91:
984:, had attempted to escape on a horse but was captured by the French. An additional 2,000 Vietnamese troops, who had been unable to escape in time and had thus hidden in the corridors of the citadel, were subsequently disarmed and captured. To avoid any risk of desperate last stand action from their numerous cornered foes, the French took great care to explain them that they wouldn't be executed as prescribed for captured enemies by the local customs of warfare in the region at the time. Logistically unable to care for so many prisoners with so few men, the French released most of them a few days later and kept only the high ranking officers and dignitaries.
801:
957:
already demoralized defenders gave up all hope and ran. A large number of
Vietnamese soldiers fled through the Northern gate and ran away in panic across the rice fields. Garnier had remained near the entrance with his three men until the rest of his troops finally blew up the door and entered the place. Once everyone was inside, Garnier, who was concerned about the potential escape of important officials, sent a detachment under Aspirant Hautefeuille to go occupy the Eastern gate from inside, and then directed himself to the South-Western gate to order Bain to do the same for the Western gate.
901:
828:, about 1,200 meters away from the walls. The ships had been anchored on a position he had deemed as being the best to fire on the citadel without being endangered by Vietnamese cannons. On 19 October, the guns of the ships had all been perfectly pointed to the specific targets chosen by Garnier. Due to most of the gunboats crews being needed on land for the storming, the ammunition for the ships guns were all gathered near the guns so that the gunners, the only men who would be left on the ships, would not waste any time to go fetch rounds.
961:
973:
of the detachment which was being led by
Hautefeuille toward the Eastern gate. The French mistook the Chinese mercenaries for Vietnamese troops and opened fire. They realized their mistake a few seconds later, but one of the mercenaries had been fatally shot and thus became the only "French" casualty of the battle. Shortly before 7:00 am, Ensign Esmez and his sailors took control of the citadel's great tower and hoisted the French flag at the top. This was the signal for the two gunboats to stop firing.
34:
660:
933:. Besides their low quality archaic rifles and cannons that they fired without accuracy, the defenders also used various extremely outdated tactics, such as throwing nails from the top of the walls in hope to harm the feet of the attackers, which quite perplexed the French whose military boots rendered the manoeuvre completely useless. After having blown up the gate and routed the defenders, Bain's men occupied the South-Western entrance.
264:
783:. The small French force arrived to Hanoi on 5 November 1873. However, Garnier was soon very displeased with the way the local authorities treated him. After discussing with Dupuis, he became convinced that the trader's complains were justified while those of the Governor of Hanoi were not. When he attempted to discuss Dupuis' griefs with an Imperial
897:
toward the South-Western gate. Lieutenant
Garnier left shortly afterward, alongside a second column composed of 27 marines under Second Lieutenant Trentinian and 48 sailors with 4 cannons under Ensign Esmez. This second column was directed toward the South-Eastern gate. A certain number of men, mostly sick ones, were left to guard the camp.
918:
which protected the South-Western gate. Following, the gunners positioned the cannon and started firing on the thick door. In the meantime, Bain's sailors, protected by covered positions, suppressed
Vietnamese fire from the wall. The wall's cannons attempted to fire but the rounds flew well above the
972:
named
Georges Vlavianos, had been tasked with guarding the Eastern gate from outside to ensure no high ranking official would flee through there. However, instead of merely guarding the gate, they ended up taking the redan and eventually stormed inside. At the turn of a street, they crossed the path
956:
completely collapsed. Despite their four cannons however, the French had some difficulties destroying the thick door. When a breach was made at the top of it, an impatient
Garnier climbed to rush inside, followed only by Trentinian and two marines. This marked the beginning of a general rout, as the
880:, all my orders have been given. Tomorrow at dawn, I'm going to attack 7,000 enemies protected by a wall with my 180 men. If this letter was to reach you without my signature, this would mean I have been killed or severely injured. In such case, I count on you to take care of Claire and my daughter".
816:
with drawing a detailed map of the city's fortifications. For several days
Trentinian walked along the walls, observing every detail, in order to draw something as accurate as possible. Garnier was very pleased with the young officer's work and used the map to carefully plan every single aspect of
896:
On the morning of 20 October, French troops woke up at 5:00 am and, after briefly eating some soup, they got ready for the attack which was planned for 6:00 am. A first column composed of 30 sailors and one cannon under the leadership of Ensign Bain left the camp at 5:30 am and stealthily moved
992:
With about 200 men and without any such orders, Lieutenant
Garnier had captured the capital of Bắc Kỳ region, a city of roughly 80,000 inhabitants. Following the capture of Hanoi, Garnier appointed new mandarins and declared the Red River to be open to trade. Then, with his 180 men and the two
951:
on the defenders, while the cannons blew up the
Vietnamese artillery pieces located on the fortification. When General Tri Phương, who was leading from the front, got severely injured and had to be taken away from the action, the already low Vietnamese
787:, Garnier was told to know his place as a low ranking naval officer not habilitated to discuss important political matters. Forsaking his mission to bring back Dupuis, Garnier took the decision to capture the city.
944:. As soon as they heard the first sounds of the battle, the two gunboats unleashed a devastating artillery fire on the Northern and Western gates, as well as the portion of the wall in between them.
1617:
1612:
552:
1602:
1004:
force he had just routed away from the city's walls with a cannonade. The city nonetheless remained in French hands until
February 1874, when a second French expedition sent to
947:
At the South-Eastern gate, Garnier's party with their four cannons had brutally silenced the wall. The sailors and marines, from covered positions, made use of a very effective
865:(aged 22). Garnier proceeded to meticulously explain to each of them his plan and what their own task was. Jean Dupuis insisted to take part in the storming with his Chinese
423:
414:
405:
396:
1750:
1745:
1447:
737:
The capture of the city became the starting point of an unsanctioned military campaign by Lieutenant Garnier and his men, who then proceeded to conquer most of the
150:
168:
1029:
976:
Vietnamese casualties were relatively heavy, with over 80 dead and 300 wounded. Nguyễn Lâm, the second son of Nguyễn Tri Phương and son-in-law of Emperor
138:
996:
Despite being treated with respect by the French, General Tri Phương refused to have his wounds tended to and died on 20 December after undergoing a
858:
835:
633:
1440:
993:
gunboats, he initiated a striking military campaign that resulted in the conquest of most of Bắc Kỳ between late November and December 1873.
839:
688:
1699:
1433:
779:
Francis Garnier was sent to Hanoi with two gunboats and 180 men in order to convince Dupuis to leave Bắc Kỳ and bring him back to
1520:
1525:
1597:
378:
843:
1786:
1781:
1643:
1169:
1111:
936:
The two French gunboats had been put under the leadership of Ensign Balny d'Avricourt. Only 14 men were on board the
486:
1633:
387:
432:
1000:. Garnier was killed in action one day later on 21 December while pursuing, with 18 of his men, a 600-man strong
615:
344:
681:
1040:
1791:
1545:
1540:
1510:
1425:
862:
831:
On the eve of the attack, Lieutenant Garnier gathered the seven other officers of his expeditionary force:
1535:
1461:
121:
1576:
1740:
674:
624:
570:
243:
155:
1648:
1065:
1735:
1730:
1673:
1581:
588:
510:
1688:
1725:
1720:
1678:
1607:
1586:
800:
1776:
1704:
1653:
1628:
561:
468:
313:
968:
Dupuis and 30 of his mercenaries, who were commanded by a Greek adventurer and veteran of the
1683:
1668:
1663:
1571:
1104:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000
784:
758:
707:
597:
95:
90:
1515:
1478:
969:
813:
579:
1008:
the consequences of Garnier's rogue campaign came to fetch the men and bring them back to
854:
8:
921:
900:
1530:
1485:
780:
762:
711:
280:
100:
63:
25:
179:
1638:
1165:
1107:
977:
850:
847:
809:
776:
649:
606:
528:
477:
340:
929:, the gunners were not protected and many of them fell to the deadly fire of French
1709:
1566:
1556:
948:
910:
519:
252:
142:
131:
960:
450:
1658:
1561:
1492:
1001:
723:
183:
172:
161:
125:
112:
1142:
980:, was among the killed. General Tri Phương, though badly wounded to the hip by
877:
664:
1770:
1147:
Histoire de France contemporaine depuis la révolution jusqu'à la paix de 1919
997:
832:
820:
A few days before the attack, Garnier strategically placed his two gunboats,
1455:
354:
322:
866:
750:
116:
33:
1005:
926:
1343:
1341:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1225:
1223:
981:
930:
731:
1332:
L'Annam, le Tonkin et l'intervention de la France en Extrême Orient
919:
heads of the small French squad. As the wall's cannons were placed
869:
and, although very reluctant about it, Garnier eventually gave in.
331:
210:
1338:
1292:
1250:
1220:
1457:
769:
required from France that they took action to remove Dupuis from
766:
719:
715:
304:
263:
1214:
Histoire de l'intervention française au Tong-king de 1872 à 1874
1009:
953:
770:
738:
441:
59:
915:
754:
727:
1125:
1123:
861:(aged 20) and Second lieutenant Edgard de Trentinian of the
1389:
Les colonies françaises. 1, Un siècle d'expansion coloniale
1370:
1368:
1282:
1280:
1240:
1238:
1120:
1183:
1181:
757:
was on the verge of causing a diplomatic crisis between
1365:
1353:
1311:
1277:
1235:
1410:
1193:
1178:
1083:
872:
Before going to sleep, Garnier wrote to his brother:
749:
In late summer 1873, a dispute between French trader
722:
and 8 officers under the command of Navy Lieutenant
1347:
1305:
1256:
1229:
1211:
1022:
1768:
1404:Précis des guerres de la France, de 1848 à 1885
1162:Francis Garnier, marin, explorateur, aventurier
714:. A French expeditionary force composed of 140
1159:
1441:
682:
634:2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit
1448:
1434:
1101:
964:French sailors storming inside the citadel
730:, where they had been sent by France on a
689:
675:
1401:
741:region over the course of December 1873.
1374:
1359:
1329:
959:
899:
799:
1317:
1286:
1268:
1244:
1199:
1187:
1141:
1129:
1089:
1030:"Việt sử Tân biên, Vol.5, Phạm Văn Sơn"
891:
706:was fought on 20 November 1873 between
184:
173:
162:
126:
1769:
1416:
1386:
1212:Romanet du Caillaud, Frederic (1880).
132:
1629:Second Battle of the Citadel of Hanoi
1429:
734:mission, without superiors' orders.
1598:First Battle of the Citadel of Hanoi
904:Second lieutenant Trentinian in 1873
379:Edict on the Transfer of the Capital
914:, Ensign Bain and his men took the
886:Francis Garnier (19 October 1873),
13:
14:
1803:
1526:Vietnamese Civil War of 1789–1802
1271:Les Français au Tonkin, 1787-1883
1160:Petit-Brulfert, Patricia (2016).
726:captured the provincial capital
658:
262:
89:
38:French troops attacking the gate
32:
1521:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
1395:
1380:
1323:
1262:
1205:
795:
616:Millennial Anniversary of Hanoi
1153:
1135:
1095:
1058:
388:Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long
1:
1015:
940:and 23 men were on board the
863:4th Marine Infantry Regiment
744:
1102:Clodfelter, Micheal (2002).
987:
7:
1269:Gautier, Hippolyte (1887).
553:Declaration of independence
10:
1808:
1634:Capture of Nam Định (1883)
1613:Capture of Nam Định (1873)
1536:Catholic Church in Vietnam
1462:French conquest of Vietnam
1066:"Vĩnh Long TV - Phan Liêm"
908:After having removed some
804:Lieutenant Francis Garnier
765:. Imperial authorities in
1787:Military history of Hanoi
1782:Battles involving Vietnam
1746:Constans Agreement (1887)
1741:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
1644:Battle of Cầu Giấy (1883)
1618:Battle of Cầu Giấy (1873)
1469:
1402:Navacelle, Fabre (1890).
790:
625:2017 Hanoi hostage crisis
571:Operation Rolling Thunder
487:Battle of Cầu Giấy (1883)
424:Sack of Thăng Long (1383)
415:Sack of Thăng Long (1371)
406:Sack of Thăng Long (1288)
397:Sack of Thăng Long (1285)
219:
192:
106:
82:
42:
31:
23:
18:
1511:France–Vietnam relations
1348:Romanet du Caillaud 1880
1306:Romanet du Caillaud 1880
1257:Romanet du Caillaud 1880
1230:Romanet du Caillaud 1880
1149:. Hachette. p. 354.
844:Adrien Balny d'Avricourt
511:Great Hanoi Rat Massacre
225:1 killed (friendly fire)
1751:Gérard Agreement (1895)
1726:Treaty of Saigon (1874)
1721:Treaty of Saigon (1862)
1577:Bombardment of Qui Nhơn
1387:Dubois, Marcel (1900).
1330:Antonini, Paul (1890).
753:and the authorities of
203:180 sailors and marines
1705:Pacification of Tonkin
965:
905:
889:
805:
562:Battle of Hanoi (1946)
469:Battle of Hanoi (1882)
460:Battle of Hanoi (1873)
433:Battle of Chương Dương
107:Commanders and leaders
963:
903:
874:
817:the city's storming.
803:
598:Operation Ivory Coast
220:Casualties and losses
1792:November 1873 events
1736:Treaty of Huế (1884)
1731:Treaty of Huế (1883)
1700:Vietnamese uprisings
1679:Siege of Tuyên Quang
1608:Capture of Ninh Bình
1603:Capture of Hải Dương
1587:Capture of Vĩnh Long
970:Ever Victorious Army
892:Storming of the city
857:(aged 21), Aspirant
853:(aged 21), Aspirant
814:Edgard de Trentinian
1674:Capture of Hưng Hóa
1582:Capture of Biên Hòa
1493:3rd French invasion
1486:2nd French invasion
1479:1st French invasion
1132:, pp. 208–209.
1037:tusachtiengviet.com
925:rather than inside
838:(aged 26), Ensign
808:Garnier had tasked
589:Sơn Tây prison camp
314:Siege of Jiao (271)
1654:Battle of Thuận An
1649:Battle of Phủ Hoài
1639:Battle of Gia Quất
966:
906:
842:(aged 28), Ensign
806:
665:Vietnam portal
26:Garnier Expedition
1764:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1689:Lạng Sơn campaign
1669:Bắc Ninh Campaign
1572:Capture of Mỹ Tho
851:Marc Hautefeuille
810:Second lieutenant
699:
698:
641:
640:
607:APEC Vietnam 2006
536:
535:
529:Hanoi Poison Plot
494:
493:
478:Battle of Gia Cuc
362:
361:
341:Siege of Songping
288:
287:
236:
235:
122:Nguyễn Tri Phương
78:
77:
1799:
1710:French Indochina
1664:Sơn Tây campaign
1567:Battle of Ky Hoa
1557:Siege of Tourane
1472:
1471:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1290:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1039:. Archived from
1034:
1026:
949:suppressive fire
931:Chassepot rifles
911:chevaux-de-frise
887:
691:
684:
677:
663:
662:
661:
549:
548:
520:Hanoi Exhibition
507:
506:
375:
374:
345:Tang-Nanzhao war
301:
300:
277:
276:
266:
256:
238:
237:
186:
175:
164:
159:
147:
134:
128:
94:
93:
50:20 November 1873
44:
43:
36:
16:
15:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1714:
1693:
1659:Battle of Palan
1622:
1591:
1562:Siege of Saigon
1550:
1516:Tây Sơn dynasty
1494:
1487:
1480:
1465:
1454:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1400:
1396:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1339:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1293:
1285:
1278:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1221:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1164:. p. 354.
1158:
1154:
1143:Lavisse, Ernest
1140:
1136:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1106:. p. 269.
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1018:
990:
894:
888:
885:
798:
793:
777:Navy Lieutenant
747:
724:Francis Garnier
704:Battle of Hanoi
701:
695:
659:
657:
643:
642:
580:Hà Tây province
546:
538:
537:
504:
496:
495:
372:
371:Imperial period
364:
363:
298:
290:
289:
274:
254:
247:
231:
229:
178:
167:
153:
149:
143:
137:
115:
113:Francis Garnier
88:
66:
37:
19:Battle of Hanoi
12:
11:
5:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1546:Tourane (1856)
1543:
1541:Tourane (1847)
1538:
1533:
1531:Nguyễn dynasty
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1419:, p. 833.
1409:
1406:. p. 362.
1394:
1391:. p. 833.
1379:
1377:, p. 236.
1364:
1362:, p. 235.
1352:
1350:, p. 116.
1337:
1334:. p. 235.
1322:
1320:, p. 200.
1310:
1308:, p. 114.
1291:
1289:, p. 205.
1276:
1273:. p. 205.
1261:
1259:, p. 112.
1249:
1247:, p. 196.
1234:
1232:, p. 115.
1219:
1216:. p. 111.
1204:
1202:, p. 201.
1192:
1190:, p. 198.
1177:
1170:
1152:
1134:
1119:
1112:
1094:
1092:, p. 354.
1082:
1057:
1046:on 17 May 2022
1020:
1019:
1017:
1014:
989:
986:
893:
890:
883:
878:Alea jacta est
855:Édouard Perrin
797:
794:
792:
789:
746:
743:
697:
696:
694:
693:
686:
679:
671:
668:
667:
654:
653:
645:
644:
639:
638:
636:
630:
629:
627:
621:
620:
618:
612:
611:
609:
603:
602:
600:
594:
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591:
585:
584:
582:
576:
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573:
567:
566:
564:
558:
557:
555:
547:
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543:
540:
539:
534:
533:
531:
525:
524:
522:
516:
515:
513:
505:
502:
501:
498:
497:
492:
491:
489:
483:
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474:
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471:
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462:
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455:
453:
447:
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435:
429:
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401:
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384:
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351:
350:
348:
337:
336:
334:
328:
327:
325:
319:
318:
316:
310:
309:
307:
299:
297:Chinese period
296:
295:
292:
291:
286:
285:
283:
281:Cổ Loa Citadel
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
259:
258:
249:
248:
241:
234:
233:
232:2,000 captured
226:
222:
221:
217:
216:
215:7,000 soldiers
213:
208:
207:
206:30 mercenaries
204:
195:
194:
190:
189:
119:
109:
108:
104:
103:
101:Nguyễn dynasty
98:
85:
84:
80:
79:
76:
75:
74:French victory
72:
68:
67:
64:Nguyễn dynasty
58:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
29:
28:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1804:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:1870s battles
1775:
1774:
1772:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
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1716:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:Bắc Lệ ambush
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
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1657:
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1489:
1484:
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1477:
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1468:
1463:
1460:(1858–1886) (
1459:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1375:Antonini 1890
1371:
1369:
1361:
1360:Antonini 1890
1356:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1333:
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1196:
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1173:
1171:9782373590081
1167:
1163:
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1148:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1115:
1113:9780786412044
1109:
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1098:
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1071:
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1042:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1013:
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1007:
1003:
999:
998:hunger strike
994:
985:
983:
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958:
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950:
945:
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923:
917:
913:
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898:
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879:
873:
870:
868:
864:
860:
859:George Bouxin
856:
852:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:Charles Esmez
834:
829:
827:
823:
818:
815:
811:
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788:
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774:
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768:
764:
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742:
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733:
729:
725:
721:
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692:
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680:
678:
673:
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669:
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623:
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619:
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569:
568:
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550:
542:
541:
532:
530:
527:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
503:French period
500:
499:
490:
488:
485:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
463:
461:
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449:
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368:
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317:
315:
312:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
294:
293:
284:
282:
279:
278:
273:Âu Lạc period
270:
269:
265:
261:
260:
257:
251:
250:
245:
240:
239:
227:
224:
223:
218:
214:
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205:
202:
201:
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197:
196:
191:
187:
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176:
170:
165:
157:
152:
151:Bùi Thức Kiên
148:
146:
140:
135:
129:
123:
120:
118:
114:
111:
110:
105:
102:
99:
97:
92:
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81:
73:
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41:
35:
30:
27:
22:
17:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1388:
1382:
1355:
1331:
1325:
1318:Gautier 1887
1313:
1287:Gautier 1887
1270:
1264:
1252:
1245:Gautier 1887
1213:
1207:
1200:Gautier 1887
1195:
1188:Gautier 1887
1161:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1130:Gautier 1887
1103:
1097:
1090:Lavisse 1921
1085:
1073:. Retrieved
1069:
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1041:the original
1036:
1024:
995:
991:
975:
967:
946:
941:
937:
935:
920:
909:
907:
895:
876:
875:
871:
830:
825:
821:
819:
807:
796:Preparations
775:
748:
736:
703:
700:
648:
545:Modern Hanoi
459:
198:
144:
83:Belligerents
24:Part of the
1495:(1882–1886)
1488:(1873–1874)
1481:(1858–1862)
1417:Dubois 1900
922:en barbette
867:mercenaries
846:(aged 24),
812:of Marines
751:Jean Dupuis
253:History of
230:300 wounded
154: [
117:Jean Dupuis
1771:Categories
1016:References
1002:Black Flag
927:embrasures
840:Henri Bain
745:Background
732:diplomatic
139:Nguyễn Lâm
1475:Preceding
988:Aftermath
982:grapeshot
978:Thiệu Trị
942:Espingole
826:Espingole
451:Bắc Thành
442:Đông Kinh
332:Tống Bình
323:Long Biên
228:80 killed
180:Phan Liêm
169:Đặng Siêu
1502:Treaties
1456:Wars in
1145:(1921).
1075:26 March
1006:mitigate
938:Scorpion
884:—
848:Aspirant
822:Scorpion
785:mandarin
650:Timeline
244:a series
242:Part of
211:gunboats
199:210 men
193:Strength
130:) (
55:Location
1458:Vietnam
1070:thvl.vn
1050:9 April
763:Đại Nam
720:marines
716:sailors
712:Đại Nam
305:Jiaozhi
182: (
171: (
160: (
145:†
124: (
1499:Issues
1168:
1110:
1010:Saigon
954:morale
833:Ensign
791:Battle
781:Nam Kỳ
771:Bắc Kỳ
759:France
739:Bắc Kỳ
708:France
355:Đại La
246:on the
141:
96:France
71:Result
60:Bắc Kỳ
1044:(PDF)
1033:(PDF)
916:redan
755:Hanoi
728:Hanoi
718:, 30
255:Hanoi
158:]
1166:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1077:2022
1052:2022
824:and
761:and
710:and
702:The
209:Two
47:Date
767:Huế
185:POW
174:POW
163:POW
133:DOW
127:POW
1773::
1367:^
1340:^
1294:^
1279:^
1237:^
1222:^
1180:^
1122:^
1068:.
1035:.
1012:.
773:.
156:vi
62:,
1464:)
1449:e
1442:t
1435:v
1174:.
1116:.
1079:.
1054:.
690:e
683:t
676:v
347:)
343:(
188:)
177:)
166:)
136:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
