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Some later writers propagated that
Muhammad of Ghor's assassins were sent by Alauddin. However, this is not attested by any contemporary evidence. Alauddin had no reason to murder the Ghurid Sultan whose Central Asia expansion was already halted after his rout at Andkhud. Muhammad of Ghor though laid
767:
A fourteenth century text Tarik-i guzida claimed that
Muhammad of Ghor's trusted slave Yildiz even besieged his capital Ghazna on rumours of his death. This is repeated by later historians including Ferishta. However, this is not corroborated by earlier authorities. Further, Yildiz remained loyal to
599:
where the
Khwarezmians inflicted significant losses on the Ghurids in Hazar Saf, before the aiding contingent of Khwarezmians marching from Transoxania surrounded them. The Ghurids exhausted in their long march from Gurgānj started the battle with Muhammad in the rear of his army with 20,000 cavalry
591:
Due to the hostile environment in
Gurganz and on the encroachment of the Qara Khitai and Qarakhanid contingents, the Ghurids were forced to relieve the siege and start their retreat to Ghazna. The Qara Khitai troops albeit, stationed themselves near the river Oxus to overtake the Ghurids in their
562:
and
Muhammad succeeded him as the sole ruler of Ghurid dynasty. Taking advantage of Muhammad absence from Herat, amidst death of his brother, Alauddin defeated the Ghurid garrison in Herat and recaptured the city. However, Muhammad drove back him from Merv and decisively defeated him east of his
757:
The Ghurid hordes during their retreat engaged in a pitched battle with
Alauddin's forces who according to Ibn-al Athir chased them like a "ferocious tiger" and routed them decisively. Alauddin returned to Gurganz with enormous spoils and the disheartened army of Muhammad reached
631:", intervened and asked Muhammad of Ghor to negotiate and surrender his possessions to escape alive. Muhammad agreed for the negotiations and paid heavy ransom to Tayangu. Thus, Muhammad routed completely was allowed to return to his capital safely.
546:
for the first time. However, Alauddin soon ascended to the throne in August 1200 and recaptured his territories from the
Ghurids after a series of incursion which began from September 1201 and recaptured Nishapur and other Ghurid conquests including
662:
Amirdad Hasan. Hussain
Kharmil as per Juzjani, also deserted him. Notwithstanding, within a year or so, Muhammad of Ghor curbed these rebellions and restored his empire to stability. He ordered the construction of a boat bridge across the river
600:
soldiers. Many of the Ghurid soldiers start retreating although, Muhammad continue to lead the vanguard. However, he got seriously wounded by an arrow and was taken by his slave general Aibak Yogi to safety inside a castle between
415:
and relieved the city which lead to a full-scale invasion from
Muhammad of Ghor who besieged Alauddin's capital of Gurganz. However, the Ghurids failed to press upon the siege and were forced to retreat when a large contingent of
450:
and a number of their slave generals rebelled in the core Ghurid domain as well. Muhammad of Ghor, however successfully dealt with these rebellions and made preparations to avenge his defeat but was assassinated at
551:. Despite this success, Alauddin tried to make cordial relations with the Ghurids (possibly to get rid from Qara Khitai supremacy) and wrote a letter to them to treat him as his son and offered to marry his mother
563:
capital in
Gurganz. Muhammad in order to give a decisive blow to the Khwarezmian, besieged their capital Gurganz, possibly to completely annex their empire. Alauddin retreated, and requested aid from the
1196:
1331:
History of civilizations of central Asia: Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century : ( part one ) The historical, social and economic setting
623:
The victorious army advanced further and successfully breached the wall of the castle in which Muhammad of Ghor took shelter. At this time, Uthman who according to
620:- "Only a few person from the army of Islam were left". The numerically superior forces of Qara Khitais and Qarakhanids eventually routed the Ghurids completely.
1381:
252:
435:, Muhammad's forces were completely routed by Qara Khitais who further chased him in his retreat as well. Muhammad was allowed to retreat safely to
654:
The Catastrophe of Andkhud, lead to a number of rebellions in the Ghurid empire. Aibak Beg, his general during the battle deserted him and seized
231:
1386:
542:. Further, in Merv, the Ghurids stationed Alauddin's rival Hindu Khan on the throne. Thus, the Ghurids for a short time captured most of the
499:
which opened the whole of Ganga valley which Muhammad and his slave generals pressed upon in subsequent years and reached as far as the
380:. The battle ended in a complete rout of the Ghurids, although Muhammad of Ghor managed to escape the debacle after the intervention by
555:
to Muhammad of Ghor. However, the overtures by Alauddin were turned down by the Ghurids and they continue to carry raids in Khorasan.
455:
on 15 March 1206. His successor was forced to acknowledge the suzerainty of Khwarazmians who overthrew the Ghurids by 1215 but were
1401:
795:
siege to the fort controlled by the Heretics during his campaign of Khurasan. His assassins were possibly sent by the Imam of Alamut.
738:
507:. After their conquests in the Indian subcontinent, the Ghurids embarked upon the struggle with Khwarazm Empire for the supremacy of
456:
1391:
522:. Taking advantage of the civil war between Alauddin and his nephew Hindu Khan for the throne, the Ghurids successfully captured
608:. A large number of Ghurid soldiers were slain who covered his retreat to the castle, including the Ghurid governor of strategic
721:
was forced to acknowledge the suzerainty of the Khwarezmians. The Khwarezmian empire within a decade or so, reached up to the
1396:
1339:
1251:
1227:
1206:
61:
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The defeat in Andkhud turned out to be a disaster for prestige of the Ghurids, who lost their control over most of the
395:
amidst the civil war among the successors of Tekish for the throne. However, the Ghurids conquests were recaptured by
1265:
269:
571:. Thus, Qara Khitai's sent a large contingent of 40,000 soldiers under the command of Tayangu of Talas along with
399:
who made diplomatic overtures to make peace with the Ghurids. Although, the Ghurids turned down his overtures.
1264:(1992). "The Formation of the Sultanate Ruling Class of the Thirteenth Century". In Iqtidar Alam Khan (ed.).
302:
1315:
487:
from their last bastion in 1186, the Ghurids achieved a landscape victory in 1192, against the forces of
1237:
1284:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 44.
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1303:
Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib
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651:. Further, Muhammad was forced to conclude a peace treaty with Alauddin and Khwazmian Empire.
718:
710:
after a hotly contested battle. On his way back, Muhammad was assassinated near the Indus by
1352:(1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanate". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
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The Ghurids were chased in their retreat and in a decisive battle fought near the river of
1358:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
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rulers who were themselves in hostile relations with the Ghurids after their invasion of
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The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
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1278:(1970). "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
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states that the governor of Ghazna Yildiz indeed rebelled. However, it was not
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THE POLITICAL AND DYNASTIC HISTORY OF THE IRANIAN WORLD (A.D. 1000–1217)
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at this point, died in Herat (1203) and was succeeded by his brother
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A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)
1281:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)
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and captured the western frontier of Ghurids as well which included
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Around the same time, Ghiyath al-Din died in 1203 due to illness in
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1328:(1998). "The Ghurids". In M. S. Asimov; C. E. Bossworth (eds.).
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reached its greatest territorial extent. After expelling the
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which forced him to move towards India again. The Khokhars
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The Catastrophe of Andkhud lead to the loss of most of the
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on 15 March 1206 whom he persecuted during his lifetime.
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However, another rebellion occurred in his empire in the
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swept away by the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan in 1221
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to avenge his rout at Andhkhud. The Ghurid governor of
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698:who disrupted Muhammad's communication between
737:. However, the Khwarezmian empire, soon was
457:themselves uprooted by Genghis khan in 1221
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1382:Battles involving the Khwarazmian dynasty
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348:was fought in 1204 on the bank of river
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1317:The Foundation of Muslim rule in India
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1387:Battles involving the Ghurid dynasty
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1243:History of Medieval India:800-1700
391:, invaded and annexed most of the
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259:Show map of West and Central Asia
256:Location of the Battle of Andkhud
1402:Battles involving Turkic peoples
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1392:History of Islam in Afghanistan
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29:Part of Khwarazmian-Ghurid wars
16:1204 battle near the river Oxus
1222:. Cambridge University Press.
1201:. Cambridge University Press.
675:was ordered to prepare for a "
407:. Alauddin soon displaced the
1:
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344:, alternatively known as the
1397:Battles involving the Tajiks
1306:. People's Publishing House.
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1270:. Oxford University Press.
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497:Second Battle of Tarain
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292:Show map of Afghanistan
77:36.953043°N 65.125258°E
625:Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani
346:Catastrophe of Andkhud
170:Nasiruddin Aitam
150:Commanders and leaders
719:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud
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1312:Habibullah, A. B. M.
382:Uthman of Qarakhanid
376:) led by Tayangu of
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1246:. Orient Longman.
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1341:978-92-3-103467-1
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1095:
1083:
1071:
1044:
1039:, p. 6.
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
952:
940:
928:
916:
904:
892:
880:
853:
826:
790:
777:Conversely,
773:
763:
753:
716:
689:
679:against the
653:
638:
622:
618:Hasan Nizami
594:
590:
557:
513:
501:Ganges Delta
466:
441:
426:
386:
368:against the
345:
341:
337:
335:
173:
125:Belligerents
53:(modern day
18:
1127:Nizami 1970
1100:Nizami 1970
1001:Nizami 1998
873:Nizami 1998
831:Nizami 1998
723:Indus River
669:Transoxania
565:Qara Khitai
514:Meanwhile,
418:Qara Khitai
372:(as aid of
358:Afghanistan
140:Qara Khitai
104:Territorial
97:Khwarazmian
80: /
55:Afghanistan
1376:Categories
1334:. UNESCO.
1151:Habib 1981
1139:Biran 2005
1115:Habib 1981
1076:Biran 2005
1064:Habib 1970
1049:Habib 1981
1037:Habib 1992
1025:Habib 1981
1013:Habib 1970
974:Biran 2005
945:Biran 2005
933:Habib 1970
921:Habib 1970
909:Habib 1970
858:Biran 2005
819:Habib 1981
692:Salt Range
573:Qarakhanid
485:Ghaznawids
471:under the
463:Background
422:Qarakhanid
179:Aibak Yogi
68:65°07′31″E
65:36°57′11″N
51:Oxus River
803:Citations
745:Footnotes
685:Turkistan
635:Aftermath
592:retreat.
581:Samarkand
489:Chahamana
181:Aibak Beg
1364:31870180
1314:(1957).
1300:(1981).
1290:31870180
1240:(2007).
1195:(1968).
758:Saifabad
731:Kandahar
712:Ismailis
696:Khokhars
681:infidels
677:holy war
641:Khorasan
629:infidels
597:Saifabad
544:Khorasan
524:Nishapur
509:Khorasan
446:for the
444:Khurasan
393:Khorasan
199:Strength
111:Khurasan
46:Location
673:Bamiyan
643:except
473:dyarchy
448:Ghurids
433:Andkhud
354:Andkhoy
316:Andkhud
283:Andkhud
245:Andkhud
220:Unknown
188:Tayangu
174:†
158: (
113:to the
106:changes
99:victory
1362:
1338:
1288:
1250:
1226:
1205:
727:Ghazni
704:Ghazni
700:Lahore
660:Multan
656:Multan
610:Multan
587:Battle
575:ruler
540:Bisṭām
536:Gorgan
516:Tekish
505:Bengal
453:Damyak
437:Ghazna
409:Ghurid
207:40,000
204:20,000
93:Result
735:Kabul
649:Balkh
645:Herat
606:Balkh
569:Balkh
560:Herat
549:Herat
491:king
431:, in
413:Herat
378:Taraz
352:near
217:Heavy
1360:OCLC
1336:ISBN
1286:OCLC
1248:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1203:ISBN
733:and
702:and
665:Oxus
647:and
612:and
604:and
602:Merv
538:and
528:Merv
429:Oxus
420:and
350:Oxus
336:The
41:1204
38:Date
687:".
683:of
614:Uch
579:of
532:Tus
503:in
495:in
475:of
364:of
161:WIA
1378::
1107:^
1056:^
981:^
964:^
865:^
838:^
811:^
741:.
729:,
530:,
526:,
511:.
459:.
384:.
1366:.
1344:.
1320:.
1292:.
1256:.
1232:.
1211:.
164:)
57:)
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