50:
149:
1006:
137:
163:
664:
809:
676:
1018:
withdrew from Yellow Beach with only harassing fire, leaving the troops of the 27th
Division no choice but to knock out the fortified strongpoints one by one. Reduction operations were hampered by the frequent inability to use heavy support weapons, including tanks, because of the danger of cross-fire. The commander of the 165th Infantry Regiment, Colonel Gardiner Conroy, was
1014:
lagoon's depth caused their small boats to go aground, forcing them to walk the final 250 yards (230 m) to the beach in waist-deep water. Equipment and weapons were lost or water-soaked, and three men were killed approaching the beach, mainly because the defenders chose to make their final stand farther inland along the tank barriers.
920:
example of
Carlson's raid in 1942, and established their defenses two miles (3.2 km) from where the raid had taken place. Without aircraft, ships, or hope of reinforcement or relief, the outnumbered and outgunned defenders could only hope to delay the coming American attack for as long as possible.
1136:
Against an estimated 395 Japanese casualties in action during the operation, American ground casualties numbered 66 killed and 152 wounded, representing nearly 1.8 Japanese casualties for every
American casualty, although a considerable number of Japanese casualties would've been incurred before the
907:
shore, near the seaplane base in the central part of the island. There were two tank barrier systems: the west tank barrier extended from the lagoon two-thirds of the way across
Butaritari, was 12 to 13 feet (4.0 m) wide and 15 feet (4.6 m) deep, and was protected by one anti-tank gun in a
1132:
The complete occupation of Makin took four days and cost considerably more in naval casualties than in ground forces. Despite possessing great superiority in men and weapons, the 27th
Division had difficulty subduing the island's small defense force. One Japanese Ha-Go tank was destroyed in combat,
997:
Troops began to go ashore at two beaches at 08:30 on 20 November. The initial landings on Red Beach went according to plan with the assault troops moving rapidly inland after an uneventful trip on the ocean side of the island. Their progress off the beach was slowed only by an occasional sniper and
793:
However, in
September 1943 the 27th's objective changed. The difficulty of providing adequate naval and air support of simultaneous operations at Tarawa and the much more distant Nauru, plus lack of sufficient transport to carry the entire division required to take the larger, more heavily defended
919:
A series of strongpoints was established along
Butaritari's ocean side, with 8-inch (200 mm) coastal defense guns, three 37 mm anti-tank gun positions, 10 machine gun emplacements and 85 rifle pits. The Japanese expected the invasion to come on the ocean side of Butaritari, following the
1017:
The U.S. invasion plan was conceived in the hope of luring the
Japanese into committing most of its forces to oppose the first landings on Red Beach and thereby allow the troops landing on Yellow Beach to attack from the rear. The Japanese, however, did not respond to the attack on Red Beach and
1013:
As the landing craft approached Yellow Beach from the lagoon, they began to receive small-arms and machine-gun fire from the island's defenders. The assault troops were also surprised to discover that even though they were approaching the beach at high tide as planned, a miscalculation of the
1034:
The most difficult problem capturing Makin was coordinating the actions of two separate landing forces, made more difficult because the defenders did not respond as anticipated. The unsuitability of the narrow beaches for supply landing operations—which went undiscovered by pre-invasion
912:, six machine gun positions, and 50 rifle pits. The east tank barrier, 14 feet (4.3 m) wide and 6 feet (1.8 m) in depth, stretched from the lagoon across two-thirds of the island and bent westward with log antitank barricades at each end. It was protected by a double apron of
504:, where they were later beheaded. One objective of the raid was to confuse the Japanese about U.S. intentions in the Pacific, but it had the effect of alerting the Japanese to the strategic importance of the Gilbert Islands and led to their further reinforcement and fortification.
794:
Nauru, caused
Admiral Nimitz to shift the 27th's objective from Nauru to Makin Atoll, in the northeast Gilberts. The 27th Infantry Division staff learned the change of target on 28 September, scrapped the original Nauru plan, and began planning to capture Makin.
624:
would have required more troops and transports than the
Pacific Fleet had at the time. Considering these drawbacks and the limited combat experience of the U.S. forces, King and Nimitz decided to take the Marshalls in a step-by-step operation via the
998:
the need to negotiate their way around the debris and water-filled craters left by the air and naval bombardment. The craters in particular stymied tank support of the Red Beach forces by the light tanks of the 193rd Tank Battalion when the lead
637:
aircraft based in the Ellice Islands, which could provide bombing support and long-range reconnaissance for operations in the Gilberts. With those advantages in mind, on 20 July 1943 the joint Chiefs of Staff decided to capture the Tarawa and
500:. The Japanese garrison only posted 83 to 160 men under the command of a warrant officer. The Raiders killed many Japanese but ultimately, under heavy fire withdrew after losing 21 killed and 9 captured. The Japanese moved their prisoners to
889:
782:
who had assumed command in November 1942. He was one of the most highly respected officers in the U. S. Army of the time. In April 1943, the 27th Infantry Division had begun preparing for amphibious operations.
1030:
Two days of determined fighting reduced Japanese resistance. After clearing the entire atoll, Smith reported on the morning of 23 November, "Makin taken, recommend command pass to commander garrison force."
790:") began in early August 1943, with Nauru Island in the western Gilberts as the original objective. Unlike the other objectives, Nauru was an actual island, much larger in size and more heavily garrisoned.
1151:, and 10 killed in action with naval shore parties or as aviators, for a total of 755 naval deaths. The overall total of 821 American dead equaled double the number of men in the entire Japanese garrison.
511:(700–800 men) in August 1942, and work on both the seaplane base and coastal defenses of the atoll was resumed in earnest. By July 1943 the seaplane base on Makin was completed and ready to accommodate
1233:, p. 71. This source lists the number of troops of the 111th (which the previous source omitted) but shorts the aviation units. The total listed is the result of itemized personnel from both sources.
1284:
402:
1323:
Japanese survivors continued to the U.S. garrison for more than a month after the battle, and except for 104 prisoners, all but 3 of whom were Korean, the entire Japanese force was annihilated.
885:
881:
745:
294:
620:, the Chief of Naval Operations, wanted to attack right into the heart of the Japanese outer defense perimeter, but any plan for assaulting the Marshalls directly from
1615:
724:
unit before being called into federal service in October 1940. It was transferred to Hawaii and remained there for 1½ years before being chosen by Lieutenant General
1377:
1285:
https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/w/war-damage-reports/uss-liscome-bay-cve56-war-damage-report-no-45.html
508:
545:
were detached and deployed here. While the Japanese were building up their defenses in the Gilberts, American forces were making plans to retake the islands.
1600:
542:
1120:
approached the task force undetected and fired a spread of torpedoes through the gap in the anti-submarine screen, one of which struck and sank the
1553:
897:
287:
1580:
85:
1605:
1595:
1570:
1465:
1430:
1296:
1498:
758:
The 27th Infantry Division was tasked to supply the landing force, with one regimental combat team (the 165th Infantry Regiment, the famed
741:
1247:
280:
1268:
1214:
1350:
1195:
1329:
1308:
1434:
1009:
Makin Island – M3 Stuart light tank, bogged down in a shell crater, holds up the advance on the narrow causeway north of Jill lake.
1459:
763:
1531:
1075:
702 perished (54 officers and 648 enlisted men), including the flagship's admiral and task force group commander, Rear Admiral
767:
713:
200:
1067:
s aircraft bomb stockpile, causing an explosion which engulfed the entire ship, causing it to sink quickly. The attack on the
49:
1610:
803:
733:
629:
and Gilbert Islands. The Gilberts lay within 200 miles (320 km) of the southern Marshalls and were well within range of
304:
32:
1406:
824:
on 10 November 1943. The landing force, Task Group 52.6, consisted of units of the 27th Infantry Division transported by
569:
had argued for this invasion earlier in 1943, but the resources were not available to carry it out at the same time as
1585:
884:, 108 aviation personnel of the 802nd and 952nd Aviation Units, 138 troops of the 111th Pioneers, and 276 men of the
759:
536:
445:
1590:
1059:, which had arrived near Makin just a few hours before. A single torpedo, launched as part of a torpedo spread by
54:
Soldiers of the US Army's 2nd Battalion, 165th Infantry, struggle to shore on Yellow Beach on Butaritari Island.
991:
507:
After Carlson's raid, the Japanese reinforced the Gilberts. Makin was garrisoned with a single company of the
630:
527:"Jake" reconnaissance seaplanes. Its defenses were also completed, although they were not as extensive as on
1137:
landing, due to naval and aerial bombardment. U.S. Navy losses were significantly higher: 702 deaths on the
1230:
1095:
318:
1297:
https://www.history.navy.mil/about-us/leadership/director/directors-corner/h-grams/h-gram-025/h-025-1.html
634:
609:
1221:, pp. 107–108. Unit identifications here were sourced from actual documents recovered during the battle.
1002:
light tank became partially submerged in a shellhole and blocked passage of all the vehicles behind it.
1575:
471:
154:
1022:
by a Japanese sniper on the afternoon of the first day and was succeeded by Colonel Gerard W. Kelley.
1382:
834:
689:
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meant that the original Japanese plan of a strike at the American invasion fleet by forces based at
1055:
1047:
1005:
953:
725:
589:": establishing naval and air bases in one group of islands to support the attack on the next. The
1112:, left the destroyer screen, leaving a gap in the screen. Also, the task force which included the
1145:
985:
974:
967:
864:
721:
586:
1490:
1071:
accounted for the majority of American casualties in the Battle of Makin. Of the 916 crewmen of
960:
532:
414:
398:
1242:
786:
Planning for the 27th Infantry Division's role in "Galvanic" (the Army portion was codenamed "
1263:
1211:
942:
749:
597:
494:
487:
1345:
1192:
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of the New York National Guard), reinforced by a battalion landing team (the 3rd Battalion,
1371:
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323:
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8:
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Swift, Silent, and Deadly: Marine Amphibious Reconnaissance in the Pacific, 1942–1945,
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had arrived off Makin Atoll and occupied it without resistance. Lying east of the
1441:. Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. Archived from
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1354:
1333:
1272:
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1199:
933:
Air operations against Makin began on 13 November 1943, with B-24 bombers of the
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and two tanks placed in revetments were abandoned without being used in combat.
1522:. Director of Naval History, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
1486:
1098:
that year was caused by a few factors. Two destroyers of the destroyer screen,
1080:
900:. The number of trained combat troops on Makin was not more than 300 soldiers.
775:
737:
626:
617:
565:
the resources to make an invasion of the central Pacific in late 1943. Admiral
475:
434:
418:
417:
attack by extending Japanese air patrols closer to islands held by the Allies:
185:
755:, establishing accurate accounts of the beachheads for the upcoming invasion.
1564:
1429:
1231:
The United States Army in World War II: Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls
893:
697:
512:
479:
441:
142:
100:
87:
1520:
The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner, Chapter 17, The Pushover – Makin
876:
On the eve of invasion, the Japanese garrison on Makin Atoll's main island,
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821:
643:
621:
449:
422:
373:
40:
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performed a periscope reconnaissance of the Gilberts aboard the submarine
981:
945:
913:
816:
The invasion fleet, Task Force 52 (TF 52) commanded by Rear Admiral
779:
705:
516:
456:
was scrapped. The garrisons at Tarawa and Makin were left to their fate.
369:
36:
1390:
1142:
973:; followed by 8-inch (200 mm) support guns from fire support ship
909:
877:
524:
377:
75:
808:
999:
413:
base to protect the eastern flank of the Japanese perimeter from an
1497:. Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army.
787:
410:
1046:
In the early hours of 24 November the escort carrier and flagship
561:, combined with increasing supplies of men and material, gave the
1527:
675:
639:
904:
717:
574:
528:
426:
916:
and an intricate system of gun emplacements and rifle pits.
1495:
United States Army in World War II – The War in the Pacific
1376:
Aleutians, Gilberts and Marshalls, June 1942 – April 1944,
1083:, and Pearl Harbor Navy Cross recipient Cook Second Class
1378:
History of United States Naval Operations in World War II
896:
light tanks), all commanded by Lieutenant (junior grade)
302:
1313:: Hit By a Torpedo Near Makin Atoll During World War II"
656:
V Amphibious Corps and 27th Infantry Division commanders
392:
903:
Butaritari's land defenses were centered around the
1484:
880:, numbered 806 men: 284 naval ground troops of the
1616:Amphibious operations involving the United States
1514:George C., Dyer, Vice Admiral, USN (RET) (1956).
1168:USMC History Division webpage for James Roosevelt
1562:
700:. The V Amphibious Corps had two divisions, the
440:Heavy aircraft losses and the disabling of four
890:Makin Tank Detachment of 3rd Special Base Force
1202:, Center of Military History, U.S. Army, p. 6.
1466:United States Army Center of Military History
1431:United States Army Center of Military History
1183:(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004).
1038:
288:
16:Battle of the Pacific Theater of World War II
1552:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1435:"The Capture of Makin (20–24 November 1943)"
696:and placed under Marine Corps Major General
1464:. The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II.
1116:was not zigzagging. The Japanese submarine
1035:reconnaissance—was also a severe handicap.
401:, 300 Japanese troops plus laborers of the
1601:United States Marine Corps in World War II
612:(CINCPAC), to submit a plan to occupy the
486:were landed on Makin from two submarines,
397:On 10 December 1941, three days after the
295:
281:
1513:
692:'s amphibious troops were designated the
1004:
807:
720:. The 27th Infantry Division had been a
376:, fought from 20 to 24 November 1943 on
1491:"Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls"
1370:
873:−31, −78, and −179 of Task Group 52.1.
548:
459:
403:Gilberts Invasion Special Landing Force
205:Gilberts Invasion Special Landing Force
159:
1581:1943 in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands
1563:
1457:
1404:
746:Amphibious Reconnaissance Company, VAC
728:, U.S. Army Commanding General in the
1606:Amphibious operations of World War II
1596:Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II
1571:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
1413:. HistoryAnimated.com. Archived from
1193:The Capture of Makin (20–24 Nov 1943)
804:Gilbert Islands naval order of battle
409:, Makin was intended as an excellent
306:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
276:
33:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
1501:from the original on 22 January 2007
1458:Newell, Lt. Col. Clayton R. (2003).
1141:, 43 killed in a turret fire on the
886:Fourth Fleet Construction Department
642:atolls in the Gilberts, plus nearby
616:. Initially both Nimitz and Admiral
1053:was sunk by the Japanese submarine
1025:
984:, a turret explosion on battleship
593:were the first step in this chain.
478:Battalion under command of Colonel
393:Japanese invasion and fortification
13:
980:and other war vessels. During the
744:1999–2003), Commanding Officer of
14:
1627:
1398:
736:. Captain James Jones (father of
230:400 Japanese and Korean labourers
1534:from the original on 21 May 2011
1516:"The Amphibians Came to Conquer"
674:
669:Maj. Gen. Holland M. Smith, USMC
662:
225:9 transports & landing ships
161:
147:
135:
48:
1339:
1317:
1302:
882:6th Special Naval Landing Force
768:105th Field Artillery Battalion
646:. The operation was codenamed "
581:. The plan was to approach the
523:"Rufe" floatplane fighters and
1468:. CMH Pub 72-4. Archived from
1407:"Invasion of Tarawa and Makin"
1290:
1278:
1257:
1236:
1224:
1205:
1186:
1173:
1161:
742:Commandant of the Marine Corps
535:air base in the Gilberts. The
1:
1364:
681:Maj. Gen. Ralph C. Smith, USA
631:United States Army Air Forces
387:
265:129 Korean labourers captured
1127:
258:1 battleship lightly damaged
7:
928:
635:Consolidated B-24 Liberator
10:
1632:
1170:, accessed 8 December 2009
801:
797:
463:
155:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
1461:Central Pacific 1941–1943
1439:American Forces in Action
1383:Little, Brown and Company
937:from the Ellice Islands.
923:
555:Aleutian Islands campaign
368:was an engagement of the
314:
240:
209:
194:
175:
128:
58:
47:
30:
25:
1611:Japan–Kiribati relations
1586:Kiribati in World War II
1154:
734:Gilbert Islands invasion
726:Robert C. Richardson Jr.
319:Marshalls–Gilberts raids
1591:Wars involving Kiribati
1299:. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
1287:. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
764:105th Infantry Regiment
722:New York National Guard
470:On 17 August 1942, 211
1405:Cagney, James (2005).
1010:
813:
774:, under Major General
714:27th Infantry Division
509:5th Special Base Force
399:attack on Pearl Harbor
201:27th Infantry Division
176:Commanders and leaders
1372:Morison, Samuel Eliot
1008:
952:from escort carriers
943:Douglas SBD Dauntless
811:
598:Joint Chiefs of Staff
583:Japanese home islands
573:, the envelopment of
255:1 escort carrier sunk
241:Casualties and losses
66:20 – 24 November 1943
1347:The Capture of Makin
1326:The Capture of Makin
1265:The Capture of Makin
1244:The Capture of Makin
1212:The Capture of Makin
950:Grumman TBF Avengers
939:Grumman FM-1 Wildcat
772:193rd Tank Battalion
766:), supported by the
688:On 4 September, the
557:and progress in the
549:U.S. plans to attack
460:Marine raid on Makin
263:17 soldiers captured
1445:on 14 December 2007
1198:21 May 2011 at the
702:2nd Marine Division
571:Operation Cartwheel
267:1 submarine damaged
249:(755 Navy, 66 Army)
101:3.0700°N 172.7890°E
97: /
1485:Crowl, Philip A.;
1472:on 2 February 2012
1353:2011-05-21 at the
1332:2009-04-28 at the
1271:2011-05-21 at the
1250:2011-05-21 at the
1217:2011-05-21 at the
1077:Henry M. Mullinnix
1011:
941:fighters escorted
818:Richmond K. Turner
814:
694:V Amphibious Corps
648:Operation Galvanic
606:Commander in Chief
596:In June 1943, the
563:United States Navy
182:Richmond K. Turner
1576:Conflicts in 1943
1179:Bruce F. Meyers,
992:killed 43 sailors
935:Seventh Air Force
862:landing ship dock
853:attack cargo ship
826:attack transports
602:Chester W. Nimitz
600:directed Admiral
466:Makin Island raid
446:bombing of Rabaul
359:
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219:4 old battleships
217:3 escort carriers
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1090:The loss of the
1063:, detonated the
1026:Capture of Makin
1020:killed in action
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614:Marshall Islands
579:Bismarck Islands
454:Caroline Islands
407:Marshall Islands
370:Pacific campaign
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234:4 anti-tank guns
221:4 heavy cruisers
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120:American victory
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106:3.0700; 172.7890
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1417:on 20 July 2008
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1336:, pp. 124, 130.
1334:Wayback Machine
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1039:Sinking of USS
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778:, a veteran of
760:"Fighting 69th"
730:Central Pacific
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591:Gilbert Islands
559:Solomon Islands
553:The end of the
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543:653rd Air Corps
531:Atoll—the main
521:Nakajima A6M2-N
502:Kwajalein Atoll
484:James Roosevelt
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898:Seizo Ishikawa
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776:Ralph C. Smith
738:James L. Jones
690:U.S. 5th Fleet
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618:Ernest J. King
587:island hopping
567:Chester Nimitz
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464:Main article:
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452:in the nearby
442:heavy cruisers
435:Ellice Islands
419:Howland Island
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195:Units involved
192:
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190:Seizo Ishikawa
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186:Ralph C. Smith
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610:Pacific Fleet
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533:Japanese Navy
530:
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513:Kawanishi H8K
510:
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480:Evans Carlson
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476:Marine Raider
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223:16 destroyers
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19:
1536:. Retrieved
1519:
1503:. Retrieved
1494:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:the original
1460:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:the original
1438:
1419:. Retrieved
1415:the original
1410:
1375:
1346:
1341:
1325:
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1108:
1101:
1096:Thanksgiving
1091:
1089:
1085:Doris Miller
1072:
1068:
1065:Liscome Bay'
1064:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1029:
1016:
1012:
996:
987:
976:
969:
962:
955:
946:dive bombers
932:
918:
902:
875:
865:
856:
847:
841:
836:Leonard Wood
835:
829:
822:Pearl Harbor
815:
792:
785:
757:
751:
687:
644:Nauru Island
622:Pearl Harbor
595:
552:
537:
506:
496:
489:
482:and Captain
469:
439:
423:Baker Island
396:
374:World War II
365:
363:
344:
333:
228:400 soldiers
129:Belligerents
41:World War II
31:Part of the
18:
1411:Pacific War
1311:Liscome Bay
1148:Mississippi
1139:Liscome Bay
1122:Liscome Bay
1114:Liscome Bay
1092:Liscome Bay
1073:Liscome Bay
1069:Liscome Bay
1050:Liscome Bay
1041:Liscome Bay
988:Mississippi
982:bombardment
977:Minneapolis
956:Liscome Bay
914:barbed wire
866:Belle Grove
812:Makin Atoll
780:World War I
706:New Zealand
517:flying boat
474:of the 2nd
444:during the
378:Makin Atoll
252:185 wounded
236:1 submarine
104: /
92:172°47′20″E
76:Makin Atoll
1565:Categories
1505:23 January
1476:23 January
1449:23 January
1421:23 January
1391:B0007FBB8I
1381:. Boston:
1365:References
1143:battleship
1079:, Captain
970:Corregidor
878:Butaritari
802:See also:
732:, for the
708:, and the
525:Aichi E13A
388:Background
261:395 killed
246:821 killed
1528:71-603853
1357:, p. 131.
1275:, p. 124.
1146:USS
1128:Aftermath
1000:M3 Stuart
986:USS
963:Coral Sea
908:concrete
716:based in
710:U.S. Army
704:based in
519:bombers,
345:Hailstone
339:Kwajalein
334:2nd Makin
324:1st Makin
89:3°04′12″N
1548:cite web
1532:Archived
1499:Archived
1489:(1955).
1433:(1946).
1374:(1961).
1351:Archived
1330:Archived
1269:Archived
1248:Archived
1215:Archived
1196:Archived
929:Invasion
788:Kourbash
770:and the
752:Nautilus
633:(USAAF)
515:"Emily"
497:Argonaut
490:Nautilus
411:seaplane
351:Eniwetok
210:Strength
71:Location
910:pillbox
857:Alcyone
842:Calvert
830:Neville
820:, left
798:Prelude
640:Abemama
608:of the
577:in the
538:Chitose
472:Marines
431:Phoenix
380:in the
35:of the
1526:
1389:
1254:p. 78.
1109:Franks
924:Battle
905:lagoon
869:; and
848:Pierce
845:, and
718:Hawaii
627:Ellice
575:Rabaul
529:Tarawa
429:, and
427:Tuvalu
415:Allied
329:Tarawa
166:
152:
140:
117:Result
1538:5 May
1309:"USS
1155:Notes
1118:I-175
1061:I-175
1056:I-175
169:Japan
1554:link
1540:2011
1524:LCCN
1507:2007
1478:2007
1451:2007
1423:2007
1387:ASIN
1107:USS
1105:and
1102:Hull
1100:USS
1048:USS
975:USS
968:USS
966:and
961:USS
954:USS
948:and
888:and
871:LSTs
750:USS
585:by "
541:and
495:USS
493:and
488:USS
450:Truk
433:and
364:The
63:Date
892:(3
712:'s
650:."
372:of
1567::
1550:}}
1546:{{
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1493:.
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860:;
851:;
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833:,
740:,
604:,
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421:,
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78:,
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1542:.
1509:.
1480:.
1453:.
1425:.
1393:.
296:e
289:t
282:v
43:)
39:(
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