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poorly planned and executed. Based on comparative casualties, it was one of the most lopsided Union victories of the war. From the beginning of the artillery bombardment until the
Confederates broke and retreated, the attack on Fort Sanders lasted about forty minutes. About twenty minutes, or half of that time, were spent in the struggle for control of the parapet. In the brief period of 20 minutes of attacking, General Burnside's chief engineer, Orlando M. Poe, wrote that he was unaware in the annals of military history where a storming party was so nearly annihilated. The Confederate troops sustained 813 casualties – 129 killed, 458 wounded, and 226 missing. Federal losses inside Fort Sanders amounted to only about 20 men, while another 30 were killed and injured outside the fort by Confederate artillery. Lieutenant Benjamin reported the Union losses in the fort as five killed and eight wounded, significantly less than their defeated opponent. About 250 prisoners and three flags fell into Union hands.
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between tree stumps at knee height, possibly the first use of such wire entanglements in the Civil War, and many men were shot as they tried to disentangle themselves. When they reached the ditch, they found the vertical wall to be almost insurmountable, frozen and slippery. Union soldiers rained fire into the assault, including musketry, canister, and artillery shells thrown as hand grenades. Unable to dig footholds, men climbed upon each other's shoulders to attempt to reach the top. A succession of color bearers was shot down as they planted their flags on the fort. For a brief time, three flags reached the top, those of the 16th
Georgia,
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no-man's-land for delivery to the
Confederates. Many of the bodies had stiffened by this time, and the Federals temporarily leaned them up against the side of the blood-stained ditch. They recovered ninety-six bodies, mostly from inside the ditch, but also from the ground within several yards of the bastion. The Federals delivered slightly more than that number of wounded to the Confederates, for a total of 197. The Confederates identified the bodies of several high-ranking officers such as Solon Z. Ruff and Kennon McElroy.
558:
been severely beaten at
Chattanooga. Bragg asked him to inform Longstreet of the defeat and let him know to rejoin the Army of Tennessee at Dalton or to go back to Virginia if that was not possible. On Dec. 4 Longstreet withdrew from Knoxville and headed toward Rogersville, 65 miles to the northeast. Longstreet's failure to take Knoxville scuttled his purpose and the Knoxville Campaign was essentially over, with the city remaining in Federal hands for the remainder of the war. This Confederate defeat, plus the loss of the
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391:, and held a high spirit for the Union. In fact, Tennessee would furnish more fleeing volunteers for the Union than all other Confederate states combined, as the majority of these fleeing volunteers were from East Tennessee. Although Union forces had fairly little trouble from the local populace when Burnside occupied Knoxville in September 1863, the Army had considerably more difficulty reaching Knoxville over the rugged mountainous roads of the region that were also fiercely defended by Confederates.
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406:, mortally wounded in a skirmish outside Knoxville on November 18, 1863. The fort, a salient in the line of earthworks that surrounded three sides of the city, rose 70 feet (21 m) above the surrounding plateau and was protected by a ditch 12 feet (3.7 m) wide and 8 feet (2.4 m) deep. An almost vertical wall rose 15 feet (4.6 m) above the ditch. Inside the fort were 12 cannons and 440 men of the
449:, his men took up defensive positions around Knoxville and the Siege of Knoxville began on November 17, 1863. Longstreet determined that Fort Sanders was the most appropriate place to attempt a breakthrough of the Union defenses. He initially planned an assault on November 20, but chose to delay while he received reinforcements. His eventual assault was conducted by three infantry brigades, under Brig. Gen.
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The
Confederates moved to within 120-150 yards of the salient during the night of freezing rain and snow and waited for the order to attack. Their attack at dawn has been described as "cruel and gruesome by 19th century standards." They were initially confronted by telegraph wire that had been strung
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The assault, conducted on
November 29, 1863, was poorly planned and executed. Longstreet discounted the difficulties of the physical obstacles his infantrymen would face. He had witnessed, through field glasses, a Union soldier walking across the ditch and, not realizing that the man had crossed on a
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On the afternoon of
November 29, Longstreet changed his mind about disengaging from the Federals at Knoxville when dispatches arrived from Joseph Wheeler. The cavalry general had reached Ringgold, Georgia, on November 25 while making his way back to the Army of Tennessee, only to find that Bragg had
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Longstreet undertook his
Knoxville expedition, which he came to realize was far too soon, to divert Union troops from Chattanooga and to get away from General Braxton Bragg, with whom he was engaged in a bitter feud. Longstreet reevaluated what was supposed to be a surprise attack and saw how it was
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built several fortifications in the form of bastioned earthworks near
Knoxville. One was Fort Sanders, just west of downtown Knoxville across a creek valley.(Fort Sanders, originally "Fort Loudon" was an earthen fort that spanned Seventeenth between Laurel and Clinch, and continued along Laurel and
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to "soften up" Fort
Sanders in preparation for a frontal assault; however, at virtually the last minute, he changed the plan to a surprise infantry assault at dawn, hoping that the benefits of surprise would outweigh those of a cannonade. Inexplicably, he squandered the element of surprise by
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While Longstreet arranged to withdraw, Burnside sent a flag of truce to allow him to recover his dead and wounded from the field. It was a humanitarian gesture much appreciated by the Confederates. The Union details pulled the dead out on blankets and carried them to a point halfway across
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homes that were built approximately three decades later. Several, especially those located on the uphill sides of streets, are most impressive; some have been restored in recent decades. A few were incorporated into the grounds of the
387:. Because the few slaves there were in East Tennessee were household slaves for luxurious purposes, East Tennesseans felt disconnected from the economic practice of plantation slavery. Many East Tennesseans were classified as
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White's Addition, as it appeared on an 1886 map of Knoxville built on the site of the southern section of Fort Sanders; Ramsey's addition was built on the site of the northern section of Fort Sanders
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plank, believed that the ditch was very shallow. He also believed that the steep walls could be negotiated by digging footholds, rather than requiring scaling ladders.
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wasn't practiced as widely in East Tennessee as in the other portions of the state. This led to, unlike the rest of the state, pro-Union sentiment before and after the
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forward hours before the assault. Although this movement placed them in good positions for sharpshooting, it clearly revealed his plans to the Union troops.
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537:, right, standing on the ground over which the Confederates charged; in background the north west bastion salient of Fort Sanders, Knoxville, Tennessee.
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583:. Many more have been divided into apartments and are rented out to University of Tennessee students. In 1919, construction of
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The north west-bastion of Fort Sanders view from the north which was the focus of the Confederate attacks, photographed in 1864
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began on a section of the battlefield, uncovering various artifacts from the battle during its construction. The author
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https://web.archive.org/web/20150415004647/http://www.civilwarnews.com/reviews/2013br/april/knoxville-hess-bw03-09.html
607:, ends with Agee ("Rufus" in the novel) and his uncle conversing while looking out over the ruins of Fort Sanders. The
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479:) from Knoxville, but only about 2,400 yards (2,200 m) from Fort Sanders. Longstreet's original intent was to use
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Earthworks in Fort Sanders showing The Northwest bastion of Fort Snaders,viewed from the Southwest bastion
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On November 23, 1863, Longstreet's forces seized Cherokee Heights, a tall bluff south of the
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615:) and its partners have acquired and preserved 69 acres (0.28 km) of the battlefield.
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outside one of the more palatial homes, which has since burned. Agee's novel,
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858:. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
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from moving in support of Chattanooga. After Burnside escaped a trap at the
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https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battles-detail.htm?battleCode=TN025
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Divided Loyalties: Fort Sanders and the Civil War in East Tennessee
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Divided Loyalties: Fort Sanders and the Civil War in East Tennessee
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The Knoxville Campaign: Burnside and Longstreet in East Tennessee
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The Knoxville Campaign: Burnside and Longstreet in East Tennessee
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673:(Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1963), p. 189.
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A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion, Volume 31, Serial 54
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on November 25, put much of East Tennessee in the Union camp.
959:. Book Review By Earl J. Hess. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from
632:"Battle Detail - the Civil War (U.S. National Park Service)"
592:
880:
Orlando M. Poe: Civil War General and Great Lakes Engineer
831:
The Fight for Chattanooga: Chickamauga to Missionary Ridge
1574:
Battles of the Western Theater of the American Civil War
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799:
Military Memoirs of a Confederate: A Critical Narrative
399:
Clinch eastward to Sixteenth Street). It was named for
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The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War
809:. First published 1907 by Charles Scribner's Sons.
829:Korn, Jerry, and the Editors of Time-Life Books.
727:Battles and Leaders of the Civil War Vol 3. p.747
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709:Battles and Leaders of the Civil War Vol 3 p.742
691:Battles and Leaders of the Civil War Vol 3 p.738
882:. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2009.
375:had fairly effective control of large areas of
343:failed to break through the defensive lines of
1589:Battles of the American Civil War in Tennessee
945:United States. National Park Service. (n.d.).
441:, was sent to Knoxville to prevent Burnside's
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898:. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
783:"Saved Land" webpage. Accessed May 25, 2018.
353:, resulting in lopsided casualties, and the
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978:Driving tour of Knoxville in the Civil War
591:was from this area; the exteriors for the
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1579:Union victories of the American Civil War
833:. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985.
862:National Park Service battle description
818:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.
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923:. The University of Tennessee Press.
394:Union engineers commanded by Captain
208:
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949:, TN. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from
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759:Fort Sanders Regional Medical Center
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585:Fort Sanders Regional Medical Center
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533:, left, seated on a tree stump, and
429:As a Confederate army under General
333:, on November 29, 1863. Assaults by
159:Confederate Forces in East Tennessee
1497:Confederate monuments and memorials
1046:Tennessee in the American Civil War
856:of the Union and Confederate Armies
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41:The Rebel Assault on fort Sanders,
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321:was the crucial engagement of the
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801:. New York: Da Capo Press, 1993.
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119:
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1584:History of Knoxville, Tennessee
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755:"Fort Sanders Regional History"
743:. Dyer Publishing. p. 319.
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955:Taylor, Paul (2013, April 1).
894:Seymour, Digby Gordon (1963).
844:United States War Department,
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16:1863 American Civil War battle
1:
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126:Confederate States of America
1387:Third Battle of Murfreesboro
1261:Second Battle of Chattanooga
1170:First Battle of Murfreesboro
947:Battle Summary: Fort Sanders
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447:Battle of Campbell's Station
7:
1286:Third Battle of Chattanooga
1165:First Battle of Chattanooga
57:November 29, 1863
10:
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781:American Battlefield Trust
613:American Battlefield Trust
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1362:Second Battle of Franklin
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433:besieged Union forces at
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1352:Second Battle of Memphis
1246:First Battle of Franklin
847:The War of the Rebellion
737:Dyer, Frederick (1908).
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574:became the site of many
357:entered its final days.
1569:East Tennessee Campaign
1160:First Battle of Memphis
904:2027/mdp.39015016780093
1599:Knox County, Tennessee
919:Hess, Earl J. (2012).
669:Digby Gordon Seymour,
546:
538:
501:
435:Chattanooga, Tennessee
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418:
417:Defenses of Knoxville.
408:79th New York Infantry
319:Battle of Fort Sanders
132:Commanders and leaders
74:Knox County, Tennessee
22:Battle of Fort Sanders
1461:John Henninger Reagan
852:a Compilation of the
605:A Death in the Family
560:Battle of Chattanooga
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528:
499:
451:Benjamin G. Humphreys
424:
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385:Battle of Fort Sumter
365:Further information:
177:Casualties and losses
1614:November 1863 events
1205:Parker's Cross Roads
1107:Chattanooga campaign
796:Alexander, Edward P.
331:Knoxville, Tennessee
1001:35.9589°N 83.9338°W
997: /
867:CWSAC report update
611:(a division of the
1594:Forts in Tennessee
1564:Knoxville campaign
1281:Campbell's Station
1231:Thompson's Station
660:Alexander, p. 492.
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531:Orville E. Babcock
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427:
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404:William P. Sanders
367:Knoxville campaign
355:Siege of Knoxville
327:American Civil War
323:Knoxville Campaign
281:Campbell's Station
238:Knoxville Campaign
29:American Civil War
1609:1863 in Tennessee
1604:Conflicts in 1863
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1414:(by city or town)
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1140:Island Number Ten
1006:35.9589; -83.9338
935:Project MUSE
930:978-1-57233-924-8
888:978-1-60635-040-9
581:1982 World's Fair
572:Fort Sanders area
566:Battlefield today
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351:Ambrose Burnside
341:James Longstreet
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1188:
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1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:Fort Donelson
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
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1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
962:
958:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
926:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:
868:
865:
863:
860:
857:
855:
849:
848:
843:
840:
839:0-8094-4816-5
836:
832:
828:
825:
824:0-684-84944-5
821:
817:
814:
811:
808:
807:0-306-80509-X
804:
800:
797:
794:
793:
782:
779:
775:
760:
756:
750:
742:
741:
733:
724:
718:Korn, p. 112.
715:
706:
700:Korn, p. 113.
697:
688:
679:
672:
666:
657:
648:
646:
644:
642:
633:
627:
623:
616:
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610:
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586:
582:
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573:
563:
561:
555:
551:
543:
536:
532:
527:
518:
516:
512:
506:
498:
489:
487:
482:
478:
474:
473:Holston River
469:
467:
463:
462:Solon Z. Ruff
460:
456:
453:, Brig. Gen.
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Robert E. Lee
436:
432:
431:Braxton Bragg
423:
415:
411:
409:
405:
402:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
368:
358:
356:
352:
349:
346:
342:
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
307:
304:
302:
301:Walker's Ford
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
251:Sanders' Raid
249:
248:
245:
240:
230:
225:
223:
218:
216:
211:
210:
207:
193:
190:
184:
181:
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147:
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127:
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117:
114:
110:
109:United States
105:
100:
99:
94:
86:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:
56:
53:
52:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1541:
1367:Johnsonville
1311:Fort Sanders
1310:
1301:Collierville
1276:Blue Springs
1251:Hoover's Gap
1210:Stones River
1180:Riggins Hill
982:
956:
946:
920:
895:
879:
851:
846:
830:
815:
798:
774:
762:. Retrieved
758:
749:
739:
732:
723:
714:
705:
696:
687:
678:
670:
665:
656:
626:
604:
596:
569:
556:
552:
548:
507:
503:
470:
464:(commanding
428:
393:
370:
329:, fought in
318:
316:
296:Fort Sanders
295:
271:Philadelphia
266:Blue Springs
199:226 captured
197:458 wounded
191:
182:
96:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1444:Confederate
1423:Chattanooga
1411:Involvement
1382:Spring Hill
1347:Fort Pillow
1342:Fair Garden
1321:Mossy Creek
1306:Rogersville
1266:Blountville
1256:Liberty Gap
1086:Confederacy
1004: /
595:version of
535:Orlando Poe
486:skirmishers
455:Goode Bryan
373:Confederacy
335:Confederate
276:Rogersville
261:Blountville
195:129 killed
1558:Categories
1372:Bull's Gap
1357:Morristown
1296:Wauhatchie
1271:Farmington
1190:Hartsville
1130:Fort Henry
1079:Combatants
992:83°56′02″W
989:35°57′32″N
790:References
589:James Agee
484:deploying
468:Brigade).
401:Brig. Gen.
361:Background
188:5 wounded
61:1863-11-29
1490:Aftermath
1451:John Bell
1428:Nashville
1392:Nashville
1337:Dandridge
1241:Brentwood
1195:Lexington
1100:Campaigns
576:Victorian
521:Aftermath
481:artillery
466:Wofford's
379:, though
348:Maj. Gen.
286:Knoxville
192:813 total
186:8 killed
1531:Category
1377:Columbia
338:Lt. Gen.
291:Kingston
183:13 total
164:Strength
69:Location
1542:Commons
1437:Leaders
1200:Jackson
1150:Lebanon
1116:Battles
1053:Origins
912:3519867
764:1 March
381:Slavery
325:of the
87:victory
59: (
1145:Shiloh
937:
927:
910:
886:
837:
822:
805:
513:, and
492:Battle
457:, and
172:~3,000
81:Result
1470:Union
1226:Dover
1091:Union
619:Notes
599:were
345:Union
113:Union
85:Union
1330:1864
1219:1863
1123:1862
925:ISBN
908:OCLC
884:ISBN
835:ISBN
820:ISBN
803:ISBN
766:2023
601:shot
570:The
459:Col.
371:The
317:The
54:Date
900:hdl
169:440
1560::
933:.
906:.
850::
757:.
640:^
517:.
410:.
1038:e
1031:t
1024:v
941:.
914:.
902::
890:.
841:.
826:.
768:.
634:.
228:e
221:t
214:v
115:)
111:(
63:)
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