740:
were no anti-tank weapons to counter them. The German Air Force constantly flew over the battlefield causing further demoralization. Beginning at 09:00, the 6th P.MG. battalion's line began to unravel, its machine-guns getting knocked out one by one and elements retreating to the rear. At 10:30, ammunition (2,000 rounds per machine-gun) had been depleted, and the remainder of the battalion surrendered. Battalion I/80 to the south was not attacked in force, however its commander recognizing the danger of encirclement from the north ordered a withdrawal. While withdrawing the battalion was attacked by "tank" fire to the rear from very short range, and its remnants, except the 1st company, surrendered at 10:45.
1595:
1472:
1338:
1218:
221:
190:
698:
1761:
1665:
1547:
239:
202:
1857:
1373:
1277:
569:
555:
Pass. Realizing the importance of the
Kleisoura Pass and the organization of the location, the commander of TSKM sent ahead on motor vehicles the infantry battalions I/87 and II/80 as well as two sapper companies and a battalion (two batteries) of mountain artillery on 10 April, to prepare the defences. When the Germans made their first contact on 13 April, the bulk of the 20th Division had not yet arrived at the pass. The Dodecanese Regiment in particular had been scattered in transit, and could not be used until it was reorganised.
136:
1630:
1512:
1930:
29:
577:
arrived. By the fall of the night the regiment had reorganized and took its assigned positions in the center of the location. Stragglers continued arriving until the morning of 14 April. Battalions were at half-strength in manpower and one-third in heavy weapons (machine-guns and mortars). Ammunition, medical and communications materiel stocks had largely been abandoned at
773:
The Greek casualties were heavy, the 80th
Regiment being effectively destroyed. The Germans claimed to have taken 1000 prisoners. The Greek 20th Division pulled the bulk of its 35th Regiment from Vlasti pass (leaving behind one battalion) and concentrated around Smixi, south of 13th Division. For the
751:
TSKM then sought assistance from TSDM. Karassos asked three battalions of infantry from TSDM, which, combined with as much infantry as the 20th
Division could muster as well as its artillery, would counter-attack and recapture the pass. Although agreement was reached, there were not enough transports
714:
Following this development, battalion III/80 which was on reserve, moved at 23:00 to occupy heights 1597 and 1623, setting the positions captured by the
Germans under fire. The Germans remained idle, and did not continue their maneuver. Throughout the night exchange of artillery fire continued, which
710:
Demolitions were carried out along the road between Lehovo and
Kleisoura in order to delay the German advance. The first contact was made at 17:00 on 13 April. German forward elements attacked the Greek line, particularly battalion I/87 on height Sargonitsa. With intense effort and artillery support,
576:
While battalions I/87 and II/80 were already present at the pass since 10 April, the bulk of the 80th
Regiment (battalions I and III) and the 6th Positional Machine-gun battalion began arriving after a night march to Kleisoura village from midday 13 April. At 15:00 about one-third of the regiment had
756:
around
Bilisht. By 20:00 on 14 April, only elements of the I/23 battalion had arrived to the area of the 20th Division, on the saddle of Kastoria, and consequently the counter-attack was never conducted. Instead, the Germans continued their advance, attacking the I/23 battalion and other elements of
769:
The failure to hold the pass had grave consequences for the Greeks, as the German advance directly threatened the main retreat route of TSDM. Although the Greeks would attempt again to stop the
Germans on 15 April east of the road, this time they would fight on open terrain less favourable than the
747:
TSKM, taking knowledge of the situation, ordered the 20th
Division to counter-attack and retake its lost positions. Such a mission however was beyond the capabilities of the scattered division. With the permission from GHQ, the commander of TSKM (Mj. Gen. Karassos) asked W Force commander, Lt. Gen.
743:
The commander of the 20th
Division tried to reorganize the units west of the pass, sending the artillery to the west to cover the infantry, while using a sapper company and the 20th Reconnaissance Group to block the retreat. However the German artillery and air force scattered the Greek columns and
539:
For the Greek divisions on the eastern slopes of Mt. Vermion the withdrawal had very detrimental effects, as it meant the abandoning of well prepared positions, and long night marches (for safety against air strikes). The situation was aggravated by the bad weather which was turning into snowstorms
622:
Col. Panagiotis Dedes, formerly commander of the 21st Brigade, was appointed at the early hours of 14 April to command all Greek units at Kleisoura pass. However he was unable to reach the pass in time due to demolitions on the road, and during the entire battle the commander of 80th regiment, Lt.
739:
From their positions on Sargonitsa height, the Germans opened fire on the flank of the Greek 6th Machine-gun battalion defending Daouli col. From 07:00 the Greek artillery stopped its fire due to the depletion of its ammunition. The German armour fired intensely on the Greek positions while there
731:
From 04:30 the German artillery began pounding the Greek positions, followed by infantry assault. The Germans attacked from both roads on the eastern exit of the pass, using smoke screens and intense machinegun fire for cover. One attack was directed astride the road and north of the ravine Bisti
554:
The Greek 20th Division's task was to occupy and defend the passes of Kleisoura and Vlasti. With the Dodecanese Regiment of the division detached and attached to Mackay Force at Klidi pass, the 80th Regiment was tasked with defending Kleisoura Pass and the 35th Regiment with the defence of Vlasti
715:
depleted the Greek ammunition stocks. A total of 50 Greek officers and soldiers were killed during the fighting of 13 April. The commander of the 20th Division had worries about the morale of its units on the pass, and subsequently requested from TSKM to obtain a battalion from
596:
Infantry battalion I/87 and one company of X border sector (Fanos screening company) deployed defensively on heights Soubrets (1623 m) and Sargonitsa (1386 m) north of the road from Florina, and another company (9th/X Border Sector) on a height northeast of Daouli
3305:
1947:
711:
the attacking Germans managed at 21:00 to throw back the I/87 in disarray, its elements retreating towards heights 1597 and 1623. The 1st company of the battalion, deployed on the left of its line, surrendered to the Germans except for one platoon.
531:
Infantry Divisions), to order a withdrawal from the original defensive line on Mt. Vermion to a new line to the west and south, to accommodate for the developments in Yugoslavia and the emerging danger of a German flanking thrust down the
2941:
617:
Infantry battalion II/80 further to the south of I/80, deployed defensively between heights Stoulma Manou (1534 m) and Petra Markou (1655 m) since 10 April and in good shape; (the battalion saw no action during the
2195:
443:) took place from the evening of 13 April 1941, when first contact was made, until the midday of 14 April, when Greek organized resistance collapsed. The battle was fought over the narrow pass that crosses between
610:
Infantry battalion I/80 deployed defensively on the heights north and south of Kleisoura village, lacking one rifle company and a machine-gun platoon, with its present companies at half-strength and greatly
2118:
1959:
2838:
748:
Wilson, to commit Brig. Charrington's 1st Armoured Brigade for a counter-attack. Although Wilson gave the order, Charrington interpreted it as a "suggestion" rather an order, and ignored it.
2794:
2625:
551:
long enough meant that the Greek units did not have time to reach and organize their assigned positions—some of them actually being cut off by the German advance and never reaching them.
2828:
1942:
3638:
303:
2891:
2886:
2806:
2671:
2090:
2554:
3469:
355:
335:
2876:
2590:
2145:
2645:
2896:
2080:
1098:
296:
3633:
2911:
2640:
365:
2150:
3300:
2881:
1954:
2981:
2585:
2605:
1107:
289:
1861:
851:
2175:
2535:
2428:
2170:
97:
2866:
2564:
2364:
2304:
2190:
2140:
1903:
69:
3584:
2966:
2635:
2544:
1583:
1091:
2559:
504:
39:
604:
The 6th Positional Machine-gun battalion, with great shortages and 10 machine-guns deployed on Daouli col astride the road from
76:
3561:
2848:
3181:
1642:
3648:
3504:
2818:
1534:
83:
2813:
1084:
2440:
736:), while the other was directed south of the ravine and towards the village of Kleisoura and the height Tzouma Manou.
3459:
3222:
2528:
1697:
1000:
65:
2843:
2095:
1692:
1259:
964:
2202:
1817:
1120:
753:
528:
524:
494:
452:
3215:
3201:
2833:
2801:
2518:
2314:
2216:
1612:
1607:
1360:
1350:
716:
520:
54:
935:
3498:
3029:
2620:
1805:
457:
465:
unit of brigade level. The pass was strategically important for it stood on the main Allied defensive line (
3546:
3208:
2945:
2549:
2330:
2238:
2128:
1934:
1677:
1447:
516:
385:
3553:
3518:
3095:
2927:
2630:
2185:
1156:
719:(TSDM) retreating from Albania. At this day artillery Major and commander of the Greek Alpine Battalion,
568:
390:
1832:
3628:
3474:
3454:
3229:
3196:
3191:
2085:
1432:
1299:
330:
90:
3643:
3090:
3073:
3061:
2539:
2513:
2508:
1728:
1408:
1171:
313:
127:
3540:
3295:
3156:
2309:
1652:
1647:
1191:
508:
370:
50:
3623:
3166:
3161:
3115:
3110:
2991:
2681:
2162:
1915:
1910:
1634:
1516:
1494:
1250:
1240:
1181:
990:
758:
512:
380:
360:
17:
855:
2397:
2283:
2278:
2065:
2061:
1898:
697:
614:
Infantry battalion III/80 west of Kleisoura village, in reserve, in similar condition as I/80
3464:
3349:
3332:
3239:
3100:
2758:
2610:
2392:
2123:
1986:
1524:
1437:
548:
419:
375:
340:
3512:
3375:
3234:
2986:
2971:
2233:
1996:
1499:
1245:
1186:
992:
An abridged history of the Greek-Italian and Greek-German war, 1940-1941: (land operations)
345:
1773:
46:
8:
3526:
3370:
3312:
3146:
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2335:
2299:
2273:
2248:
2100:
2075:
2041:
2036:
2006:
1617:
1484:
1355:
585:. The 20th Division’s commander gave orders to immediately supply ammunition from nearby
544:
462:
414:
161:
965:"Βιογραφικό Τχη (ΠΒ) Ιωάννη Παπαρρόδου (Biography of Artillery Major Ioannis Paparrodou"
3317:
3171:
3151:
2773:
2748:
2733:
2345:
2268:
2263:
2026:
2016:
2011:
1991:
1888:
1489:
1235:
1196:
720:
601:
and south of the same road—all since 10 April and in relatively good fighting condition
409:
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3390:
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3322:
3125:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2901:
2871:
2768:
2763:
2723:
2718:
2666:
2600:
2595:
2477:
2457:
2340:
2070:
2056:
2051:
1893:
1778:
1682:
1599:
1476:
1390:
1342:
1222:
1166:
1161:
1132:
996:
482:
194:
1788:
3034:
2906:
2487:
2482:
2472:
2462:
2424:
2031:
2021:
1874:
1856:
1824:
1427:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1254:
1176:
1151:
404:
135:
733:
676:
3380:
3327:
3280:
3267:
2976:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2713:
2615:
2258:
2046:
1783:
1452:
1264:
1230:
939:
670:
578:
397:
2650:
1828:
2580:
2467:
2253:
2243:
1869:
1837:
1800:
1629:
1511:
1294:
640:
436:
243:
540:
on Mt. Vermion, thus further demoralizing the men and slowing down the march.
3617:
3599:
3586:
3385:
3365:
2823:
2357:
1564:
1529:
1309:
1076:
652:
598:
478:
2814:
Defenders of Northern Greece (YVE)/Panhellenic Liberation Organization (PAO)
752:
available to bring the necessary forces from Albania, the closest being the
3533:
3120:
1966:
1884:
1879:
1793:
1765:
1760:
1687:
1669:
1664:
1569:
1559:
1551:
1546:
1314:
1304:
238:
206:
201:
774:
remainder of the war the division would be a non-combat-worthy formation.
3337:
2961:
2374:
1812:
2369:
2180:
1844:
968:
686:
646:
582:
500:
28:
2135:
1929:
932:
605:
586:
474:
543:
The withdrawal was covered by a mixed division-sized unit called “
3433:
623:
Col. Vasilios Mantzouranis, was the effective overall commander.
533:
281:
2555:
Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle (OPLA)
2352:
2001:
1594:
1471:
1337:
1217:
220:
189:
631:
The German units to participate in the battle belonged to the
481:), behind which passed the withdrawal route of the Greek army
507:, commander of W Force, comprising the Australian 1st Corps (
470:
466:
448:
444:
2789:
2523:
3470:
Museum of the Battle of Crete and the National Resistance
3265:
995:. Army History Directorate (Greece). 1997. p. 216.
3639:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Greece
3072:
592:
Between 13 and 14 April the forces on the pass were:
3278:
2560:Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF)
16:For the Greek-Italian battle in January 1941, see
2536:Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA)
1070:, απόδοσις Γεωργίου Γαζή, Αθήναι 1961, page 232,
3615:
2565:Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany (AKFD)
2305:Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organisation (ESPO)
1727:
2545:United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON)
744:the wave of flight overran the blocking units.
732:towards Daouli col, supported by "tanks" (i.e.
2423:
1119:
1106:
3060:
1092:
757:13th division the next day, 15 April, in the
455:which were occupying the pass and the German
297:
967:. Evelpidon Military Academy. Archived from
875:
873:
820:
818:
804:
802:
800:
55:introducing citations to additional sources
2819:Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths (PEAN)
841:, Αθήναι 1959, map 8 and pages 40–41 and 61
794:, Αθήναι 1959, map 8, page 32, also page 61
1099:
1085:
931:Archival research by Lehovo municipality,
852:"Σύνταγμα Δωδεκανησίων, Αγώνας Κλεισούρας"
304:
290:
3634:Battles of World War II involving Germany
3013:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling")
2872:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling")
2795:National Bands of Greek Guerrillas (EOEA)
870:
815:
797:
696:
567:
45:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2844:Northern Epirus Liberation Front (MAVI)
2790:National Republican Greek League (EDES)
651:2nd SS Infantry Battalion (mot), under
645:1st SS Infantry Battalion (mot), under
499:The rapid German advance through south
3616:
3562:What Did You Do in the War, Thanasis?
3415:
3264:
3059:
2802:National and Social Liberation (EKKA)
2529:Greek People's Liberation Navy (ELAN)
2524:Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS)
2422:
1726:
1118:
1080:
1068:Η Γερμανική Εκστρατεία Εις Την Ελλάδα
685:SS Reconnaissance Battalion 1, under
639:Regimental Headquarters Staff, under
547:Force” at Klidi Pass. Mackay Force’s
536:valley, behind the Mt. Vermion line.
285:
140:Kleisoura pass Greek plan of defense.
2834:National Organization of Crete (ΕΟΚ)
2606:Protests against labour mobilization
669:SS Anti-aircraft Battalion 1, under
22:
3023:Asopos Bridge (Operation "Washing")
957:
13:
549:failure to hold the German advance
311:
14:
3660:
3416:
2519:Union of People's Democracy (ELD)
666:SS Heavy Infantry Battalion (mot)
1928:
1855:
1759:
1663:
1628:
1593:
1545:
1510:
1470:
1371:
1336:
1275:
1216:
1121:1940–1941 Balkans Campaign
933:http://www.lehovo.gr/istoria.php
626:
451:, between elements of the Greek
237:
225:Col. Miltiadis Papakonstantinou
219:
200:
188:
134:
38:relies largely or entirely on a
27:
2514:Socialist Party of Greece (SKE)
2509:Communist Party of Greece (KKE)
2203:Rescue of the Jews of Zakynthos
1061:
1048:
1035:
1022:
1009:
983:
944:
925:
663:5th SS Infantry Battalion (mot)
660:4th SS Infantry Battalion (mot)
657:3rd SS Infantry Battalion (mot)
563:
495:Balkans Campaign (World War II)
230:Lt. Col. Vasilios Mantzouranis
2315:Greek National Socialist Party
2310:National Union of Greece (EEE)
1613:Central Macedonia Army Section
1608:Eastern Macedonia Army Section
1361:Western Macedonia Army Section
912:
899:
886:
844:
831:
784:
717:Western Macedonia Army Section
521:Central Macedonia Army Section
1:
3030:Kidnapping of Heinrich Kreipe
488:
458:Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler
2892:Execution of Josef Salminger
1729:Occupation and collaboration
777:
764:
723:, was killed by enemy fire.
517:British 1st Armoured Brigade
483:engaged against the Italians
7:
3649:April 1941 events in Europe
3266:Liberation and road to the
2928:Expulsion of Cham Albanians
2186:Jewish cemetery of Salonica
2037:Cephalonia (Acqui Division)
726:
705:
10:
3665:
3499:Captain Corelli's Mandolin
3455:Holocaust Museum of Greece
2091:Larissa concentration camp
2086:Haidari concentration camp
1300:Sebastiano Visconti Prasca
1108:Greece during World War II
1032:, Αθήναι 1959, pages 65–67
883:, Αθήναι 1959, pages 63–64
558:
492:
441:Αγώνας στενωπού Κλεισούρας
66:"Battle of Kleisoura Pass"
15:
3483:
3460:Kalavryta Massacre Museum
3442:
3426:
3422:
3411:
3358:
3288:
3274:
3260:
3180:
3134:
3083:
3068:
3062:Greek government-in-exile
3055:
3000:
2954:
2940:
2920:
2859:
2782:
2706:
2699:
2672:5/42 Regiment dissolution
2659:
2573:
2501:
2450:
2439:
2435:
2418:
2385:
2323:
2292:
2226:
2215:
2196:Expropriation of property
2171:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
2161:
2109:
1979:
1926:
1853:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1735:
1722:
1661:
1626:
1591:
1582:
1543:
1508:
1468:
1461:
1420:
1407:
1369:
1334:
1327:
1273:
1214:
1207:
1144:
1131:
1127:
1114:
692:
440:
321:
262:
249:
212:
181:
144:
133:
128:German invasion of Greece
125:
120:
3541:The 11th Day: Crete 1941
3296:National Bands Agreement
3157:Panagiotis Kanellopoulos
2942:British Military Mission
2550:National Solidarity (EA)
2119:Greek economy, 1941–1944
1833:Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller
1648:2nd New Zealand Division
1192:Italian spring offensive
572:The village of Kleisoura
509:2nd New Zealand Division
433:Battle of Kleisoura Pass
164:, West Macedonia, Greece
121:Battle of Kleisoura Pass
3600:40.535185°N 21.469722°E
3475:Thessaloniki War Museum
3167:Christodoulos Tsigantes
3162:Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos
2992:Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz
1653:6th Australian Division
1495:Konstantinos Bakopoulos
1241:Charalambos Katsimitros
1056:Το Τέλος Μιας Εποποιίας
1043:Το Τέλος Μιας Εποποιίας
1030:Το Τέλος Μιας Εποποιίας
1017:Το Τέλος Μιας Εποποιίας
952:Το Τέλος Μιας Εποποιίας
920:Το Τέλος Μιας Εποποιίας
907:Το Τέλος Μιας Εποποιίας
894:Το Τέλος Μιας Εποποιίας
881:Το Τέλος Μιας Εποποιίας
839:Το Τέλος Μιας Εποποιίας
826:Το Τέλος Μιας Εποποιίας
810:Το Τέλος Μιας Εποποιίας
792:Το Τέλος Μιας Εποποιίας
759:Battle of Lake Kastoria
682:SS Engineer Battalion 1
513:6th Australian Division
18:Capture of Klisura Pass
2651:Killing of Franz Krech
2398:Executions of Kokkinia
2284:Dionysios Papadongonas
2279:Ioannis Plytzanopoulos
1693:1st Parachute Division
1412:(April–May 1941)
1260:Dimitrios Papadopoulos
1058:, Αθήναι 1959, page 66
1045:, Αθήναι 1959, page 65
1019:, Αθήναι 1959, page 64
954:, Αθήναι 1959, page 63
938:31 August 2011 at the
922:, Αθήναι 1959, page 62
909:, Αθήναι 1959, page 62
896:, Αθήναι 1959, page 62
828:, Αθήναι 1959, page 41
812:, Αθήναι 1959, page 61
702:
573:
453:20th Infantry Division
213:Commanders and leaders
3376:Archbishop Damaskinos
3333:Percentages agreement
2759:Konstantinos Ventiris
2146:Occupation Reichsmark
1698:5th Mountain Division
1525:Henry Maitland Wilson
1351:8th Infantry Division
700:
571:
493:Further information:
263:Casualties and losses
3605:40.535185; 21.469722
3548:The Guns of Navarone
3513:Ill Met by Moonlight
3192:3rd Mountain Brigade
2987:George Psychoundakis
2972:Patrick Leigh Fermor
2636:Pinerolo disarmament
2234:Georgios Tsolakoglou
1643:1st Armoured Brigade
1635:British Commonwealth
1517:British Commonwealth
1500:Georgios Tsolakoglou
1246:Konstantinos Davakis
51:improve this article
3596: /
3527:Ipolochagos Natassa
3371:Georgios Papandreou
3147:Emmanouil Tsouderos
3018:Operation "Animals"
3008:Operation "Albumen"
2729:Komninos Pyromaglou
2687:Red Terror (Greece)
2631:1943 Athens protest
2596:Gorgopotamos Bridge
2493:Evripidis Bakirtzis
2441:National Liberation
2336:Alcibiades Diamandi
2300:Security Battalions
2274:George S. Mercouris
2249:Sotirios Gotzamanis
2191:Baron Hirsch ghetto
1818:XXII Mountain Corps
1618:Epirus Army Section
1356:Epirus Army Section
463:mechanized infantry
3465:Kalpaki War Museum
3318:Lebanon Conference
3184:in the Middle East
3182:Greek Armed Forces
3172:Pafsanias Katsotas
3152:Sofoklis Venizelos
2839:Hellenic Army (ES)
2774:Kimonas Zografakis
2749:Vasileios Sachinis
2734:Antonis Fosteridis
2700:Non-EAM resistance
2365:Cham collaboration
2346:Vassilis Rapotikas
2269:Nikolaos Bourantas
2264:Friedrich Schubert
2239:K. Logothetopoulos
1889:Carlo Vecchiarelli
1490:Alexandros Papagos
1236:Alexandros Papagos
721:Ioannis Paparrodou
703:
574:
523:(TSKM, comprising
3629:Conflicts in 1941
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3492:Aera! Aera! Aera!
3450:Athens War Museum
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3391:Nikos Zachariadis
3343:Treaty of Varkiza
3328:Operation "Manna"
3323:Caserta Agreement
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3111:April 1944 mutiny
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3042:
2977:Bill Stanley Moss
2936:
2935:
2887:Skala Paramythias
2764:Manolis Paterakis
2724:Dimitrios Psarros
2719:Georgios Kartalis
2695:
2694:
2667:Feneos executions
2478:Alexandros Svolos
2458:Aris Velouchiotis
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2341:Nicolaos Matussis
2211:
2210:
2096:200 of Kaisariani
1975:
1974:
1806:LXVIII Army Corps
1779:Hermann Neubacher
1774:Günther Altenburg
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1683:XXXX Panzer Corps
1578:
1577:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1323:
1322:
1136:(1940–1941)
1133:Greco-Italian War
971:on 23 August 2011
701:Map of the battle
428:
427:
280:
279:
273:
233:
228:
177:
176:
116:
115:
101:
3656:
3644:Battle of Greece
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3424:
3423:
3413:
3412:
3309:
3286:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3262:
3261:
3081:
3080:
3074:Greek government
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3035:Damasta sabotage
2952:
2951:
2704:
2703:
2540:National Council
2488:Markos Vafeiadis
2483:Ilias Tsirimokos
2473:Georgios Siantos
2463:Stefanos Sarafis
2448:
2447:
2437:
2436:
2420:
2419:
2224:
2223:
2217:Collaborationist
2154:
1963:
1951:
1933:
1932:
1907:
1875:Pellegrino Ghigi
1860:
1859:
1825:Alexander Andrae
1764:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1724:
1723:
1678:XVIII Army Corps
1668:
1667:
1633:
1632:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1550:
1549:
1535:Bernard Freyberg
1515:
1514:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1428:Operation Lustre
1418:
1417:
1413:
1376:
1375:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1290:Benito Mussolini
1280:
1279:
1255:Ioannis Pitsikas
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1116:
1115:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1006:
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
961:
955:
948:
942:
929:
923:
916:
910:
903:
897:
890:
884:
877:
868:
867:
865:
863:
858:on 22 March 2012
854:. Archived from
848:
842:
835:
829:
822:
813:
806:
795:
788:
770:Kleisoura pass.
675:SS Assault gun (
442:
316:
306:
299:
292:
283:
282:
271:
242:
241:
231:
226:
224:
223:
205:
204:
193:
192:
152:13–14 April 1941
146:
145:
138:
118:
117:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
31:
23:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3614:
3613:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3567:
3484:Popular culture
3479:
3438:
3418:
3395:
3381:Georgios Grivas
3354:
3303:
3301:Plaka agreement
3270:
3244:
3183:
3176:
3130:
3075:
3064:
3039:
2996:
2967:Monty Woodhouse
2932:
2916:
2855:
2778:
2754:Lela Karagianni
2744:Ilias Degiannis
2739:Kostas Perrikos
2714:Napoleon Zervas
2691:
2655:
2626:Kournovo Tunnel
2569:
2497:
2442:
2431:
2402:
2381:
2319:
2288:
2259:Georgios Poulos
2218:
2207:
2157:
2148:
2141:Compulsory loan
2111:
2105:
1971:
1957:
1955:Trifon Trifonov
1945:
1927:
1922:
1911:VIII Army Corps
1901:
1854:
1849:
1784:Walter Schimana
1758:
1750:
1741:
1731:
1702:
1662:
1657:
1627:
1622:
1592:
1574:
1544:
1539:
1509:
1504:
1469:
1457:
1411:
1410:
1409:German invasion
1395:
1370:
1365:
1335:
1319:
1274:
1269:
1265:Georgios Kosmas
1231:Ioannis Metaxas
1215:
1203:
1135:
1134:
1123:
1110:
1105:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1010:
1003:
989:
988:
984:
974:
972:
963:
962:
958:
949:
945:
940:Wayback Machine
930:
926:
917:
913:
904:
900:
891:
887:
878:
871:
861:
859:
850:
849:
845:
836:
832:
823:
816:
807:
798:
789:
785:
780:
767:
729:
708:
695:
671:Bernhard Krause
629:
566:
561:
497:
491:
429:
424:
317:
312:
310:
270:1,000 captured
269:
236:
229:
227:(20th Division)
218:
199:
187:
165:
139:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
44:
32:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3662:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3624:1941 in Greece
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3495:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3283:
3272:
3271:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3240:336th Squadron
3237:
3235:335th Squadron
3232:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3203:Vasilissa Olga
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:King George II
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3084:Events/Battles
3078:
3066:
3065:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2982:Themis Marinos
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2949:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2769:Petrakogiorgis
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2581:Drama uprising
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2468:Andreas Tzimas
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2445:
2433:
2432:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2254:Georgios Bakos
2251:
2246:
2244:Ioannis Rallis
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1952:
1939:
1937:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1899:III Army Corps
1896:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1870:Angelico Carta
1866:
1864:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1838:Fortress Crete
1822:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1801:Hellmuth Felmy
1798:
1797:
1796:
1789:Alexander Löhr
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1752:
1743:
1733:
1732:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1485:King George II
1481:
1479:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1443:Kleisoura Pass
1440:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1295:Galeazzo Ciano
1292:
1286:
1284:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1139:
1125:
1124:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1060:
1047:
1034:
1021:
1008:
1001:
982:
956:
943:
924:
911:
898:
885:
869:
843:
830:
814:
796:
782:
781:
779:
776:
766:
763:
728:
725:
707:
704:
694:
691:
690:
689:
683:
680:
673:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
649:
643:
641:Josef Dietrich
628:
625:
620:
619:
615:
612:
608:
602:
565:
562:
560:
557:
503:prompted Gen.
490:
487:
475:river Aliakmon
471:Mt. Siniatsiko
449:Mt. Siniatsiko
426:
425:
423:
422:
417:
412:
407:
401:
400:
394:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
351:Kleisoura Pass
348:
343:
338:
333:
327:
326:
325:Greek mainland
322:
319:
318:
314:Greek campaign
309:
308:
301:
294:
286:
278:
277:
274:
272:(German claim)
265:
264:
260:
259:
256:
252:
251:
247:
246:
244:Josef Dietrich
234:
215:
214:
210:
209:
197:
184:
183:
179:
178:
175:
174:
173:German victory
171:
167:
166:
160:
158:
154:
153:
150:
142:
141:
131:
130:
123:
122:
114:
113:
49:. Please help
35:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3661:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3612:
3609:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:Commemoration
3414:
3410:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Angelos Evert
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:Ronald Scobie
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:13th Squadron
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Prometheus II
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2807:5/42 Regiment
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:Organizations
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
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1530:Thomas Blamey
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1310:Ugo Cavallero
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1251:Markos Drakos
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1162:Korytsa/Korcë
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1157:Elaia–Kalamas
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1002:9789607897015
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754:13th Division
749:
745:
741:
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735:
724:
722:
718:
712:
699:
688:
684:
681:
679:) Battalion 1
678:
677:Sturmgeschütz
674:
672:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
654:
653:Theodor Wisch
650:
648:
644:
642:
638:
637:
636:
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627:German forces
624:
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391:Corinth Canal
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361:Lake Kastoria
359:
357:
356:Siatista Pass
354:
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344:
342:
339:
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336:Pisoderi Pass
334:
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78:
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71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
48:
42:
41:
40:single source
36:This article
34:
30:
25:
24:
19:
3581:
3560:
3547:
3539:
3534:Mediterraneo
3532:
3525:
3511:
3497:
3490:
3350:White Terror
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
2877:Agia Kyriaki
2867:ESPO bombing
2849:
2621:Sarantaporos
2591:Mikro Chorio
2331:Roman Legion
2176:Thessaloniki
2124:Great Famine
2112:exploitation
1967:Asen Sirakov
1885:Carlo Geloso
1880:Piero Parini
1829:Bruno Bräuer
1794:Army Group E
1688:Luftflotte 4
1570:Kurt Student
1560:Wilhelm List
1442:
1433:Metaxas Line
1315:Carlo Geloso
1305:Ubaldo Soddu
1182:Klisura Pass
1067:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1042:
1037:
1029:
1024:
1016:
1011:
991:
985:
973:. Retrieved
969:the original
959:
951:
946:
927:
919:
914:
906:
901:
893:
888:
880:
862:22 September
860:. Retrieved
856:the original
846:
838:
833:
825:
809:
791:
786:
772:
768:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:assault guns
730:
713:
709:
632:
630:
621:
591:
575:
564:Greek forces
553:
542:
538:
519:) and Greek
498:
456:
432:
430:
350:
331:Metaxas Line
182:Belligerents
126:Part of the
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
37:
3603: /
3338:Dekemvriana
3304: [
3279:Prelude to
3224:Papanikolis
3197:Sacred Band
3101:Wadi Akarit
3091:Mareth Line
2962:Eddie Myers
2611:Fardykambos
2443:Front (EAM)
2429:Free Greece
2375:Xhemil Dino
2149: [
2062:Kallikratis
1958: [
1946: [
1943:Ivan Markov
1902: [
1813:Hubert Lanz
1749:Leaders and
1448:Thermopylae
1172:Morava–Ivan
485:in Albania.
479:Mt. Olympos
420:42nd Street
386:Thermopylae
376:Tempe Gorge
232:(80th Reg.)
3618:Categories
3591:21°28′11″E
3588:40°32′07″N
3313:Red Terror
3106:Dodecanese
3096:El Alamein
3001:Operations
2921:Atrocities
2860:Operations
2660:Atrocities
2646:Agorelitsa
2574:Operations
2425:Resistance
2393:Paramythia
2386:Atrocities
2219:government
2181:Zvi Koretz
2101:Chortiatis
2066:Kali Sykia
1980:Atrocities
1916:XXVI Corps
1845:Max Merten
1187:Trebeshina
687:Kurt Meyer
647:Fritz Witt
583:Ptolemaida
501:Yugoslavia
489:Background
346:Ptolemaida
77:newspapers
3281:Civil War
3268:civil war
3126:Santorini
2897:Xirovouni
2850:others...
2677:Meligalas
2081:Kleisoura
2042:Mesovouno
2027:Domenikon
2017:Lingiades
2012:Kalavryta
1997:Alikianos
1987:Kondomari
1894:11th Army
1740:Occupying
1391:11th Army
778:Footnotes
765:Aftermath
445:Mt. Vitsi
415:Heraklion
162:Kleisoura
107:June 2011
47:talk page
3217:Katsonis
3076:in exile
2370:Këshilla
2136:DEGRIGES
2110:Economic
1992:Kandanos
1935:Bulgaria
1751:commands
1386:9th Army
1197:Hill 731
936:Archived
727:14 April
706:13 April
611:fatigued
606:Amyntaio
587:Kastoria
467:Mt.Vitsi
410:Rethymno
250:Strength
157:Location
3443:Museums
3434:Ohi Day
2944: (
2902:Trahili
2601:Meritsa
2071:Anogeia
2057:Viannos
2052:Vorizia
2032:Drakeia
2022:Distomo
2007:Kommeno
1766:Germany
1670:Germany
1552:Germany
1462:Leaders
1421:Battles
1208:Leaders
1167:Saranda
1145:Battles
975:31 July
618:battle)
579:Komnina
559:Prelude
534:Florina
371:Olympus
276:unknown
255:unknown
207:Germany
91:scholar
3427:Events
3359:People
3289:Events
3210:Adrias
3135:People
3116:Rimini
2955:People
2912:Dodona
2907:Menina
2829:Apollo
2707:People
2682:Kilkis
2641:Steiri
2451:People
2353:Ohrana
2227:People
2076:Kedros
2047:Pyrgoi
2002:Doxato
1742:powers
1600:Greece
1477:Greece
1343:Greece
1223:Greece
1177:Himara
1152:Pindus
999:
693:Battle
545:Mackay
505:Wilson
405:Maleme
381:Athens
366:Servia
195:Greece
170:Result
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
3308:]
2882:Milia
2616:Porta
2153:]
1962:]
1950:]
1906:]
1862:Italy
1584:Units
1453:Crete
1378:Italy
1328:Units
1282:Italy
633:LSSAH
437:Greek
398:Crete
268:heavy
258:6,500
98:JSTOR
84:books
3554:film
3519:film
3505:film
3121:Symi
2586:Ryka
2538:and
2427:and
2129:GWRA
2064:and
1887:and
1831:and
1438:Vevi
1253:and
1054:ΔΙΣ,
1041:ΔΙΣ,
1028:ΔΙΣ,
1015:ΔΙΣ,
997:ISBN
977:2011
950:ΔΙΣ,
918:ΔΙΣ,
905:ΔΙΣ,
892:ΔΙΣ,
879:ΔΙΣ,
864:2011
837:ΔΙΣ,
824:ΔΙΣ,
808:ΔΙΣ,
790:ΔΙΣ,
581:and
529:20th
527:and
525:12th
515:and
461:, a
447:and
431:The
341:Vevi
149:Date
70:news
2946:SOE
599:col
53:by
3620::
3306:el
2151:el
1960:bg
1948:bg
1904:it
1827:,
872:^
817:^
799:^
761:.
635::
589:.
511:,
477:–
473:–
469:–
439::
2948:)
1100:e
1093:t
1086:v
1005:.
979:.
866:.
435:(
305:e
298:t
291:v
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
57:.
43:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
