Kingdom of the Isles

1793: 66: 4609: 297: 396:, although only some of the later rulers claimed that title. The historical record is incomplete, and the kingdom was not a continuous entity throughout the entire period. At times the rulers were independent of external control, although for much of the period they had overlords in Norway, Ireland, England, Scotland or Orkney. At times there also appear to have been competing claims for all or parts of the territory. The islands have a total land area of over 8,300 square kilometres (3,205 sq mi) and extend for more than 500 kilometres (310 mi) from north to south. 1602: 1005: 611: 1151: 676: 283: 2014: 1526:

followers spent the time in "plundering and revelling. They violated girls and matrons, and gave themselves up to every species of pleasure amid sensual gratification. When the news reached the chiefs of the Isles, who had already assembled to appoint him king, they were inflamed with great rage, hastened against him, and coming upon him in the night, set fire to the house in which he was, and destroyed, partly by the sword and partly by the flames, Ingemund and all his followers."

1474: 643:, which should be treated with care as it was based on oral traditions and not written down by an Icelandic scribe until the early 13th century. The English and Irish sources are more contemporary, but may have "led to a southern bias in the story", especially as much of the Hebridean archipelago became Norse-speaking during the period under consideration. The archaeological record for this period is relatively scant, particularly in comparison to the numerous 6918: 1359: 6944: 2000: 4161: 635:'s relics were removed in the face of Viking incursions, written evidence from local sources all but vanishes for three hundred years. The sources for information about the Hebrides and indeed much of northern Scotland from the 8th to the 11th century are thus almost exclusively Irish, English or Norse. The main Norse text is the 1861:, Haakon retreated to Orkney, where he died in December 1263, entertained on his death bed by recitations of the sagas. Following this ill-fated expedition, the Hebrides and Mann and all rights that the Norwegian crown "had of old therein" were yielded to the Kingdom of Scotland as a result of the 1266 1654:

in 1156. There was no clear victor, but it was subsequently agreed that Godred would remain the ruler of Man, the northern Inner Hebrides and the Outer Hebrides, whilst Somerled's young sons would nominally control the southern Inner Hebrides, Kintyre and the islands of the Clyde under their father's

1398:

in 1066 and fled from there to Man. Little is then heard of him until he succeeded in taking the island from Fingal in 1079, possibly with the help of troops from the Western Isles. The ancestor of many of the succeeding rulers of Mann and the Isles, he also became King of Dublin, but no contemporary

1960:

was an important site for maritime activity for many centuries, spanning the Viking and later periods of Scottish clan rule. There is a stone-built quay and a system to maintain constant water levels. Boat timbers discovered there have been dated to the 12th century. Only three rune stones are known

1415:

dominance was now asserted in the islands north of Man, but growing Irish influence in these seas brought a rapid and decisive response from Norway. A high level of political instability is suggested by the battle fought on the Isle of Man at Santwat in 1098. This was internal strife between the men

410:

dynasty played a prominent role in this early period, the records for the dates and details of the rulers are speculative until the mid-10th century. Hostility between the Kings of the Isles and the rulers of Ireland, and intervention by the crown of Norway (either directly or through their vassal

1972:

Gaelic continued to exist as a spoken language in the southern Hebrides throughout the Norse settlement period, but place-name evidence suggests it had a lowly status. The obliteration of pre-Norse names is almost total. There is little continuity of style between Pictish pottery in the north and

1662:

control was that of local rulers rather than nominal governance from over the seas. Somerled took this to its ultimate conclusion, declaring himself an independent ruler of the isles from his power base in the southern Hebrides and Kintyre and he had, in effect, recreated Dalriada. There has been

1915:

suggests that settlers there may have been more prosperous than families of a similar status in the Northern Isles, possibly owing to a more relaxed political regime. Latterly, the Hebrides sent eight representatives from Lewis, Harris and Skye and another eight from the southern Hebrides to the

1562:, one of the Hebridean nobles, took Dublin by force and held it for six years before his assassination in 1148. Oitir's son Thorfinn was described as the most powerful of the Hebridean lords in 1150. In 1152 Olave's nephews in Dublin rose against him and attacked Man, killing him in the process. 1525:

Two years later Sigurd attempted to appoint Ingemund (whose background is unknown) to take possession of the kingdom of the Isles. However, when Ingemund arrived on Lewis he sent messengers to all the chiefs of the Isles to summon them to assemble and declare him king. In the meantime he and his

798:

including the Hebrides of the west coast, and the Northern Isles. Harald pursued his enemies and incorporated the Northern Isles into his kingdom in 875 and then, perhaps a little over a decade later, the Hebrides as well. The following year the local Viking chieftains of the Hebrides rebelled.

1623:

Godred's dictatorial style appears to have made him very unpopular with the Islesmen, and the ensuing conflicts were the beginning of the end for Mann and the Isles as a coherent territory under the rule of a single magnate. The powerful barons of the isles began plotting with an emerging and

723:

control although the historical record is sparse. According to Ó Corráin (1998) "when and how the Vikings conquered and occupied the Isles is unknown, perhaps unknowable", although from 793 onwards repeated raids by Vikings on the British Isles are recorded. "All the islands of Britain" were

1636:, daughter of Olave the Red and Godred's half-sister. It is possible that Somerled first found favour with Olave by helping him wrest control of the northern Hebrides from the Earls of Orkney, whose influence had once more spread into the Sudreys. Somerled's popularity led to his son with 666:

at the time. It should also be borne in mind that different kings may have ruled over very different areas and that few of them can be seen as exerting any kind of close control over this "far-flung sea kingdom". Precise dates are sometimes a matter of debate amongst historians.

965:, a Pictish king who died in 878, suggests Kintyre may have been lost to his kingdom at that time. The Norse may have taken the Isle of Man in 877 and they certainly held it by 900. In 902 the Vikings were expelled from Dublin for up to a dozen years, and a year later 1509:, Godred Crovan's son, who was apparently appointed with Sigurd's consent. He successfully fought off a rebellion by his brother Harald and after reigning for seven years he abdicated "repenting that he had put out his brother's eyes" and went on a pilgrimage to 829:

left no successors and there is little record of the succeeding four decades. However, Woolf (2007) suggests that his appearance in the sagas "looks very much like a story created in later days to legitimise Norwegian claims to sovereignty in the region".

1093:

then succeeded him. During their lifetimes these two "sons of Harald" are known to have launched at least two major expeditions against Ireland, and the latter is recorded as having won "the battle of Man" in 987. Iona was sacked twice, in 986 and 987,

2369:

Duffy (1992), who suggests this may have been Domnall mac Taidc's second period of rule, believes it was probably in opposition to his uncle and High King, Muirchertach Ua Briain although Gregory (1881) states that he was sent by him on request.

1522:(Domnall MacTade O'Brien), a grandson of Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, became overlord of the isles in 1111. Whatever his route to accession, he proved to be an unpopular tyrant and was expelled by the Islesmen after two years, fleeing to Ireland. 1136:

indicates that almost all these kings who reigned from the mid-10th to the late 11th century were buried on Iona. This may mean that Iona and Mull lay either within or close to the emerging Kingdom of Scotland. Furthermore, two records in the

2219:, "the king of Lochlainn", adding weight to the view that Lochlainn/Viking Scotland/Mann and the Isles are interchangeable. However, Barrett (2008) regards the Lochlainn hypothesis as one of the two "least probable" of the four he identifies. 1461:

in 1093 as part of his campaign. By taking command of his ship's tiller and "sailing" across the isthmus he was able to claim the entire peninsula was an island, and it remained under Norwegian rule for more than a dozen years as a result.

777:, "foreign Gaels") appear. This term was variously used in succeeding centuries to refer to individuals of mixed Scandinavian–Celtic descent and/or culture who became dominant in southwest Scotland, parts of northern England and the isles. 883:, "the two kings of the Northmen", who "returned to Dublin from Britain" the following year with numerous captives. It is therefore likely that Scandinavian hegemony was already significant on the western coasts of Scotland by then. 2080:

in the sixth century: "As for Shetland, Orkney, Skye and the Western Isles, their inhabitants, most of whom appear to have been Pictish in culture and speech at this time, are likely to have regarded Bridei as a fairly distant

1141:

hint that the Western Isles may not have been "organised into a kingdom or earldom" at this time but rather that they were "ruled by assemblies of freeholders who regularly elected lawmen to preside over their public affairs".

1505:, whom he then left in nominal charge of the isles. This arrangement did not last long. On 23 August 1103 Magnus was killed fighting in Ulster and the 14-year-old Sigurd returned to Norway without his bride. The next king was 1469:

signed a treaty with Magnus that settled much of the boundary between the Scots and Norwegian claims in the islands. Edgar formally acknowledged the existing situation by giving up his claims to the Hebrides and Kintyre.

1868:

In Man, having overcome his usurper brother Ragnald who reigned for a brief time in 1164, Godred the Black resumed his kingship of Mann and the North Isles. On his death in 1187, the kingship passed to his eldest son,

3894:

Anecdotes Of Olave The Black, King Of Man, And The Hebridian Princes Of The Somerled Family (by Thordr) To Which Are Added Xviii. Eulogies On Haco King Of Norway, By Snorro Sturlson, Publ. With A Literal Version And

2141:

was "in charge of an extensive island realm and, as a result, sufficiently prestigious to contemplate the making of agreements and alliances with other princelings", but stops short of describing him as a

654:

Scholarly interpretations of the period "have led to widely divergent reconstructions of Viking Age Scotland" and Barrett (2008) has identified four competing theories, none of which he regards as proven.

1553:

dominance over the Irish Sea and environs. Olave reigned for forty years, managing to maintain a degree of peace and stability throughout. Nevertheless, the era was not without incident. During his time

1249:

is recorded as having been king of a wide variety of places on his death in 1034. These included the Isle of Man, "many of the other islands of Denmark", Galloway, the Rhinns, and Anglesey. Olaf was an

1907:

As with written records, the archaeological evidence for this period is not extensive, and knowledge of the daily lives of the population is lacking. It is known that the Hebrides were taxed using the

1693:

saw themselves as competitors for the kingship of the Isles on the basis of their descent through their mother Ragnhilt" and that their claim "to royal status was based on its position as a segment of

1726:

during an invasion of the Scottish mainland. At this point Godred re-took possession of his pre-1158 territories and the southern isles were distributed amongst Somerled's sons as previously agreed:

1445:

had re-established direct Norwegian overlordship by 1098. He first took Orkney, the northern Scottish mainland and the Hebrides, where he "dyed his sword red in blood" in the Uists. According to the

1977:, Norse burials have been found on Arran, although not on Bute, and place-name evidence suggests a settlement pattern that was much less well-developed than in the Hebrides. There are numerous 593:

is a further 80 kilometres (50 mi) further northeast and Norway some 300 kilometres (190 mi) due east of Shetland. The total distance from the southern tip of the Isle of Man to the

1669:

are "preserved in Gaelic tradition and accepted as broadly authentic by modern scholars". However, Woolf (2005) asserts that "contrary to the image, projected by recent clan-historians, of

1130:'s island kingdom. The complex geography of western Scotland and the lack of written records makes certainty about the extent and nature of these kingdoms hard to fathom. For example, the 1841:

However, both during and after Somerled's life the Scottish monarchs sought to take control of the islands he and his descendants held. Diplomacy having failed to achieve much, in 1249

1312:

in Galloway, suggesting that the overlordship of the Isle of Man and the Hebrides were once again sundered (although it is possible he ruled over part or all of the Hebrides as well).

1650:, being heralded throughout the Isles (save Man itself) as a future King of the Isles by "Thorfinn, son of Ottar". When Godred heard of this he engaged Somerled's forces in the naval 3406: 1270:

of Scotland may have been active in Islay and Arran at about this time, emphasising the potentially fluid nature of Scandinavian, Norse-Gael and Scots influence during this period.

1256:

dynast and it is difficult to reconcile his rule with that of the Norwegians who apparently came before and after him according to the sagas. There is also an obscure reference in

1589:, he inflicted a heavy defeat on his erstwhile Mac Lochlainn allies, following which he and his chieftains returned to the islands, leaving the city to the invading forces of 4955: 1973:

that of the early Viking period. The similarities that do exist suggests the later pots may have been made by Norse who had settled in Ireland, or by Irish slaves. In the

1834:. Aonghas and his three sons were killed on Skye in 1210. In theory Somerled and his descendants' island territories were subject to Norway and his mainland ones to the 2402:, literally, "summer traveller" and "cultivator of the soil". The latter may imply a lack of noble birth although it was also a nickname commonly used of the nobility. 258: 244: 230: 216: 202: 2455: 65: 1984:

Initially a pagan culture, detailed information about the return of the Christian religion to the islands during the Norse-era is elusive, although the modern-day

1277:, who took control circa 1035 until his own death some two decades later. The continuing close alliance of the Isles with Norway is suggested by a record from the 4471: 2151:

The Ketill/Caittil relationship is described by Woolf (2007) as "extremely tenuous" although in an earlier publication he appears to support this identification.

1655:

supervision. Two years later Somerled's invasion of the Isle of Man caused Godred to flee to Norway, leaving the former as undisputed ruler of the entire realm.

658:

It is clear that the word "king", as used by and of the rulers of Norwegian descent in the isles, was not intended to convey sovereign rule (that is, that of a

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Jennings, Andrew and Kruse, Arne "One Coast-Three Peoples: Names and Ethnicity in the Scottish West during the Early Viking period" in Woolf, Alex (ed.) (2009)

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or Western Isles parliamentary constituency in 1918. The phrase can also be used to refer to the Hebrides in general, which is the intention in this instance.

2258:

when the Hebrides were ruled by the Norse and is still occasionally used by Gaelic speakers today to mean the Hebrides/Outer Hebrides. The 9th-century Irish

2207: 6979: 2911: 1677:

as Gaelic nationalists liberating the Isles from Scandinavians, it is quite explicit in our two extended narrative accounts from the thirteenth century,

724:

devastated in 794 with Iona being sacked in 802 and 806. Various named Viking leaders, who were probably based in Scotland, appear in the Irish annals:

451:, on whose death in 1164 the kingdom was split in two. Just over a century later, the islands became part of the Kingdom of Scotland, following the 1266 2160:

In the late 10th century the battle of "Innisibsolian" was won by Alban forces over vikings. This has been identified as possibly taking place near the

1658:

The Hebrides had been difficult to control from a distance since the days of Ketill Flatnose, and even in the time of Magnus Barelegs it is likely that

4948: 2191: 803:

to subdue them, which he did quickly, but then he declared himself an independent "King of the Isles", a title he retained for the rest of his life.

563:

These islands, often referred to as the Sudreys, have a total land area of approximately 8,374 square kilometres (3,233 sq mi) of which:

2240:, which took place in 981, although it may have been after his abdication as King of Dublin in 980; Downham (2007) has this occurring in the 970s. 1573:

clan in Ireland along with "the fleet of Galloway, Arran, Kintyre, Man, and the territories of Scotland" are recorded fighting a naval battle off

6969: 6314: 5561: 981:

in mainland Scotland. However these events were setbacks for the Norse rather than a definitive moment. Internecine fighting is recorded in the

1378:"Crovan" probably means "white hand" although the reason is unknown and his origins are also uncertain. Godred may have been a son or nephew of 914:"is Viking Scotland and probably includes Man" at this time suggesting an early date for an organised Kingdom of the Isles. In the same source 4941: 4193: 2090:

These attacks on Christian settlements in the islands of the west were nothing new. In the 6th century Tiree was raided by Pictish forces,

4709: 4558: 1893:(1252–1265). Magnus Olafsson was the last of the Norse kings to rule Mann, which was absorbed into the Kingdom of Scotland on his death. 1399:

source refers either to him or any of his predecessors as "King of Mann and the Isles" as such. He was eventually ousted from Dublin by

5584: 4734: 4202: 2336:, the "King of Dublin and the Isles" a specific title given to no others, although other individuals were kings of both simultaneously. 2042: 4405: 1534: 845:. It has been suggested that his appearance looks "very much like the product of fourteenth-century propagandists from Clann Donald". 7004: 3897: 4751: 4719: 2179:

records that a fleet was led by one of the Irish kings to the "islands of Alba" possibly in response to a Viking raid on Dalriada.

1308:

is said to be the ruler of Mann. He was also King of Dublin from 1036 to 1038 and from 1046 to 1052 as well as possibly being the

3561: 1583:

dynasty. During his reign the citizens of Dublin offered Godred the rule of the city, which he accepted. Then, according to the

1516:

Lagmann abdicated during his surviving son Olave's minority, and either by force or the invitation of the nobility of the Isles

1287:

of Orkney, the Hebrides and Dublin, to seize the kingdom of England, but God consented not to this". This monarch of Norway was

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Some sources have Lagmann reigning before Magnus's expedition and being deposed by him. See for example Anderson (1922) p. 108.

756:. Another early reference to the Norse presence in the Irish records is that there was a king of "Viking Scotland" whose heir, 4498: 5685: 4822: 4724: 4165: 4147: 4133: 4091: 4074: 3927: 3866: 3852: 3784: 3770: 3742: 3674:

Abrams, Lesley "Conversion and the Church in the Hebrides in the Viking Age: "A Very Difficult Thing Indeed" in Ballin Smith

5625: 4420: 6989: 6868: 4922: 1774: 1023:

The first four decades of the 10th century are an obscure period so far as the Hebrides are concerned. It is possible that

2452: 6984: 5554: 4837: 4786: 5903: 4832: 2425: 1496: 1124:" although it is not clear if this was a completely new term or had originally been used earlier, perhaps to refer to 4781: 4739: 4588: 4119: 4060: 4016: 3999: 3953: 3917: 3883: 3835: 3756: 3728: 3714: 628: 6974: 4598: 4593: 4186: 290: 4369: 1040: 6286: 5120: 5015: 4756: 4551: 4435: 2387:

place the battle at the unidentified location of Mag Fitharta in 1162, and thus possibly in the time of Somerled.

1663:

some debate about the source of legitimacy Somerled used. It has been suggested that claims of his descent from

1346:

then ruled in Mann at least, but the records for the rulers of the Hebrides remain obscure until the arrival of

6994: 5547: 5495: 4746: 4488: 4024: 1132: 2908: 1772:

at least were styled "Kings of the Isles". However, their descendants do not seem to have held this title and

6964: 6743: 4827: 4344: 1329: 902: 5095: 4410: 1071:, who died some four decades later in 980 or 981 whilst in "religious retirement" on Iona, was succeeded by 447:

re-asserted a further period of largely independent overlordship. This came to an end with the emergence of

443:

in the late 11th century resulted in a brief period of direct Norwegian rule over the kingdom, but soon the

6339: 5853: 5721: 5675: 5105: 4812: 4791: 1797: 1543:" to the Norwegians, the latter apparently on account of his small size. He had spent time at the court of 80: 6190: 1845:

took personal command of a large fleet that sailed from the Firth of Clyde and anchored off the island of

4567: 4179: 4099:(2005) "The origins and ancestry of Somerled: Gofraid mac Fergusa and 'The Annals of the Four Masters'". 1792: 1566: 795: 5630: 4503: 3761:

Downham, Clare "England and the Irish-Sea Zone in the Eleventh Century" in Gillingham, John (ed) (2004)

1291:, who may have used the death of Thorfinn as an excuse to exert direct rule of Orkney and the Hebrides. 6934: 6642: 6479: 6475: 5817: 4995: 4980: 4796: 4776: 4761: 4544: 4374: 2188:

Murray (1973) notes that "Western Isles" has tended to mean "Outer Hebrides" since the creation of the

978: 631:

being relatively well documented from the mid-6th to the mid-9th centuries. However, from 849 on, when

616: 6814: 1258: 7014: 6784: 6160: 5918: 5650: 5645: 5087: 4906: 4079:

Sharples, Niall and Smith, Rachel "Norse settlement in the Western Isles" in Woolf, Alex (ed.) (2009)

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was earl of Orkney and apparently was overlord of the Hebrides as well" although he provides no date.

1850: 1458: 1395: 1367: 4643: 4518: 4476: 3933: 3590: 7009: 6544: 6228: 6180: 5680: 5472: 5055: 4990: 4972: 4714: 3965: 3871: 3638:

Lane, Alan M. "Viking-Age and Norse pottery in the Hebrides" in Sheehan and Ó Corráin (2010) p. 214

1985: 1877:(Raghnall's half-brother), who instead became overlord of Lewis. In 1228, Olaf battled Raghnall at 1842: 6849: 6809: 5394: 5374: 6441: 6374: 6359: 5756: 5180: 4891: 4844: 4349: 2161: 1601: 1303: 555:, aka the "Long Island" to the west, separated from the northern Inner Hebrides by the waters of 4508: 6765: 6637: 6471: 6384: 6324: 5986: 5868: 5700: 5485: 4901: 4693: 4309: 3501: 1935: 1747: 1633: 1402: 1265: 1193: 597:, the northern extremity of the Outer Hebrides, is approximately 515 kilometres (320 mi). 5655: 5399: 4608: 1441:

Perhaps as a result of general disorder in the islands, and to counter Irish influence there,

6794: 6514: 6452: 6104: 6060: 5665: 5570: 5281: 4875: 4766: 4683: 4493: 4440: 3840: 2077: 2037: 1902: 1870: 1755: 1590: 1309: 1063:, suggesting he may have been the first King of both Mann and the Western Isles of Scotland. 6834: 6519: 6109: 5030: 4299: 1407:

and fled to Islay, where he died in the plague of 1095. It is not clear the extent to which

1244: 6819: 6630: 6625: 6379: 6354: 6319: 6135: 5695: 5640: 5604: 5457: 5223: 5050: 4896: 4430: 4425: 4339: 2118: 1882: 1645: 1442: 1335: 1317: 1231: 960: 928: 440: 402:

influence in the area began in the late 8th century, and whilst there is no doubt that the

351: 103: 5947: 5389: 3922:

Marsden, John (2008) "Somerled and the Emergence of Gaelic Scotland". Edinburgh. Birlinn.

3893: 2254:, meaning "islands of the foreigners or strangers", is a name originally used by mainland 1004: 8: 6657: 6539: 6462: 6394: 6349: 6279: 5992: 5958: 5822: 5812: 5807: 4817: 4688: 4461: 4384: 4319: 4314: 4294: 4220: 3812:

Etchingham, Colman (2001) "North Wales, Ireland and the Isles: the Insular Viking Zone".

1854: 1815: 1805: 1323: 1288: 1278: 1274: 836: 583:

in modern Wales may also have been part of the insular Viking world from an early stage.

276: 207: 6509: 5746: 4513: 3790:

Duffy, Seán (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdom of Dublin and Man 1052–1171".

988: 573:

the Inner Hebrides 4,158 square kilometres (1,605 sq mi), 50% of the total and

296: 6893: 6804: 6554: 6155: 6140: 6045: 5940: 5741: 5660: 5462: 5451: 5440: 5425: 5208: 5193: 5188: 5060: 4628: 4359: 4354: 4278: 4268: 4033: 3801: 3497: 2255: 2019: 1651: 1544: 1506: 1502: 1410: 1225: 1207: 1155: 1088: 1032: 791: 787: 610: 235: 43: 5908: 5100: 4933: 4333: 4004: 1941: 1557: 1110:

and "the Danes" – possibly forces directly from Scandinavia under the command of

996: 6864: 6504: 6467: 6175: 6170: 6035: 5827: 5797: 5761: 5430: 5404: 5040: 4860: 4678: 4673: 4583: 4483: 4400: 4273: 4251: 4229: 4171: 4143: 4129: 4115: 4087: 4070: 4056: 4012: 3995: 3949: 3923: 3913: 3879: 3862: 3848: 3831: 3780: 3766: 3752: 3738: 3724: 3710: 3707:

West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300

3691: 3558: 2261: 2052: 1927: 1886: 1849:. Alexander became ill and died there, but the action was continued by his successor 1823: 1466: 1074: 576:

the Outer Hebrides 3,070 square kilometres (1,185 sq mi), 36% of the total.

570:

the Islands of the Clyde 574 square kilometres (222 sq mi), 7% of the total

263: 5415: 5379: 5266: 3792: 3205: 2472: 2095: 1838:, whilst the Kings of Mann and the North Isles were vassals of the Kings of Norway. 1722:

Somerled met his death in 1164, possibly assassinated in his tent as he camped near

1569:

succeeded him and had his father's killers executed. Shortly thereafter the warring

6844: 6789: 6584: 6344: 6185: 6145: 6083: 6007: 5913: 5858: 5751: 5500: 5490: 5203: 5198: 5155: 5140: 5135: 5000: 4865: 4658: 4304: 1391: 1343: 1339: 1179: 1111: 1029:, who probably ruled Mann during this period may have had some influence. However, 1009: 982: 859: 6409: 5301: 4235: 1702: 863: 6948: 6879: 6839: 6647: 6600: 6563: 6483: 6435: 6430: 6334: 6238: 6223: 6195: 6165: 6150: 6130: 5974: 5968: 5883: 5787: 5528: 5480: 5170: 5165: 5150: 5077: 5035: 5025: 4623: 4379: 4325: 4262: 3901: 3565: 3212: 2915: 2459: 2429: 2032: 2005: 1978: 1890: 1862: 1858: 1835: 1827: 1672: 1616: 800: 663: 638: 452: 383: 6710: 5359: 5334: 5246: 4128:. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press. 6921: 6799: 6681: 6590: 6529: 6494: 6447: 6399: 6389: 6309: 6272: 6253: 5963: 5953: 5731: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5523: 5445: 5435: 5364: 5311: 5213: 5145: 5115: 5072: 5045: 4638: 4456: 3830:

Edinburgh. Birlinn. 2008 reprint – originally published by Thomas D. Morrison.

3823: 2027: 1974: 1874: 1741: 1632:. Somerled's parental origins are obscure, but it is known that he had married 1629: 1612: 1585: 1281:

for the year 1058: "A fleet was led by the son of the king of Norway, with the

1218:'s zone of influence to the north and Ragnal's to the south. On Ragnal's death 1159: 1150: 753: 743: 731: 567:

the Isle of Man is 572 square kilometres (221 sq mi), 7% of the total

552: 510: 498: 483: 444: 412: 371: 323: 119: 6729: 6714: 5349: 5329: 5324: 4536: 4110:

Woolf, Alex "The Age of the Sea-Kings: 900–1300" in Omand, Donald (ed) (2006)

1699:". This prince of Argyll is one of the best known historical figures from the 675: 6958: 6903: 6883: 6760: 6669: 6595: 6457: 6248: 6233: 6218: 6205: 6114: 6088: 6073: 6025: 5888: 5726: 5609: 5518: 5409: 5369: 5296: 5261: 5130: 5065: 5020: 4364: 3938:. Volume 1. Douglas, Isle of Man. The Manx Society. Retrieved 9 January 2011. 1831: 1719:, has the literal meaning of "summer traveller", a common name for a Viking. 1530: 1347: 1326:

is then recorded as having control of Mann and Dublin followed by his father

1015: 681: 594: 491: 421: 405: 6697: 5384: 5271: 2422: 1473: 6887: 6829: 6577: 6524: 6243: 6068: 5898: 5873: 5716: 5670: 5286: 5276: 4086:. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Viking Congress. Dublin. Four Courts Press. 4045: 3987: 3941: 2047: 2013: 1448: 1363: 823:

fighting in Ireland in 857, although this connection is far from definite.

812: 589:

is some 180 kilometres (110 mi) east-northeast of the Outer Hebrides,

525: 514: 487: 339: 282: 124: 20: 6737: 6706: 6673: 6329: 5782: 5236: 4648: 3935:

Chronica regnum Manniae et insularum: The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys

1178:

once again becomes the main source of information about the north. In 990

708: 249: 6687: 6677: 6617: 6489: 5736: 5635: 5510: 5420: 3705:

Ballin Smith, Beverley; Taylor, Simon; and Williams, Gareth (eds) (2007)

2091: 1966: 1885:, and was succeeded by his three sons who all ruled the kingdom in turn: 842: 768: 529: 468: 343: 318: 5539: 5291: 4037: 3805: 689:

and taken to Ireland for safekeeping after repeated Viking raids of the

486:

some 140 kilometres (87 mi) to the north, the largest of which are

6369: 6030: 5160: 4870: 4096: 3910:

The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard c. 1100 – c. 1336

3719:

Barrett, James H. "The Norse in Scotland" in Brink, Stefan (ed) (2008)

2266:

also refers to "Balor grandson of Nét, the king of the Hebrides and to

1931: 1570: 624: 19:"Kingdom of Mann" redirects here. For the kings of Man after 1266, see 3777:

Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014

1358: 1198:

in charge. By 1004 the isles' independence had been re-asserted under

1118:

record Gofraid's death in Dalriada in 989, describing him as "king of

6824: 6733: 6665: 6570: 6404: 6213: 6078: 6040: 5980: 5863: 5354: 5256: 4985: 4257: 3828:

The History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland 1493–1625.

2475:

University of Edinburgh School of GeoSciences. Retrieved 30 May 2010.

1908: 1574: 1510: 1338:, who took possession of Mann and the Isles until his death in 1072. 737: 659: 644: 556: 472: 354:

from the 9th to the 13th centuries AD. The islands were known to the

98: 93: 6499: 5241: 4022:

Power, Rosemary (1986). "Magnus Barelegs' Expeditions to the West".

3876:

Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland

3763:

Anglo-Norman Studies XXVI: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2003

1930:

have produced important pagan Norse burial grounds. An 11th-century

1212:, who died in that year. It is possible their rule overlapped, with 1100:'s later piety notwithstanding. This battle of Man, recorded by the 662:). This is different from the way the word was used in the emerging 6020: 5997: 5893: 5878: 5792: 5125: 5005: 4663: 4633: 4415: 3979: 2137: 1956:, which is connected to the sea by a short artificial canal. This 1923: 1625: 1454: 909: 690: 648: 590: 580: 448: 379: 355: 347: 6691: 6534: 2351:

as regent from 1095 to 1098, not after Lagmann Godredsson in 1111.

1547:, who may have encouraged his ambitions in an attempt to minimise 6050: 6015: 5934: 5843: 5344: 5339: 4653: 3498:"Lords of Mann – Manx Middle Ages – 1265 AD to 1765 AD" 1961:

from the west coast of Scotland, on Christian memorials found on

1947: 1917: 1912: 1878: 1846: 1723: 841:, the supposed 9th-century ruler of the Hebrides and ancestor of 632: 502: 427: 426:

contains mention of several persons who are said to have come to

399: 4225: 878: 70:

Kingdom of the Isles or 'Sodor' (bright red) in the 11th Century

6720: 6702: 5848: 5319: 5251: 4160: 3975:

No. 83 pp. 283–323. Irish Historical Studies Publications.

1801: 1784:"was the cause of the ruin of the whole kingdom of the Isles". 1422:, and the southerners led by a man named MacManus or Macmaras. 698: 586: 545: 476: 375: 4051:

in Cowan, Edward J. and McDonald, Russell Andrew (eds) (2000)

2094:

was attacked in the early 7th century by a "marine fleet" and

537: 157:• Vassalised, then absorbed into the Kingdom of Scotland 6874: 6725: 6425: 6295: 5231: 5010: 2346: 2327: 2321: 1962: 1767: 1761: 1753: 1745: 1737: 1727: 1708: 1694: 1688: 1670: 1664: 1643: 1578: 1555: 1548: 1517: 1488: 1481:

A second expedition in 1102 saw incursions into Ireland; the

1432: 1408: 1400: 1379: 1327: 1315: 1301: 1295: 1282: 1263: 1251: 1213: 1205: 1199: 1051:

became King of Northumbria and probably succeeded his cousin

720: 702: 506: 221: 173: 2290:

is probably the Outer Hebrides and the text also refers to "

2111:

Some scholars believe that this story, which appears in the

1182:, Earl of Orkney took control of the Hebrides, and placed a 1037:

is the next King of the Isles on record. After the death of

3577:

Ross, David (7 May 2011) "Now for medieval shipping news".

2099: 1957: 1733: 1371: 1185: 686: 541: 533: 518: 4049:

Hebridean sea kings: The successors of Somerled, 1164–1316

1224:

re-asserted control, which he held until his death at the

670: 463:

The principal islands under consideration are as follows:

2473:"Unitary Authority Fact Sheet – Population and Area" 925:

is also recorded as having gone to the aid of his father

6264: 2591: 2589: 2453:

Occasional Paper No 10: Statistics for Inhabited Islands

2450:

General Register Office for Scotland (28 November 2003)

2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2259: 2235: 2229: 1760:, with Arran possibly divided between him and Reginald. 1385: 1191: 1125: 1105: 1095: 1086: 1080: 1072: 1066: 1052: 1046: 1038: 1030: 1024: 1013: 994: 986: 972: 966: 958: 952: 946: 940: 934: 926: 915: 907: 895: 884: 876: 864: 850: 810: 403: 4963: 1881:

and the latter was slain. On 21 May 1237, Olaf died on

4201: 3960:

The Companion Guide to the West Highlands of Scotland.

1822:

Somerled's descendants eventually became known as the

1145: 6932: 3458:"Agreement between Magnus IV and Alexander III, 1266" 2586: 2249: 2189: 1951: 1946:, today an uninhabited peninsula to the south of the 1939: 1700: 1119: 1057:

as King of Mann. The former is recorded as being the

387: 3981:

Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the Ninth Century

2173:

In 941, the year of Amlaíb mac Gofraid's death, the

1995: 1981:

and place names of Norse origin on the Isle of Man.

1353: 719:, the Inner and Outer Hebrides were nominally under 701:

incursions the southern Hebrides formed part of the

4009:

Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney

3696:

Early Sources of Scottish History: A.D. 500 to 1286

2865: 945:died in 873 and may have been succeeded briefly by 436:, before or around the middle of the 10th century. 3968:(Mar 1979) "High-Kings, Vikings and Other Kings". 2432:Isle of Man Government. Retrieved 11 January 2011. 2117:, is apocryphal and based on the later voyages of 1537:, also known as "the Red" to the Highlanders and " 1384:, King of Dublin and by extension a descendant of 1273:The next recorded ruler is Sigurd the Stout's son 1237: 833:There are similar problems with the provenance of 3568:University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 15 March 2008. 2948: 1853:. This strategy eventually led to an invasion by 6956: 2909:"Outer Hebrides/Innse Gall – area overview" 1430: 765:In the 9th century, the first references to the 6315:Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups 4566: 2397: 2306: 2131: 2112: 1809: 1779: 1714: 1685:The Chronicle of the Kings of Man and the Isles 1678: 1637: 1606: 1538: 1494: 1482: 1446: 1417: 1242: 1229: 1219: 1183: 1173: 920: 889: 869: 824: 804: 781: 757: 747: 735: 725: 636: 431: 419: 365: 359: 35: 4082:Sheehan, John and Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (2010) 3593:. (5 May 2011) BBC News. Retrieved 6 May 2011. 2234:'s succession as taking place on the death of 2076:Hunter (2000) states that in relation to King 1228:after which the islands may have been held by 6280: 5555: 4949: 4552: 4187: 3845:Vikings in Scotland: An Archaeological Survey 3409:. Historic Scotland. Retrieved 16 April 2011. 1938:Viking art found on Islay was found in 1838. 1857:, King of Norway. After the stalemate of the 685:which may have been produced by the monks of 2098:and 52 companions were murdered by Picts on 4142:. St Andrews. St Andrews University Press. 3932:Munch, P.A. (ed) and Rev. Goss (tr) (1874) 3629:Graham-Campbell and Batey (1998) pp. 75, 81 3591:"Aerial surveys of Viking shipyard on Skye" 2174: 2164:of Argyll, although this seems speculative. 1808:, the last Norwegian king to rule over the 1058: 1012:, the site of the 9th-century siege by the 834: 818: 766: 714: 706: 364:, or "Southern Isles" as distinct from the 16:9th – 13th century kingdom in British Isles 6980:13th-century disestablishments in Scotland 6287: 6273: 5562: 5548: 4956: 4942: 4559: 4545: 4194: 4180: 4140:Scandinavian Scotland – Twenty Years After 3647:Graham-Campbell and Batey (1998) pp. 96–98 3531:Sharples and Smith (2007) p. 104, 109, 124 3215:Tarbert.info. Retrieved 13 September 2008. 2043:List of rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles 1889:(reigned 1237–1248), Ragnvald (1249), and 977:" was killed in battle with the forces of 64: 5569: 3421: 3138: 3136: 2345:Duffy (1992) then has the appointment of 2305:Ó Corráin (1998) states: "The historical 2205:Amlaíb Cuarán is also referred to in the 4053:Alba: Celtic Scotland in the middle ages 3354: 3352: 3350: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 2552: 2550: 1791: 1600: 1472: 1357: 1149: 1003: 933:, who was under assault from Vikings in 894:is described as the "son of the king of 674: 609: 392:. The territory is sometimes called the 3665:Graham-Campbell and Batey (1998) p. 111 3407:"Bishop's and Earl's Palaces, Kirkwall" 3274: 3272: 3270: 3183: 3181: 3150: 3148: 3126: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3079: 3077: 2788: 2786: 2565:See for example Woolf (2007) pp. 108–09 2528: 2526: 1707:of Scotland, and is known in Gaelic as 1001:in a naval battle off the Isle of Man. 671:Early Viking incursions in the Hebrides 6970:9th-century establishments in Scotland 6957: 6365:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 5691:Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland 3602:Graham-Campbell and Batey (1998) p. 43 3549:Graham-Campbell and Batey (1998) p. 89 3241: 3239: 3133: 2540: 2538: 2136: 1896: 794:and many of his opponents fled to the 430:from Sodor, which appears to be these 6268: 5543: 4937: 4540: 4175: 4021: 3843:, James and Batey, Colleen E. (1998) 3779:. Edinburgh. Dunedin Academic Press. 3571: 3552: 3347: 3329: 3320: 3302: 3293: 3251: 3091: 3089: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2547: 1778:lamented that Somerled's marriage to 1294:However, in the mid-11th century the 6616: 4084:The Viking Age: Ireland and the West 3992:David I: The King Who Made Scotland. 3486:The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys 3474:The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys 3428:The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys 3395:The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys 3288:The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys 3281: 3267: 3246:The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys 3227: 3178: 3164:The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys 3145: 3121: 3107: 3074: 3056: 3047: 3029: 3002: 2831: 2783: 2720: 2693: 2625: 2523: 2372:The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys 1873:, rather than his chosen successor, 1787: 1775:The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys 1477:Magnus Barefoot's forces in Ireland. 6656: 4965:Royal houses of Britain and Ireland 4007:and Edwards, Paul Geoffrey (1981). 3620:Jennings and Kruse (2007) pp. 83–85 3236: 2535: 1146:Earls of Orkney and kings of Dublin 957:probably died in 874. A lament for 524:The Inner Hebrides to the north of 475:, equidistant from modern England, 13: 3086: 2840: 2643: 2444: 1950:hills on Skye, contains the small 1830:, and Raghnall to Clan Donald and 762:, took an army to Ireland in 848. 14: 7026: 4153: 1416:of the north of the island under 1354:Godred Crovan and Irish influence 906:and Ó Corráin (1998) argues that 6942: 6917: 6916: 5904:Port an Eilean Mhòir boat burial 5818:Scottish–Norwegian War (1262-66) 4607: 4159: 3946:The Islands of Western Scotland. 3668: 3659: 3650: 3641: 3632: 3623: 3614: 3605: 3596: 3584: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3412: 3400: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3361: 3338: 3311: 2918:. HIE. Retrieved 3 January 2011. 2390: 2377: 2012: 1998: 1988:retains the centuries-old name. 1611:in about 1200: the lands of the 1425: 848: 600: 295: 281: 256: 242: 228: 214: 200: 4126:From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 3912:. East Linton. Tuckwell Press. 3611:Jennings and Kruse (2007) p. 86 3218: 3199: 3190: 3169: 3157: 3098: 3065: 3038: 3020: 3011: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2874: 2856: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2711: 2702: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2657: 2634: 2616: 2607: 2598: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2363: 2354: 2339: 2329:rig Atha Cliath & Inse Gall 2314: 2299: 2243: 2222: 2199: 2182: 2167: 2154: 2145: 2124: 2105: 2084: 2070: 1079:, who was probably his nephew. 809:is also sometimes equated with 4065:Thomson, William P. L. (2008) 4046:Sellar, William David Hamilton 4025:The Scottish Historical Review 3847:. Edinburgh University Press. 3751:. Leicester University Press. 2514: 2505: 2496: 2487: 2478: 2466: 2435: 2416: 1826:, with Dubgall giving rise to 1818:can be seen in the background. 1501:in marriage to his young son, 1487:saga reports that he obtained 1236:. According to the Welsh text 1133:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba 1104:, is said to have been won by 1: 3857:Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004) 3765:. Woodbridge. Boydell Press. 3702:. Edinburgh. Oliver and Boyd. 3008:Etchingham (2001) pp. 157–158 2463:. Retrieved 26 February 2012. 2058: 1362:The preserved remains of the 1163: 903:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland 501:to the west and north of the 394:Kingdom of Mann and the Isles 32:Kingdom of Mann and the Isles 7005:Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) 4923:History of the British Isles 3978:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1998) 3789: 3747:Crawford, Barbara E. (1987) 3737:. Musselburgh. Goblinshead. 3685: 3464:. Retrieved 11 January 2011. 2880:Woolf (2007) pp. 212, 216–18 2640:Woolf (2007) pp. 253, 296–97 2409: 1744:; Islay and Kintyre went to 1687:, that the early leaders of 458: 445:descendants of Godred Crovan 7: 6990:Monarchs of the Isle of Man 5666:Ingibjörg the Earls'-Mother 4569:Scotland in the Middle Ages 3908:McDonald, R. Andrew (2007) 3513:Anderson (1922) pp. 553–554 2532:Barrett (2008) pp. 419, 422 2348:Domnall mac Taidc Ua Briain 1991: 1814:died in 1263. The spire of 1713:, although his Norse name, 1596: 1529:The next recorded king was 1519:Domnall mac Taidc Ua Briain 817:, a reported leader of the 10: 7031: 6985:Former countries in Europe 6206:Associated clans and septs 3504:. Retrieved 12 April 2011. 2735:Ó Corráin (1998) pp. 35–37 2717:Ó Corráin (1998) pp. 6, 10 2374:refers to the latter idea. 2130:Hunter (2000) states that 1900: 1239:Historia Grufudd vab Kenan 617:Annals of the Four Masters 605: 386:, the kingdom is known as 18: 7000:Norway–Scotland relations 6912: 6857: 6776: 6609: 6553: 6418: 6302: 6294: 6204: 6123: 6097: 6059: 6006: 5927: 5836: 5770: 5709: 5686:Margaret, Queen of Norway 5646:Gormflaith ingen Murchada 5618: 5577: 5509: 5471: 5310: 5222: 5179: 5086: 4971: 4915: 4884: 4853: 4805: 4702: 4616: 4605: 4576: 4527: 4449: 4393: 4287: 4244: 4213: 4138:Woolf, Alex (ed.) (2009) 4067:The New History of Orkney 3900:24 September 2019 at the 3891:Johnstone J. (ed) (1780) 3878:. Edinburgh. Mainstream. 3564:28 September 2011 at the 3439:Hunter (2000) pp. 106–111 3026:Woolf (2007) pp. 264, 266 2441:Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 2 1934:decorated with Irish and 1911:system and evidence from 1798:Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall 1710:Somairle mac Gille Brigte 1396:Battle of Stamford Bridge 951:who also died that year. 415:) were recurring themes. 311: 179: 169: 165: 155: 145: 141: 133: 112: 86: 75: 63: 52: 30: 6545:Gaelic Christian mission 5681:Margaret, Maid of Norway 5631:Bethóc, Prioress of Iona 4345:Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó 4032:(180, part 2): 107–132. 3970:Irish Historical Studies 3905:. Nottingham University. 3861:. Edinburgh. Canongate. 3733:Coventry, Martin (2008) 3385:Gregory (1881) pp. 15–16 3211:20 December 2008 at the 3071:Etchingham (2001) p. 154 2981:Etchingham (2001) p. 181 2574:Hunter (2000) pp. 44, 49 2544:Gregory (1881) pp. 17–18 2484:Etchingham (2001) p. 185 2396:The full Norse name was 2323:Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó 2063: 1986:Diocese of Sodor and Man 1459:isthmus north of Kintyre 1330:Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó 1060:Rex plurimarum insularum 713:(or Dalriada). North of 614:Signature page from the 6975:9th century in Scotland 6815:Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh 6375:Jacobite rising of 1745 5757:Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson 5676:Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb 4350:Echmarcach mac Ragnaill 3723:. Abingdon. Routledge. 3335:Gregory (1881) pp. 9–17 3326:Duffy (1992) pp. 127–28 3308:Duffy (1992) pp. 125–26 3299:Duffy (1992) pp. 121–22 3233:Duffy (1992) pp. 110–13 3187:Hunter (2000) pp. 102–3 3118:Duffy (1992) pp. 106–09 3083:Duffy (1992) pp. 100–01 2914:3 February 2011 at the 2889:Woolf (2007) pp. 218–19 2862:Woolf (2007) pp. 214–16 2792:Woolf (2007) pp. 140–41 2780:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 123 2762:Woolf (2007) pp. 130–31 2744:Woolf (2007) pp. 116–17 2672:Woolf (2007) pp. 296–97 2613:Watson (1994) pp. 62–63 2595:Thomson (2008) p. 24–27 2458:7 February 2012 at the 2398: 2347: 2328: 2322: 2320:Both Godred Crovan and 2307: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2260: 2236: 2230: 2228:Gregory (1881) records 2132: 2113: 1810: 1780: 1768: 1762: 1754: 1746: 1728: 1715: 1709: 1695: 1689: 1679: 1671: 1665: 1644: 1638: 1624:forceful figure – 1617:descendants of Somerled 1607: 1579: 1556: 1549: 1539: 1518: 1495: 1489: 1483: 1447: 1433: 1418: 1409: 1401: 1390:. He was a survivor of 1386: 1380: 1328: 1316: 1304:Echmarcach mac Ragnaill 1302: 1296: 1283: 1266:Máel Coluim mac Cináeda 1264: 1259:The Prophecy of Berchán 1252: 1243: 1238: 1230: 1220: 1214: 1206: 1200: 1192: 1184: 1174: 1126: 1106: 1096: 1087: 1081: 1073: 1067: 1053: 1047: 1039: 1031: 1025: 1014: 995: 987: 985:of 914, which describe 973: 967: 959: 953: 947: 941: 935: 927: 921: 916: 908: 896: 890: 885: 877: 870: 865: 851: 825: 811: 805: 792:king of a united Norway 782: 758: 748: 736: 726: 637: 432: 420: 404: 366: 360: 342:kingdom comprising the 36: 5701:Ragnhildis Olafsdottir 4519:Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí 4477:Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill 4114:. Edinburgh. Birlinn. 4069:. Edinburgh. Birlinn. 3948:London. Eyre Methuen. 3775:Downham, Clare (2007) 3656:Crawford (1987) p. 215 3540:Crawford (1987) p. 205 3522:Anderson (1922) p. 567 3502:Manx National Heritage 3264:Gregory (1881) pp. 6–8 3175:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 23 2972:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 20 2927:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 17 2837:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 11 2828:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 21 2801:Woolf (2007) pp. 45–46 2726:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 34 2631:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 24 2583:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 25 2250: 2190: 2175: 1952: 1940: 1819: 1701: 1620: 1490:Muirchertach Ua Briain 1478: 1403:Muirchertach Ua Briain 1375: 1169: 1120: 1059: 1020: 835: 819: 767: 715: 707: 694: 620: 388: 6995:Scandinavian Scotland 6850:An Coimisinéir Teanga 6810:An Comunn Gàidhealach 6515:Oireachtas na Gaeilge 6105:Scottish island names 5928:Artifacts and culture 5605:Mormaers of Caithness 5571:Scandinavian Scotland 5496:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 4876:Scandinavian Scotland 4861:Lordship of the Isles 4472:Somairle mac Dubgaill 4441:Aonghus mac Somhairle 4436:Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson 4101:Mediaeval Scandinavia 3749:Scandinavian Scotland 3448:Barrett (2008) p. 411 3358:Hunter (2000) pp. 104 3062:Downham (2007) p. 171 2936:Downham (2007) p. 179 2871:Downham (2007) p. 185 2771:Downham (2007) p. 145 2622:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 5 2520:Barrett (2008) p. 412 2511:Barrett (2008) p. 420 2078:Bridei I of the Picts 2038:List of Manx consorts 1903:Scandinavian Scotland 1871:Raghnall mac Gofraidh 1795: 1604: 1591:Diarmait Mac Murchada 1476: 1361: 1153: 1139:Annals of Innisfallen 1007: 678: 613: 505:peninsula, including 479:, Scotland and Wales. 87:Common languages 6965:Kingdom of the Isles 6899:Kingdom of the Isles 6820:Seachtain na Gaeilge 6785:Údarás na Gaeltachta 6540:Insular Christianity 6355:Plantation of Ulster 6320:High King of Ireland 6124:Battles and treaties 5778:Kingdom of the Isles 5696:Ragnhild Eriksdotter 5651:Gunnhild Gormsdóttir 5641:Cacht ingen Ragnaill 4828:Wars of Independence 4489:Guðrøðr Rǫgnvaldsson 4467:Dubgall mac Dubgaill 4431:Ragnall mac Somairle 4426:Dubgall mac Somairle 4340:Murchad mac Diarmata 4207:Kingdom of the Isles 4168:at Wikimedia Commons 4166:Kingdom of the Isles 4011:. Penguin Classics. 3966:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh 3958:Murray, W.H. (1977) 3859:The Scottish Islands 3735:Castles of the Clans 3430:(1874) various pages 3418:Gregory (1881) p. 19 3376:Gregory (1881) p. 11 3367:Murray (1973) p. 168 3196:Murray (1977) p. 100 3104:McDonald (2007) p.33 3044:Downham (2004) p. 68 2898:Hunter (2000) p. 104 2423:"Physical Geography" 2192:Na h-Eileanan an Iar 1336:High King of Ireland 1318:Murchad mac Diarmata 627:led to this part of 623:The presence of the 389:Rìoghachd nan Eilean 352:islands of the Clyde 336:Kingdom of the Isles 104:Ecclesiastical Latin 81:Norwegian suzerainty 6395:Highland Clearances 6350:Flight of the Earls 5993:St Magnus Cathedral 5869:Cubbie Roo's Castle 5813:Davidian Revolution 5656:Helga Moddansdóttir 5626:Aud the Deep-Minded 4818:Davidian Revolution 4504:Haraldr Guðrøðarson 4462:Donnchadh of Argyll 4385:Sigurðr Jórsalafari 4370:Lǫgmaðr Guðrøðarson 4355:Gofraid mac Sitriuc 4320:Lagmann mac Gofraid 4315:Thorfinn the Mighty 4295:Ragnall mac Gofraid 4124:Woolf, Alex (2007) 3344:Woolf (2006) p. 103 3317:Duffy (1992) p. 124 3278:Duffy (1992) p. 115 3224:Oram (2004), p. 48. 3154:Duffy (1992) p. 109 3130:Duffy (1992) p. 108 3095:Gregory (1881) p. 6 3053:Woolf (2007) p. 245 3035:Woolf (2007) p. 267 3017:Woolf (2007) p. 253 2999:Woolf (2007) p. 246 2990:Woolf (2007) p. 243 2963:Hunter (2000) p. 84 2954:Woolf (2007) p. 213 2945:Woolf (2007) p. 198 2853:Gregory (1881) p. 5 2819:Murray (1973) p. 32 2810:Woolf (2007) p. 181 2753:Woolf (2007) p. 141 2708:Woolf (2007) p. 115 2699:Woolf (2007) p. 109 2690:Woolf (2007) p. 299 2681:Woolf (2007) p. 296 2663:Hunter (2000) p. 78 2654:Gregory (1881) p. 4 2502:Woolf (2007) p. 275 2428:8 June 2003 at the 1920:parliament on Man. 1897:Life in Norse times 1816:St Magnus Cathedral 1666:Gofraid mac Fergusa 1558:Oitir Mac mic Oitir 1457:dragged across the 1324:Kingdom of Leinster 1279:Annals of Tigernach 1275:Thorfinn the Mighty 1162:, minted at Dublin 971:, the "grandson of 837:Gofraid mac Fergusa 796:islands of Scotland 664:Kingdom of Scotland 651:finds in the area. 548:and their outliers. 482:The islands of the 277:Kingdom of Scotland 208:Kingdom of Scotland 6894:Kingdom of Munster 6835:Comunn na Gàidhlig 6805:Conradh na Gaeilge 6442:Lebor Gabála Érenn 5987:Sen dollotar Ulaid 5941:Chronicles of Mann 5661:Ingeborg of Norway 5111:Mann and the Isles 4499:Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson 4421:Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson 4360:Fingal mac Gofraid 4300:Amlaíb mac Sitriuc 4279:Gofraid mac Arailt 4055:. Tuckwell Press. 3692:Anderson, Alan Orr 3142:Woolf (2005) p. 13 2604:Woolf (2007) p. 57 2556:Woolf (2006) p. 96 2493:Woolf (2006) p. 94 2326:are described as " 2278:, the king of the 2176:Chronicum Scotorum 2020:Middle Ages portal 1855:Haakon Haakonarson 1824:Lords of the Isles 1820: 1806:Haakon Haakonarson 1652:Battle of Epiphany 1621: 1545:Henry I of England 1507:Lagmann Godredsson 1479: 1376: 1368:Viking Ship Museum 1310:King of the Rhinns 1262:hinting that King 1226:Battle of Clontarf 1208:Ragnal mac Gofraid 1172:At this point the 1170: 1089:Gofraid mac Arailt 1041:Amlaíb mac Gofraid 1021: 695: 621: 236:Kingdom of Gwynedd 6930: 6929: 6865:Haplogroup R-M269 6756: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6505:Gaelic folk music 6468:Gaelic literature 6262: 6261: 6229:Macaulay of Lewis 5762:Thorstein the Red 5710:Other notable men 5537: 5536: 4931: 4930: 4589:Early Middle Ages 4534: 4533: 4457:Óláfr Guðrøðarson 4406:Óláfr Guðrøðarson 4401:Domnall mac Taidc 4274:Maccus mac Arailt 4252:Olaf Guthfrithson 4164:Media related to 4148:978-0-9512573-7-1 4134:978-0-7486-1234-5 4107:pp. 199–213. 4092:978-1-84682-101-1 4075:978-1-84158-696-0 3928:978-1-904607-80-9 3867:978-1-84195-454-7 3853:978-0-7486-0641-2 3785:978-1-903765-89-0 3771:978-1-84383-072-6 3743:978-1-899874-36-1 3678:(2007) pp. 169–89 3206:"Tarbert History" 2399:Somarlidi Haulldr 2262:Cath Maige Tuired 2231:Maccus mac Arailt 2138:[ˈketelː] 2053:Lords of Galloway 1883:St Patrick's Isle 1788:A divided kingdom 1513:, where he died. 1467:Edgar of Scotland 1453:, Magnus had his 1394:'s defeat at the 1289:Magnus Haraldsson 1245:Olaf Sigtryggsson 1075:Maccus mac Arailt 799:Harald then sent 780:According to the 679:Folio 32v of the 625:monastery on Iona 528:, made up of the 471:, located in the 332: 331: 307: 306: 303: 302: 291:Kingdom of Norway 269: 268: 264:Great Danish Army 7022: 7015:Island countries 6947: 6946: 6945: 6938: 6920: 6919: 6858:Related subjects 6845:Clans of Ireland 6795:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 6790:Foras na Gaeilge 6654: 6653: 6638:Medical families 6614: 6613: 6585:Classical Gaelic 6510:Sean-nós singing 6453:Gaelic astrology 6436:Gaelic mythology 6345:Statutes of Iona 6289: 6282: 6275: 6266: 6265: 5919:St Magnus Church 5914:Scar boat burial 5859:Brough of Birsay 5752:Sweyn Asleifsson 5747:Ragnall ua Ímair 5564: 5557: 5550: 5541: 5540: 5375:Síl nÁedo Sláine 5282:Ó Máel Sechlainn 4958: 4951: 4944: 4935: 4934: 4916:Related articles 4813:Christianisation 4611: 4599:Late Middle Ages 4594:High Middle Ages 4570: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4538: 4537: 4514:Eóghan of Argyll 4494:Haraldr Óláfsson 4411:Guðrøðr Óláfsson 4305:Sigurd the Stout 4196: 4189: 4182: 4173: 4172: 4163: 4041: 4005:Pálsson, Hermann 3994:Stroud. Tempus. 3962:London. Collins. 3809: 3721:The Viking World 3679: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3575: 3569: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3462:IV, VII & IX 3455: 3449: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3377: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3265: 3262: 3249: 3243: 3234: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3143: 3140: 3131: 3128: 3119: 3116: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3084: 3081: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2919: 2907:See for example 2905: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2869: 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1718: 1712: 1706: 1698: 1692: 1682: 1676: 1668: 1649: 1641: 1610: 1582: 1567:Godred the Black 1561: 1552: 1542: 1535:Olave Godredsson 1521: 1500: 1492: 1486: 1452: 1436: 1421: 1414: 1406: 1392:Harald Hardraade 1389: 1383: 1344:Fingal Godredson 1340:Godred Sitricson 1333: 1321: 1307: 1299: 1286: 1269: 1255: 1248: 1241: 1235: 1223: 1217: 1211: 1203: 1197: 1189: 1180:Sigurd the Stout 1177: 1168: 1165: 1158:" coin from the 1129: 1123: 1116:Annals of Ulster 1109: 1102:Annals of Ulster 1099: 1092: 1084: 1078: 1070: 1062: 1056: 1050: 1044: 1036: 1028: 1026:Ragnall ua Ímair 1019: 1010:Dumbarton Castle 1000: 992: 989:Ragnall ua Ímair 983:Annals of Ulster 976: 970: 964: 956: 950: 944: 938: 932: 924: 919: 913: 899: 893: 888: 882: 873: 868: 862:was besieged by 854: 840: 828: 822: 816: 808: 785: 772: 761: 751: 741: 729: 718: 712: 642: 435: 425: 409: 391: 369: 363: 299: 285: 273: 272: 260: 259: 246: 245: 232: 231: 218: 217: 204: 203: 197: 196: 181: 180: 68: 47: 39: 28: 27: 7030: 7029: 7025: 7024: 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1836:Kingdom of Alba 1828:Clan MacDougall 1790: 1732:received Mull, 1690:Clann Somhairle 1680:Orkneyinga saga 1673:Clann Somhairle 1599: 1531:Godred Crovan's 1443:Magnus Barefoot 1439: 1428: 1381:Imar mac Arailt 1356: 1232:Hákon Eiríksson 1175:Orkneyinga Saga 1166: 1148: 1112:Olaf Tryggvason 997:Bárid mac Oitir 961:Áed mac Cináeda 856: 801:Ketill Flatnose 788:Harald Fairhair 786:, in about 872 783:Orkneyinga Saga 673: 639:Orkneyinga Saga 608: 603: 461: 453:Treaty of Perth 441:Magnus Barefoot 439:An invasion by 384:Scottish Gaelic 328: 257: 243: 229: 215: 201: 158: 148: 129: 108: 71: 59: 48: 41: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7028: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6952: 6951: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6877: 6872: 6869:human genetics 6861: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6800:Culture Vannin 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6757: 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4198: 4191: 4184: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4155: 4154:External links 4152: 4151: 4150: 4136: 4122: 4108: 4094: 4080: 4077: 4063: 4043: 4019: 4002: 3985: 3976: 3963: 3956: 3939: 3930: 3920: 3906: 3889: 3886: 3869: 3855: 3838: 3821: 3810: 3800:(43): 93–133. 3787: 3773: 3759: 3745: 3731: 3717: 3703: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3583: 3570: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3490: 3478: 3466: 3460:Manx Society. 3450: 3441: 3432: 3420: 3411: 3399: 3387: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3310: 3301: 3292: 3280: 3266: 3250: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3198: 3189: 3177: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3106: 3097: 3085: 3073: 3064: 3055: 3046: 3037: 3028: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2900: 2891: 2882: 2873: 2864: 2855: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2803: 2794: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2642: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2546: 2534: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2477: 2465: 2443: 2434: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2389: 2376: 2362: 2353: 2338: 2313: 2298: 2293:a hInnsib Gall 2242: 2221: 2198: 2181: 2166: 2153: 2144: 2123: 2104: 2096:Donnán of Eigg 2083: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2028:Duke of Argyll 2024: 2023: 2009: 1993: 1990: 1975:Firth of Clyde 1901:Main article: 1898: 1895: 1875:Olaf the Black 1789: 1786: 1630:Lord of Argyll 1613:Crovan dynasty 1598: 1595: 1586:Manx Chronicle 1438: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1355: 1352: 1160:British Museum 1154:A posthumous " 1147: 1144: 979:Constantine II 939:in about 872. 855: 847: 672: 669: 607: 604: 602: 599: 578: 577: 574: 571: 568: 561: 560: 553:Outer Hebrides 549: 522: 499:Inner Hebrides 495: 484:Firth of Clyde 480: 460: 457: 413:Earl of Orkney 372:Northern Isles 330: 329: 327: 326: 324:United Kingdom 321: 315: 313: 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 293: 287: 286: 279: 270: 267: 266: 261: 253: 252: 247: 239: 238: 233: 225: 224: 219: 211: 210: 205: 193: 192: 187: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 152: 149: 147:• Formed 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 128: 127: 122: 120:Norse paganism 116: 114: 110: 109: 107: 106: 101: 96: 90: 88: 84: 83: 79:Kingdom under 77: 73: 72: 69: 61: 60: 58: 57: 53: 50: 49: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7027: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6950: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6923: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6905: 6904:Gaelicisation 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6779:organisations 6775: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6463:Bardic poetry 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6410:Gàidhealtachd 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6285: 6283: 6278: 6276: 6271: 6270: 6267: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6089:Old Norwegian 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6026:Law Ting Holm 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5889:Linton Chapel 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5742:Páll Bálkason 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619:Notable women 5617: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5585:List of kings 5583: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5553: 5551: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5486:Orange-Nassau 5484: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5473:Great Britain 5470: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5436:Ó Conchobhair 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5302:Ó Conchobhair 5300: 5298: 5297:Mac Lochlainn 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4952: 4947: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4936: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4907:Privy Council 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4871:The Old North 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4562: 4557: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4529:^ Speculative 4526: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4269:Amlaíb Cuarán 4267: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4236:Amlaíb Conung 4234: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4178: 4177: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4121: 4120:1-84158-480-0 4117: 4113: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4062: 4061:1-86232-151-5 4058: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4020: 4018: 4017:0-14-044383-5 4014: 4010: 4006: 4003: 4001: 4000:0-7524-2825-X 3997: 3993: 3989: 3988:Oram, Richard 3986: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3955: 3954:0-413-30380-2 3951: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3919: 3918:1-898410-85-2 3915: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3884:1-84018-376-4 3881: 3877: 3873: 3872:Hunter, James 3870: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3836:1-904607-57-8 3833: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3757:0-7185-1197-2 3754: 3750: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3730: 3729:0-415-33315-6 3726: 3722: 3718: 3716: 3715:90-04-15893-6 3712: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3677: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3559:"Skye survey" 3555: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3510: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3475: 3470: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3415: 3408: 3403: 3396: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3230: 3221: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3182: 3172: 3165: 3160: 3151: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3101: 3092: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3041: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2787: 2777: 2768: 2759: 2750: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2669: 2660: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2637: 2628: 2619: 2610: 2601: 2592: 2590: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2553: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2490: 2481: 2474: 2469: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2447: 2438: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2400: 2393: 2386: 2380: 2373: 2366: 2357: 2349: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2324: 2317: 2309: 2302: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2257: 2252: 2246: 2238: 2237:Amlaíb Cuarán 2232: 2225: 2218: 2214: 2213:rí Lochlainne 2210: 2209: 2202: 2194: 2193: 2185: 2177: 2170: 2163: 2162:Slate Islands 2157: 2148: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2120: 2115: 2108: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2079: 2073: 2069: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2010: 2007: 1996: 1989: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1943: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851:Alexander III 1848: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1832:Clan Macruari 1829: 1825: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1785: 1782: 1777: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1749: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1703:Gàidhealtachd 1697: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1667: 1661: 1656: 1653: 1648: 1647: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1603: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1571:Mac Lochlainn 1568: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1498: 1491: 1485: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1435: 1426:Later history 1423: 1420: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1404: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1387:Amlaíb Cuarán 1382: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1351: 1349: 1348:Godred Crovan 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1331: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1298: 1292: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1254: 1247: 1246: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1227: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1188: 1187: 1181: 1176: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1143: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1127:Amlaíb Cuarán 1122: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1097:Amlaíb Cuarán 1091: 1090: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1048:Amlaíb Cuarán 1043: 1042: 1035: 1034: 1033:Amlaíb Cuarán 1027: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1006: 1002: 999: 998: 993:'s defeat of 991: 990: 984: 980: 975: 969: 963: 962: 955: 949: 943: 937: 931: 930: 923: 918: 912: 911: 905: 904: 898: 892: 887: 881: 880: 874: 872: 867: 861: 853: 846: 844: 839: 838: 831: 827: 821: 815: 814: 807: 802: 797: 793: 789: 784: 778: 776: 771: 770: 763: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 739: 733: 728: 722: 717: 711: 710: 704: 700: 697:Prior to the 692: 688: 684: 683: 682:Book of Kells 677: 668: 665: 661: 656: 652: 650: 646: 641: 640: 634: 630: 626: 619: 618: 612: 601:Early history 598: 596: 595:Butt of Lewis 592: 588: 584: 582: 575: 572: 569: 566: 565: 564: 558: 554: 550: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 497:The southern 496: 493: 489: 485: 481: 478: 474: 470: 466: 465: 464: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 434: 429: 424: 423: 422:Laxdaela Saga 416: 414: 408: 407: 401: 397: 395: 390: 385: 381: 377: 373: 368: 362: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 314: 312:Today part of 310: 298: 294: 292: 289: 288: 284: 280: 278: 275: 274: 271: 265: 262: 255: 254: 251: 248: 241: 240: 237: 234: 227: 226: 223: 220: 213: 212: 209: 206: 199: 198: 195: 194: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 178: 175: 172: 168: 164: 160: 154: 150: 144: 140: 136: 132: 126: 123: 121: 118: 117: 115: 111: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 91: 89: 85: 82: 78: 74: 67: 62: 55: 54: 51: 45: 38: 29: 26: 22: 6898: 6888:Clan MacLeod 6830:ULTACH Trust 6711:Corcu Loígde 6583: 6578:Middle Irish 6576: 6569: 6562: 6525:Gaelic games 6476:Modern Irish 6440: 6385:Great Hunger 6069:Middle Irish 5985: 5973: 5948:Darraðarljóð 5946: 5939: 5899:Old Scatness 5802: 5777: 5717:Caittil Find 5671:Isabel Bruce 5431:Mac Carthaig 5405:Uí Dúnlainge 5360:Uí Fiachrach 5287:Mac Murchada 5247:Corcu Loígde 5110: 4885:Institutions 4710:Architecture 4668: 4617:Early Realms 4484:Óspakr-Hákon 4450:13th century 4394:12th century 4288:11th century 4245:10th century 4206: 4139: 4125: 4111: 4104: 4100: 4083: 4066: 4052: 4048: 4029: 4023: 4008: 3991: 3980: 3972: 3969: 3959: 3945: 3942:Murray, W.H. 3934: 3909: 3892: 3875: 3858: 3844: 3827: 3817: 3813: 3797: 3791: 3776: 3762: 3748: 3734: 3720: 3706: 3699: 3695: 3675: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3586: 3579:The Scotsman 3578: 3573: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3509: 3493: 3488:(1874) p. 93 3485: 3481: 3476:(1874) p. 83 3473: 3469: 3461: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3414: 3402: 3397:(1874) p. 61 3394: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3290:(1874) p. 57 3287: 3283: 3248:(1874) p. 55 3245: 3229: 3220: 3201: 3192: 3171: 3166:(1874) p. 51 3163: 3159: 3100: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2968: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2867: 2858: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2516: 2507: 2498: 2489: 2480: 2468: 2451: 2446: 2437: 2418: 2392: 2384: 2379: 2371: 2365: 2356: 2341: 2333: 2316: 2301: 2245: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2201: 2184: 2169: 2156: 2147: 2126: 2107: 2086: 2072: 2048:Lord of Mann 1983: 1971: 1922: 1906: 1867: 1843:Alexander II 1840: 1821: 1773: 1721: 1684: 1659: 1657: 1622: 1584: 1577:against the 1565:Olave's son 1564: 1528: 1524: 1515: 1493:'s daughter 1484:Heimskringla 1480: 1464: 1449:Heimskringla 1440: 1377: 1364:Oseberg ship 1342:and his son 1314: 1293: 1272: 1257: 1171: 1138: 1131: 1115: 1101: 1065: 1022: 901: 857: 832: 813:Caittil Find 779: 774: 764: 696: 680: 657: 653: 622: 615: 585: 579: 562: 526:Ardnamurchan 462: 438: 417: 398: 393: 340:Norse-Gaelic 335: 333: 190:Succeeded by 189: 184: 125:Christianity 25: 21:King of Mann 6880:Norse–Gaels 6730:Dál nAraidi 6715:Dál Fiatach 6688:Dalcassians 6678:Clan Donald 6490:Gaelic type 6472:Early Irish 6186:Vestrajǫrðr 6161:Isle of Man 5837:Archaeology 5737:Olvir Rosta 5511:Isle of Man 5458:Ó Domhnaill 5421:Dalcassians 5395:Glendamnach 5350:Dál nAraidi 5325:Síl Conairi 5121:Northumbria 5106:Strathclyde 5051:Plantagenet 5016:Northumbria 4845:Renaissance 4823:Great Cause 4735:Agriculture 4694:Strathclyde 4214:9th century 4097:Woolf, Alex 2256:Highlanders 2092:Tory Island 1967:Inchmarnock 1634:Ragnhildis 1167: 1050 1085:'s brother 843:Clan Donald 705:kingdom of 532:(including 530:Small Isles 469:Isle of Man 344:Isle of Man 319:Isle of Man 185:Preceded by 6959:Categories 6698:Eóganachta 6674:Clan Colla 6431:Brehon law 6380:Penal Laws 6370:Jacobitism 6239:MacDougall 6234:Mac Coitir 6136:Brunanburh 6031:Lunnasting 5452:FitzGerald 5385:Eóganachta 5272:Ó Domhnail 4902:Parliament 4772:Literature 4757:Government 4725:Demography 2275:Dé Domnand 2251:Innse Gall 2081:presence". 2059:References 1969:and Iona. 1932:cross slab 1781:Ragnhildis 1752:; Bute to 1639:Ragnhildis 1431:Norse and 1419:Jarl Óttar 1121:Innse Gall 820:Gallgáedil 769:Gallgáedil 367:Norðreyjar 6825:Gael Linn 6738:Cíarraige 6734:Conmaicne 6707:Dál Riata 6682:Uí Mháine 6666:Connachta 6648:Genealogy 6571:Old Irish 6405:Gaeltacht 6330:Dál Riata 6254:MacDonald 6224:Somhairle 6098:Etymology 6079:Old Norse 6041:Sandsting 5981:Ounceland 5874:Earl's Bu 5864:Camas Uig 5783:Dál Riata 5722:Ingimundr 5529:Somhairle 5400:Raithlind 5365:Uí Briúin 5355:Connachta 5257:Connachta 5237:Dál Riata 5209:Mathrafal 5189:Aberffraw 5171:Somhairle 5061:Lancaster 5031:Knýtlinga 4752:Geography 4747:Education 4720:Childhood 4649:Dál Riata 4584:Sub-Roman 4375:Ingimundr 4258:Gebeachan 3709:. Brill. 2410:Footnotes 1936:Ringerike 1909:Ounceland 1811:Suðreyjar 1716:Somarlidi 1608:Suðreyjar 1580:Ui Briain 1575:Inishowen 1550:Ui Briain 1511:Jerusalem 1497:Bjaðmunjo 1465:In 1098, 1437:influence 1434:Uí Briain 1411:Ui Briain 1322:from the 936:Lochlainn 910:Lochlainn 900:" in the 897:Lochlainn 860:Dumbarton 849:House of 716:Dál Riata 709:Dál Riata 660:High King 645:Neolithic 557:the Minch 473:Irish Sea 459:Geography 433:Suðreyjar 361:Suðreyjar 250:Dál Riata 113:Religion 99:Old Irish 94:Old Norse 44:Old Norse 37:Suðreyjar 6949:Scotland 6922:Category 6884:Uí Ímair 6761:Scottish 6670:Uí Néill 6643:Nobility 6555:Language 6249:Macruari 6219:Uí Ímair 6156:Epiphany 6141:Clontarf 6115:Hebrides 6061:Language 6046:Tingwall 6021:Dingwall 6008:Althings 5998:Udal law 5959:Hogbacks 5894:Maeshowe 5879:Jarlshof 5823:Scotland 5808:Shetland 5793:Lochlann 5727:Ljótólfr 5610:Uí Ímair 5519:Uí Ímair 5454:(Norman) 5448:(Norman) 5441:Ó Ruairc 5426:Ó Briain 5410:Uí Ímair 5370:Uí Néill 5292:Ó Briain 5262:Uí Néill 5136:Galloway 5131:Uí Ímair 5126:Bernicia 5088:Scotland 5041:Normandy 5021:Uí Ímair 5006:Bernicia 4782:Religion 4767:Language 4762:Identity 4689:Scotland 4664:Gododdin 4659:Galloway 4634:Bernicia 4629:Bamburgh 4416:Somerled 4038:25530199 3898:Archived 3806:30007421 3562:Archived 3209:Archived 2912:Archived 2456:Archived 2426:Archived 2142:monarch. 1992:See also 1924:Colonsay 1769:Raghnall 1748:Raghnall 1696:Uí Ímair 1660:de facto 1626:Somerled 1615:and the 1597:Somerled 1455:longship 1297:Uí Ímair 1253:Uí Ímair 1045:in 941, 1016:Uí Ímair 942:Gofraidh 929:Gofraidh 691:Hebrides 649:Iron Age 629:Scotland 591:Shetland 581:Anglesey 449:Somerled 406:Uí Ímair 380:Shetland 356:Norsemen 350:and the 348:Hebrides 170:Currency 56:849–1265 6882:(incl. 6777:Related 6728:(incl. 6705:(incl. 6690:(incl. 6668:(incl. 6244:MacLeod 6176:Skyhill 6171:Renfrew 6084:Pictish 6051:Tynwald 6036:Nesting 6016:Delting 5935:Birlinn 5844:Bornish 5771:History 5501:Windsor 5491:Hanover 5463:Ó Néill 5412:(Norse) 5390:Chaisil 5345:Cruthin 5340:Osraige 5335:Dáirine 5277:Ó Néill 5224:Ireland 5204:Gwynedd 5199:Dinefwr 5194:Cunedda 5166:Stewart 5156:Balliol 5141:Dunkeld 5056:Angevin 4986:Wuffing 4973:England 4866:Marches 4792:Warfare 4787:Society 4730:Economy 4654:Fortriu 4221:Gofraid 4205:of the 3990:(2004) 3944:(1973) 3874:(2000) 3826:(1881) 3814:Peritia 3694:(1922) 3686:Sources 2308:Sigurðr 2287:Fomoire 2281:Fomoire 2272:son of 2102:in 617. 1948:Cuillin 1928:Oronsay 1918:Tynwald 1913:Bornais 1879:Tynwald 1847:Kerrera 1756:Aonghas 1729:Dubgall 1724:Renfrew 1646:Dubgall 1540:Bitling 1366:in the 1300:dynast 1204:'s son 1201:Gofraid 1190:called 1156:Sihtric 1107:Gofraid 1008:Modern 858:In 870 790:became 727:Soxulfr 721:Pictish 633:Columba 606:Sources 503:Kintyre 428:Iceland 358:as the 134:History 6935:Portal 6744:Ulster 6736:, and 6721:Laigin 6717:, etc) 6703:Érainn 6684:, etc) 6520:Am Mòd 6500:Fáinne 6482:& 6146:Dollar 5849:Birsay 5828:Norway 5798:Orkney 5636:Bjaðǫk 5578:Rulers 5524:Crovan 5481:Stuart 5320:Laigin 5252:Laigin 5242:Érainn 5151:Sverre 5101:Óengus 5096:Fergus 5078:Stuart 5036:Godwin 5026:Wessex 4996:Sussex 4981:Mercia 4854:Places 4838:Second 4806:Events 4703:Topics 4684:Rhinns 4679:Orkney 4203:Rulers 4146: 4132: 4118: 4090: 4073: 4059: 4036: 4015: 3998: 3952: 3926: 3916: 3882: 3865: 3851: 3834: 3804: 3783: 3769: 3755: 3741: 3727: 3713: 2269:Indech 2133:Ketill 1891:Magnus 1887:Harald 1804:where 1802:Orkney 1763:Dugall 1503:Sigurd 1334:, the 1221:Sigurd 1114:. The 1082:Maccus 1068:Amlaíb 1054:Amlaíb 954:Amlaíb 922:Conung 917:Amlaíb 891:Conung 886:Amlaíb 871:Conung 866:Amlaíb 826:Ketill 806:Ketill 759:Thórir 738:Turges 703:Gaelic 699:Viking 587:Orkney 546:Raasay 477:Ulster 400:Viking 376:Orkney 346:, the 338:was a 137: 76:Status 40: 6875:Celts 6726:Ulaid 6692:Déisi 6631:Kings 6618:Irish 6610:Clans 6591:Irish 6535:Túath 6426:Ogham 6296:Gaels 6166:Largs 6151:Barry 6131:Bauds 5446:Burgh 5330:Ulaid 5232:Ulaid 5214:Tudor 5181:Wales 5161:Bruce 5146:Moray 5116:Alpin 5073:Tudor 5046:Blois 5011:Deira 5001:Essex 4892:Court 4833:First 4797:Women 4777:Music 4740:Trade 4674:Moray 4669:Isles 4310:Gilli 4034:JSTOR 3984:CELT. 3895:Notes 3802:JSTOR 3676:et al 2064:Notes 1963:Barra 1738:Tiree 1284:Gaill 1215:Gilli 1194:Gilli 749:Hákon 507:Islay 492:Arran 382:. 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Kingdom of the Isles

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