Do Feartaib Cairnich, Ireland and Scotland in the Twelfth Century".

10738: 10622: 10606: 10587:

Oram, RD (2001). "Review of J Marsden, Somerled and the Emergence of Gaelic Scotland".

10506: 10474: 10458: 10322: 10306: 10096: 10046: 10030: 10001: 9891: 9808: 9739: 9731: 9705: 9688: 9654:

Clerics and Clansmen: The Diocese of Argyll between the Twelfth and Sixteenth Centuries

9631: 9560: 9495: 9464: 9358: 9274: 9157: 9135: 9119: 9082: 9045: 9006: 8787: 8771: 8760:

Duffy, S (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdoms of Dublin and Man, 1052–1171".

8423: 8407: 8343: 8327: 8245: 8200: 8184: 7977: 7778: 7759:

Barrow, GWS (1994). "The Date of the Peace between Malcolm IV and Somerled of Argyll".

7693: 7334: 6998: 6538: 1290: 1146: 1138: 1069: 1037: 891: 764: 334: 305: 13361: 11687: 10820:

Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society

10777:

Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society

9791:

Márkus, G (2009). "Dewars and Relics in Scotland: Some Clarifications and Questions".

9610:

Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose: Munimenta Vetustiora Monasterii Cisterciensis de Melros

9592:

Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose: Munimenta Vetustiora Monasterii Cisterciensis de Melros

513:

accords to Somairle's slain son. It is unknown if Dubgall participated in the battle.

13757: 13692: 13652: 13642: 13617: 13526: 13511: 13426: 13351: 13296: 13221: 13151: 13106: 12993: 12863: 12833: 12828: 12793: 12743: 12728: 12648: 12528: 12482: 12428: 12350: 12255: 11954: 11814: 11606: 11576: 11540: 11304: 11300: 11264: 11245: 11213: 11168: 11158: 11149:

West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300

11147: 11093: 11070: 11045: 11015: 10996: 10925: 10908: 10827: 10784: 10745: 10714: 10708: 10693: 10676: 10641: 10614: 10573: 10531: 10514: 10478: 10466: 10426: 10416: 10391: 10372: 10353: 10314: 10285: 10275: 10248: 10217: 10198: 10179: 10168: 10152: 10125: 10104: 10063: 10038: 9993: 9960: 9941: 9922: 9883: 9851: 9841: 9816: 9777: 9743: 9723: 9667: 9657: 9638: 9608: 9590: 9578: 9527: 9512: 9476: 9366: 9310: 9266: 9241: 9218: 9207: 9127: 9107: 9090: 9053: 9014: 8974: 8948: 8937: 8917: 8858: 8854: 8835: 8831: 8779: 8738: 8728: 8715: 8705: 8696:

Downham, C (2013). "Living on the Edge: Scandinavian Dublin in the Twelfth Century".

8682: 8671: 8657: 8647: 8624: 8606: 8595: 8581: 8571: 8554: 8497: 8468: 8436: 8393: 8367: 8347: 8335: 8323: 8298: 8288: 8257: 8220: 8192: 8161: 8104: 8035: 8025: 8006: 7985: 7932: 7890: 7786: 7745: 7722: 7701: 7689: 7636: 7626: 7613:

West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300

7611: 7586: 7563: 7545: 7499: 7479: 7459: 7441: 7427: 7383: 7364: 7316: 7290: 7232: 7196: 7156: 7074: 7070: 6974: 6968: 6954: 6921: 6862: 6828: 6794: 6760: 6726: 6692: 6658: 6624: 6590: 6560: 6496: 6481: 6477: 6411: 6385: 6371: 6353: 6327: 1303: 1245: 1018: 684: 624: 592: 575:. Another charter, dating to 1145×1153, shows that the king granted a portion of his 431: 373: 282: 269: 166: 78: 13116: 12738: 10983: 9752: 8762: 7112: 7092: 7002: 6932: 6431: 1333:

This division carried on until the demise of the Kingdom of the Isles, in 1265/1266.

321: 13839: 13722: 13647: 13627: 13607: 13541: 13486: 13471: 13456: 13401: 13241: 13226: 12768: 12748: 12733: 12723: 12638: 12618: 12608: 12598: 12538: 12403: 12335: 12051: 11964: 11924: 11862: 11786: 11692: 11637: 11530: 11131: 10952: 10867: 10598: 10554: 10498: 10450: 10368:

The Language of Authority: The Expression of Status in the Scottish Medieval Castle

10345: 10297:

McDonald, RA; McLean, SA (1992). "Somerled of Argyll: A New Look at Old Problems".

10267: 10240: 10088: 10022: 9985: 9976: 9875: 9833: 9800: 9713: 9697: 9568: 9468: 9445: 9422: 9350: 9178: 9074: 9037: 9028: 8885: 8808: 8544: 8489: 8412:"'Celtic' or 'Catholic'? Writing the History of Scottish Christianity, AD 664–1093" 8319: 8280: 8129: 7969: 7851: 7811: 7770: 7685: 7618: 7423: 7401: 7133: 6889: 6884: 6502: 6461: 1287: 1270: 1142: 752: 362: 349: 201: 99: 13186: 13071: 10971: 10886: 10454: 9197: 8904: 8148: 8103:. Centre for Scottish and Celtic Studies, University of Glasgow. pp. 83–109. 8005:. Trondheim Studies in History. Trondheim: Tapir Academic Press. pp. 99–123. 7870: 7830: 7446:. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 1. Longmans, Green, and Co. 7218: 6959:. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 3. London: Longman & Co. 13732: 13491: 13406: 13366: 13346: 13331: 13311: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13216: 13040: 13008: 12903: 12693: 12613: 12548: 12543: 12513: 12180: 12128: 12017: 12002: 11974: 11944: 11929: 11909: 11753: 11747: 11662: 11566: 11180: 10724: 10602: 10438: 10232: 10117: 9866:(1992). "Ireland in the Time of St. Bernard, St. Malachy, St. Laurence O'Toole". 9614: 9596: 9533: 9302: 8823: 8748: 8630: 8493: 8381: 7718: 7569: 7447: 7411: 7389: 7370: 7348: 7322: 7296: 7278: 7260: 7242: 7202: 7162: 7143: 7080: 7058: 7035: 7012: 6978: 6942: 6905: 6881:

Joannis de Fordun Scotichronicon cum Supplementis ac Continuatione Walteri Boweri

6544: 6524: 6516: 6469: 6455: 6341: 1307: 1125: 1058: 584: 383: 13546: 13466: 11263:. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 10640:. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 9472: 9341:

Gough-Cooper, HW (2013). "Review of A Ritchie, Historic Bute: Land and People".

8451: 8411: 8219:. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 7674:

Barrow, GWS (1975). "The Pattern of Lordship and Feudal Settlement in Cumbria".

6970:

Ane Account of the Familie of Innes, Compiled by Duncan Forbes of Culloden, 1608

542:

greatest victory, and is certainly the last major event of his reign on record.

13773: 13386: 13356: 12973: 12387: 12032: 11742: 11732: 11510: 11378: 11373: 11368: 10956: 10871: 10244: 9438:

Historical Study of the Gael and Norse in Western Scotland From c.795 to c.1000

9287: 9182: 8889: 8620: 8133: 8075: 7855: 7815: 7437: 7238: 7214: 7178: 6876: 6380:. Publications of the Scottish History Society. Edinburgh: T. and A. Constable. 6357: 1395: 928: 887: 876: 848:(image a) and counter-seal (image b). The front of the seal displays a mounted 740: 719: 688: 615:, a claimant to the Scottish throne, descended from an elder brother of David, 572: 395: 330: 256: 217: 10941: 10856: 10026: 9837: 9804: 9701: 9167: 9078: 9041: 8874: 8158:

Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain: From the Picts to Alexander III

8118: 7840: 7800: 7774: 7050:

Annals of the Reigns of Malcolm and William, Kings of Scotland, A.D. 1153–1214

501:

further states that Somairle's head was cut off by a priest, and presented to

13798: 13727: 13561: 13141: 13030: 12185: 12170: 12123: 12027: 12012: 11997: 11984: 11893: 11867: 11852: 11804: 11667: 11505: 11388: 11172: 11097: 11064: 11060: 10990: 10912: 10831: 10788: 10680: 10618: 10610: 10518: 10510: 10470: 10462: 10430: 10395: 10357: 10318: 10310: 10289: 10108: 10100: 10042: 10034: 9997: 9914: 9903:

Martin, FX (1994) . "The Normans: Arrival and Settlement (1169–c. 1300)". In

9887: 9855: 9820: 9812: 9727: 9709: 9671: 9582: 9564: 9370: 9362: 9270: 9131: 9123: 9103: 9094: 9086: 9057: 9049: 9018: 9010: 8822:

Duffy, S (1999). "Ireland and Scotland, 1014–1169: Contacts and Caveats". In

8783: 8775: 8719: 8661: 8585: 8558: 8549: 8532: 8472: 8339: 8331: 8302: 8196: 8188: 8108: 8039: 7998: 7989: 7981: 7790: 7782: 7705: 7697: 7640: 7533: 7519: 6994: 6938: 6842: 6808: 1376: 1351: 1063: 984: 911: 845: 832: 820: 700: 665: 462: 449: 406:

reports that Somairle's forces were drawn "from Ireland and various places".

341:

The Battle of Renfrew is attested by sources such as: the fourteenth-century

213: 10349: 10170:

Britain and Ireland, 900–1300: Insular Responses to Medieval European Change

9618: 9600: 9537: 9065:

Durkan, J (2003). "Cowal Part of Strathclyde in the Early Twelfth Century".

8646:. Studies in Celtic History. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 66–90. 8634: 7573: 7451: 7415: 7393: 7374: 7326: 7300: 7282: 7264: 7246: 7206: 7166: 7147: 7084: 6982: 6946: 6774: 6740: 6706: 6672: 6638: 6604: 6570: 6548: 668:(image b). Somairle may have attempted to regain these lands from the Scots. 13461: 13326: 13146: 13003: 12317: 12307: 12200: 12022: 11847: 11677: 11652: 11495: 11449: 11032:

Seeking Patterns of Lordship, Justice and Worship in the Scottish Landscape

10894: 10728: 9940:. New History of Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 43–66. 9863: 9415:

Masculine Identity in Medieval Scotland: Gender, Ethnicity, and Regionality

9233: 8970: 8752: 8388:. Wiley Blackwell Classic Histories of England (4th ed.). Chichester: 8249: 8096: 7352: 7188: 7062: 7039: 7016: 6909: 6507: 6345: 1266: 1262: 1129: 1029: 988: 715: 710: 605:, the Meic Máel Coluim, in an unsuccessful coup after David's death. These 458: 407: 11561: 11280:"The Song of the Death of Somerled and the Destruction of Glasgow in 1153" 10403:

Murray, N (2005). "Swerving From the Path of Justice". In Oram, RD (ed.).

10271: 9354: 8284: 8256:. New History of Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–42. 7889:. Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 140–154. 1004:

The following year, Dubliners undertook naval manoeuvres off the coast of

652: 640: 587:. Several years later, in 1150×1152, David granted another portion of his 13516: 13446: 13301: 13035: 12998: 12983: 12843: 12174: 12108: 12093: 11515: 11414: 10502: 10092: 9573: 8275:. The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph. Milton Park, Abingdon: 8077:

Catalogue of Seals in the Department of Manuscripts in the British Museum

7973: 7224: 6964: 1198: 696: 521: 286: 243:

At an uncertain point in the mid twelfth century, perhaps in about 1140,

13341: 11318: 11105: 10326: 10050: 9895: 9735: 9278: 9139: 8791: 8568:

Celtic-Norse Relationships in the Irish Sea in the Middle Ages, 800–1200

8435:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 123–131. 8204: 8022:

Celtic-Norse Relationships in the Irish Sea in the Middle Ages, 800–1200

7184:

Chronica Regvm Manniæ et Insvlarvm: The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys

7138:. Publications of the Scottish History Society. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: 13091: 13056: 12250: 12245: 11809: 11205: 10239:. The New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 143–184. 10005: 9776:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 91–102. 9427: 7344: 7008: 1214: 1206: 727: 489:

certainly suggests that Somairle was killed in the outset—"wounded by

12160: 11136: 10626: 10559: 10060:

The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard, c. 1100–c. 1336

9718: 9450: 8813: 787:" ("Big Head") upon his death could be evidence that he suffered from 13536: 13411: 13381: 13166: 12948: 12270: 12190: 12145: 12113: 11992: 11857: 11819: 11759: 11642: 11297:

In the Footsteps of William Wallace, In Scotland and Northern England

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Stringer, K (2005). "The Emergence of a Nation-State, 1100–1300". In

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Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society

9384:. Scotland's Cluniac Heritage: The Abbeys of Paisley and Crossraguel. 8276: 7308: 1380: 1137:

after Somairle's defeat and demise. Although slavery had dwindled in

983:, describes the participating Islesmen as: "warlike figures, clad in 735: 628: 482: 177:). The identity of the Scottish commander is unrecorded and unknown. 9989: 235: 13321: 13281: 13013: 12988: 12460: 12382: 12302: 12240: 12235: 12165: 12155: 12150: 12098: 11799: 11776: 11672: 11657: 11571: 11240:

Woolf, A (2007a). "A Dead Man at Ballyshannon". In Duffy, S (ed.).

9379: 1384: 1249: 534: 170: 162: 49: 251:. This union had severe repercussions on the later history of the 13336: 13261: 13236: 13206: 13201: 13086: 12413: 12375: 12280: 12265: 12230: 12118: 12074: 11829: 11794: 11713: 11622: 8931:

Duffy, S (2007). "Henry II and England's Insular Neighbours". In

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Robert the Bruce's Irish Wars: The Invasions of Ireland 1306–1329

7960: 6460:. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 2. London: 1202: 1168: 903: 880: 872: 771:(Dumbarton Castle) in an effort to nullify a threat posed by the 679:

in about 1136. This source records the Scottish Crown's claim to

427: 158: 45: 12088: 11030: 8235: 803:

that the kingship of Mann was soon seized by Guðrøðr's brother,

13551: 13271: 13081: 12978: 12958: 12450: 12443: 12423: 12225: 11627: 10062:. Scottish Historical Monographs. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. 8593:

Crooks, P (2005). "Mac Murchada, Diarmait". In Duffy, S (ed.).

1391: 1111:

Máel Coluim were half-brothers, descended from the same mother.

992: 915: 861: 853: 849: 676: 423: 12103: 8050:

The Norwegian Attack on Iona in 1209–10: The Last Viking Raid?

13431: 13421: 13376: 12297: 12210: 12140: 11208:(2004). "The Age of Sea-Kings, 900–1300". In Omand, D (ed.). 10992:

The Reality Behind Charter Diplomatic in Anglo-Norman Britain

9333: 1355: 1005: 857: 744: 580: 494: 490: 273:

reports that Óláfr was assassinated in June, whilst his son,

8003:

The Norwegian Domination and the Norse World c. 1100–c. 1400

6956:

Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I

611:—possibly nephews or grandsons of Somairle—were the sons of 313:

sources regard Somairle as a king by the end of his career.

13556: 13126: 12963: 12205: 8698:

No Horns on Their Helmets? Essays on the Insular Viking-Age

6418:(16 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013b 1388: 333:

displaying a contemporary sailing vessel. The power of the

297: 267:

die late in May, but the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century

12043: 11044:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 94–132. 8916:. Vol. 7. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 51–65. 7158:

A History of the County of Renfrew From the Earliest Times

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Scottish Annals From English Chroniclers, A.D. 500 to 1286

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Island Heritage: Dealing With Some Phases of Manx History

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Brown, JTT (1927). "The Origin of the House of Stewart".

7466:(8 February 2016 ed.). University College Cork. 2016 7506:(6 January 2017 ed.). University College Cork. 2017 7486:(29 August 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008 7220:

A Tour in Scotland and Voyage to the Hebrides, MDCCLXXII

1324:

was accorded the same epithet in the thirteenth century.

10530:. Tempus Scottish Monarchs. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. 9297:. Reykjavík: Stofnun Árna Magnússona. pp. 194–207. 8669:

Doherty, C (2005). "Naval Warfare". In Duffy, S (ed.).

7119:(21 June 2016 ed.). University College Cork. 2016b 7099:(21 June 2016 ed.). University College Cork. 2016a 6438:(13 April 2005 ed.). University College Cork. 2005 6377:

A Scottish Chronicle Known as the Chronicle of Holyrood

165:. The men of the Isles, accompanied by forces from the 10441:(2016). "The Beginnings of Royal Pardon in Scotland". 8998:

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Descriptions of the Sheriffdoms of Lanark and Renfrew

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Pollock, M (2005). "Rebels of the West, 1209–1216".

10337:

Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association

10145:

History, Literature, and Music in Scotland, 700–1560

9205:

Flanagan, MT (2005). "Henry II". In Duffy, S (ed.).

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skilfully knitted together, and they had round, red

632:

support Máel Coluim's claim to the Scottish throne.

200:. Máel Coluim was a member of a rival branch of the 10813:"The Partition of a Kingdom: Strathclyde 1092–1153" 10264:

Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World

8730:

Alba: The Gaelic Kingdom of Scotland, AD 800 – 1124

8273:

Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World

7565:

Brut y Tywysigion; or, The Chronicle of the Princes

6359:

Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286

1016:, and the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century texts 743:, the islands of the Clyde, the southern shores of 11284:Journal of the Sydney Society for Scottish History 10940: 10866:(January 2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. 10855: 10763:(PhD thesis). Vol. 1. University of Aberdeen. 10740:Lost Kingdoms: Celtic Scotland and the Middle Ages 10737: 10174:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 9630: 9166: 8873: 8248:(2008) . "The Trembling Sod: Ireland in 1169". In 8117: 7839: 7799: 7318:The Text of the Bruts From the Red Book of Hergest 1375:Walter's seal was attached to a charter of his to 1097:to have formed part of the Scottish forces at the 955:may be another source for Roger's account of 1164. 469:) delivered the Scots their victory over Somairle. 10924:. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. pp. 187–218. 10147:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 10124:. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. pp. 166–186. 9613:. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club. 1837b. 9595:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club. 1837a. 8990:"Argyll and the Isles in the Earlier Middle Ages" 8240:(PhD thesis). Vol. 1. University of Glasgow. 8055:Iona Research Conference, April 10th to 12th 2012 7652:. Regesta Regum Scottorum, 1153–1424. Edinburgh: 7385:John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation 1197:Walter's domain included the depicted regions of 902:, who suggested that this name may mask a Gaelic 300:against Guðrøðr, specifying that Somairle's son, 13796: 10897:(1971). "Family Origins in Cowal and Knapdale". 9255:French, NE (2015). "Dublin, 1160–1200: Part 2". 8969:. The Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: 8362:(EPUB). The Penguin History of Britain. London: 7650:The Acts of Malcolm IV, King of Scots, 1153–1165 898:. Pennant's account may have been influenced by 444:Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, High King of Ireland 212:This region had previously been occupied by the 10770:"The Origins of Dundrennan and Soulseat Abbeys" 9547:"Henry II's Campaign against the Welsh in 1165" 9295:Samtíðarsögur: The Contemporary Sagas. Forprent 7921:"James Fifth Stewart of Scotland, 1260(?)–1309" 1061:tradition preserved by the seventeenth-century 422:—specify that his forces consisted of men from 9757:Records of the Scottish Church History Society 9326:Glasgow Airport Investment Area Scoping Report 8482:The Cambridge Companion to Scottish Literature 8416:Records of the Scottish Church History Society 8090:"The Gaelic World and the Early Stewart Court" 6498:Monachi Anonymi Scoti Chronicon Anglo-Scoticum 6300:Glasgow Airport Investment Area Scoping Report 4906:pp. 69 § 84, 70 § 85; 333–334 § 84, 334 § 85; 4432: 4430: 623:, which refers to his wasting of Glasgow, its 12059: 11334: 11244:. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 77–85. 10197:. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 45–76. 8513:"Queen Blearie: The Vicissitudes of a Legend" 7201:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: W.H. Lizars. 1851. 6526:A General Description of the Shire of Renfrew 11086:Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 10951:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 10547:The Lordship of Galloway, c. 1000 to c. 1250 9913:(1994 revised and enhanced ed.). Cork: 9774:The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature 9177:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 8884:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 8433:The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature 8128:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7850:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7810:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 6883:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Roberti Flaminii. 4057: 4055: 1034:Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht 879:visited this site, and observed "a mount or 239:Locations relating to the Battle of Renfrew. 175:Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, King of the Isles 96:Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, King of the Isles 11185:"Manx Memorial Stones of the Viking Period" 10637:Domination and Lordship: Scotland 1070–1230 8801:Ireland and the Irish Sea Region, 1014–1318 8360:The Struggle For Mastery: Britain 1066–1284 7925:Essays on the Nobility of Medieval Scotland 7588:The Historical Works of Giraldus Cambrensis 7366:Johannis de Fordun Chronica Gentis Scotorum 7027:Early Scottish Charters, prior to A.D. 1153 4427: 1342:At some an uncertain date, Somairle's son, 1141:by the twelfth century, it continued on in 606: 600: 12066: 12052: 11341: 11327: 10710:The Small Isles: Canna, Rum, Eigg and Muck 8943:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 7887:Barra and Skye: Two Hebridean Perspectives 5618: 5616: 5614: 5100:pp. 161 fig. 6c, 184 fig. 11, 189 fig. 16. 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4739: 4737: 4735: 1167:the occasion in which Somairle earned the 844:Nineteenth-century depictions of Walter's 11348: 11135: 10744:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 10558: 9717: 9572: 9449: 9426: 9240:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8812: 8629:. Manchester: George Falkner & Sons. 8548: 8160:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 6926:. Vol. 6. Edinburgh: Thomas C. Jack. 6888: 6506: 4052: 11130:(PhD thesis). University of St Andrews. 10922:Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages 10122:Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages 9393:(2nd ed.). Wargames Research Group. 8537:International Review of Scottish Studies 8520:Renfrewshire Local History Forum Journal 7715:The Anglo-Norman Era in Scottish History 3810: 3808: 3806: 2455: 810: 709: 599:reports that he backed the cause of his 549: 448: 442:, or else with Diarmait's own overlord, 371:, the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century 320: 234: 11212:. Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 94–109. 10948:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10863:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9174:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 8881:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 8125:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 8080:. Vol. 4. London: Longmans and Co. 7847:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7807:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7521:The New Statistical Account of Scotland 6543:. Vol. 3. London: William Creech. 6362:. Vol. 2. London: Oliver and Boyd. 6270:The New Statistical Account of Scotland 6251:The New Statistical Account of Scotland 5611: 4970: 4732: 1346:, is known to have made a grant to the 440:Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster 13797: 11470:Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland 9168:"Mac Murchada, Diarmait (c.1110–1171)" 7738:Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306 7223:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: 6847:People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371 6813:People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371 6779:People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371 6745:People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371 6711:People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371 6677:People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371 6643:People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371 6609:People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371 6575:People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371 3863:Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) 3344:Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) 2612:Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) 2482:Ewart; Pringle; Caldwell et al. (2004) 1171:"sit-by-the-king", accorded to him by 347:, the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century 12047: 11322: 8733:. The Making of Scotland. Edinburgh: 7841:"Stewart Family (per. c.1110–c.1350)" 3803: 1364:Alan fitz Walter, Steward of Scotland 527:Baldwin, Sheriff of Lanark/Clydesdale 518:Walter fitz Alan, Steward of Scotland 377:, the twelfth- to thirteenth-century 365:, the twelfth- to thirteenth-century 187:Walter fitz Alan, Steward of Scotland 183:Baldwin, Sheriff of Lanark/Clydesdale 122:Walter fitz Alan, Steward of Scotland 117:Baldwin, Sheriff of Lanark/Clydesdale 12929:Cnut the Great's invasion of England 11035:(PhD thesis). University of Glasgow. 8988:Duncan, AAM; Brown, AL (1956–1957). 8460:The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 7601: 7443:Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene 7388:. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. 7369:. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. 6904:. Vol. 1. Glasgow: John Tweed. 1124:, it was the divine intervention of 1036:, Muirchertach's then-rival for the 730:on the occasion of David's grant of 583:, and other revenue from Argyll, to 255:, as it gave Somairle's descendants— 249:Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles 12884:Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias 11069:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10761:The Province of Moray, c. 1000–1230 10528:David I: The King who Made Scotland 9288:"1236: Órækja Meiddr ok Heill Gerr" 9102:Ewart, G; Pringle, D; Caldwell, D; 8967:Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom 7277:. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club. 1837. 1040:, in an encounter attested by both 206:Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of the Isles 13: 13810:12th-century Scottish clan battles 13748:Västergötland Runic Inscription 40 13713:Södermanland Runic Inscription 333 13708:Södermanland Runic Inscription 174 13077:Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir) 10407:The Reign of Alexander II, 1214–49 9401:The Isle of Bute in the Olden Time 9391:Armies of Feudal Europe, 1066–1300 6319: 4229:pp. 167–171 § 209, 417–419 § 209; 4198:pp. 167–171 § 209, 417–419 § 209; 4100:pp. 116–119 § 153, 383–386 § 153; 995:protected by iron round the edge". 296:reveals that Somairle conducted a 136:160 ships (possibly 6000–8000 men) 16:1164 battle near Renfrew, Scotland 14: 13861: 11014:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. 9209:Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia 8673:Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia 8644:Saints' Cults in the Celtic World 8597:Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia 8452:"The Gall-Ghàidheil and Galloway" 8386:England and its Rulers, 1066–1307 7880:"Skye From Somerled to A.D. 1500" 7410:. Edinburgh: The Bannatyne Club. 7274:Registrum Episcopatus Moraviensis 7256:Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis 7004:The Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales 6021:p. 126 §§ 769–770, pl. 3 fig. 1; 5017:Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis 4674:Registrum Episcopatus Moraviensis 4364:pp. 125 n. 2, 128 n. 3, 129 n. 1. 337:lay in their armed galley-fleets. 12279: 11683:Port an Eilean Mhòir boat burial 11597:Scottish–Norwegian War (1262-66) 10669:Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 10383:Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 10237:Studies in the Medieval Atlantic 9213:. New York: Routledge. pp. 8677:. New York: Routledge. pp. 8601:. 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Edinburgh. 1843. 6292: 6277: 6258: 6224: 6212: 6196: 6168: 6140: 6124: 6108: 6096: 6076: 6038: 5996: 5980: 5956: 5940: 5928: 5914:Registrum Monasterii de Passelet 5882: 5866: 5846: 5834: 5818: 5798: 5782: 5750: 5726: 5710: 5694: 5656: 5628: 5595: 5583: 5567: 5555: 5535: 5507: 5459: 5443: 5431: 5419: 5387: 5367: 5351: 5331: 5311: 5263: 5223: 5195: 5183: 5171: 5155: 5127: 5115: 5103: 5098:Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) 5087: 5075: 5059: 5047: 5031: 5014:pp. 95–96 § 125, 361–362 § 125; 4989: 4958: 4930: 4889: 4886:pp. 125 fig. 4, 131, 131 fig. 6. 4877: 4861: 4845: 4833: 4793: 4749: 4720: 4704: 4688: 4606: 4590: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4518: 4395: 4379: 4367: 1369: 1336: 1327: 1314: 1296: 1276: 1255: 1224: 1191: 1178: 1160: 1114: 1104: 831: 819: 651: 639: 11261:From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 9112:Scottish Archaeological Journal 8217:The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371 8057:. pp. 1–10. Archived from 7919:Barrow, GWS; Royan, A (2004) . 7885:. In Kruse, A; Ross, A (eds.). 7432:. Vol. 4. London: Seeleys. 7321:. Oxford: Oxford, J. G. Evans. 4335: 4307: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4208: 4169: 4145: 4110: 4067: 4040: 4028: 4016: 4000: 3940: 3928: 3892: 3856: 3840: 3820: 3775: 3751: 3731: 3719: 3707: 3691: 3653: 3633: 3605: 3553: 3541: 3521: 3497: 3485: 3473: 3425: 3405: 3393: 3377: 3333: 3313: 3301: 3275: 3189: 3173: 3161: 3117: 3089: 3053: 3019: 2963: 2939: 2923: 2911: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2819: 2795: 2747: 2735: 2715: 2641: 2605: 2585: 2559: 2535: 2399: 2383: 2371: 2347: 2311: 2183: 2089: 2011: 1991: 1967: 1943: 1871: 1859: 1085: 1076: 1051: 998: 971: 958: 941: 247:married Ragnhildr, daughter of 12899:Sack of Santiago de Compostela 11042:A Military History of Scotland 9491:"Knock, Queen Blearie's Stone" 7161:. Paisley: Alexander Gardner. 6931:Hamilton of Wishaw, W (1831), 4135:pp. 204–205 § 255, 442 § 255; 2902:Wright; Forester; Hoare (1905) 1847: 1783: 1695: 1599: 1539: 1483: 1471: 1439: 1411: 554:Twelfth-century depictions of 1: 13784:Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde) 13738:Uppland Runic Inscription 158 12914:Siege of Constantinople (860) 11295:Young, A; Stead, MJ (2010) . 10455:10.1080/03044181.2016.1212250 10216:. Dublin: Four Courts Press. 9959:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. 9532:. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club. 8939:Henry II: New Interpretations 6314: 6062:Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose 6031:Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose 6024:Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose 3112:Jones; Williams; Pughe (1870) 1322:Malcolm III, King of Scotland 1217:were royal lordships, whilst 1067:, and the eighteenth-century 783:accords Malcolm the epithet " 757:islands of the Firth of Clyde 617:Alexander I, King of Scotland 230: 13703:Småland Runic Inscription 48 13603:Danish Runic Inscription 380 13598:Danish Runic Inscription 154 10972:UK public library membership 10887:UK public library membership 9957:Scotland's Historic Heraldry 9332:(v1.2 ed.). Edinburgh: 9198:UK public library membership 8905:UK public library membership 8494:10.1017/CCO9781139045407.003 8149:UK public library membership 7871:UK public library membership 7831:UK public library membership 7690:10.1016/0304-4181(75)90019-6 7187:. Vol. 1. Douglas, IM: 6457:Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia 6412:"Annals of the Four Masters" 6394:(3 December 2013 ed.). 6386:"Annals of the Four Masters" 6285:Knock, Queen Blearie's Stone 6244:Origines Parochiales Scotiae 5991:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5967:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5947:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5889:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5873:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5606:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5500:pp. 142, 142–143 n. 2, 190; 5426:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5402:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5190:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5178:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5142:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5038:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 4699:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 4633:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 4597:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 3911:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 3340:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 2742:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 2512:pp. 125 n. 1, 143–144 n. 6; 2474:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 2130:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 1806:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 1726:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 1638:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 1405: 794: 556:Malcolm IV, King of Scotland 393:, and the fifteenth-century 198:Malcolm IV, King of Scotland 7: 13593:Danish Runic Inscription 66 13097:Birka female Viking warrior 12789:Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu 12073: 11445:Ingibjörg the Earls'-Mother 10443:Journal of Medieval History 10141:"Soldiers Most Unfortunate" 10080:Canadian Journal of History 9938:Medieval Ireland, 1169–1534 9910:The Course of Irish History 9473:10.1007/978-3-319-64090-7_7 8254:Medieval Ireland, 1169–1534 7742:University of Toronto Press 7677:Journal of Medieval History 7132:Macphail, JRN, ed. (1914). 7073:; Kennedy, J, eds. (1894). 6495:Bouterwek, CW, ed. (1863). 6013:pp. 38–39 fig. 1, 46 n. 1; 4667:p. 125 n. 1, 136–137 n. 1; 2360:pp. 44, 143–144 n. 6, 190; 951:. The account given by the 896:Robert II, King of Scotland 571:from Argyll and Kintyre to 457:, divine intervention from 10: 13866: 13825:Battles of the Middle Ages 13820:Battles involving Scotland 13623:Gunnar's bridge runestones 12969:Viking Age arms and armour 12824:Battle of Strangford Lough 12564:Battle of Brentford (1016) 11985:Associated clans and septs 10603:10.1093/ehr/CXVI.468.929-b 10572:. Edinburgh: John Donald. 10299:Scottish Historical Review 10245:10.1057/9781137062390.0012 10015:Scottish Historical Review 9406:William Blackwood and Sons 9404:. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: 8486:Cambridge University Press 8177:Scottish Historical Review 7762:Scottish Historical Review 7654:Edinburgh University Press 7526:William Blackwood and Sons 7524:. Vol. 7. Edinburgh: 7504:Corpus of Electronic Texts 7484:Corpus of Electronic Texts 7464:Corpus of Electronic Texts 7117:Corpus of Electronic Texts 7097:Corpus of Electronic Texts 6436:Corpus of Electronic Texts 6416:Corpus of Electronic Texts 6391:Corpus of Electronic Texts 6191:Crawfurd; Robertson (1818) 3216:Annals of the Four Masters 3209:Annals of the Four Masters 1984:pp. 54–55, 128–129 pl. 1; 1897:Annals of the Four Masters 1890:Annals of the Four Masters 1042:Annals of the Four Masters 760:threat posed by Somairle. 545: 503:Herbert, Bishop of Glasgow 179:Herbert, Bishop of Glasgow 112:Herbert, Bishop of Glasgow 13779:Viking Ship Museum (Oslo) 13766: 13753:Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone 13575: 13442:Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson 13277:Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson 13049: 12937: 12814:Battle of Stamford Bridge 12501: 12396: 12326: 12288: 12277: 12081: 11983: 11902: 11876: 11838: 11785: 11706: 11615: 11549: 11488: 11465:Margaret, Queen of Norway 11425:Gormflaith ingen Murchada 11397: 11356: 10590:English Historical Review 10027:10.3366/shr.1995.74.2.129 9838:10.1163/9789004280359_009 9830:The Lordship of the Isles 9805:10.3366/E0020157X09000493 9702:10.1017/S0038713412003053 9153:Antiquities of Shropshire 9079:10.3366/inr.2003.54.2.230 9042:10.3366/inr.1998.49.2.127 8875:"Godred Crovan (d. 1095)" 7923:. 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(1886). 6841: 6807: 6773: 6739: 6705: 6671: 6569: 6562:Giraldi Cambrensis Opera 6555: 6305: 6264: 6230: 6174: 6102: 6082: 6067: 6044: 6006: 6002: 5970: 5950: 5934: 5919: 5912: 5908: 5896: 5892: 5876: 5840: 5804: 5792: 5788: 5764: 5760: 5736: 5720: 5716: 5704: 5700: 5684: 5673: 5638: 5577: 5573: 5549: 5545: 5525: 5517: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5465: 5453: 5405: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5237: 5233: 5217: 5213: 5205: 5201: 5097: 4914: 4909:Registrum de Dunfermelyn 4883: 4871: 4851: 4814:pp. 125 n. 1, 143 n. 6; 4803: 4759: 4755: 4679: 4656: 4652: 4636: 4628: 4616: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4405: 4313: 4230: 4214: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4175: 4155: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4073: 4022: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3906: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3793: 3765: 3745: 3741: 3697: 3670: 3647: 3639: 3579: 3531: 3511: 3491: 3435: 3431: 3419: 3415: 3319: 3265: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3203: 3195: 3179: 3167: 3131: 3084:Williams Ab Ithel (1860) 3067: 2981: 2949: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2805: 2801: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2697: 2595: 2505: 2493: 2437: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2353: 2317: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2209: 2169: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2110: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2058:p. 169, 169 n. 16, 179; 2040: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1921: 1917: 1906: 1833: 1825: 1804:pp. 92, 113, 121 n. 86; 1801: 1797: 1789: 1765: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1701: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1633: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1553: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1489: 1379:concerning the lands of 1221:was a Morville lordship. 934: 705:Fergus, Lord of Galloway 613:Máel Coluim mac Alasdair 387:, the fifteenth-century 194:Máel Coluim mac Alasdair 13845:History of Renfrewshire 13507:Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson 13452:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye 13182:Godfrid, Duke of Frisia 12909:Siege of Chartres (911) 12759:Battle of Reading (871) 12714:Battle of Lyrskov Heath 12704:Battle of London Bridge 12674:Battle of Hingston Down 11536:Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson 11455:Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb 11294: 11277: 11258: 11239: 11226: 11204: 11144: 11125: 11112: 11039: 10978: 10919: 10810: 10758: 10735: 10706: 10687: 10666: 10633: 10586: 10567: 10544: 10525: 10485: 10437: 10364: 10350:10.35253/JAEMA.2015.1.4 10115: 10057: 9633:Scotland: A New History 9625: 9607: 9589: 9544: 9525: 9489: 9458: 9442:University of Edinburgh 9435: 9412: 9397: 9388: 9377: 9340: 9323: 9301: 9285: 9254: 9231: 9204: 9164: 9156:. Vol. 7. London: 9146: 9101: 8930: 8805:Trinity College, Dublin 8798: 8759: 8726: 8695: 8668: 8592: 8565: 8530: 8510: 8479: 8430: 8380: 8354: 8244: 8211: 8174: 8119:"Kentigern (d. 612x14)" 8099:; MacGregor, M (eds.). 8046: 7996: 7801:"Malcolm III (d. 1093)" 7660: 7647: 7608: 7558: 7518: 7498: 7478: 7458: 7436: 7422: 7400: 7382:Skene, WF, ed. (1872). 7381: 7359: 7343:. Vol. 1. London: 7333: 7307: 7271: 7253: 7231: 7213: 7195: 7173: 7154: 7131: 7111: 7091: 7069: 7046: 7023: 6989: 6963: 6952: 6930: 6916: 6897: 6890:2027/mdp.39015005759389 6875: 6637: 6603: 6533: 6529:. Paisley: H. Crichton. 6515: 6494: 6468: 6450: 6430: 6410: 6396:University College Cork 6384: 6366: 6352: 6326: 6298: 6283: 6268: 6249: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6218: 6206: 6202: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6134: 6130: 6118: 6114: 6090: 6086: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6029: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 5990: 5986: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5946: 5904: 5900: 5888: 5872: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5828: 5824: 5812: 5808: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5756: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5688: 5677: 5669: 5662: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5622: 5605: 5601: 5589: 5561: 5541: 5529: 5521: 5513: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5481: 5469: 5449: 5437: 5425: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5361: 5357: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5293: 5289: 5273: 5269: 5245: 5241: 5229: 5209: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5161: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5065: 5053: 5041: 5037: 5022: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4983: 4964: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4921: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4867: 4855: 4852:McDonald; McLean (1992) 4839: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4804:McDonald; McLean (1992) 4799: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4743: 4726: 4714: 4710: 4698: 4694: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4657:McDonald; McLean (1992) 4648: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4612: 4600: 4596: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4484: 4464: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4389: 4385: 4373: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4257: 4245: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4195: 4188:McDonald; McLean (1992) 4183: 4179: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4132: 4125:McDonald; McLean (1992) 4120: 4097: 4090:McDonald; McLean (1992) 4085: 4081: 4077: 4061: 4046: 4034: 4010: 4006: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3883:McDonald; McLean (1992) 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3850: 3846: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3814: 3797: 3794:McDonald; McLean (1992) 3789: 3785: 3781: 3769: 3766:McDonald; McLean (1992) 3761: 3757: 3746:McDonald; McLean (1992) 3737: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3665:The Annals of Tigernach 3663: 3659: 3643: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3547: 3536:Macbain; Kennedy (1894) 3535: 3532:McDonald; McLean (1992) 3527: 3515: 3512:McDonald; McLean (1992) 3507: 3503: 3479: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3411: 3399: 3387: 3383: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3327: 3323: 3320:McDonald; McLean (1992) 3307: 3292: 3287:The Annals of Tigernach 3285: 3281: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3237: 3214: 3207: 3199: 3183: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2933: 2929: 2917: 2897: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2834:McDonald; McLean (1992) 2813: 2809: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2778:McDonald; McLean (1992) 2741: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2686: 2679: 2675: 2670:The Annals of Tigernach 2668: 2661: 2654: 2647: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2599: 2591: 2579: 2572: 2565: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2438:McDonald; McLean (1992) 2433: 2425: 2393: 2389: 2377: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2354:McDonald; McLean (1992) 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2278:McDonald; McLean (1992) 2265: 2257: 2249: 2233: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2157: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2099: 2095: 2083: 2075: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023:The Annals of Tigernach 2021: 2017: 1957: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1910: 1902: 1895: 1888: 1883:The Annals of Tigernach 1881: 1877: 1865: 1853: 1841: 1837: 1829: 1826:McDonald; McLean (1992) 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1793: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1754:McDonald; McLean (1992) 1749: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1713: 1705: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1670:McDonald; McLean (1992) 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1493: 1477: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1269:may have been his son, 306:inconclusive sea-battle 196:in a rebellion against 149:was fought between the 13663:Norra Härene Runestone 13588:Baltic area runestones 13102:Bjørn (floruit 856–58) 12889:Raids in the Rhineland 12699:Battle of Leuven (891) 12689:Battle of Islandbridge 12684:Battle of Hjörungavágr 12584:Battle of Cathair Cuan 11480:Ragnhildis Olafsdottir 11126:Williams, DGE (1997). 11012:From Kings to Warlords 10957:10.1093/ref:odnb/26782 10872:10.1093/ref:odnb/17860 10713:. Edinburgh: Birlinn. 10692:. Edinburgh: Birlinn. 10212:McDonald, RA (2007b). 10120:; McDonald, R (eds.). 9751:Macquarrie, A (1996). 9652:MacDonald, IG (2013). 9236:; Pedersen, F (2005). 9183:10.1093/ref:odnb/17697 8890:10.1093/ref:odnb/50613 8702:University of Aberdeen 8134:10.1093/ref:odnb/15426 7856:10.1093/ref:odnb/49411 7816:10.1093/ref:odnb/17859 7593:George Bell & Sons 7500:"The Annals of Ulster" 7480:"The Annals of Ulster" 7113:"Mac Carthaigh's Book" 7093:"Mac Carthaigh's Book" 5002:pp. 93–94 n. 236, 94; 4913:pp. 13 § 18, 17 § 31; 1265:to hold lordship over 1099:Battle of the Standard 1012:, as evidenced by the 723: 607: 601: 563: 470: 353:, the twelfth-century 338: 240: 90:Commanders and leaders 13835:Scandinavian Scotland 13633:Hakon Jarl runestones 13532:Tryggvi the Pretender 13437:Snæfrithr Svásadottir 13372:Ohthere of Hålogaland 13317:Ketil Trout (Iceland) 13137:Eohric of East Anglia 13036:Svinfylking Formation 12844:Battle of Tarbat Ness 12654:Battle of Fýrisvellir 12519:First Battle of Alton 11884:Scottish island names 11707:Artifacts and culture 11384:Mormaers of Caithness 11350:Scandinavian Scotland 11229:Mediaeval Scandinavia 10989:. In Broun, D (ed.). 10272:10.4324/9781315630755 10139:McDonald, RA (2002). 10058:McDonald, RA (1997). 9955:McAndrew, BA (2006). 9907:; Martin, FX (eds.). 9355:10.3366/inr.2013.0051 9309:. The Boydell Press. 9165:Flanagan, MT (2004). 8935:; Vincent, N (eds.). 8727:Driscoll, ST (2002). 8390:John Wiley & Sons 8285:10.4324/9781315630755 8047:Beuermann, I (2012). 7838:Barrow, GWS (2004b). 7798:Barrow, GWS (2004a). 7155:Metcalfe, WM (1905). 6432:"Annals of Tigernach" 3198:pp. 74–75, 74 n. 23; 2380:pp. 44, 143–144 n. 6. 1524:pp. 41–42, 42 n. 59; 1284:Chronicle of Holyrood 811:Queen Blearie's Stone 713: 597:Chronicle of Holyrood 558:and his grandfather, 553: 467:University of Glasgow 452: 368:Chronicle of Holyrood 324: 292:In 1155 or 1156, the 238: 202:Scottish royal family 13850:Kingdom of the Isles 13743:Varangian runestones 13658:Lingsberg Runestones 13638:Hällestad Runestones 13522:Thorolf Kveldulfsson 13482:Styrbjörn the Strong 13417:Rognvald Eysteinsson 13397:Ragnhild Eriksdotter 13162:Freydís Eiríksdóttir 13132:Egill Skallagrímsson 12879:Burning of Luimneach 12854:Battle of Tettenhall 12819:Battle of Stiklestad 12754:Battle of Rastarkalv 12664:Battle of Hafrsfjord 12629:Battle of Englefield 12589:Battle of Chippenham 12579:Battle of Buttington 12574:Battle of Brunanburh 12569:Battle of Brissarthe 11903:Battles and treaties 11557:Kingdom of the Isles 11475:Ragnhild Eriksdotter 11430:Gunnhild Gormsdóttir 11420:Cacht ingen Ragnaill 10942:"Somerled (d. 1164)" 10939:Sellar, WDH (2004). 10736:Roberts, JL (1999). 10503:10.1484/J.Peri.3.391 10365:McGrail, MJ (1995). 10093:10.3138/cjh.34.2.161 9517:: CS1 maint: year ( 9467:. pp. 119–129. 9436:Jennings, A (1994). 9419:University of Guelph 9398:Hewison, JK (1895). 8834:. pp. 348–356. 8704:. pp. 157–178. 8312:Medieval Archaeology 8279:. pp. 350–368. 7974:10.1484/J.Peri.3.497 7931:. pp. 166–194. 7878:Barrow, GWS (2006). 7736:Barrow, GWS (1981). 7713:Barrow, GWS (1980). 7661:Barrow, GWS (1973). 7560:Williams Ab Ithel, J 6898:Gordon, JFS (1868). 6867:: CS1 maint: year ( 6833:: CS1 maint: year ( 6799:: CS1 maint: year ( 6765:: CS1 maint: year ( 6731:: CS1 maint: year ( 6697:: CS1 maint: year ( 6663:: CS1 maint: year ( 6629:: CS1 maint: year ( 6595:: CS1 maint: year ( 5841:McDonald, RA (2007b) 5829:Williams, DGE (1997) 5813:Williams, DGE (1997) 5789:McDonald, RA (2007b) 5769:Williams, DGE (1997) 5765:McDonald, RA (2007b) 5761:McDonald, RA (2007a) 5737:McDonald, RA (2007b) 5679:The Annals of Ulster 5664:The Annals of Ulster 5322:Barrow; Royan (2004) 5298:Barrow; Royan (2004) 5250:Barrow; Royan (2004) 5206:Barrow; Royan (2004) 4802:pp. 169 n. 15, 178; 4629:McDonald, RA (2007b) 3671:McDonald, RA (2007b) 3234:McDonald, RA (2007b) 3230:McDonald, RA (2007a) 3228:p. 141, 141 n. 121; 3068:McDonald, RA (2007a) 3038:The Annals of Ulster 3027:The Annals of Ulster 2886:McDonald, RA (2007b) 2882:McDonald, RA (2007a) 2830:McDonald, RA (2007b) 2826:McDonald, RA (2007a) 2802:McDonald, RA (2007a) 2772:pp. 109, 117 n. 76; 2766:McDonald, RA (2007b) 2762:McDonald, RA (2007a) 2681:The Annals of Ulster 2663:Mac Carthaigh's Book 2656:Mac Carthaigh's Book 2649:The Annals of Ulster 2574:Mac Carthaigh's Book 2567:Mac Carthaigh's Book 2426:Williams, DGE (1997) 2418:McDonald, RA (2007b) 2414:McDonald, RA (2007a) 2120:The Annals of Ulster 2101:The Annals of Ulster 2041:McDonald, RA (2007b) 2006:McDonald, RA (2007b) 1982:McDonald, RA (2007b) 1978:McDonald, RA (2007a) 1954:McDonald, RA (2007b) 1950:McDonald, RA (2007a) 1907:McDonald, RA (2007b) 1802:McDonald, RA (2007b) 1798:McDonald, RA (2007a) 1742:Williams, DGE (1997) 1722:McDonald, RA (2007b) 1718:McDonald, RA (2007a) 1658:Williams, DGE (1997) 1578:Williams, DGE (1997) 1566:McDonald, RA (2007b) 1562:McDonald, RA (2007a) 1518:Williams, DGE (1997) 1498:McDonald, RA (2007b) 1383:. The device is non- 1241:Relatio de Standardo 1186:Chronicle of Melrose 1094:Relatio de Standardo 1025:Brenhinedd y Saesson 1008:, in the service of 980:Expugnatio Hibernica 953:Chronicle of Melrose 777:Chronicle of Melrose 479:Chronicle of Melrose 420:Mac Carthaigh's Book 404:Chronicle of Melrose 390:Mac Carthaigh's Book 379:Chronicle of Melrose 253:Kingdom of the Isles 169:, were commanded by 151:Kingdom of the Isles 75:Kingdom of the Isles 13688:Sigtrygg Runestones 13678:Runestones of Högby 13583:Ballstorp Runestone 13567:Unn the Deep-Minded 13502:Thorfinn the Mighty 13497:Þorbjörg Lítilvölva 13477:Steinunn Refsdóttir 13267:Hemming Halfdansson 13122:Bjorn the Easterner 12849:Battle of Tempsford 12799:Battle of Stainmore 12779:Battle of Rochester 12719:Battle of Mag Femen 12679:Battle of the Holme 12604:Battle of Corbridge 12559:Battle of Brávellir 12509:Tactics and warfare 12313:Viking ship replica 11772:St Magnus Cathedral 11648:Cubbie Roo's Castle 11592:Davidian Revolution 11435:Helga Moddansdóttir 11405:Aud the Deep-Minded 11299:. Brimscombe Port: 11066:Scotland: A History 9679:MacLean, S (2012). 9637:. London: Century. 9545:Latimer, P (1989). 9413:Holton, CT (2017). 9378:Hammond, M (2010). 9118:(1–2): i–x, 1–166. 8450:Clancy, TO (2008). 8074:Birch, WDG (1895). 7407:Chronica de Mailros 7295:. Edinburgh. 1832. 6151:McDonald, RA (1997) 6131:McDonald, RA (1997) 6115:McDonald, RA (1997) 6059:p. 126 §§ 769–770; 6055:p. 225, 225 n. 66; 5977:pp. 106, 111 n. 95. 5907:pp. 148, 222, 229; 5905:McDonald, RA (1997) 5897:McDonald, RA (2004) 5861:McDonald, RA (1997) 5825:McDonald, RA (1997) 5809:McDonald, RA (1997) 5522:McDonald, RA (1997) 5518:McDonald, RA (1999) 5488:p. 191, 191 n. 21; 5482:McDonald, RA (1997) 5478:McDonald, RA (1999) 5454:McDonald, RA (1999) 5410:McDonald, RA (2000) 5382:McDonald, RA (1997) 5378:McDonald, RA (2000) 5362:McDonald, RA (1997) 5342:McDonald, RA (1997) 5338:McDonald, RA (2000) 5290:McDonald, RA (1997) 5242:McDonald, RA (1997) 5166:McDonald, RA (1997) 5150:McDonald, RA (1997) 5070:McDonald, RA (2000) 4840:McDonald, RA (2000) 4800:McDonald, RA (2000) 4768:McDonald, RA (1997) 4649:McDonald, RA (1997) 4645:McDonald, RA (2000) 4485:McDonald, RA (1997) 4445:Gough-Cooper (2013) 4225:pp. 136–138 § 172; 4186:pp. 136–138 § 172; 4123:pp. 144–145 § 185; 4088:pp. 124–125 § 147; 3915:McDonald, RA (2000) 3871:McDonald, RA (2000) 3790:McDonald, RA (1997) 3786:McDonald, RA (2000) 3782:Young; Stead (2010) 3758:McDonald, RA (2000) 3726:McDonald, RA (1997) 3682:McDonald, RA (1997) 3676:Annals of Tigernach 3584:McDonald, RA (1997) 3528:McDonald, RA (2000) 3508:McDonald, RA (1997) 3504:McDonald, RA (2000) 3452:McDonald, RA (1997) 3440:McDonald, RA (2000) 3436:McDonald, RA (2002) 3420:McDonald, RA (2002) 3348:McDonald, RA (2000) 3294:Annals of Tigernach 3196:McDonald, RW (2015) 3110:p. 537, 537 n. 72; 3098:p. 173, 173 n. 96; 3062:p. 173, 173 n. 96; 2976:p. 173, 173 n. 96; 2892:pp. 117–118 n. 76; 2890:McDonald, RA (2002) 2870:McDonald, RA (2002) 2858:McDonald, RA (2002) 2832:pp. 54, 121 n. 86; 2806:McDonald, RA (1995) 2774:McDonald, RA (1995) 2770:McDonald, RA (2002) 2768:pp. 54, 121 n. 86; 2730:McDonald, RA (1997) 2694:McDonald, RA (2000) 2688:Annals of Tigernach 2602:p. 452 bk. 8 ch. 6. 2488:p. 169, 169 n. 16; 2486:McDonald, RA (2000) 2430:McDonald, RA (1995) 2422:McDonald, RA (2002) 2420:pp. 54, 121 n. 86; 2280:pp. 3, 3 n. 1, 13; 2274:McDonald, RA (1995) 2266:McDonald, RA (1997) 2260:p. 169, 169 n. 16; 2258:McDonald, RA (2000) 2254:McDonald, RA (2002) 2162:McDonald, RA (1995) 2158:McDonald, RA (1997) 2144:p. 169, 169 n. 16; 2142:McDonald, RA (2000) 2072:McDonald, RA (1995) 2064:McDonald, RA (1997) 2056:McDonald, RA (2000) 2046:Annals of Tigernach 2002:McDonald, RA (2012) 1998:McDonald, RA (2016) 1974:McDonald, RA (2012) 1960:pp. 114–115 pl. 1; 1956:pp. 128–129 pl. 1; 1934:McDonald, RA (1997) 1926:McDonald, RA (2000) 1912:Annals of Tigernach 1880:p. 124, 124 n. 14; 1854:McDonald, RA (1997) 1818:McDonald, RA (1997) 1790:McDonald, RA (2012) 1746:McDonald, RA (1995) 1738:McDonald, RA (1997) 1710:McDonald, RA (2012) 1654:McDonald, RA (1997) 1554:McDonald, RA (2012) 1496:p. 171, 171 n. 84; 1430:McDonald, RA (1997) 1426:McDonald, RA (2000) 1046:Annals of Tigernach 927:) is now part of a 773:Strathclyde Britons 511:Annals of Tigernach 412:Annals of Tigernach 344:Annals of Tigernach 155:Kingdom of Scotland 84:Kingdom of Scotland 13718:Sparlösa Runestone 13673:Runestones at Aspa 13668:Orkesta Runestones 13613:England runestones 13232:Halfdan Ragnarsson 13212:Hakon Rognvaldsson 13197:Gunnar Hámundarson 13177:Godfrid Haraldsson 13112:Bjarni Herjólfsson 13062:Amlaíb Cenncairech 13050:Historical figures 12954:Great Heathen Army 12942:and fortifications 12859:Battle of Thetford 12784:Battle of Sasireti 12774:Battle of Ringmere 12659:Battle of Glenmama 12634:Battle of Epiphany 12624:Battle of Edington 12594:Battle of Clontarf 12554:Battle of Benfleet 12534:Battle of Assandun 12371:L'Anse aux Meadows 12196:Old Norse religion 11766:Sen dollotar Ulaid 11720:Chronicles of Mann 11440:Ingeborg of Norway 11259:Woolf, A (2007b). 11029:Steele, J (2014). 11010:Simms, K (2000) . 10854:Scott, WW (2008). 10811:Scott, JG (1997). 10768:Scott, JG (1988). 10707:Rixson, D (2001). 10688:Rixson, D (1982). 9465:Palgrave Macmillan 9158:John Russell Smith 8857:. pp. 45–70. 8488:. pp. 13–26. 8234:Butter, R (2007). 7667:St. Martin's Press 6843:"Document 3/547/8" 6741:"Document 1/4/104" 6274:p. 14 pt. renfrew. 6255:p. 14 pt. renfrew. 6189:pp. 86, 141, 146; 5909:McDonald, A (1995) 5777:Munch; Goss (1874) 5745:Munch; Goss (1874) 4947:pp. 25 n. 50, 34; 4870:pp. 12–13 fig. 1; 4782:p. 256, 256 n. 1; 4778:pp. 2, 2 n. 5, 9; 4575:p. 256, 256 n. 3; 4571:p. 6, 6 n. 21, 9; 4292:pp. 124–125, 187; 3328:Munch; Goss (1874) 3080:Rhŷs; Evans (1890) 3016:p. 537, 537 n. 72. 2988:pp. 133, 136–137; 2872:pp. 117–118 n. 76. 2846:Munch; Goss (1874) 2814:Munch; Goss (1874) 2790:Munch; Goss (1874) 2622:pp. 143–144 n. 6; 2450:Munch; Goss (1874) 2328:pp. 143–144 n. 6; 2008:pp. 128–129 pl. 1. 1842:Munch; Goss (1874) 1778:Munch; Goss (1874) 1690:Munch; Goss (1874) 1628:pp. 143, 145–146; 1626:Williams, G (2007) 1594:Munch; Goss (1874) 1534:Munch; Goss (1874) 1454:Williams, G (2007) 1291:ecclesiastical see 1070:Book of Clanranald 1038:Irish highkingship 906:—which he gave as 724: 564: 471: 339: 335:kings of the Isles 241: 13830:Conflicts in 1164 13792: 13791: 13758:Viking runestones 13693:Simris Runestones 13683:Sædinge Runestone 13653:Karlevi Runestone 13643:Ingvar runestones 13618:Greece runestones 13527:Thorstein the Red 13512:Thorkell the Tall 13392:Ragnar Ragnarsson 13297:Ivar the Boneless 13222:Haakon Sigurdsson 13172:Garðar Svavarsson 13157:Eiríkr Hákonarson 13152:Eric I of Denmark 13107:Bjorn Asbrandsson 12994:Gjermundbu helmet 12864:Battle of Thimeon 12834:Battle of Sulcoit 12829:Battle of Svolder 12794:Battle of Skyhill 12764:Battle of Renfrew 12744:Battle of Norditi 12729:Battle of Meretun 12649:Battle of Fulford 12644:Battle of Florvåg 12529:Battle of Ashdown 12256:Viking runestones 12041: 12040: 12008:Macaulay of Lewis 11541:Thorstein the Red 11489:Other notable men 11310:978-0-7524-5638-6 11301:The History Press 11278:Woolf, A (2013). 11270:978-0-7486-1233-8 11251:978-1-85182-946-0 11164:978-90-04-15893-1 11051:978-0-7486-3204-6 11021:978-0-85115-784-9 11002:978-0-85261-919-3 10970:(Subscription or 10885:(Subscription or 10759:Ross, AD (2003). 10647:978-0-7486-1496-7 10634:Oram, RD (2011). 10568:Oram, RD (2000). 10545:Oram, RD (1988). 10373:McGill University 10281:978-1-315-63075-5 10254:978-1-137-06239-0 10223:978-1-84682-047-2 10204:978-1-85182-946-0 10069:978-1-898410-85-0 9947:978-0-19-821755-8 9847:978-90-04-28035-9 9783:978-0-7486-1615-2 9663:978-90-04-18547-0 9526:Laing, H (1850). 9482:978-3-319-64090-7 9389:Heath, I (1989). 9286:Gade, KE (1994). 9247:978-0-521-82992-2 9196:(Subscription or 8954:978-1-84383-340-6 8903:(Subscription or 8872:Duffy, S (2004). 8855:Tempus Publishing 8832:Four Courts Press 8799:Duffy, S (1993). 8711:978-0-9557720-1-6 8653:978-1-84383-432-8 8577:978-90-04-25512-8 8531:Cowan, M (2015). 8511:Clark, S (1998). 8442:978-0-7486-1615-2 8399:978-1-118-73623-4 8373:978-0-14-193514-0 8294:978-1-315-63075-5 8263:978-0-19-821755-8 8167:978-0-7486-2360-0 8156:Broun, D (2007). 8147:(Subscription or 8116:Broun, D (2004). 8031:978-90-04-25512-8 8012:978-82-519-2563-1 7869:(Subscription or 7829:(Subscription or 7632:978-90-04-15893-1 7602:Secondary sources 6975:The Spalding Club 6809:"Document 3/30/3" 6775:"Document 1/5/52" 6707:"Document 1/4/92" 6673:"Document 1/4/74" 6639:"Document 1/4/30" 6605:"Document 1/4/15" 6478:The Boydell Press 6462:Longmans & Co 6304:p. 70 § 8.3.2.2; 6117:p. 61, 61 n. 66; 6069:Document 3/547/8 5438:Strickland (2012) 5110:Strickland (2012) 5096:p. 113 fig. 3.3; 5094:Strickland (2012) 4967:pp. 71–72, 87–88. 4790:p. 449, 449 n. 1. 4678:pp. 453–454 § 1; 4557:Gillingham (2000) 4497:Brown, JTT (1927) 4489:Macquarrie (1996) 4280:pp. 72, 111–112; 4011:Brown, JTT (1927) 3979:Brown, JTT (1927) 3879:Martin, FX (1992) 3356:Brown, JTT (1927) 3260:p. 31, 31 n. 79; 3168:Martin, FX (1992) 2956:p. 14, 14 n. 69; 2894:Martin, FX (1994) 2514:Brown, JTT (1927) 2466:Strickland (2012) 2286:Brown, JTT (1927) 2270:Macquarrie (1996) 2214:Strickland (2012) 2115:Strickland (2012) 2037:Strickland (2012) 1924:p. 31, 31 n. 22; 1350:of Paisley. This 1184:According to the 1019:Brut y Tywysogyon 966:Chronicle of Mann 964:According to the 801:Chronicle of Mann 718:of the so-called 716:rook gaming piece 593:Dunfermline Abbey 475:Chronicle of Mann 473:According to the 436:Chronicle of Mann 430:, the Isles, and 374:Chronicle of Mann 294:Chronicle of Mann 270:Chronicle of Mann 167:Kingdom of Dublin 147:Battle of Renfrew 143: 142: 79:Kingdom of Dublin 64: 63: 24:Battle of Renfrew 13857: 13815:1164 in Scotland 13723:Stangeland stone 13698:Sjörup Runestone 13648:Italy runestones 13628:Hagby Runestones 13608:Egtved Runestone 13542:Valtoke Gormsson 13487:Sweyn Asleifsson 13472:Snorri Sturluson 13457:Sigurd the Stout 13402:Ragnall ua Imair 13292:Ingólfr Arnarson 13242:Harald Bluetooth 13227:Halfdan Long-Leg 12769:Battle of Remich 12749:Battle of Pinhoe 12734:Battle of Nesjar 12724:Battle of Maldon 12669:Battle of Helgeå 12639:Battle of Fitjar 12619:Battle of Dollar 12609:Battle of Cynwit 12599:Battle of Confey 12539:Battle of Basing 12404:Viking expansion 12336:North Sea Empire 12283: 12261:Viking Age trade 12136:Germanic deities 12068: 12061: 12054: 12045: 12044: 11698:St Magnus Church 11693:Scar boat burial 11638:Brough of Birsay 11531:Sweyn Asleifsson 11526:Ragnall ua Ímair 11343: 11336: 11329: 11320: 11319: 11314: 11291: 11274: 11255: 11236: 11223: 11201: 11189: 11176: 11152: 11141: 11139: 11122: 11109: 11080: 11055: 11036: 11025: 11006: 10988: 10975: 10967: 10965: 10963: 10944: 10935: 10916: 10890: 10882: 10880: 10878: 10859: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10840: 10834:. Archived from 10817: 10807: 10805: 10803: 10797: 10791:. Archived from 10774: 10764: 10755: 10743: 10732: 10703: 10684: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10650:. Archived from 10630: 10597:(468): 929–930. 10583: 10564: 10562: 10541: 10526:Oram, R (2004). 10522: 10482: 10434: 10410: 10399: 10376: 10361: 10330: 10293: 10258: 10227: 10208: 10189: 10173: 10162: 10135: 10112: 10073: 10054: 10009: 9970: 9951: 9932: 9899: 9880:10.2307/29742533 9859: 9824: 9793:The Innes Review 9787: 9768: 9747: 9721: 9685: 9675: 9648: 9636: 9622: 9604: 9586: 9576: 9541: 9522: 9516: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9486: 9455: 9453: 9432: 9430: 9409: 9394: 9385: 9374: 9343:The Innes Review 9337: 9331: 9320: 9298: 9292: 9282: 9251: 9228: 9212: 9201: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9170: 9161: 9143: 9098: 9067:The Innes Review 9061: 9029:The Innes Review 9022: 8994: 8984: 8958: 8942: 8927: 8908: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8877: 8868: 8845: 8818: 8816: 8795: 8756: 8723: 8692: 8676: 8665: 8638: 8616: 8600: 8589: 8562: 8552: 8527: 8517: 8507: 8476: 8456: 8446: 8427: 8403: 8377: 8351: 8306: 8267: 8241: 8230: 8208: 8171: 8152: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8121: 8112: 8094: 8081: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8061:on 14 March 2016 8043: 8016: 7993: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7941:. 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Archived from 7884: 7874: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7843: 7834: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7803: 7794: 7755: 7732: 7709: 7670: 7657: 7644: 7616: 7596: 7577: 7555: 7529: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7455: 7433: 7419: 7397: 7378: 7356: 7330: 7304: 7286: 7268: 7250: 7228: 7210: 7192: 7170: 7151: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7088: 7066: 7043: 7020: 6986: 6960: 6949: 6927: 6913: 6894: 6892: 6872: 6866: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6838: 6832: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6804: 6798: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6770: 6764: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6736: 6730: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6702: 6696: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6668: 6662: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6634: 6628: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6600: 6594: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6571:"Document 1/4/2" 6566: 6552: 6530: 6512: 6510: 6491: 6465: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6381: 6363: 6349: 6309: 6296: 6290: 6281: 6275: 6262: 6256: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6207:Dalrymple (1797) 6200: 6194: 6172: 6166: 6144: 6138: 6128: 6122: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6080: 6074: 6066:pp. 55–56 § 66; 6047:p. 266 § 15736; 6042: 6036: 6009:p. 266 § 15736; 6000: 5994: 5984: 5978: 5960: 5954: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5886: 5880: 5870: 5864: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5822: 5816: 5802: 5796: 5786: 5780: 5754: 5748: 5730: 5724: 5717:Scott, WW (2008) 5714: 5708: 5701:Scott, WW (2008) 5698: 5692: 5674:Scott, WW (2008) 5660: 5654: 5651:Stevenson (1835) 5647:Stevenson (1856) 5639:Scott, WW (2008) 5632: 5626: 5620: 5609: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5578:Scott, WW (2008) 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5546:Scott, WW (2008) 5539: 5533: 5511: 5505: 5502:Bouterwek (1863) 5474:Scott, WW (2008) 5463: 5457: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5391: 5385: 5371: 5365: 5358:Carpenter (2003) 5355: 5349: 5335: 5329: 5328:p. 68, 68 n. 41. 5315: 5309: 5267: 5261: 5227: 5221: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5159: 5153: 5131: 5125: 5122:Scott, JG (1997) 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5035: 5029: 5008:Scott, JG (1997) 4993: 4987: 4981: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4945:Scott, JG (1997) 4934: 4928: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4868:Scott, JG (1997) 4865: 4859: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4828:Stevenson (1835) 4824:Stevenson (1856) 4797: 4791: 4760:Scott, WW (2008) 4756:MacDonald (2013) 4753: 4747: 4741: 4730: 4727:Carpenter (2003) 4724: 4718: 4708: 4702: 4692: 4686: 4617:MacDonald (2013) 4610: 4604: 4594: 4588: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4522: 4516: 4507:pp. 81–83 § 62; 4434: 4425: 4399: 4393: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4339: 4333: 4311: 4305: 4302:Stevenson (1856) 4298:Bouterwek (1863) 4282:Carpenter (2003) 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4215:MacDonald (2013) 4212: 4206: 4176:MacDonald (2013) 4173: 4167: 4149: 4143: 4138:Document 1/4/104 4117:MacDonald (2013) 4114: 4108: 4074:MacDonald (2013) 4071: 4065: 4059: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4023:Scott, WW (2008) 4020: 4014: 4004: 3998: 3989:pp. 80–83 § 62; 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3907:Scott, WW (2008) 3896: 3890: 3860: 3854: 3844: 3838: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3801: 3779: 3773: 3755: 3749: 3742:Scott, WW (2008) 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3695: 3689: 3657: 3651: 3637: 3631: 3628:Stevenson (1835) 3609: 3603: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3525: 3519: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3429: 3423: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3381: 3375: 3372:Stevenson (1835) 3368:Stevenson (1856) 3337: 3331: 3317: 3311: 3310:p. 14, 14 n. 69. 3305: 3299: 3279: 3273: 3250:Ó Corráin (1999) 3193: 3187: 3186:p. 14, 14 n. 69. 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3121: 3115: 3093: 3087: 3057: 3051: 3023: 3017: 2967: 2961: 2943: 2937: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2823: 2817: 2799: 2793: 2758:Martin, C (2014) 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2719: 2713: 2645: 2639: 2636:Stevenson (1835) 2632:Stevenson (1856) 2609: 2603: 2589: 2583: 2563: 2557: 2539: 2533: 2530:Stevenson (1835) 2526:Stevenson (1856) 2459: 2453: 2410:Martin, C (2014) 2403: 2397: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2366:Bouterwek (1863) 2351: 2345: 2315: 2309: 2296:pp. 80–83 § 62; 2187: 2181: 2093: 2087: 2015: 2009: 1995: 1989: 1971: 1965: 1947: 1941: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1832:pp. 86–87, 151; 1787: 1781: 1758:Scott, JG (1988) 1699: 1693: 1674:Scott, JG (1988) 1603: 1597: 1543: 1537: 1506:Beuermann (2002) 1500:pp. 67, 85, 92; 1490:Beuermann (2014) 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1450:Beuermann (2010) 1446:Beuermann (2012) 1443: 1437: 1415: 1399: 1373: 1367: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1318: 1312: 1300: 1294: 1280: 1274: 1259: 1253: 1228: 1222: 1195: 1189: 1182: 1176: 1164: 1158: 1153:. At one point, 1118: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1089: 1083: 1080: 1074: 1055: 1049: 1014:Annals of Ulster 1002: 996: 975: 969: 962: 956: 945: 926: 835: 823: 781:Annals of Ulster 765:sack of Alt Clut 749:Hugh de Morville 655: 643: 610: 604: 465:, in Bute Hall, 416:Annals of Ulster 363:Roger de Hoveden 350:Annals of Ulster 277:, was absent in 259:—a claim to the 104: 60:Scottish victory 30: 29: 21: 20: 13865: 13864: 13860: 13859: 13858: 13856: 13855: 13854: 13795: 13794: 13793: 13788: 13762: 13733:Runestone U 582 13571: 13492:Sweyn Forkbeard 13407:Raud the Strong 13367:Orm Storolfsson 13362:Olof Skötkonung 13352:Olav Haraldsson 13347:Olaf Tryggvason 13332:Magnus Barefoot 13312:Ketill Flatnose 13257:Harald Wartooth 13252:Harald Hardrada 13247:Harald Fairhair 13217:Haakon the Good 13045: 13041:Varangian Guard 12941: 12933: 12904:Siege of Asselt 12894:Raid on Seville 12694:Battle of Largs 12614:Battle of Derby 12549:Battle of Bauds 12544:Battle of Barry 12514:Battle of Aclea 12497: 12392: 12328: 12322: 12290: 12284: 12275: 12181:Norse mythology 12129:Younger Futhark 12077: 12072: 12042: 12037: 11979: 11975:Treaty of Perth 11898: 11872: 11834: 11781: 11754:Orkneyinga saga 11748:Manx runestones 11702: 11688:Rubha an Dùnain 11663:Kirkwall Castle 11633:Bishop's Palace 11611: 11545: 11484: 11393: 11379:Lords of Argyll 11369:Earls of Orkney 11352: 11347: 11317: 11311: 11271: 11252: 11220: 11210:The Argyll Book 11187: 11165: 11077: 11052: 11022: 11003: 10986: 10969: 10961: 10959: 10932: 10884: 10876: 10874: 10844: 10842: 10838: 10815: 10801: 10799: 10798:on 4 March 2016 10795: 10772: 10752: 10721: 10700: 10657: 10655: 10654:on 18 June 2019 10648: 10580: 10538: 10423: 10282: 10255: 10224: 10205: 10186: 10159: 10132: 10070: 9990:10.2307/4051525 9967: 9948: 9929: 9848: 9784: 9683: 9664: 9645: 9510: 9509: 9502: 9500: 9483: 9329: 9317: 9290: 9248: 9225: 9195: 9187: 9185: 9106:; Driscoll, S; 8992: 8981: 8955: 8924: 8914:Medieval Dublin 8902: 8894: 8892: 8865: 8842: 8745: 8712: 8689: 8654: 8613: 8578: 8515: 8504: 8454: 8443: 8400: 8374: 8295: 8264: 8227: 8168: 8146: 8138: 8136: 8092: 8064: 8062: 8032: 8013: 7948: 7946: 7945:on 16 June 2019 7939: 7909: 7907: 7906:on 4 March 2016 7903: 7897: 7882: 7868: 7860: 7858: 7828: 7820: 7818: 7752: 7729: 7719:Clarendon Press 7633: 7604: 7599: 7585:, eds. (1905). 7552: 7509: 7507: 7489: 7487: 7469: 7467: 7315:, eds. (1890). 7181:, eds. (1874). 7135:Highland Papers 7122: 7120: 7102: 7100: 7001:, eds. (1870). 6860: 6859: 6852: 6850: 6826: 6825: 6818: 6816: 6792: 6791: 6784: 6782: 6758: 6757: 6750: 6748: 6724: 6723: 6716: 6714: 6690: 6689: 6682: 6680: 6656: 6655: 6648: 6646: 6622: 6621: 6614: 6612: 6588: 6587: 6580: 6578: 6508:2027/hvd.hx15nb 6488: 6441: 6439: 6421: 6419: 6401: 6399: 6374:, eds. (1938). 6322: 6320:Primary sources 6317: 6312: 6297: 6293: 6282: 6278: 6263: 6259: 6229: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6201: 6197: 6173: 6169: 6155:Metcalfe (1905) 6145: 6141: 6135:Metcalfe (1905) 6129: 6125: 6119:Metcalfe (1905) 6113: 6109: 6103:McAndrew (2006) 6101: 6097: 6083:McAndrew (2006) 6081: 6077: 6043: 6039: 6003:McAndrew (2006) 6001: 5997: 5985: 5981: 5961: 5957: 5945: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5921:Document 3/30/3 5887: 5883: 5871: 5867: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5823: 5819: 5803: 5799: 5787: 5783: 5773:Anderson (1922) 5767:pp. 67–68, 85; 5755: 5751: 5741:Anderson (1922) 5739:pp. 67–68, 85; 5731: 5727: 5715: 5711: 5699: 5695: 5689:Anderson (1922) 5661: 5657: 5643:Anderson (1922) 5633: 5629: 5621: 5612: 5600: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5540: 5536: 5512: 5508: 5494:Anderson (1922) 5464: 5460: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5406:Stringer (2005) 5392: 5388: 5372: 5368: 5356: 5352: 5336: 5332: 5318:Boardman (2007) 5316: 5312: 5282:McAndrew (2006) 5278:Boardman (2007) 5268: 5264: 5238:McAndrew (2006) 5234:Boardman (2007) 5228: 5224: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5160: 5156: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5092: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5036: 5032: 5024:Document 1/4/30 4994: 4990: 4982: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4949:Anderson (1908) 4939:pp. 71–72, 87; 4935: 4931: 4923:Document 1/4/15 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4866: 4862: 4850: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4820:Anderson (1908) 4816:Anderson (1922) 4798: 4794: 4780:Anderson (1922) 4754: 4750: 4742: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4709: 4705: 4693: 4689: 4681:Document 1/5/52 4611: 4607: 4601:Oram, RD (1988) 4595: 4591: 4573:Anderson (1922) 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4523: 4519: 4501:Anderson (1922) 4435: 4428: 4410:Anderson (1922) 4400: 4396: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4340: 4336: 4312: 4308: 4294:Anderson (1922) 4268: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4232:Document 1/4/92 4213: 4209: 4201:Document 1/4/92 4174: 4170: 4160:Anderson (1908) 4150: 4146: 4115: 4111: 4103:Document 1/4/74 4072: 4068: 4060: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4005: 4001: 3983:Anderson (1922) 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3897: 3893: 3861: 3857: 3845: 3841: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3804: 3780: 3776: 3756: 3752: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3696: 3692: 3686:Anderson (1922) 3658: 3654: 3638: 3634: 3616:Anderson (1922) 3610: 3606: 3588:Anderson (1922) 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3526: 3522: 3516:Macphail (1914) 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3456:Anderson (1922) 3430: 3426: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3388:Driscoll (2002) 3382: 3378: 3364:Anderson (1908) 3360:Anderson (1922) 3338: 3334: 3324:Anderson (1922) 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3280: 3276: 3270:Anderson (1922) 3254:Jennings (1994) 3194: 3190: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3148:Flanagan (2004) 3144:Flanagan (2005) 3122: 3118: 3094: 3090: 3058: 3054: 3024: 3020: 3008:pp. 17–18, 46; 3002:Flanagan (2004) 2998:Flanagan (2005) 2968: 2964: 2944: 2940: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904:p. 219 ch. 21; 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2842:Anderson (1922) 2824: 2820: 2810:Anderson (1922) 2800: 2796: 2786:Anderson (1922) 2754:Caldwell (2016) 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2720: 2716: 2706:Anderson (1922) 2646: 2642: 2628:Anderson (1908) 2624:Anderson (1922) 2610: 2606: 2590: 2586: 2564: 2560: 2546:Anderson (1922) 2540: 2536: 2522:Anderson (1908) 2518:Anderson (1922) 2460: 2456: 2446:Anderson (1922) 2406:Caldwell (2016) 2404: 2400: 2394:Anderson (1908) 2390:Anderson (1922) 2388: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2362:Anderson (1922) 2352: 2348: 2334:Anderson (1908) 2330:Anderson (1922) 2316: 2312: 2298:Anderson (1908) 2290:Anderson (1922) 2268:pp. 41, 61–62; 2250:Driscoll (2002) 2188: 2184: 2174:Anderson (1922) 2096:Jennings (2017) 2094: 2090: 2084:Anderson (1922) 2016: 2012: 1996: 1992: 1972: 1968: 1948: 1944: 1938:Anderson (1922) 1876: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1852: 1848: 1838:Anderson (1922) 1788: 1784: 1770:Anderson (1922) 1702:Caldwell (2016) 1700: 1696: 1682:Anderson (1922) 1656:pp. 52, 54–58; 1604: 1600: 1590:Anderson (1922) 1586:Oram, RD (1988) 1546:Crawford (2014) 1544: 1540: 1530:Anderson (1922) 1526:Oram, RD (1988) 1488: 1484: 1476: 1472: 1462:Brown, M (2004) 1444: 1440: 1434:Anderson (1922) 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1374: 1370: 1352:religious house 1341: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1319: 1315: 1308:Rothesay Castle 1301: 1297: 1281: 1277: 1263:Walter's family 1260: 1256: 1229: 1225: 1196: 1192: 1183: 1179: 1165: 1161: 1126:Saint Kentigern 1119: 1115: 1109: 1105: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1059:Clann Domhnaill 1056: 1052: 1003: 999: 976: 972: 963: 959: 946: 942: 937: 922: 900:David Dalrymple 892:caesarean birth 868: 867: 866: 865: 841: 840: 839: 836: 828: 827: 824: 813: 797: 789:Paget's disease 672: 671: 670: 669: 661: 660: 659: 656: 648: 647: 644: 585:Urquhart Priory 579:from Argyll of 548: 507:Gesta Annalia I 505:. According to 493:, slain by the 384:Gesta Annalia I 319: 233: 126: 100: 77: 52: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13863: 13853: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13790: 13789: 13787: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13774:Viking revival 13770: 13768: 13764: 13763: 13761: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13579: 13577: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13387:Ragnar Lodbrok 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13357:Olaf the White 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13117:Björn Ironside 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13053: 13051: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13017: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12945: 12943: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12931: 12926: 12924:Siege of Paris 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12874:Battle of York 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12739:Battle of Niså 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12505: 12503: 12499: 12498: 12496: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12464: 12463: 12458: 12448: 12447: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12406: 12400: 12398: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12379: 12378: 12373: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12351:Orkney Islands 12348: 12343: 12338: 12332: 12330: 12324: 12323: 12321: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12294: 12292: 12291:and navigation 12286: 12285: 12278: 12276: 12274: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12132: 12131: 12126: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12085: 12083: 12079: 12078: 12071: 12070: 12063: 12056: 12048: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11989: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11978: 11977: 11972: 11970:Treaty of 1098 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11906: 11904: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11896: 11891: 11889:Northern Isles 11886: 11880: 11878: 11874: 11873: 11871: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11844: 11842: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11791: 11789: 11783: 11782: 11780: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11762: 11757: 11750: 11745: 11743:Lewis chessmen 11740: 11735: 11733:Galloway Hoard 11730: 11723: 11716: 11710: 11708: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11619: 11617: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11582:Outer Hebrides 11579: 11574: 11569: 11567:Gall-Ghàidheil 11564: 11559: 11553: 11551: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11511:Olaf the White 11508: 11503: 11498: 11492: 11490: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11401: 11399: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11374:Crovan dynasty 11371: 11366: 11360: 11358: 11354: 11353: 11346: 11345: 11338: 11331: 11323: 11316: 11315: 11309: 11292: 11275: 11269: 11256: 11250: 11237: 11224: 11218: 11202: 11177: 11163: 11142: 11123: 11110: 11081: 11075: 11056: 11050: 11037: 11026: 11020: 11007: 11001: 10976: 10936: 10930: 10917: 10891: 10851: 10841:on 10 May 2013 10808: 10765: 10756: 10750: 10733: 10719: 10704: 10698: 10685: 10664: 10646: 10631: 10584: 10578: 10565: 10549:(PhD thesis). 10542: 10536: 10523: 10483: 10435: 10421: 10400: 10377: 10362: 10331: 10294: 10280: 10259: 10253: 10228: 10222: 10209: 10203: 10190: 10184: 10163: 10157: 10136: 10130: 10113: 10087:(2): 161–192. 10074: 10068: 10055: 10021:(2): 129–143. 10010: 9984:(2): 187–219. 9971: 9965: 9952: 9946: 9933: 9927: 9900: 9860: 9846: 9825: 9788: 9782: 9769: 9748: 9696:(3): 649–681. 9676: 9662: 9649: 9643: 9623: 9605: 9587: 9559:(4): 523–552. 9542: 9523: 9487: 9481: 9456: 9440:(PhD thesis). 9433: 9417:(PhD thesis). 9410: 9395: 9386: 9375: 9338: 9321: 9315: 9299: 9283: 9265:(2): 227–242. 9252: 9246: 9238:Viking Empires 9229: 9223: 9202: 9162: 9144: 9099: 9073:(2): 230–233. 9062: 9036:(2): 127–142. 9023: 8985: 8979: 8959: 8953: 8933:Harper-Bill, C 8928: 8922: 8909: 8869: 8863: 8846: 8840: 8819: 8803:(PhD thesis). 8796: 8757: 8743: 8724: 8710: 8693: 8687: 8666: 8652: 8639: 8617: 8611: 8590: 8576: 8563: 8528: 8508: 8502: 8477: 8447: 8441: 8428: 8404: 8398: 8378: 8372: 8352: 8318:(1): 155–203. 8307: 8293: 8268: 8262: 8242: 8231: 8225: 8209: 8183:(3): 265–279. 8172: 8166: 8153: 8113: 8082: 8071: 8044: 8030: 8017: 8011: 7994: 7955: 7937: 7916: 7895: 7875: 7835: 7795: 7769:(2): 222–223. 7756: 7750: 7733: 7727: 7710: 7684:(2): 117–138. 7671: 7658: 7645: 7631: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7578: 7562:, ed. (1860). 7556: 7550: 7538:Scotichronicon 7536:, ed. (1994). 7530: 7516: 7496: 7476: 7456: 7440:, ed. (1868). 7434: 7426:, ed. (1856). 7420: 7404:, ed. (1835). 7398: 7379: 7363:, ed. (1871). 7357: 7337:, ed. (1853). 7331: 7305: 7287: 7269: 7251: 7239:Bannatyne Club 7229: 7211: 7193: 7171: 7152: 7129: 7109: 7089: 7067: 7044: 7021: 6987: 6967:, ed. (1864). 6961: 6950: 6928: 6920:, ed. (1885). 6914: 6895: 6879:, ed. (1759). 6873: 6839: 6805: 6771: 6737: 6703: 6669: 6635: 6601: 6567: 6559:, ed. (1867). 6553: 6531: 6513: 6492: 6486: 6476:. Woodbridge: 6472:, ed. (1999). 6466: 6454:, ed. (1885). 6448: 6428: 6408: 6382: 6364: 6356:, ed. (1922). 6350: 6330:, ed. (1908). 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6291: 6276: 6257: 6223: 6211: 6195: 6167: 6163:Pennant (1776) 6139: 6123: 6107: 6095: 6089:p. 225 n. 66; 6075: 6049:Hewison (1895) 6037: 6011:Hewison (1895) 5995: 5979: 5955: 5939: 5935:Barrow (2004b) 5927: 5903:p. 111 n. 95; 5881: 5865: 5857:Roberts (1999) 5845: 5833: 5817: 5797: 5781: 5749: 5725: 5721:Barrow (2004a) 5709: 5693: 5685:Barrow (2004a) 5655: 5627: 5610: 5594: 5582: 5566: 5554: 5534: 5506: 5458: 5442: 5430: 5418: 5414:Roberts (1999) 5404:pp. 243, 245; 5400:p. 110 n. 42; 5386: 5366: 5350: 5330: 5310: 5294:McGrail (1995) 5286:Barrow (2004b) 5274:Hammond (2010) 5262: 5246:McGrail (1995) 5244:pp. 111, 242; 5230:Hammond (2010) 5222: 5210:McGrail (1995) 5202:Barrow (2004b) 5194: 5182: 5170: 5154: 5144:pp. 243, 245; 5134:Clanchy (2014) 5126: 5114: 5102: 5086: 5074: 5058: 5046: 5044:pp. 96–97, 99. 5030: 4988: 4969: 4957: 4953:Howlett (1886) 4929: 4916:Document 1/4/2 4888: 4876: 4874:p. 125 fig. 4. 4860: 4844: 4832: 4792: 4764:Roberts (1999) 4748: 4731: 4719: 4703: 4687: 4627:pp. 114, 119; 4613:Neville (2016) 4605: 4589: 4561: 4549: 4537: 4517: 4441:Clanchy (2014) 4426: 4394: 4388:p. 3, 3 n. 9; 4378: 4366: 4334: 4324:pp. 112, 120; 4306: 4262: 4250: 4238: 4207: 4168: 4164:Howlett (1886) 4144: 4109: 4066: 4051: 4039: 4035:Clanchy (2014) 4027: 4015: 4007:Clanchy (2014) 3999: 3939: 3935:Pollock (2005) 3927: 3919:Roberts (1999) 3903:Hammond (2010) 3891: 3875:Roberts (1999) 3855: 3839: 3819: 3802: 3774: 3750: 3730: 3718: 3706: 3690: 3652: 3646:p. 195 n. 32; 3632: 3626:p. 257 ch. 4; 3622:p. 252 ch. 4; 3614:p. 195 n. 32; 3604: 3564:Clanchy (2014) 3560:Neville (2016) 3552: 3548:Roberts (1999) 3540: 3520: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3424: 3404: 3392: 3386:pp. 102, 104; 3376: 3350:p. 169 n. 16; 3332: 3312: 3308:Pollock (2005) 3300: 3274: 3238:Pollock (2005) 3188: 3184:Pollock (2005) 3172: 3160: 3116: 3108:Latimer (1989) 3096:Downham (2013) 3088: 3060:Downham (2013) 3052: 3046:pp. 133, 136; 3018: 3014:Latimer (1989) 2994:Doherty (2005) 2974:Downham (2013) 2962: 2954:Pollock (2005) 2938: 2922: 2918:Doherty (2005) 2910: 2908:p. 264 ch. 21. 2874: 2862: 2850: 2818: 2794: 2746: 2734: 2714: 2696:p. 169 n. 16; 2640: 2604: 2600:Goodall (1759) 2592:Pollock (2005) 2584: 2558: 2552:p. 252 ch. 4; 2544:p. 195 n. 32; 2534: 2478:Pollock (2005) 2454: 2424:p. 117 n. 76; 2398: 2382: 2370: 2346: 2310: 2256:pp. 103, 111; 2210:MacLean (2012) 2198:Clanchy (2014) 2190:Neville (2016) 2182: 2134:Pollock (2005) 2098:pp. 121, 126; 2088: 2010: 1990: 1966: 1964:p. 70 fig. 24. 1942: 1870: 1858: 1846: 1792:pp. 153, 161; 1782: 1712:pp. 153, 161; 1694: 1614:Downham (2013) 1598: 1550:Downham (2013) 1538: 1494:Downham (2013) 1482: 1470: 1438: 1428:p. 175 n. 55; 1422:Oram, R (2004) 1409: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1396:Stewart family 1368: 1348:Cluniac priory 1335: 1326: 1313: 1295: 1275: 1254: 1223: 1205:, Mearns, and 1190: 1177: 1159: 1113: 1103: 1084: 1075: 1050: 997: 970: 957: 939: 938: 936: 933: 929:housing estate 920:grid reference 888:Marjorie Bruce 877:Thomas Pennant 843: 842: 837: 830: 829: 825: 818: 817: 816: 815: 814: 812: 809: 796: 793: 753:Robert de Brus 741:Firth of Clyde 720:Lewis chessmen 663: 662: 657: 650: 649: 645: 638: 637: 636: 635: 634: 573:Holyrood Abbey 547: 544: 396:Scotichronicon 331:Manx runestone 318: 315: 257:Clann Somairle 232: 229: 218:Firth of Clyde 157:in 1164, near 141: 140: 137: 133: 132: 128: 127: 125: 124: 119: 114: 108: 106: 92: 91: 87: 86: 81: 71: 70: 66: 65: 62: 61: 58: 54: 53: 44: 42: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13862: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13802: 13800: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13771: 13769: 13765: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13728:Stone of Eric 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13580: 13578: 13574: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13187:Grímur Kamban 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13142:Eric Bloodaxe 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13072:Amlaíb Conung 13070: 13068: 13067:Amlaíb Cuarán 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13048: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13031:Shield-maiden 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13021:Ring Fortress 13019: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12971: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12946: 12944: 12940: 12936: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12919:Sack of Paris 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12506: 12504: 12500: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12453: 12452: 12449: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12411: 12410: 12409:British Isles 12407: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12395: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12368: 12367: 12366:North America 12364: 12362: 12361:Faroe Islands 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12325: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12293: 12287: 12282: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12186:Norse rituals 12184: 12182: 12179: 12176: 12172: 12171:Norse funeral 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12124:Elder Futhark 12122: 12121: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12086: 12084: 12080: 12076: 12069: 12064: 12062: 12057: 12055: 12050: 12049: 12046: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11990: 11988: 11986: 11982: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11907: 11905: 11901: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11881: 11879: 11875: 11869: 11868:Old Norwegian 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11845: 11843: 11841: 11837: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11805:Law Ting Holm 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11792: 11790: 11788: 11784: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11767: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11755: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11724: 11722: 11721: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11711: 11709: 11705: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11668:Linton Chapel 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11620: 11618: 11614: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11548: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11521:Páll Bálkason 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11487: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11402: 11400: 11398:Notable women 11396: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11364:List of kings 11362: 11361: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11344: 11339: 11337: 11332: 11330: 11325: 11324: 11321: 11312: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11276: 11272: 11266: 11262: 11257: 11253: 11247: 11243: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11225: 11221: 11219:1-84158-253-0 11215: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11194: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11160: 11156: 11151: 11150: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11129: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11082: 11078: 11076:0-19-820615-1 11072: 11068: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11053: 11047: 11043: 11038: 11034: 11033: 11027: 11023: 11017: 11013: 11008: 11004: 10998: 10994: 10993: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10949: 10943: 10937: 10933: 10931:1-86232-151-5 10927: 10923: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10901: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10864: 10858: 10852: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10814: 10809: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10771: 10766: 10762: 10757: 10753: 10751:0-7486-0910-5 10747: 10742: 10741: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10720:1-84158-154-2 10716: 10712: 10711: 10705: 10701: 10699:1-874744-86-6 10695: 10691: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10665: 10653: 10649: 10643: 10639: 10638: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10591: 10585: 10581: 10579:0-85976-541-5 10575: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10543: 10539: 10537:0-7524-2825-X 10533: 10529: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10422:90-04-14206-1 10418: 10414: 10409: 10408: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10384: 10378: 10374: 10371:(MA thesis). 10370: 10369: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10338: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10305:(1–2): 3–22. 10304: 10300: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10260: 10256: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10229: 10225: 10219: 10215: 10210: 10206: 10200: 10196: 10191: 10187: 10185:0-511-03855-0 10181: 10177: 10172: 10171: 10164: 10160: 10158:0-8020-3601-5 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10137: 10133: 10131:1-86232-151-5 10127: 10123: 10119: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10081: 10075: 10071: 10065: 10061: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9978: 9972: 9968: 9966:9781843832614 9962: 9958: 9953: 9949: 9943: 9939: 9934: 9930: 9928:1-85635-108-4 9924: 9920: 9916: 9915:Mercier Press 9912: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9799:(2): 95–144. 9798: 9794: 9789: 9785: 9779: 9775: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9690: 9682: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9659: 9655: 9650: 9646: 9644:0-7126-3413-4 9640: 9635: 9634: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9593: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9575: 9574:10107/1080171 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9530: 9524: 9520: 9514: 9498: 9497: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9402: 9396: 9392: 9387: 9383: 9382: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9339: 9335: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9318: 9316:0-85115-732-7 9312: 9308: 9304: 9303:Gillingham, J 9300: 9296: 9289: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9259: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9230: 9226: 9224:0-415-94052-4 9220: 9216: 9211: 9210: 9203: 9199: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9175: 9169: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9154: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9030: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8999: 8991: 8986: 8982: 8980:0-901824-83-6 8976: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8950: 8946: 8941: 8940: 8934: 8929: 8925: 8923:1-85182-974-1 8919: 8915: 8910: 8906: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8882: 8876: 8870: 8866: 8864:0-7524-1974-9 8860: 8856: 8852: 8847: 8843: 8841:1-85182-489-8 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8764: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8744:1-84158-145-3 8740: 8736: 8732: 8731: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8694: 8690: 8688:0-415-94052-4 8684: 8680: 8675: 8674: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8649: 8645: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8627: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8612:0-415-94052-4 8608: 8604: 8599: 8598: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8573: 8569: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8514: 8509: 8505: 8503:9781139045407 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8484:. Cambridge: 8483: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8453: 8448: 8444: 8438: 8434: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8269: 8265: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8238: 8232: 8228: 8226:0-7486-1237-8 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8159: 8154: 8150: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8072: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8051: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8027: 8023: 8018: 8014: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7962: 7956: 7944: 7940: 7938:1-904607-45-4 7934: 7930: 7927:. Edinburgh: 7926: 7922: 7917: 7902: 7898: 7896:0-9535226-3-6 7892: 7888: 7881: 7876: 7872: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7832: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7763: 7757: 7753: 7751:0-8020-6448-5 7747: 7743: 7739: 7734: 7730: 7728:0-19-822473-7 7724: 7720: 7716: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7678: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7615: 7614: 7607: 7606: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7517: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7386: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7237:. Edinburgh: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7159: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7130: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7005: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6939:Maitland Club 6936: 6935: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6902: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6762: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6499: 6493: 6489: 6487:0-85115-731-9 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6449: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6307: 6306:Steele (2014) 6303: 6301: 6295: 6288: 6286: 6280: 6273: 6271: 6266: 6265:Steele (2014) 6261: 6254: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6241:pp. 243–244; 6240: 6239:Groome (1885) 6236: 6232: 6231:Steele (2014) 6227: 6220: 6215: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6183:Gordon (1868) 6180: 6176: 6175:Steele (2014) 6171: 6164: 6160: 6159:Groome (1885) 6156: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6104: 6099: 6093:p. 126 § 770. 6092: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6072: 6070: 6065: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6035:pl. 7 fig. 1. 6034: 6032: 6027: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5999: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5972: 5971:Murray (2005) 5968: 5964: 5959: 5952: 5951:Murray (2005) 5948: 5943: 5936: 5931: 5924: 5922: 5917: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5899:pp. 195–196; 5898: 5894: 5893:Murray (2005) 5890: 5885: 5878: 5877:Murray (2005) 5875:pp. 246–247; 5874: 5869: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5853:Sellar (2000) 5849: 5842: 5837: 5831:pp. 150, 260. 5830: 5826: 5821: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5805:Sellar (2004) 5801: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5778: 5775:pp. 258–259; 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5759:pp. 128–129; 5758: 5753: 5746: 5743:pp. 258–259; 5742: 5738: 5735:pp. 128–129; 5734: 5729: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5706: 5705:Clancy (2002) 5702: 5697: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5665: 5659: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5592:p. 110 n. 42. 5591: 5590:Woolf (2007b) 5586: 5579: 5575: 5574:Wadden (2013) 5570: 5563: 5558: 5551: 5550:Duncan (1996) 5547: 5543: 5538: 5531: 5530:Barrow (1960) 5527: 5526:Duncan (1996) 5523: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5490:Barrow (1960) 5487: 5486:Duncan (1996) 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5466:Wadden (2013) 5462: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5415: 5412:pp. 182–184; 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5398:Woolf (2007b) 5395: 5390: 5383: 5380:pp. 182–184; 5379: 5375: 5370: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5347: 5346:Barrow (1973) 5343: 5340:pp. 181–182; 5339: 5334: 5327: 5326:Barrow (1980) 5323: 5319: 5314: 5307: 5306:Barrow (1980) 5303: 5302:Barrow (1981) 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5259: 5258:Barrow (1980) 5255: 5254:Barrow (1981) 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5219: 5218:Barrow (1980) 5215: 5214:Barrow (1981) 5211: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5192:pp. 243, 245. 5191: 5186: 5179: 5174: 5167: 5164:pp. 127–128; 5163: 5158: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5083: 5078: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5055: 5050: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5027: 5025: 5020: 5018: 5013: 5012:Lawrie (1905) 5009: 5005: 5004:Barrow (1999) 5001: 5000:Sharpe (2011) 4997: 4992: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4966: 4961: 4954: 4951:pp. 193–194; 4950: 4946: 4943:pp. 182–183; 4942: 4938: 4933: 4926: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4905: 4904:Lawrie (1905) 4901: 4900:Barrow (1999) 4897: 4892: 4885: 4884:Barrow (1975) 4880: 4873: 4872:Barrow (1975) 4869: 4864: 4857: 4856:Barrow (1960) 4853: 4848: 4842:p. 169 n. 15. 4841: 4836: 4829: 4825: 4822:p. 243 n. 2; 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4808:Barrow (1960) 4805: 4801: 4796: 4789: 4785: 4784:Arnold (1885) 4781: 4777: 4773: 4772:Barrow (1960) 4769: 4765: 4761: 4758:p. 30 n. 51; 4757: 4752: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4728: 4723: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4684: 4682: 4677: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4661:Barrow (1960) 4658: 4654: 4653:Barrow (1994) 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4637:Sellar (2004) 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4619:p. 30 n. 51; 4618: 4614: 4609: 4602: 4599:pp. 243–244; 4598: 4593: 4586: 4582: 4581:Arnold (1885) 4578: 4577:Lawrie (1910) 4574: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4530: 4529:Márkus (2007) 4526: 4525:Davies (2009) 4521: 4514: 4511:pp. 387–388; 4510: 4509:Arnold (1885) 4506: 4505:Lawrie (1910) 4503:pp. 256–258; 4502: 4498: 4494: 4493:Barrow (1981) 4490: 4486: 4482: 4481:Durkan (1998) 4478: 4477:Durkan (2003) 4474: 4473:Sellar (2004) 4470: 4469:Márkus (2007) 4466: 4465:Clancy (2007) 4462: 4461:Márkus (2009) 4458: 4457:Davies (2009) 4454: 4453:Clancy (2012) 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4431: 4423: 4420:pp. 386–387; 4419: 4418:Arnold (1885) 4415: 4414:Lawrie (1910) 4411: 4407: 4406:Márkus (2007) 4403: 4398: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4363: 4359: 4356:pp. 184–185; 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4331: 4328:pp. 181–185; 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4314:Wadden (2013) 4310: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4288:pp. 184–185; 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4270:Wadden (2014) 4266: 4259: 4254: 4247: 4242: 4235: 4233: 4228: 4227:Lawrie (1905) 4224: 4223:Barrow (1999) 4221:pp. 102–103; 4220: 4216: 4211: 4204: 4202: 4197: 4196:Lawrie (1905) 4194:pp. 195–196; 4193: 4189: 4185: 4184:Barrow (1999) 4182:pp. 102–103; 4181: 4177: 4172: 4165: 4161: 4158:pp. 195–196; 4157: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4139: 4134: 4133:Lawrie (1905) 4131:pp. 195–196; 4130: 4126: 4122: 4121:Barrow (1999) 4118: 4113: 4106: 4104: 4099: 4098:Lawrie (1905) 4096:pp. 195–196; 4095: 4091: 4087: 4086:Barrow (1999) 4084:pp. 102–103; 4083: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4048: 4043: 4036: 4031: 4024: 4019: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3993:pp. 387–388; 3992: 3991:Arnold (1885) 3988: 3987:Lawrie (1910) 3985:pp. 256–258; 3984: 3980: 3976: 3975:Barrow (1960) 3972: 3971:Barrow (1981) 3968: 3967:Durkan (1998) 3964: 3963:Durkan (2003) 3960: 3959:Sellar (2004) 3956: 3955:Clancy (2007) 3952: 3951:Clancy (2012) 3948: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3923:Barrow (1960) 3920: 3917:pp. 183–184; 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3888: 3887:Barrow (1981) 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3852: 3851:Barrow (1960) 3848: 3843: 3836: 3835:Barrow (1960) 3832: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3815:Barrow (1960) 3811: 3809: 3807: 3799: 3798:Barrow (1973) 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3771: 3770:Barrow (1960) 3767: 3763: 3762:Barrow (1973) 3759: 3754: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3727: 3722: 3716:p. 195 n. 32. 3715: 3714:Sellar (2000) 3710: 3704:p. 195 n. 32. 3703: 3702:Sellar (2000) 3699: 3698:Sellar (2004) 3694: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3666: 3661: 3660:Holton (2017) 3656: 3649: 3645: 3644:Sellar (2000) 3641: 3640:Sellar (2004) 3636: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3618:p. 255 n. 1; 3617: 3613: 3612:Sellar (2000) 3608: 3601: 3597: 3596:Arnold (1885) 3593: 3592:Lawrie (1910) 3589: 3585: 3581: 3580:Sellar (2004) 3577: 3576:Clancy (2007) 3573: 3572:Clancy (2012) 3569: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3549: 3544: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3493: 3492:Sellar (2004) 3488: 3481: 3476: 3469: 3465: 3464:Arnold (1885) 3461: 3460:Lawrie (1910) 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448:Clancy (2007) 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3432:Sellar (2004) 3428: 3421: 3417: 3416:Sellar (2004) 3413: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3373: 3369: 3366:p. 243 n. 2; 3365: 3361: 3357: 3354:p. 143 n. 6; 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3297: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3283: 3282:Wadden (2014) 3278: 3271: 3267: 3266:Sellar (1971) 3264:pp. 124–125; 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3226:Butter (2007) 3223: 3222:Clancy (2008) 3219: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3204:Wadden (2013) 3201: 3200:Wadden (2014) 3197: 3192: 3185: 3181: 3180:Wadden (2013) 3176: 3169: 3164: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3140:Crooks (2005) 3138:pp. 136–137; 3137: 3133: 3132:Martin (2008) 3129: 3125: 3124:French (2015) 3120: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3066:pp. 136–137; 3065: 3061: 3056: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3039: 3034: 3033:French (2015) 3030: 3028: 3022: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2990:Crooks (2005) 2987: 2983: 2982:Martin (2008) 2979: 2975: 2971: 2970:French (2015) 2966: 2959: 2955: 2952:pp. 208–209; 2951: 2950:Wadden (2013) 2947: 2946:Wadden (2014) 2942: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2907: 2906:Dimock (1867) 2903: 2899: 2896:pp. 132–133; 2895: 2891: 2888:pp. 121–122; 2887: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2854: 2847: 2843: 2840:pp. 87, 151; 2839: 2838:Rixson (1982) 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2788:p. 255 n. 1; 2787: 2783: 2782:Barrow (1960) 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2711: 2710:Lawrie (1910) 2707: 2703: 2699: 2698:Durkan (1998) 2695: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2677: 2676:Wadden (2014) 2673: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2644: 2637: 2633: 2630:p. 243 n. 2; 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2601: 2598:pp. 262–265; 2597: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2577: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2562: 2556:p. 257 ch. 4. 2555: 2551: 2548:p. 255 n. 1; 2547: 2543: 2542:Sellar (2000) 2538: 2531: 2527: 2524:p. 243 n. 2; 2523: 2520:pp. 254–255; 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502:Barrow (1960) 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490:Sellar (2000) 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2451: 2448:p. 255 n. 1; 2447: 2443: 2442:Barrow (1960) 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2395: 2392:p. 255 n. 1; 2391: 2386: 2379: 2374: 2367: 2364:p. 255 n. 1; 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2343: 2339: 2338:Stubbs (1868) 2335: 2332:p. 255 n. 1; 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2307: 2304:pp. 386–388; 2303: 2302:Arnold (1885) 2300:p. 243 n. 2; 2299: 2295: 2294:Lawrie (1910) 2292:pp. 256–258; 2291: 2288:pp. 274–275; 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262:Durkan (1998) 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246:Durkan (2003) 2243: 2242:Sellar (2004) 2239: 2238:Márkus (2007) 2235: 2234:Clancy (2007) 2231: 2227: 2226:Márkus (2009) 2223: 2222:Davies (2009) 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206:Clancy (2012) 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2178:Lawrie (1910) 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2154:Durkan (1998) 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2111:Wadden (2013) 2108: 2107:Wadden (2014) 2104: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2060:Sellar (2000) 2057: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029:Wadden (2014) 2026: 2024: 2019: 2018:Holton (2017) 2014: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1987: 1986:Wilson (1973) 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1963: 1962:Cubbon (1952) 1959: 1958:Rixson (1982) 1955: 1951: 1946: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1930:Sellar (2000) 1927: 1923: 1922:McLeod (2002) 1919: 1918:Sellar (2004) 1915: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1879: 1878:Holton (2017) 1874: 1867: 1862: 1855: 1850: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1830:Rixson (1982) 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1779: 1775: 1774:Lawrie (1910) 1772:pp. 231–232; 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:Rixson (1982) 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706:Wadden (2014) 1703: 1698: 1691: 1687: 1686:Lawrie (1910) 1683: 1679: 1675: 1672:pp. 8–9, 12; 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646:Rixson (2001) 1643: 1640:pp. 243–244; 1639: 1636:pp. 143–144; 1635: 1634:Barrow (2006) 1631: 1630:Woolf (2007a) 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610:Wadden (2014) 1607: 1606:Holton (2017) 1602: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558:Abrams (2007) 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514:Sellar (2000) 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1479: 1474: 1467: 1466:Rixson (2001) 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1397: 1394:borne by the 1393: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1377:Melrose Abbey 1372: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1330: 1323: 1317: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1279: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1261:The first of 1258: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1227: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1187: 1181: 1174: 1170: 1163: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1120:According to 1117: 1107: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1088: 1079: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1064:Sleat History 1060: 1054: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1001: 994: 990: 986: 982: 981: 974: 967: 961: 954: 950: 944: 940: 932: 930: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 834: 822: 808: 806: 802: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 733: 729: 721: 717: 712: 708: 706: 702: 701:Gall Gaidheil 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 667: 666:Gall Gaidheil 654: 642: 633: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 609: 603: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 561: 557: 552: 543: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 519: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 468: 464: 463:stained glass 461:(pictured in 460: 456: 453:According to 451: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 410:—such as the 409: 408:Irish sources 405: 400: 398: 397: 392: 391: 386: 385: 380: 376: 375: 370: 369: 364: 360: 356: 352: 351: 346: 345: 336: 332: 328: 323: 314: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 271: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 237: 228: 226: 221: 219: 215: 214:Gall Gaidheil 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 173:(Sumarliði / 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 139:local levies? 138: 135: 134: 129: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 109: 107: 105: 103: 97: 94: 93: 88: 85: 82: 80: 76: 73: 72: 67: 59: 56: 55: 51: 47: 43: 40: 39: 35: 32: 31: 27: 22: 19: 13547:Vagn Åkesson 13467:Skalla-Grímr 13462:Sitric Caech 13327:Leif Erikson 13307:Ketilsdóttir 13147:Erik the Red 12939:Arms, armour 12763: 12329:and colonies 12318:Visby lenses 12308:Viking ships 12201:Raven banner 11949: 11848:Middle Irish 11764: 11752: 11727:Darraðarljóð 11725: 11718: 11678:Old Scatness 11496:Caittil Find 11450:Isabel Bruce 11296: 11287: 11283: 11260: 11241: 11232: 11228: 11209: 11197: 11191: 11148: 11127: 11118: 11114: 11089: 11085: 11065: 11041: 11031: 11011: 10991: 10960:. 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