Battle of Jenkins' Ferry

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wagons in the swamp north of the Saline River. The Confederates did not renew the attack as Steele's men crossed the pontoon bridge on the afternoon of April 30. Not only were the Confederates exhausted from the morning's battle, but the Federal forces had set up artillery and infantry on the opposite side of the river to protect the remaining Federal soldiers as they crossed the bridge. After crossing the Saline River, Steele's forces cut and burned the pontoon bridge, which they would not need for the remainder of their march. With no way to get across the river, the Confederates could not follow them. By not trapping Steele's force at Camden or cutting them off before they reached the Saline River, the Confederates under Kirby Smith lost a good chance to destroy Steele's army, which was the major portion of Federal forces in Arkansas. After crossing the river and three days' further march, Steele's forces regrouped within the fortifications of Little Rock.

907:. His force was harassed by Confederate cavalry as General Marmaduke's men caught up to the federal column on their approach to the Saline River. When Steele's forces reached Jenkins' Ferry on the swollen river, they had to stop to construct their pontoon bridge to get across. The remaining 10,000 Confederates under Kirby Smith and Price then caught up to Steele, who also had about 10,000 men remaining from his original forces. The Confederates brought on a battle by attacking the Federal rearguard in the early morning of April 30, 1864. Steele's cavalry had been able to cross the Saline River overnight on April 29. Now Steele had to fight off Kirby Smith's army before his infantry forces could finish their efforts to get their wagons, artillery, and remaining troops over their pontoon bridge river crossing. 1043:

wagons, artillery, equipment, cavalry, and infantry across the Saline River and escape back to Little Rock's safety. However, Steele's victory was hollow from a strategic viewpoint. Kirby Smith's forces held the battlefield, prevented Steele from joining with or further assisting Banks, and forced Steele's continued retreat back to Little Rock. In the campaign overall, Steele had lost 3,000 men to Smith's loss of 2,000. Many of Kirby Smith's men were lightly wounded. Steele had lost 10 artillery pieces to balance with three captured. He also lost 635 wagons, 2,500 mules, enough horses to mount a cavalry brigade and a long list of captured material, including ammunition, food and medical supplies. The Federal force lost General Rice while the Confederate force lost General Scurry and Colonel Randal.

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effort appears to have been possible. The Confederates also failed to concentrate on the more vulnerable Federal left flank at the outset, choosing instead to pursue frontal assaults across Kelly's field, where the Southern lines of infantry were devastated by Federal fire. Assuming Rice had left this weak spot in, or just beyond, his defenses, the Confederates' early missed opportunity to attack in this area with concentrated force allowed Rice to see the possible vulnerability in his position and to extend and protect the left flank of the Federal line. After the Federal left flank was closed off, any opportunity for a successful Confederate attack at that point and any realistic chance Kirby Smith and Price might have had to trap most of Steele's force was gone.

723:, at Arkadelphia. A Federal cavalry force of about 2,000 men from Pine Bluff, Arkansas, was supposed to keep watch on the Confederate garrison at Camden, divert attention from Steele's movement, and eventually to join up with Steele. Even though Steele was three weeks behind schedule, he did not find Thayer at Arkadelphia when his forces arrived there on March 29, 1864. Steele's men had marched for the last three days in the rain on already reduced rations. The people of the poor country along the route of the march were destitute and there was little food or forage to be had. After waiting until April 1, 1864, with his supplies being further depleted and no word from Thayer, Steele moved southwest toward 161: 835:. One source stated that the Confederates killed or captured "most" of the United States Army escort of 1,170 infantry and cavalry and four artillery pieces during the battle on April 18, 1864. Another source states that the U.S. forces lost 301 men, mostly killed or missing. The Confederates killed some African-American soldiers from the escort in this battle as they tried to surrender, according to reports from the field. About the time the remnants of the federal force who were not killed or captured at Poison Spring stumbled back into Camden, Steele learned that General Banks had turned back in his drive toward Shreveport after being defeated at the 194: 863:'s larger Texas division with Kirby Smith. Kirby Smith had decided that Steele was a bigger threat and a bigger prize, than Banks when Banks continued to retreat after the battle of Pleasant Hill on April 9, 1864. Kirby Smith thought he could destroy Steele's force and perhaps still turn back and trap Banks later. Taylor vehemently disagreed with this decision and wanted to attack Banks immediately. Nonetheless, Taylor could not convince Kirby Smith to change his plan. As Banks appeared to be waiting for the naval force at Alexandria, Louisiana, Kirby Smith became even more certain that his decision was correct and he had time to execute it. 934:

and the riverbank and approaches became a quagmire of mud and standing water. The tired and famished Federal troops could not construct their pontoon bridge and get their wagons and artillery out of the mud and over the river during the night, although the Federal cavalry did get across. Since the Federal commanders realized that Kirby Smith's Confederate forces were rushing to catch up to them, a United States Army rearguard built breastworks and took a formidable defensive position to oppose the Confederates when they arrived in force on the morning of April 30. With Steele continuing to supervise the river crossing, Brigadier-General

181: 143: 261: 2538: 1012: 971: 668: 1079:, as Lieutenant-General Grant would have preferred, rather than attempt to take Shreveport under Halleck's plan. The United States Army tied up significant forces in the Red River Campaign and lost significant numbers of artillery pieces, wagons, mules and supplies that could have been used in the more decisive campaigns further east. However, Kirby Smith could not get his forces back to Alexandria in time for a further attempt to capture or destroy Banks's force. The disruption and retreat of Federal forces in Arkansas also cleared the way for 887:. Steele thus gained a head start on the Confederates, who pursued the federal force as soon as they realized that Steele had withdrawn from Camden. First, the Confederates had to get across the swollen and bridgeless Ouachita River on the morning of April 28 by constructing a raft bridge. This delay allowed Steele to get a further head start, although rain soon slowed him down. The Confederates struggled through the rain, as well, but they did not have as many wagons or as much equipment to slow down their pursuit. 756:, on April 10, 1864. On April 12, Steele feinted toward Washington, where Price had moved to resist Steele's presumed objective to take the town. Steele then sidestepped the Confederates with a move to Camden, which was out of the way for a march to Shreveport. After brushing aside Marmaduke's cavalry 14 miles (23 km) from Camden, Steele's force occupied Camden on April 15, 1864. Price had earlier evacuated that fortified town in order to defend the temporary Confederate state capital at Washington, Arkansas. 847:

fire from the river banks. Porter had to return not only because of Banks's retreat but because his flotilla was in danger of being stranded by uncommonly low water levels in the Red River. Although the boats were freed from the Red River by May 13 through skillful engineering and damming of the river, Banks had to wait at Alexandria when Porter's boats were bottled up to protect the fleet from Confederate attack from the shore. Only after the boats were safely down the river could Banks move in any direction.

926: 874:, operating under Price, captured a Federal wagon train of between 211 and 240 wagons and 1,300 men of the escort which Steele had sent to seek supplies from the federal depot at Pine Bluff. Only about 150 of the 1,400 to 1,700 U.S. soldiers escaped after a five–hour fight. Fagan had about 300 casualties in the engagement. Reports showed his men killed wounded African-American soldiers at the end of the battle. The Confederates, in turn, would pay for this at the battle of Jenkins' Ferry. 1031:

numbers would doubtless have been much higher, perhaps 800 to 1,000, if Walker's Texas division's losses were known. Walker filed no report on the battle. Officially reported but incomplete Federal casualties were 63 killed, 413 wounded, and 45 missings, a total of 521 casualties. The U.S. total casualty figure was incomplete because Brigadier-General John Thayer filed no report. As noted above, in view of the incomplete or missing casualty reports, historians

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vulnerable and only after failed Confederate efforts to turn his left flank did Rice extend the left end of his line until it rested on a steep wooded slope. The difficult approach to the Federal position was only about four hundred yards wide and would allow at most only 4,000 Confederate infantry to attack at one time. In the event, the Confederates attacked in an even more piecemeal manner.

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and southwest of the Saline River. Steele's decision to retreat to Little Rock, therefore, was a good one. Banks, in turn had to give up any hope of renewing his campaign against Shreveport. His major problems in renewing the campaign actually did not include an insufficient number of men, however, because he was reinforced in late April by forces under Major-General

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gave up the piecemeal attacks on the Federal position. Before leaving the field, some African-American soldiers of the 2nd Kansas Colored regiment shot Confederate wounded near Rice's line in retaliation for the shooting of African-American soldiers who were trying to surrender at Poison Spring and the killing of wounded African-American soldiers at Marks' Mill.

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to them through the mud as the Confederate attackers were attempting to do. They also could simply fire into a narrow area where the Confederates had to attack and achieve effective results. The mud and standing water prevented cavalry and artillery from participating much in the battle. In fact, the Confederates lost three artillery pieces to a charge by the

1055:. Banks had logistical problems and would not have gunboat transport and support because of Porter's inability to operate in the shallow water of the Red River during that spring and summer. In fact, Banks had to protect Porter's fleet at Alexandria, Louisiana, until it could be freed from the Red River on May 13 before he could move in any direction. 1780:"In the spring of 1864, three Civil War battles took place in south-central Arkansas that were part of the United States Army's "Red River Campaign." Arkansas's three state historic parks that commemorate these battles—Poison Spring, Marks' Mills and Jenkins' Ferry—are part of the Red River Campaign National Historic Landmark." 1912:. Combines into one volume the original 5 volume work published by ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California in 2000. Article on "Battle of Jenkins' Ferry", pp. 1068–1069 by Gregory J. W. Urwin. Article on "Red River Campaign," p. 1616 by R. Blake Dunnavent. Article on "Battle of Westport," p. 2093, by Mark J. Lause. 1050:

After his situation had become hopeless at Camden, Steele gave up all thoughts of uniting with Banks on the Red River in a further campaign to take Shreveport and realized that he had to save his army. The battle of Jenkins' Ferry showed that Steele's force indeed was in danger while it was at Camden

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Kirby Smith's last hope to destroy Steele's army outside of his well-fortified base at Little Rock was dashed as a result of the mismanaged, disjointed, and piecemeal attacks at Jenkins' Ferry. However, while the Federal position and weather conditions limited Confederate options, a more concentrated

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away from Shreveport in support of Banks's effort to take that city. Nonetheless, Banks obviously planned for Steele to join him in the attempt to take Shreveport, not just to occupy Camden temporarily. Even Grant sent a telegram to Steele which told Steele that a demonstration alone was insufficient

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Gunpowder smoke added to a blanket of fog soon after the battle began. This smoke and fog made it nearly impossible for the opposing forces to see each other except by crouching down low. This served to help the defenders more since they were mainly lying behind their works and not attempting to get

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the day after the battle of Mansfield. His force also outnumbered the Confederate force, but Banks thought otherwise, so he continued his retreat toward Alexandria. Meanwhile, Admiral Porter had to retreat down the Red River and back toward the Mississippi River while under near-constant Confederate

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Despite some Confederate disappointment in not destroying, through casualties or capture, most of the U.S. forces engaged in the Red River Campaign, the Confederates had a considerable tactical victory. The Federals lost over 8,000 men in the Red River Campaign, including the Camden Expedition, and

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The Battle of Jenkins' Ferry may be counted as a Federal victory, at least tactically. Not only did the Confederates sustain more casualties, but Steele's Federal troops successfully held back the attacking Confederates. This allowed the Federal forces time and space to move most of their remaining

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General Steele's Federal forces reached Jenkins' Ferry, Arkansas, on the Saline River at 2:00 p.m. on April 29, 1864, in their retreat from Camden, Arkansas, to their base at Little Rock, Arkansas. They found that the river was swollen by heavy rain. The rain continued in torrents on April 29,

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Meanwhile, on April 28, Price sent Samuel Maxey's division of two cavalry brigades back to Oklahoma and Texas to attend to reported threats to that territory by another federal force. Brigadier-General Fagan, who had commanded the victorious Confederate forces at Marks Mill, took off on independent

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By about 3:00 p.m. on April 30, 1864, the Federal forces finally crossed the Saline River with all their remaining men and the artillery pieces and equipment and supply wagons which were not irretrievably stuck in the mud, which they burned. Steele's forces were compelled to abandon many more

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to the battle as soon as they arrived on the field. In turn, they each made little headway because they had no cover for an attack, and the approach to the Federal position was ankle to knee-deep in mud and pools of water. These Confederate divisions were sent into the attack piecemeal, brigade by

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also was mortally wounded in the final Confederate assault at Jenkins' Ferry. After taking about 1,000 casualties in their repeated attacks against the well-fortified Federal troops, while inflicting only about 700 casualties on the defenders, including the capture of stragglers, the Confederates

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and rifle pits. Rice's lines were protected by Cox Creek, sometimes shown as Toxie Creek, on the right. While some accounts have stated that an impassable cane swamp bordered the Federal position on one side and thick, rain-drenched timber on the other, other sources state that the left flank was

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Steele had hoped to be resupplied from depots at Little Rock and Pine Bluff and to collect provisions from the countryside. He was denied significant resupply when Confederate cavalry forces of 1,700 troopers under Brigadier-General Marmaduke and 1,600 additional troopers under Brigadier-General

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Steele was now desperately short of supplies, outnumbered, and in danger of being surrounded at Camden. After his senior officers agreed with him that he had no other reasonable choice, Steele ordered a night withdrawal toward Little Rock on April 26 and the early morning of April 27, 1864. The

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Considering the numbers engaged and percentage of casualties, the Jenkins' Ferry battle was one of the Civil War's bloodiest battles. Both armies paid dearly for the engagement. The Confederates officially reported 86 men killed, 356 wounded, and one missing, for a total of 443 casualties. The

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On April 23, 1864, when Steele received the dispatch from Banks asking that he join Banks so they could move again on Shreveport, Steele responded that he was in no position to join Banks. He also noted that he now faced not only Confederate cavalry but Price's returned infantry and additional

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of the Ouachita River. Fagan also failed to occupy a position across Steele's supply and communication lines between Camden and Little Rock, as Price had ordered. Fagan probably was looking for food and forage for his own force. Fagan was not in immediate communication with Price and not in a

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Before dawn on April 30, 1864, Marmaduke's Confederate cavalry troopers arrived near Jenkins' Ferry, dismounted and skirmished with Steele's rear guard infantry force about 2 miles (3.2 km) from the Saline River crossing. Rice had placed the Federal forces behind breastworks,

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Maxey overwhelmed a federal foraging expedition under the command of Colonel James M. Williams, which would have been successful had it been able to return to Camden. The Confederates captured 170 wagons and teams from a 198-wagon supply train and destroyed the other wagons at the

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position to know about Steele's recent movements out of Camden, but Price realized on April 29 that Fagan was not blocking the federal retreat. Fagan and his 3,000 troopers would arrive at Jenkins' Ferry on April 30, 1864, which was too late to take part in the battle.

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and the overall command of Price, who stayed in Arkansas, three of the five Confederate cavalry brigades left in Arkansas harassed Steele's force as it moved from Arkadelphia. They could not stop its slow progress. The opposing forces fought a small battle at

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Steele succeeded in aiding Banks only to the extent of keeping the five Confederate cavalry brigades in the region from joining the forces opposing Banks. Two Confederate infantry divisions from Arkansas and Missouri under the overall command of Major-General

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Faust, 1986, p. 620; Foote, vol. 3, 1974, pp. 61, 84. Foote states that Banks and his forces left Alexandria on May 13, the day after Porter was able to get past the rapids near Alexandria, which allowed Porter's flotilla to make it back to the Mississippi

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Eicher, 2001, p. 653 says U.S. casualties at Poison Spring were 204 killed and missing and 97 wounded, with 117 of the dead being African-Americans. He does not give a separate number of captured U.S. soldiers. He states that Confederate losses totaled

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The battle is briefly depicted and mentioned by fictional soldiers Private Harold Green of the 116th United States Colored Infantry Regiment and Corporal Ira Clark of the 5th Massachusetts (Colored) Cavalry Regiment who speak with President

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As Shelby Foote noted, the Confederates also gained a strategic victory in the Red River Campaign. They were able to delay the return of Brigadier-General Andrew Smith's 10,000–man force to Major-General Sherman's army for use in the

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operations but did not fulfill his orders, which permitted this movement along with some stated objectives. He failed in his first objective to destroy the Federal supply depot at Pine Bluff, probably because he could not cross the swollen

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Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 72; Faust, 1986, p. 395; Josephy, 1991, p. 213; and Eicher, 2001, p. 654 all give brief accounts of this action. They differ somewhat on the number of Federal soldiers engaged. Most of them give the 240–wagon

562:. An incidental objective of the campaign was to purchase cotton, which was in short supply in the northern States, and possibly win the loyalty of planters along the river for the United States. It was thought this action might expand 827:, appeared at Camden with his cavalry soon after Steele's occupation of the town. Price besieged the entrenched Steele with the seven cavalry brigades, even though Steele's federal force still outnumbered Price's Confederate force. 644:

to open passage up the Red River. Major-General Frederick Steele commanding approximately 14,000 men also was supposed to move his forces in support of Banks against Shreveport from their bases to the north at Little Rock,

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and appointing him General-in-Chief, Grant felt he could not stop the campaign. Grant did try to hurry its execution because he would have preferred to use a 10,000-man force which was diverted to the campaign to reinforce

986:. Walker carried on the attack in the same manner as the previous divisions had done, brigade by brigade. All three Confederate brigade commanders under Walker were wounded in these attacks. Two of them, Brigadier-General 1514:

Josephy, 1991, p. 212. Eicher, 2001, p. 654 states that numerous prisoners were captured but also says U.S. losses were 100 killed, 250 wounded, 100 captured. Confederate losses were 41 killed, 108 wounded, 144

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returned to their starting points at the end of it. The Confederates lost about 6,500. The Confederates captured 57 artillery pieces, about a thousand wagons, most of them loaded, and 3,500 horses and mules.

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Eicher, 2001, p. 654 gives lower numbers and a more even distribution of casualties: U.S. 64 killed, 378 wounded, 86 missing; C.S. 86 killed 356 wounded, 1 missing, without mentioning the incomplete reports.

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Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p.76. McPherson, 2005, p. 150 gives slightly different overall casualty figures, stating that Steele had lost almost 2,500 soldiers while the Confederates lost about half that many.

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on the Little Missouri River on April 3, 1864, where Steele's forces stymied Marmaduke's attempt to prevent them from crossing the Little Missouri River. They fought another small battle at

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Hittle, Jon B.E., "Citizens and Patriots: The Thirty-Sixth Iowa Infantry Regiment in the Civil War." Des Moines, Iowa: State Historical Society GenWeb History Project, 2009

708:. Banks still thought he could renew the campaign and communicated to Steele his desire for Steele's reinforcements to join his forces in another attempt to take Shreveport. 982:

After Price's forces under Brigadier-Generals Churchill and Parsons had made little progress, Kirby Smith came up with the large Texas infantry division under Major-General

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Steele's part in the campaign became known as the Camden Expedition. Steele later said its objective was to reach and occupy Camden, Arkansas, and to draw Confederate

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Confederates did not detect Steele's movement until later in the day. Steele's forces used a pontoon bridge which they had carried on the campaign to cross the

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infantry under Kirby Smith who had joined Price with some of the infantry which had been with Taylor at the battle of Pleasant Hill. Brigadier-General

1154: 1189:. In the event, the naval force and accompanying soldiers in particular alienated the local population by simply confiscating or destroying cotton. 964: 2473: 920: 2180: 2120: 309: 2585: 2503: 574:, who devised the plan, also wanted to open the road to the occupation of Texas by U.S. forces and to discourage French incursions from 2610: 1762:

Shelby Foote stated, in fairness to Banks, that even Banks would have preferred to move against Mobile rather than against Shreveport.

1798: 1100: 675: 450: 281: 260: 72: 17: 1958: 2150: 975: 916: 563: 302: 2185: 219: 1083:. Ultimately that campaign provided no long-term benefit to the Confederates, who were driven out of Missouri again after the 2032: 2001: 1967: 1948: 1930: 1909: 1894: 1870: 1855: 1457: 1400: 1320: 1240: 1228: 1207: 1186: 2570: 701: 1039:

used 1,000 and 700 as the best estimate of total Confederate and Federal casualty figures, respectively, for this battle.

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Price first committed the infantry under Brigadier-General Thomas Churchill and then the infantry under Brigadier-General

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should have commanded the rearguard action against the pursuing Confederates, but he left the task to Brigadier-General

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Banks had won a tactical victory and inflicted more casualties (1,626) than his forces sustained (1,369) at the

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in his defense against Sherman. Otherwise, these forces might have been engaged in Alabama had Banks attacked

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on April 9, 1864. Thayer brought few supplies, however, and the combined force then became short of supplies.

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Venable, R. M., Captain (Chief of Topographical Bureau of Louisiana and Arkansas), April 30, 1864

1784:. Retrieved July 22, 2014. Wikimedia.org shows the location as: Coordinates: 34°11'48"N 92°33'55"W 2378: 2337: 2276: 2206: 1439:

Eicher, 2001, p. 653 bases this statement in part on Colonel Williams's report from eyewitnesses.

1106: 1091:, which defeated the Confederates in four battles in five days following the battle of Westport. 843: 832: 417: 378: 358: 558:. Shreveport also was the temporary capital of Louisiana, a major supply depot and a gateway to 2261: 1536:

Heidler ed., Urwin, 2000, p. 1068, Article on "Battle of Jenkins Ferry" by Gregory J. W. Urwin.

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p. 653. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks, Inc., 2001, first paperback edition 2006.

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support of Banks. After Banks's forces were repulsed in their march toward Shreveport at the

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through Georgia. Grant also would have liked to have pinned down more Confederate troops in

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launched the Red River Campaign. The campaign's immediate objective was the capture of

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The battlefield, preserved as Jenkins' Ferry Battleground State Park, is one of the

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southwest Arkansas. Due to the chaotic nature of the battle, casualty figures vary.

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Price, who had been joined by two Texas cavalry brigades under Brigadier-General

629: 614: 589: 1962:. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. 1902:

Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social and Military History

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Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social and Military History

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The National Park Service battle summary calls it a "U.S. victory in retreat."

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Heidler, ed., 2000, p. 2093, Article on "Battle of Westport" by Mark J. Lause.

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to their defenses at Little Rock. The battlefield has largely been preserved.

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for the campaign. He was to be joined by 10,000 men of Sherman's army from

995: 939: 700:, Louisiana, by outnumbered forces led by Confederate Lieutenant-General 621: 1223:, pp. 376–377. Volume 3 of 3. New York: Random House, Inc., 1974. 1989: 967:

and the 29th Iowa Infantry regiments from their fortified positions.

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Steele, with 8,000 men, first marched southwest from Little Rock to

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Battles of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War

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and the consequent offensive by U.S. cavalry under Major-General

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p. 305. New York, NY: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1986.

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General Banks had a force of at least 20,000 men available near

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Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 75; Heidler, ed., Urwin, 2000, p. 1069.

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Map of Jenkins' Ferry Battlefield core and study areas by the

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forces could complete a retreat from a precarious position at

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Steele's Retreat from Camden and the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry

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McPherson, 2005, p. 148; Foote, vol. 3, 1974, pp. 53–54

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Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War

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Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War

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had approved the Red River Campaign plan before promoting

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Josephy, 1991, p. 214; Heidler, ed., Urwin, 2000, p. 1069

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The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War,

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A view of the battlefield from the ferry crossing site.

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General Steele moved due north out of Camden by way of

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Jenkins' Ferry was the decisive engagement of Steele's

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The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War

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Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 70; Faust, Patricia L., ed.,

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General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West

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Little Rock: Arkansas Historic Preservation Program.

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The Civil War, A Narrative, Red River to Appomattox

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General-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States

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Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War

1649: 1360: 1358: 1026:at the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry on April 30, 1864. 1682:Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 75; Josephy, 1991, p. 214 1673: 1155:Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1864 1015:The Jenkins' Ferry War Memorial commemorates the 2562: 1900:Heidler, David S. and Heidler, Jeanne T., eds., 1198:Heidler, David S. and Heidler, Jeanne T., eds., 613:with an attack on the Confederate stronghold at 1720:National Park Service summary of Jenkins' Ferry 1700:Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 77; Faust, 1986, p. 107 1477:Faust, 1986, p. 620; Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 61 1355: 640:. Initially, they were successful in capturing 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1532: 1530: 994:were mortally wounded. U.S. Brigadier-General 2591:Battles of the American Civil War in Arkansas 2151: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 807:, the Confederates fought a strong defensive 310: 1518: 1462: 959:brigade, not in a more concentrated effort. 1616: 1527: 1094: 855:'s Arkansas division and Brigadier-General 2158: 2144: 1749: 1747: 1685: 1592: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1405: 1348: 1346: 1325: 1266: 317: 303: 267: 2616:Union victories of the American Civil War 2089: 2071: 1925:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1991. 1583: 1489: 1376: 1298: 1296: 1259: 1257: 1035:and Gregory J. W. Urwin in the Heidlers' 628:, under the command of Brigadier-General 2049: 2023:(Louisiana pbk. ed.). Baton Rouge: 1975:Map of Confederate and Federal positions 1959:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 1850:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. 1640: 1284: 1010: 969: 924: 866:On April 25, 1864, in action called the 798: 778: 763: 666: 1793: 1744: 1574: 1565: 1539: 1414: 1343: 976:American Battlefield Protection Program 2563: 2050:Clements, Derek Allen (May 27, 2017). 2018: 1988: 1293: 1275: 1254: 1245: 1101:Jenkins' Ferry Battleground State Park 1037:Encyclopedia of the American Civil War 877: 760:Camden, Poison Spring, and Marks' Mill 324: 18:Jenkins' Ferry Battleground State Park 2139: 1116: 632:. Smith's force accompanied Porter's 298: 23:1864 battle of the American Civil War 2509: 1996:. Little Rock, Ark.: Pioneer Press. 1589:Foote, vol. 3, 1974, pp. 73–74 1495:Foote, vol. 3, 1974, pp. 54–55 1290:Foote, vol. 3, 1974, pp. 61–62 1272:Heidler ed., Dunavent, 2000, p. 1616 1130:), in the opening scene of the 2012 504:'s last. As a result of the battle, 449:, was fought on April 30, 1864, at 1712: 1382:Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 67–69 534:under the command of Major-General 469:. Although the battle ended with a 13: 2586:Arkansas in the American Civil War 2167:Arkansas in the American Civil War 2074:"The Engagement at Jenkin's Ferry" 1981: 1923:The Civil War in the American West 1637:Heidler ed., Urwin, 2000, p. 1069. 1364:McPherson, 2005, pp. 150–151 1313:The Civil War in the American West 1150:List of American Civil War battles 481:as they claimed to have prevented 14: 2627: 2611:History of Grant County, Arkansas 2108: 1916:Jenkins Ferry State Park web site 1782:Jenkins Ferry State Park web site 1081:Price's 1864 invasion of Missouri 833:battle of Poison Spring, Arkansas 2548: 2536: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2114: 2025:Louisiana State University Press 1889:. New York: Random House, 1974. 266: 259: 192: 179: 159: 141: 1830: 1787: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1734: 1725: 1703: 1694: 1508: 1498: 1480: 1471: 1442: 1433: 1423: 1385: 1367: 1305: 942:and 4,000 Federal infantrymen. 2072:Nicholson, William L. (1914). 2052:"Engagement at Jenkins' Ferry" 1839:The Camden Expedition of 1864. 1808:. pp. 1–2. Archived from 1213: 1192: 1171: 1109:that together were declared a 837:Battle of Mansfield, Louisiana 793:annihilate each one separately 704:, Banks paused his retreat at 1: 1231:(v. 3); McPherson, James M., 1160: 546:under the command of Admiral 515: 2449:Indian Council at Fort Smith 1165: 1006: 686: 556:Trans-Mississippi Department 447:Engagement at Jenkins' Ferry 328:Red River campaign 7: 1548:Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 75. 1177:McPherson, James, M., ed., 1143: 965:2nd Kansas Colored Infantry 921:Confederate order of battle 787:'s strategy was to isolate 719:, led by Brigadier-General 10: 2632: 2474:Camp White Sulphur Springs 2131:Historical Marker Database 1941:The Atlas of the Civil War 1918:. Retrieved July 22, 2014. 1882:The Civil War: A Narrative 1753:Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 91 1580:Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 74 1571:Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 76 1420:Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 70 1352:Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 67 1302:Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 65 1263:Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 28 1251:Foote, vol. 3, 1974, p. 25 1179:The Atlas of the Civil War 1111:National Historic Landmark 1098: 914: 791:' and Steele's armies and 660: 656: 519: 15: 2494: 2438: 2417: 2351: 2290: 2239: 2232: 2194: 2173: 1861:Faust, Patricia L., ed., 1722:. Retrieved July 22, 2014 910: 336: 254: 241: 228: 213: 172: 134: 45: 37: 32: 16:For the battlefield, see 2571:Battle of Jenkins' Ferry 2454:Fourth Military District 2127:Battle of Jenkins' Ferry 2121:Battle of Jenkins' Ferry 2057:Encyclopedia of Arkansas 2019:Castel, Albert (1993) . 1803:, Final Shooting Script" 1095:Battlefield preservation 443:Battle of Jenkins' Ferry 33:Battle of Jenkins' Ferry 2091:10.17077/0003-4827.3959 1921:Josephy, Alvin M. Jr., 1887:Red River to Appomattox 1524:McPherson, 2005, p. 150 1468:McPherson, 2005, p. 148 1311:Josephy, Alvin M. Jr., 1107:Camden Expedition Sites 844:Battle of Pleasant Hill 754:Prairie D'Ane, Arkansas 104:34.213167°N 92.547389°W 1027: 979: 930: 868:Battle of Marks' Mills 820: 796: 776: 774:Department of Arkansas 683: 626:Vicksburg, Mississippi 220:Department of Arkansas 173:Commanders and leaders 82:Grant County, Arkansas 1691:Josephy, 1991, p. 215 1613:Josephy, 1991, p. 214 1562:Josephy, 1991, p. 213 1411:Josephy, 1991, p. 212 1340:Josephy, 1991, p. 211 1233:Battle Cry of Freedom 1014: 973: 928: 915:Further information: 802: 782: 767: 733:Little Missouri River 713:Arkadelphia, Arkansas 706:Alexandria, Louisiana 670: 552:Shreveport, Louisiana 520:Further information: 242:Casualties and losses 109:34.213167; -92.547389 2123:at Wikimedia Commons 1061:Sophronia Smith Hunt 725:Washington, Arkansas 607:his March to the Sea 570:, Major-General and 445:, also known as the 285:Location in Arkansas 282:class=notpageimage| 55: (160 years ago) 1955:McPherson, James M. 1937:McPherson, James M. 1837:Baker, William D., 1646:Faust, 1986, p. 395 1373:Foote, 1974, p. 69. 905:Princeton, Arkansas 878:Retreat from Camden 772:, commander of the 698:Battle of Mansfield 526:In March 1864, the 100: / 53:April 30, 1864 2543:American Civil War 1815:on August 27, 2013 1391:Eicher, David J., 1281:Foote, 1974, p. 64 1117:In popular culture 1085:Battle of Westport 1028: 980: 931: 821: 797: 777: 684: 598:lieutenant general 540:United States Navy 528:United States Army 498:Red River Campaign 467:American Civil War 167:Confederate States 40:American Civil War 2606:Conflicts in 1864 2601:Camden Expedition 2581:April 1864 events 2524: 2523: 2459:Brooks–Baxter War 2434: 2433: 2364:Terre Noire Creek 2262:Hill's Plantation 2119:Media related to 2034:978-0-8071-1854-2 2003:978-0-9602255-1-4 1968:978-0-19-503863-7 1949:978-0-7624-2356-9 1931:978-0-394-56482-1 1910:978-0-393-04758-5 1895:978-0-394-74913-6 1871:978-0-06-181261-3 1856:978-0-684-84944-7 1458:978-0-06-181261-3 1401:978-0-684-84945-4 1321:978-0-394-56482-1 1241:978-0-19-503863-7 1229:978-0-394-46512-8 1208:978-0-393-04758-5 1187:978-0-7624-2356-9 1089:Alfred Pleasonton 936:Friedrich Salomon 803:Led by Maj. Gen. 680:Trans-Mississippi 663:Camden Expedition 544:Mississippi River 542:operating on the 494:Camden Expedition 479:strategic success 436: 435: 293: 292: 130: 129: 2623: 2576:1864 in Arkansas 2553: 2552: 2551: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2532: 2512: 2511: 2502: 2501: 2409:Ashley's Station 2328:Devil’s Backbone 2237: 2236: 2160: 2153: 2146: 2137: 2136: 2118: 2103: 2093: 2065: 2046: 2015: 1990:Bearss, Edwin C. 1845:Eicher, David J. 1825: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1814: 1807: 1791: 1785: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1716: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1671: 1668: 1659: 1656: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1614: 1611: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1549: 1546: 1537: 1534: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1403: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1353: 1350: 1341: 1338: 1323: 1309: 1303: 1300: 1291: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1273: 1270: 1264: 1261: 1252: 1249: 1243: 1217: 1211: 1196: 1190: 1175: 1132:Steven Spielberg 1128:Daniel Day-Lewis 1069:Atlanta Campaign 853:Thomas Churchill 811:and stopped the 770:Frederick Steele 674:strategy in the 483:Frederick Steele 349:Henderson's Hill 331: 329: 319: 312: 305: 296: 295: 270: 269: 263: 224:Army of Arkansas 197: 196: 186:Frederick Steele 184: 183: 165: 163: 162: 147: 145: 144: 115: 114: 112: 111: 110: 105: 101: 98: 97: 96: 93: 63: 61: 56: 47: 46: 30: 29: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2561: 2560: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2527: 2525: 2520: 2490: 2445:Reconstruction 2430: 2413: 2399:Massard Prairie 2347: 2286: 2267:McGuire's Store 2228: 2190: 2169: 2164: 2111: 2106: 2035: 2004: 1984: 1982:Further reading 1979: 1833: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1792: 1788: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1674: 1669: 1662: 1657: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1617: 1612: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1552: 1547: 1540: 1535: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1356: 1351: 1344: 1339: 1326: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1219:Foote, Shelby, 1218: 1214: 1197: 1193: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1146: 1124:Abraham Lincoln 1119: 1103: 1097: 1077:Mobile, Alabama 1053:John McClernand 1009: 923: 913: 880: 762: 689: 665: 659: 536:Nathaniel Banks 524: 518: 496:(a part of the 453:, southwest of 439: 438: 437: 432: 364:Blair's Landing 332: 327: 325: 323: 289: 288: 287: 286: 284: 278: 277: 276: 275: 271: 201: 191: 178: 160: 158: 142: 140: 108: 106: 102: 99: 94: 91: 89: 87: 86: 85: 79: 75:, southwest of 59: 57: 54: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 2629: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2558: 2557: 2545: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2518: 2506: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2394:Old River Lake 2391: 2389:Jenkins’ Ferry 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2333:Ashley's Mills 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2252:Whitney's Lane 2249: 2243: 2241: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2209: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2163: 2162: 2155: 2148: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2124: 2110: 2109:External links 2107: 2105: 2104: 2084:(7): 505–519. 2078:Annals of Iowa 2069: 2066: 2047: 2033: 2016: 2002: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1977: 1971: 1952: 1934: 1919: 1913: 1898: 1874: 1859: 1842: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1786: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1743: 1733: 1724: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1684: 1672: 1660: 1648: 1639: 1615: 1591: 1582: 1573: 1564: 1550: 1538: 1526: 1517: 1507: 1497: 1488: 1479: 1470: 1461: 1441: 1432: 1422: 1413: 1404: 1384: 1375: 1366: 1354: 1342: 1324: 1304: 1292: 1283: 1274: 1265: 1253: 1244: 1212: 1191: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1145: 1142: 1118: 1115: 1099:Main article: 1096: 1093: 1008: 1005: 988:William Scurry 912: 909: 885:Ouachita River 879: 876: 805:Sterling Price 785:E. Kirby Smith 761: 758: 745:John Marmaduke 741:Sterling Price 702:Richard Taylor 688: 685: 661:Main article: 658: 655: 566:in Louisiana. 564:Reconstruction 517: 514: 502:E. Kirby Smith 465:), during the 451:Jenkins' Ferry 434: 433: 431: 430: 428:Jenkins' Ferry 425: 420: 415: 413:Prairie D' Ane 410: 405: 392: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 369:Monett's Ferry 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 337: 334: 333: 322: 321: 314: 307: 299: 291: 290: 280: 279: 274:Jenkins' Ferry 273: 272: 265: 264: 258: 257: 256: 255: 252: 251: 248: 244: 243: 239: 238: 235: 231: 230: 226: 225: 222: 216: 215: 214:Units involved 211: 210: 209: 208: 206:Sterling Price 199:E. Kirby Smith 188: 175: 174: 170: 169: 156: 137: 136: 132: 131: 128: 127: 121: 117: 116: 73:Jenkins' Ferry 71: 69: 65: 64: 51: 43: 42: 35: 34: 28: 27: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2628: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2517: 2516: 2507: 2505: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2379:Poison Spring 2377: 2375: 2374:Prairie D'Ane 2372: 2370: 2369:Elkin’s Ferry 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2338:Bayou Fourche 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2298:Arkansas Post 2296: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2277:Prairie Grove 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2207:Shelby's Raid 2205: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1877:Foote, Shelby 1875: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1811: 1804: 1802: 1796: 1795:Kushner, Tony 1790: 1783: 1777: 1768: 1759: 1750: 1748: 1737: 1728: 1721: 1715: 1706: 1697: 1688: 1679: 1677: 1667: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1643: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1586: 1577: 1568: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1533: 1531: 1521: 1511: 1501: 1492: 1483: 1474: 1465: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1436: 1426: 1417: 1408: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1388: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1359: 1349: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1299: 1297: 1287: 1278: 1269: 1260: 1258: 1248: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1170: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1062: 1056: 1054: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1004: 1000: 997: 993: 992:Horace Randal 989: 985: 977: 972: 968: 966: 960: 957: 956:Mosby Parsons 952: 949: 943: 941: 937: 927: 922: 918: 908: 906: 901: 898: 894: 888: 886: 875: 873: 869: 864: 862: 858: 857:Mosby Parsons 854: 848: 845: 840: 838: 834: 828: 826: 818: 814: 810: 806: 801: 794: 790: 786: 781: 775: 771: 766: 757: 755: 751: 750:Elkins' Ferry 746: 742: 736: 734: 730: 729:Elkins' Ferry 726: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 694: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 654: 652: 648: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 599: 595: 594:Ulysses Grant 591: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 568:Henry Halleck 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 523: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 473:victory, the 472: 468: 464: 460: 457:(present-day 456: 452: 448: 444: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 418:Poison Spring 416: 414: 411: 409: 408:Elkin's Ferry 406: 404: 401: 400: 399: 398: 397: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 359:Pleasant Hill 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 340: 335: 330: 320: 315: 313: 308: 306: 301: 300: 297: 283: 262: 253: 249: 246: 245: 240: 236: 233: 232: 227: 223: 221: 218: 217: 212: 207: 204: 203: 202: 200: 195: 189: 187: 182: 177: 176: 171: 168: 157: 154: 150: 149:United States 139: 138: 133: 125: 122: 119: 118: 113: 83: 80:(present-day 78: 74: 70: 67: 66: 52: 49: 48: 44: 41: 36: 31: 26: 19: 2514: 2479:Fayetteville 2388: 2384:Marks’ Mills 2303:Fayetteville 2081: 2077: 2055: 2020: 1993: 1957: 1940: 1922: 1901: 1886: 1880: 1862: 1847: 1838: 1831:Bibliography 1817:. 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Knowledge

Battle of Jenkins' Ferry

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