1378:"battered wife syndrome". Steinmetz conducted several empirical investigations prior to writing her article. Using a broad-based non-representative sample of fifty-four couples, Steinmetz found male perpetrated intimate partner violence at a rate of 47% and female perpetrated intimate partner violence at a rate of 43%. She further found that while 39% of husbands had thrown objects, 31% of wives had done likewise; 31% of husbands had pushed or shoved their partner, compared to 32% of wives; 20% of husbands had hit their wives, 20% of wives had hit their husbands; 10% of husbands had hit their wives with an object, 10% of wives had hit their husbands with an object. In another study, using a sample of fifty-two Canadian college students, Steinmetz found male perpetrated IPV at a rate of 23% and female perpetrated intimate partner violence at a rate of 21%. Further investigation found that 21% of both husbands and wives had thrown objects; 17% of husbands had pushed or shoved, compared to 13% of wives; 13% of husbands had hit their wives, 13% of wives had hit their husbands; 10% of husbands had hit their wives with an object, 12% of wives had hit their husbands with an object. In a third study, using a random sample of ninety-four people, Steinmetz found male perpetrated intimate partner violence at a rate of 32% and female perpetrated intimate partner violence at a rate of 28%. Further investigation found that 31% of husbands had thrown objects compared to 25% of wives; 22% of husbands had pushed or shoved, compared to 18% of wives; 17% of husbands had hit their wives, 12% of wives had hit their husbands; 12% of husbands had hit their wives with an object, 14% of wives had hit their husbands with an object.
1196:
6.5% of women had experienced severe intimate partner violence. In
England and Wales, the 1995 "Home Office Research Study 191" found that in the twelve months prior to the survey, 4.2% of both men and woman between the ages of 16 and 59 had been assaulted by an intimate. The Canadian General Social Survey of 2000 found that from 1994 to 1999, 4% of men and 4% of women had experienced intimate partner violence in a relationship in which they were still involved, 22% of men and 28% of women had experienced intimate partner violence in a relationship which had now ended, and 7% of men and 8% of women had experienced intimate partner violence across all relationships, past and present. The 2005 Canadian General Social Survey, looking at the years 1999β2004 found similar data; 4% of men and 3% of women had experienced intimate partner violence in a relationship in which they were still involved, 16% of men and 21% of women had experienced intimate partner violence in a relationship which had now ended, and 6% of men and 7% of women had experienced intimate partner violence across all relationships, past and present.
1261:, finding bidirectionality in 60-64% of intimate partner violence cases, as reported by both men and women. The 2001 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health found that 49.7% of intimate partner violence cases were reciprocal and 50.3% were non-reciprocal. When data provided by men only was analyzed, 46.9% of cases were reported as reciprocal and 53.1% as non-reciprocal. When data provided by women only was analyzed, 51.3% of cases were reported as reciprocal and 49.7% as non-reciprocal. The overall data showed 70.7% of non-reciprocal intimate partner violence cases were perpetrated by women only (74.9% when reported by men; 67.7% when reported by women) and 29.3% were perpetrated by men only (25.1% when reported by men; 32.3% when reported by women). The 2006 thirty-two nation International Dating Violence Study "revealed an overwhelming body of evidence that bidirectional violence is the predominant pattern of perpetration; and this ... indicates that the
1278:
phenomenon, primarily, but not exclusively, because male violence tends to inflict more psychological and physical damage than female violence. Male violence produces injury at roughly six times the rate of female violence. Women are also more likely to be killed by their male partners than the reverse (according to the US Department of
Justice, 84% of spousal murder victims are female), and women in general are more likely to be killed by their spouses than all other types of assailants combined. In relation to this, Murray A. Straus has written "although women may assault their partners at approximately the same rate as men, because of the greater physical, financial, and emotional injury suffered by women, they are the predominant victims. Consequently, the first priority in services for victims and in prevention and control must continue to be directed toward assaults by husbands."
1415:
committed against abusive male partners, including homicide, evidences the wide acceptance of a woman's use of violence as self-defense." Others have argued that domestic violence against women is not primarily motivated by self-defense. The theory is that when women commit intimate partner violence, it is probably justified because they were previously victims and, therefore, the male was the "primary aggressor." Thus, the woman's violent behavior is caused by her background as a victim. Juan Carlos RamΓrez explains that given the socially accepted model of femininity as one of submission, passivity and abnegation, whatever behavior does not follow this stereotype will be perceived in an exaggerated manner as abnormal and violent. Thus, women will be perceived as disproportionately aggressive even if merely defending themselves.
1465:, and a general attitudinal approval of partner violence. Straus states that most female perpetrated intimate partner violence is not motivated by self-defense, but by a desire to control their partners. In 2014, a study involving 1,104 male and female students in their late teens and early twenties found that women are more likely than men to be controlling and aggressive towards their partners, more likely to demonstrate a desire to control their partners, and more likely to use physical aggression in ensuring that control. The main author of the study, Elizabeth Bates, wrote "this suggests that intimate partner violence may not be motivated by patriarchal values and needs to be studied within the context of other forms of aggression, which has potential implications for interventions."
1303:
and women tend to overestimate their use of violence. "He attempts to control for this by examining only reports from women. Yet this does not correct the bias, because women also tend to underestimate men's use of violence. Furthermore, men and women alike tend to overestimate women's use of violence. Violence by men is expected, so it is not reported; violence by women is not expected, so it is notable and reported." Thus men will overestimate their victimization and underestimate their perpetration, while women will underestimate their victimization and overestimate their perpetration. Barbara J. Morse and
Malcolm J. George have presented data suggesting that male underestimation of their partner's violence is more common in CTS based studies than overestimation.
1424:
women who admitted to committing intimate partner violence gave self-defense as a reason. More prevalent reasons were "Get through to" (53%), "Something said" (52%) and "Make do something" (26%). In a five-year study of 978 college students from
California, concluded in 1997, Martin S. Fiebert and Denise M. Gonzalez found an intimate partner violence rate amongst women of 20%. Within this group, perpetrators were asked to select reasons as to why they assaulted their partner, with the option to choose multiple reasons. The breakdown of reasons had "my partner wasn't sensitive to my needs" as the most prevalent (46%). Also found more frequently than self-defense were "I wished to gain my partner's attention" (44%) and "My partner was not listening to me" (43%).
1250:
and 49.5% were bidirectional. In order to counteract claims that the reporting data was skewed, female-only surveys were conducted, asking females to self-report, resulting in almost identical data. The 1985 National Family
Violence Survey found 25.9% of IPV cases perpetrated by men alone, 25.5% by women alone, and 48.6% were bidirectional. A study conducted in 2007 by Daniel J. Whitaker, Tadesse Haileyesus, Monica Swahn, and Linda S. Saltzman, of 11,370 heterosexual U.S. adults aged 18 to 28 found that 24% of all relationships had some violence. Of those relationships, 49.7% of them had reciprocal violence. In relationships without reciprocal violence, women committed 70% of all violence. However, men were more likely to inflict injury than women.
834:
women) than the standard crime surveys. The 2010β2011 report found that whilst 27% of women who experienced intimate partner violence reported it to the police, only 10% of men did so, and whilst 44% of women reported to some professional organization, only 19% of men did so. The
Australian Bureau of Statistics reported that 97.2% of men do not report domestic violence to the police, compared to 82.1% of women. In a 2005 report carried out by the National Crime Council in the Republic of Ireland, it was estimated that 5% of men who had experienced violence had reported it to the authorities, compared to 29% of women.
1101:
extensive than what they report. Men may also take a long time to realise that they were victim to physical violence. These factors means that it often takes detailed questioning from interviewers to reveal physical violence and its severity, especially for men in minority backgrounds. For most men questioned, "violence" is not in their vocabulary, but rather terms such as "madness", "manipulation", and "short-tempered", and may only use the term violence after receiving therapy. In the book
Unreasonable Men, Seidler writes that men are taught to base evaluations of themselves on external factors.
1176:
934:, the 1995 "Home Office Research Study 191" surveyed 10,844 people (5,886 women and 4,958 men) between the ages of 16 and 59, finding that for the previous year, 4.2% of men had experienced intimate partner violence. Over a lifetime, this figure increased to 14.9% of men. Of the 6.6 million incidents of intimate partner violence in 1995, 3.25 million involved male victims, with 1 million incidents resulting in injury. Since 2004, more detailed annual records have been maintained as a supplementary survey attached to the annual Home Office
1498:
2012 found that 76 percent of domestic violence was committed against women and 24 percent were committed against men. Dr. Ruth M. Mann of the
University of Windsor, an expert on sociology and criminology, stated her opposition to the gender symmetry theory of domestic violence on the grounds that women as well as children are the main victims in the "annual pile up" (Coyle, 2001) of victims being murdered by intimate partners and fathers throughout Canada (AuCoin, 2005; Ogrodnik, 2006).
1295:(CTS) as the sole measure of domestic violence, and that many of the studies used samples composed entirely of single people under the age of thirty, as opposed to older married couples. Although the CTS is the most widely used domestic violence measurement instrument in the world, it is also one of the most criticized instruments, due to its exclusion of context variables, inability to measure systemic abuse and motivational factors in understanding acts of violence. For example, the
1025:
that they are the victims of partner violence. It is very common for men to avoid reporting or admitting to cases of domestic violence due to various reasons, such as fear of ridicule, embarrassment, and the lack of support. This taboo subject is often trivialized and ignored by society, which makes it hard to determine how prevalent this issue is. Due to the lack of support services and health care professionals, male victims often do not receive the necessary assistance.
1428:
family are clearly among the causes of intimate partner violence, but there are many others. However, with rare exceptions, current offender treatment programs are based on the assumption that the primary cause is male dominance. Thus, they proceed under an erroneous assumption. Illustrative of this fallacious single-cause approach are the state-mandated offender treatment programs that forbid treating other causes, such as inadequate
1540:
some were even applauded by judges and bystanders who viewed this behavior as appropriate discipline. Societal gender and marriage expectations were relevant in these discrepancies; many judges and newspaper articles joked that men subjected to intimate partner violence were "weak, pitiful, and effeminate." Men beaten by their wives were seen as "so unmanly that they did not deserve society's care or protection." During the early
1044:, a social experiment was carried out where a woman threatens a man and a man threatens a woman, using the same body language and words, at the same location. They did this for 90 minutes, and it took a few seconds until someone helped the woman. For the man, only seven people attempted to help him in the 90 minutes. In the experiment, a few people were laughing and taking pictures of the man being threatened by the woman.
1472:, anger, revenge, skill deficiency, head injuries, biochemical imbalances, feelings of powerlessness, lack of resources, and frustration. Researchers have also found a correlation between the availability of domestic violence services, increased access to divorce, higher earnings for women, and improved laws and enforcement regarding domestic violence with declines in female perpetrated intimate partner violence.
1397:, "Indeed, men are hit by their wives, they are injured, and some are killed. But, are all men hit by women battered? No. Men who beat their wives, who use emotional abuse and blackmail to control their wives, and are then hit or even harmed, cannot be considered battered men. A battered man is one who is physically injured by a wife or partner and has not physically struck or psychologically provoked her."
873:
1382:
to commit acts of violence and under certain circumstances, they do carry out these acts". According to
Malcolm J. George, Steinmetz' article "represented a point of departure and antithetical challenge to the otherwise pervasive view of the seemingly universality of female vulnerability in the face of male hegemony exposed by the cases of battered wives".
1494:. The review also found that 70% of female victims in one of their studies were "very frightened" in response to intimate partner violence from their partners, but 85% of male victims cited "no fear". The review also found that intimate partner violence mediated the satisfaction of the relationship for women but it did not do so for men.
1115:
as slipping), and falsely blame the man for causing these injuries. Role switching may prolong the violence against the man, and may be considered to be a form of psychological abuse. Role switching is a strategy only available to female perpetrators due to society's perception that women are the only legitimate victims.
1241:
can serve to undermine one of the most commonly cited reasons for female perpetrated IPV; self-defense against a controlling male partner. Despite this, many studies have found evidence of high levels of bidirectionality in cases where women have reported intimate partner violence. For example, social activist
1192:
results led
Suzanne K. Steinmetz to coin the controversial term "battered husband syndrome" in 1977. Ever since the publication of Straus and Gelles' findings, other researchers in domestic violence have discussed whether gender symmetry really exists, and how to differentiate between victim and batterer.
1530:
has also campaigned to spread awareness of the problem of male victimization and to promote reporting of incidents. The country's first shelter for male abuse victims, Men's Aid NI, opened in early 2013. Chairman Peter Morris has remarked, "Domestic violence against men can take many forms, including
1497:
Gender asymmetry is also consistent with government findings. According to government statistics from the US Department of Justice, male perpetrators constituted 96% of federal prosecution on domestic violence. Another report by the US Department of Justice on non-fatal domestic violence from 2003 to
1432:
skills." In 2006, Rose A. Medeiros and Murray A. Straus conducted a study using a sample of 854 students (312 men and 542 women) from two American universities. They identified fourteen specific risk factors common amongst both males and females who had committed intimate partner violence; poor anger
1381:
These findings led Steinmetz to conclude that intimate partner violence was roughly reciprocal between husbands and wives, with a similar level of intentionality between men and women; "women are as likely to select physical conflict to resolve marital conflict as are men ... women have the potential
1336:
who are uncomfortable with any evidence that women can be as violent as men because it undermines their belief that intimate partner violence is an extension of men's desire to subjugate women; "one of the explanations for denying the evidence on gender symmetry is to defend feminism in general. This
1240:
An especially controversial aspect of the gender symmetry debate is the notion of bidirectional or reciprocal intimate partner violence (i.e. when both parties commit violent acts against one another). Findings regarding bidirectional violence are particularly controversial because, if accepted, they
1114:
Female perpetrators of intimate partner violence may make threats to their husbands that she will report him to authorities for being violent. An example of this happening is screaming and acting as if she had been attacked. Female perpetrators may also have unrelated injuries caused by herself (such
858:
found that a common experience for male intimate partner violence victims was that no one believed them, or were responded to by laughter, including the police. Some men may not report to police as they did not want to expose their partners to the consequences committing violence, such as causing his
1414:
Linda Kelly writes that "in conceding that women do engage in acts of domestic violence, female use of violence is justified as self-defenseβa lifesaving reaction of women who are being physically attacked by their male partners. The development of the battered woman syndrome as a defense for crimes
1356:
found that although less serious situational violence or altercation was equal for both genders, more serious and violent abuse was perpetrated by men. It was also found that women's physical violence was more likely motivated by self-defense or fear while men's was more likely motivated by control.
1317:
investigators who champion it, arguing that male aggression is much more severe than female aggression and the two should not be measured by the same tool on the same scale. Such an approach would make it impossible to compare male and female aggression because there would be no common measurement.
1265:
of ipv is mostly parallel for men and women". The survey found for "any physical violence", a rate of 31.2%, of which 68.6% was bidirectional, 9.9% was perpetrated by men only, and 21.4% by women only. For severe assault, a rate of 10.8% was found, of which 54.8% was bidirectional, 15.7% perpetrated
1480:
Many critics have rejected the research cited by men's rights activists and dispute their claims that such violence is gender symmetrical, arguing that MRAs' focus on women's violence against men stems from a misogynistic political agenda to minimize the issue of men's violence against women and to
1427:
Looking beyond self-defense, studies have found a range of causes for female-perpetrated intimate partner violence. Writing of the feminist theory which regards reinforcement of patriarchy as a primary cause of intimate partner violence, Murray A. Straus writes "Patriarchy and male dominance in the
1377:
The most controversial aspect of female perpetrated intimate partner violence is the theory of "battered husband syndrome". In reaction to the findings of the U.S. National Family Violence Survey in 1975, Suzanne K. Steinmetz wrote an article in 1977 in which she coined the term as a correlative to
1320:
Another critic, Kersti YllΓΆ, who holds Straus and those who use the CTS accountable for damaging the gains of the battered women's movement, by releasing their findings into the "marketplace of ideas". She argues that, as sociologists committed to ending domestic violence, they should have foreseen
1302:
Kimmel argues that the CTS is particularly vulnerable to reporting bias because it depends on asking people to accurately remember and honestly report incidents which have occurred up to a year previously. Even Straus admitted that the data indicates men tend to underestimate their use of violence,
1227:
and the correlation between a country's level of gender inequality and rates of domestic violence. The authors found that when partner abuse is defined broadly to include emotional abuse, any kind of hitting, and who hits first, partner abuse is relatively even. They also stated if one examines who
1195:
Since 1975, numerous other empirical studies have found evidence of gender symmetry in intimate partner violence. For example, in the United States, the National Comorbidity Study of 1990-1992 found 18.4% of men and 17.4% of women had experienced minor intimate partner violence, and 5.5% of men and
1127:
Despite the significant increase in empirical output over the past 15 years, the lack of research on domestic violence still persists. There is still a lot of doubt when it comes to the causes of this violence and the treatment and prevention of it. Some clinicians are reluctant to conduct research
1123:
Research on domestic violence often focuses on women's victimisation of domestic violence and excludes domestic violence against men. Domestic violence research regarding men generally focuses on male strength, courage, or their desire to demonstrate these traits, rather than their vulnerability to
1070:
Analyses of research indicates that frequently the legal system fails to view women who use intimate partner violence against controlling male partners as victims due to gendered high expectations on women to be the "perfect victim" and the culturally pervasive stereotype of the passive, "cowering"
1423:
and retaliation were common motivations but that distinguishing between self-defense and retaliation was difficult. Other studies indicate that only a small proportion of women identify their intimate partner violence as self-defense. For example, in a 1996 study of 1,978 people in England, 21% of
1400:
Steinmetz' claims in her article, and her use of the phrase "battered husband syndrome" in particular, aroused a great deal of controversy, with many scholars criticizing research flaws in her work. In particular, she was criticized for not differentiating between verbal and physical aggression or
1249:
in the U.K. in 1971, found that 62 of the first 100 women admitted to the centre were "violence-prone," and just as violent as the men they were leaving. The 1975 National Family Violence Survey found that 27.7% of intimate partner violence cases were perpetrated by men alone, 22.7% by women alone
1191:
on a nationally representative sample of 2,146 "intact families". The survey found 11.6% of women and 12% of men had experienced some kind of intimate partner violence in the last twelve months, also 4.6% of men and 3.8% of women had experienced "severe" intimate partner violence. These unexpected
1091:
Male victims of violence may face socio-cultural issues such as judgement by male peers, or having their masculinity questioned. For some men, admitting they are the victim of female perpetrated intimate partner violence could feel like admitting that they do not follow the established social role
1539:
Intimate partner violence against men was not considered nearly as egregious as against women, both within society at large and within the courts. While men who beat their wives were given stringent punishments by judges, women who beat their husbands were often given little to no punishment, and
1368:
also found that although minor domestic violence was equal, more severe violence was perpetrated by men. It was also found that men were more likely to beat up, choke or strangle their partners, while women were more likely to throw things at their partner, slap, kick, bite, punch, or hit with an
1024:
Stereotypes of men being proactive, powerful, and controlling, and "40 years of feminist tradition" that assumes women are the sole victims intimate partner violence can make it difficult for men to be believed by others, and can even make it difficult for men to believe people when they are told
833:
Statistics indicate that under-reporting is an inherent problem with intimate partner violence irrespective of gender. Supplementary studies carried out in 2001 and from 2004 onwards have consistently recorded significantly higher rates of intimate partner violence (committed against both men and
794:
backlash, and are attempting to undermine the problem of male-perpetrated abuse by championing the cause of the man, over the serious cause of the abused woman. Others have argued that violence against men is a significant, under-reported problem, and that domestic violence researchers, under the
1405:
argues that Steinmetz' methodology was unacceptably unscientific. He argues that her work looks at all violence as fundamentally similar; there is no differentiation between male and female violence, or violence against a child and violence against a wife, such as a mother spanking a child and a
1328:
Straus argues that it is more harmful to women to attempt to tackle the problem of domestic abuse without proper strategy based on facts: "The research shows that this so-called harmless violence by women because a meta-analysis by Stith and colleagues (2004) found that a woman's perpetration of
1277:
As both Fiebert and Archer point out, although the numerical tally of physical acts in these studies has found similar rates of intimate partner violence amongst men and women, and high rates of bidirectionality, there is general agreement amongst researchers that male violence is a more serious
958:, the National Violence Against Women Survey carried out by the Department of Justice in 2000, surveyed 16,000 men and women, finding that 7.4% of men reported experienced physical assault by a partner their lifetime, and, 0.9% of men reported experiencing domestic violence in the past year. The
853:
Surveys have indicated small proportions of men (less than 20% of victims) will tell the police or a health professional about their victimization. This is perhaps due to well-grounded fears that they will be scorned, ridiculed, or disbelieved by these authorities. A recent research paper by Dr.
1510:
filed a lawsuit against the state of California for funding domestic violence shelters for women only. In 2008, the Court of Appeal ruled in their favor and held that the exclusion of male victims violates men's rights to equal protection and "carries with it the baggage of sexual stereotypes",
1307:
has noted that even when dividing the data provided by CTS based studies into that given by men and that given by women (such as in the 2001 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health), the rate of female perpetrated intimate partner violence remains at roughly the same level. The Dunedin
1341:
causes. The removal of patriarchy as the main cause of IPV weakens a dramatic example of the harmful effects of patriarchy." Straus also points out that despite being critical of the CTS, numerous feminist researchers use it for their own research, and that it was CTS based studies which first
1100:
When talking about the domestic violence they face, men often minimise or trivialise their victimisation, and may claim that they were not fearful of the physical violence. This can happen even if the victims feared for their lives. This means that physical violence against men may be far more
837:
Researchers have demonstrated a degree of socio-cultural acceptance of aggression by women against men as opposed to a general condemnation of aggression by men against women. Male-on-female intimate partner violence has been shown to cause significantly more fear and more severe injuries than
1273:
of eighty-two IPV studies. He found that "women were slightly more likely than men to use one or more acts of physical aggression and to use such acts more frequently. Men were more likely to inflict an injury, and overall, 62% of those injured by a partner were women." By contrast, the U.S.
1001:
The 2006 International Dating Violence Study, which investigated intimate partner violence amongst 13,601 students across thirty-two-nations found that "about one-quarter of both male and female students had physically attacked a partner during that year". It reported that 24.4% of males had
1316:
R. Emerson Dobash and Russell P. Dobash have also criticized the CTS, arguing that it is improper to equate male intimate partner violence with female intimate partner violence. They question the methodology behind the CTS, the data which stems from it and the theoretical framework used by
997:
evaluated samples of university students (35 female, 27 male), general population (34 female, 27 male), and incarcerated participants (15 female, 24 male), and found that 16.7% of the male respondents reported physical abuse (12.9% for students and 15.4% for convicts), while 29.5% reported
938:
reports. These reports have consistently recorded significantly higher rates of both male and female victims of intimate partner violence than the standard crime surveys. In the case of male victims, the figures range from a high of 4.5% in 2007/2008 to a low of 3.1% in 2009/2010. In the
1186:
The theory that women perpetrate intimate partner violence at roughly similar rates as men has been termed "gender symmetry". The earliest empirical evidence of gender symmetry was presented in the 1975 U.S. National Family Violence Survey carried out by Murray A. Straus and
991:, published in 1999, reported that of their sample of 1,037 people, 27% of women and 34% of men reported being physically abused by a partner, with 37% of women and 22% of men reporting they had perpetrated intimate partner violence. Also in New Zealand, a 2009 report by the
1124:
domestic violence. They also often usually focus on men as the perpetrators of violence, and are rarely studied as the victims. A reason for this is the idea in evolutionary psychology that females choose a mate and males compete for a female, making them the "agressor".
789:
Intimate partner violence against men is a controversial area of research, with terms such as gender symmetry, battered husband syndrome and bidirectional IPV provoking debate. Some scholars have argued that those who focus on female-perpetrated violence are part of an
3161:
Walker, Arlene; Lyall, Kimina; Silva, Dilkie; Craigie, Georgia; Mayshak, Richelle; Costa, Beth; Hyder, Shannon; Bentley, Ashley (April 2020). "Male victims of female-perpetrated intimate partner violence, help-seeking, and reporting behaviors: A qualitative study".
849:
Some men fear that if they do report to the police, they will be assumed to be the abuser, and placed under arrest. Some male victims fear that people will assume that the woman is the real victim, and must have been acting in self-defense or retaliating for abuse.
5906:
Holtzworth-Munroe, Amy; Bates, Leonard; Smutzler, Natalie; Sandin, Elizabeth (Fall 1997). "A Brief Review of the Research on Husband Violence, Part III: Sociodemographic Factors, Relationship Factors, and Differing Consequences of Husband and Wife Violence".
1418:
Multiple studies indicate that the majority of women's intimate partner violence against male partners is in the context of being victimized. A 2010 systematic review of the literature on women's perpetration of intimate partner violence found that anger,
622:
1136:
Older research often use concepts such as male privilege, patriarchy, and gender inequality. Since then, efforts have been made to make such studies gender neutral. Feminists have argued that domestic violence is only committed by men against women.
4656:
Durose, Matthew R.; Harlow, Caroline Wolf; Langan, Patrick A.; Motivans, Mark; Rantala, Ramona R.; Smith, Erica L. (June 2005). Family Violence Statistics: Including Statistics on Strangers and Acquaintances (Report). Bureau of Justice Statistics.
1074:
Women who assault their male partners are more likely to avoid arrest than men who assault their female partners, because female perpetrators of intimate partner violence tend to be viewed by law enforcement agencies and the courts as victims.
5884:
Holtzworth-Munroe, Amy; Bates, Leonard; Smutzler, Natalie; Sandin, Elizabeth (Summer 1997). "A Brief Review of the Research on Husband Violence, Part II: The Psychological Effects of Husband Violence on Battered Women and Their Children".
1321:
the controversy such statistics would cause and the damage it could potentially do to battered women. Similarly, Nancy Worcester refers to studies which find evidence of gender symmetry and high levels of bidirectionality as part of the "
1199:
From 2010 to 2012, scholars of domestic violence from the U.S., Canada and the U.K. assembled The Partner Abuse State of Knowledge, a research database covering 1700 peer-reviewed studies, the largest of its kind. Among its findings:
1406:
father breaking a mother's ribs. Finkelhor sees this as especially important insofar as it does not allow a differentiation between ongoing systemic abuse and once-off violence, or between disciplining a child and beating a partner.
2755:
1162:, women also commit serious and systematic violence toward their male partners due to such ideology. There is very little research on female perpetrated intimate terrorism, or experiences of intimate terrorism with male victims.
1290:
noted that more than 90% of "systematic, persistent, and injurious" violence is perpetrated by men. He was especially critical of the fact that the majority of the empirical studies reviewed by Fiebert and Archer used the
1231:
When Erin Pizzey, founder of the world's first women's refuge; in Chiswick, UK, reported her data showing that men are abused by women almost to the same extent as vice-versa, she received death threats from feminists.
4779:
Kurz, Demie (1997), "Domestic violence: are women as likely as men to initiate physical assaults in partner relationships: NO: "Physical assaults by male partners: a major social problem"", in Walsh, Mary Roth (ed.),
5928:
Follingstad, Diane R.; Bradley, Rebekah G.; Helff, Cynthia M.; Laughlin, James E. (January 2002). "A Model for Predicting Dating Violence: Anxious Attachment, Angry Temperament, and Need for Relationship Control".
943:, a 2005 report carried out by the National Crime Council found that 15% of women and 6% of men had suffered severe intimate partner violence in their lifetime, equating to roughly 213,000 women and 88,000 men. In
1052:
Parts of support services, especially family protection and child welfare, do not recognise that men can be victim and/or do not understand the psychological control that they may be under due to their partner.
773:
While women are substantially more likely to be injured or killed in incidents of domestic violence, men are less likely to report domestic violence to police than women. Men who report domestic violence can face
1544:, however, women who engaged in physical violence against their husbands were given harsher punishments by judges in hopes of deterring what was perceived as an unfavorable result of the women's rights movement.
1061:
Victims in Australia reported that when reporting their victimization to support services, they were responded to with ridicule, doubt, and arrests. Police may also refuse to listen to their side of the story.
3229:
6087:
Dugan, Laura; Nagin, Daniel S.; Rosenfeld, Richard (August 1999). "Explaining the Decline in Intimate Partner Homicide: The Effects of Changing Domesticity, Women's Status, and Domestic Violence Resources".
4750:(1997), "Domestic violence: are women as likely as men to initiate physical assaults in partner relationships: YES: "Physical assaults by women partners: a major social problem"", in Walsh, Mary Roth (ed.),
1361:
also found that the common motives for female on male domestic violence were anger, a need for attention, or as a response to their partner's own violence. Another 2011 review published in the journal of
1008:
In the United Kingdom, there was a survey that indicated that 9% of males had experienced some form of partner abuse. A growing body of international research indicated that men and women experience
4036:; Molnar, Beth E.; Feurer, Irene D.; Applebaum, Mark (October 2001). "Patterns and Mental Health Predictors of Domestic Violence in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey".
770:(IPV) against men is generally less recognized by society than intimate partner violence against women, which can act as a further block to men reporting their situation or otherwise seeking help.
5863:
Holtzworth-Munroe, Amy; Bates, Leonard; Smutzler, Natalie; Sandin, Elizabeth (Spring 1997). "A Brief Review of the Research on Husband Violence, Part I: Maritally Violent Versus Nonviolent Men".
786:, the fear of not being believed by authorities, and being falsely accused of being the perpetrator. For men and women alike, domestic violence is among the most under-reported crimes worldwide.
617:
1531:
emotional, sexual and physical abuse and threats of abuse. It can happen in heterosexual and same-sex relationships and, as with domestic abuse against females, can go largely unreported."
1308:
Longitudinal Study interviewed both partners in an attempt to test for intentional bias by the participants but found a high degree of correlation between the two partners. Indeed,
1228:
is physically harmed and how seriously, expresses more fear, and experiences subsequent psychological problems, domestic violence is significantly gendered toward women as victims.
3345:
Follingstad, Diane R.; DeHart, Dana D.; Green, Eric P. (August 2004). "Psychologists' Judgments of Psychologically Aggressive Actions When Perpetrated by a Husband Versus a Wife".
1809:
1299:
cautions that the CTS may not be appropriate for intimate partner violence research at all "because it does not measure control, coercion, or the motives for conflict tactics".
1016:
national statistical agency that concluded that "equal proportions of men and women reported being victims of spousal violence during the preceding 5 years (4% respectively)."
5755:
Straus, Murray A (2011). "Gender symmetry and mutuality in perpetration of clinical-level partner violence: Empirical evidence and implications for prevention and treatment".
1523:
specifically for men have been set up in the UK; as of 2010, there are sixty refuge places available to men throughout England and Wales, compared to 7,500 places for women.
887:
5151:
Dobash, R. Emerson; Dobash, Russell P.; Cavanagh, Kate; Lewis, Ruth (June 2004). "Not an ordinary killer; just an ordinary guy: when men murder an intimate woman partner".
2924:
Moffitt, Terrie E.; Caspi, Avshalom E. (July 1999). Findings About Partner Violence From the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, Research in Brief.
3218:
947:, police records for 2012 listed 2,525 male victims of domestic violence, an increase of 259 cases from 2011. In 2018, 19.3% of reported domestic violence victims in
5099:
799:, have ignored this in order to protect the fundamental gains of the battered women's movement, specifically the view that intimate partner abuse is an extension of
6129:
5988:
2144:
Dutton, Donald G.; Nicholls, Tonia L. (September 2005). "The gender paradigm in domestic violence research and theory: Part 1 β The conflict of theory and data".
574:
5783:
3557:
Douglass, Melanie Dawn; D'Aguanno, Sofia; Jones, Sophie (January 2020). "Women as active agents: Female perpetrators of sexual harassment and domestic abuse".
1037:
988:
529:
4907:
6423:
1005:
In 2012, two Swedish studies were released that showed men experienced IPV at rates similar to womenβ8% per year in one study and 11% per year in the other.
1596:
6453:
1677:
Vivian, Dina; Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jennifer (Summer 1994). "Are bi-directionality violent couples mutually victimized? A gender-sensitive comparison".
3310:
Kingsnorth, Rodney F.; MacIntosh, Randall C. (September 2007). "Intimate Partner Violence: The Role of Suspect Gender in Prosecutorial Decision-Making".
2180:
Straus, Murray A. (July 2010). "Thirty Years of Denying the Evidence on Gender Symmetry in Partner Violence: Implications for Prevention and Treatment".
4152:
3196:
1350:
Current literature on intimate partner violence has alternative viewpoints in relation to gender symmetry theory. A 2008 review published in journal of
859:
partner problems at work. It can also be difficult for male victims to understand that they are the recipients of violence rather than the perpetrator.
5989:"Testing the Cycle of Violence Hypothesis: Child Abuse and Adolescent Dating Violence as Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence in Young Adulthood"
1519:
Police services in several locations have expanded their domestic violence programs and response units in an effort to deal with IPV against men.
7938:
1978:
838:
female-on-male violence. This can lead to men not considering themselves victims, and/or not realizing the IPV they are experiencing is a crime.
3756:
Straus, Murray A. (1999). "The Controversy over Domestic Violence by Women: A Methodological, Theoretical, and Sociology of Science Analysis".
272:
4707:
Browne, Angela; Williams, Kirk R. (1989). "Exploring the effect of resource availability and the likelihood of female-perpetrated homicides".
3658:
Pleck, Elizabeth; Pleck, Joseph H.; Grossman, Marlyn; Bart, Pauline B. (1977). "The Battered Data Syndrome: A Comment on Steinmetz' Article".
6607:"'Battered Men' Syndrome Is a Myth: Abuse: While there are husbands who are victims, the claims of huge numbers are based on faulty research"
4106:
2316:
4500:"Differences in Frequency of Violence and Reported Injury Between Relationships With Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Intimate Partner Violence"
4376:"Differences in Frequency of Violence and Reported Injury Between Relationships With Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Intimate Partner Violence"
8191:
8061:
6383:
6216:
5720:"Risk Factors for Physical Violence Between Dating Partners: Implications for Gender-Inclusive Prevention and Treatment of Family Violence"
5115:
Dobash, R. Emerson; Dobash, Russell P. (December 1981). "Social science and social action: the case of wife beating" [2017-01-01].
4691:
4423:
Tie, Lei; Zheng, Yong (May 29, 2023). "Gender Directionality of Intimate Partner Violence and Relationship Quality Among Chinese Couples".
2717:
1857:
682:
7452:
7117:
6285:
4850:
2650:
2392:
Caldwell, Jennifer E.; Swan, Suzanne C.; Woodbrown, V. Diane (January 2012). "Gender differences in intimate partner violence outcomes".
2020:
1484:
Researchers have also found different outcomes in men and women in response to intimate partner violence. A 2012 review from the journal
891:
3504:
Hines, Denise A.; Brown, Jan; Dunning, Edward (February 16, 2007). "Characteristics of Callers to the Domestic Abuse Helpline for Men".
2051:
1325:", arguing that studies which use the CTS demonstrate the "limitations and dangers of a gender-neutral approach to anti-violence work".
7432:
4923:
Colarossi, Linda (January 2005). "A response to Danis & Lockhart: what guides social work knowledge about violence against women".
1083:
Psychologists rate that the behavior of the husbands are more likely to be psychologically abusive than wives doing the same actions.
6534:
Katz, Elizabeth (Winter 2015). "Judicial Patriarchy and Domestic Violence: A Challenge to the Conventional Family Privacy Narrative".
4869:; Douglas, Emily M. (October 2004). "A short form of the revised conflict tactics scales, and typologies for severity and mutuality".
3450:"Methods for the 2019 New Zealand family violence study- a study on the association between violence exposure, health and well-being"
1312:
Contrary to expectations, agreement between partners did not vary with the perpetrator's gender or with the type of abusive behavior.
1274:
Department of Justice finds that women make up 84% of spouse abuse victims and 86% of victims of abuse by a boyfriend or girlfriend.
17:
7483:
6326:
Truman, Jennifer L.; Morgan, Rachel E. (April 2014). Nonfatal Domestic Violence, 2003-2012 (Report). Bureau of Justice Statistics.
2958:
Straus, Murray A. (March 2008). "Dominance and symmetry in partner violence by male and female university students in 32 nations".
5654:
7744:
2254:
Robertson, Kristen; Murachver, Tamar (July 2009). "Attitudes and Attributions Associated With Female and Male Partner Violence".
2687:
1777:
7749:
7543:
6984:
4614:
O'Leary, K. Daniel (September 2000). "Are women really more aggressive than men in intimate relationships? Comment on Archer".
962:
General Social Survey found that 7% had experienced intimate partner violence from 1994 to 1999, and 6% between 2000 and 2005.
3381:
1210:
57.9% of IPV reported was bi-directional, 13.8% was unidirectional male to female and 28.3% was unidirectional female to male.
6704:
6578:
6238:
6165:(June 1998). "The limits of 'The Male Sex Role': an analysis of the men's liberation and men's rights movements' discourse".
5853:
5621:
5544:
5479:
5413:
5340:
4795:
4765:
4482:
4351:
4247:
4212:
4119:
4089:
4017:
3911:
Melton, Heather C.; Sillito, Carrie Lefeve (April 2012). "The Role of Gender in Officially Reported Intimate Partner Abuse".
3901:
3773:
3707:
3429:
2695:
Homicides, Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence, 2009/2010: Supplementary Volume 2 to Crime in England and Wales, 2009/2010
2658:
Homicides, Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence, 2010/2011: Supplementary Volume 2 to Crime in England and Wales, 2007/2008
2625:
2517:
2492:
2449:
2329:
2233:
2085:
2045:
2014:
1785:
Homicides, Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence, 2010/2011: Supplementary Volume 2 to Crime in England and Wales, 2010/2011
1750:
1033:
Intimate partner violence against men is generally less recognized by society than intimate partner violence against women.
539:
221:
7689:
7273:
7220:
2987:"Self-reported exposure to intimate partner violence among women and men in Sweden: Results from a population-based survey"
2287:
2256:
1634:(November 2002). "A Framework for Understanding Women's Use of Nonlethal Violence in Intimate Heterosexual Relationships".
993:
730:
6566:
6404:
6309:
5096:
4999:
Morse, Barbara J. (December 1995). "Beyond the Conflict Tactics Scale: assessing gender differences in partner violence".
7200:
6021:
5719:
5504:
5086:
970:
80:
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Bair-Merritt, Megan H; Crowne, Sarah Shea; Thompson, Darcy A; Sibinga, Erica; Trent, Maria; Campbell, Jacquelyn (2010).
4000:
Straus, Murray A (2009). "Gender symmetry in partner violence: Evidence and implications for prevention and treatment".
1337:
is because a key step in the effort to achieve an equalitarian society is to bring about recognition of the harm that a
8258:
8196:
7765:
7523:
5396:"Wifebeating, husband beating β a comparison of the use of physical violence between spouses to resolve marital fights"
5356:
Steinmetz, Suzanne K. (January 1977). "The Use of Force for Resolving Family Conflict: The Training Ground for Abuse".
2508:
Grady, Ann (2002). "Female-on-Male Domestic Violence: Uncommon or Ignored?". In Hoyle, Carolyn; Young, Richard (eds.).
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265:
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Fiebert, Martin S.; Gonzalez, Denise M. (1997). "Women who initiate assaults: The reasons offered for such behavior".
4549:
Archer, John (September 2000). "Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: a meta-analytic review".
3783:
Archer, John (September 2000). "Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review".
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7709:
7355:
7170:
5562:
4583:
Frieze, Irene (September 2000). "Violence in close relationshipsβdevelopment of a research area: Comment on Archer".
4504:
3913:
2104:
Worcester, Nancy (November 2000). "Women's Use of Force: Complexities and Challenges of Taking the Issue Seriously".
913:
7210:
4271:
3533:
Invisible Men: When Men Are the Recipients of Non-reciprocal Intimate Partner Violence in Heterosexual Relationships
8160:
7719:
7649:
6259:
5153:
4904:
4821:
3260:
2106:
1935:
1636:
6432:
5560:
Tower, Leslie E.; Fernandez, Maria Elena (January 2008). "English- and Spanish-Speaking Women's Use of Violence".
4159:, Sponsored by the Journal Partner Abuse, John Hamel, LCSW, Editor-in-Chief, www.springerpub.com/pa, November 2012
8201:
7724:
7579:
7533:
7417:
7248:
7110:
6740:
5081:
4969:
3847:
Johnson, Michael P. (November 2006). "Conflict and Control: Gender Symmetry and Asymmetry in Domestic Violence".
3382:"La Violencia DomΓ©stica hacia el VarΓ³n: factores que inciden en el hombre agredido para no denunciar a su pareja"
1896:
1814:
1603:
1438:
1434:
1364:
895:
73:
6618:
Pagelow, Mildred Daley (May 1983). "The 'Battered Husband Syndrome': Social Problem or Much ado about Little?".
6498:
6345:
Mann, Ruth M. (January 2008). "Men's rights and feminist advocacy in Canadian domestic violence policy arenas".
3627:
2756:"Domestic violence against men at its highest level in Northern Ireland since police began recording statistics"
1158:
after realising that instead of men exclusively committing serious violence toward their female partners due to
7704:
7644:
7574:
7559:
6347:
6664:
Pagelow, Mildred Daley (July 25, 1997). "Battered Women: A Historical Research Review and Some Common Myths".
4577:
3131:
8263:
7729:
7679:
7669:
7604:
7493:
7473:
7335:
7014:
6765:
6257:(November 2002). "'Gender symmetry' in domestic violence: a substantive and methodological research review".
4977:
4819:(November 2002). "'Gender symmetry' in domestic violence: a substantive and methodological research review".
4279:
4149:
3190:
2810:
1837:
1491:
1446:
1401:
between intentionality and action (wanting to hit was considered the same as actually hitting). For example,
1296:
1141:
612:
258:
36:
8153:
7694:
7659:
7609:
7584:
7569:
7457:
7140:
7064:
4683:
3813:
1553:
1490:
found that women suffered disproportionately as a result of IPV especially in terms of injuries, fear, and
697:
193:
63:
4677:
8111:
7770:
7739:
7734:
7699:
7674:
7664:
7654:
7634:
7619:
7589:
7360:
6606:
6141:
5727:
Family Approaches to Domestic Violence: A Practitioner's Guide to Gender-Inclusive Research and Treatment
5294:
Chan, Ko Ling (March 2011). "Gender differences in self-reports of intimate partner violence: A review".
1936:"Men's Experiences of the Criminal Justice System Following Female Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence"
1342:
illustrated and brought to the public's attention the extent of the battered women problem in the 1970s.
687:
8125:
7977:
7889:
7639:
7624:
7614:
7599:
7594:
7447:
7103:
7029:
3038:"Men's and women's exposure and perpetration of partner violence: An epidemiological study from Sweden"
2360:
1507:
1258:
519:
211:
5500:"Disabusing the Definition of Domestic Abuse: How Women Batter Men and the Role of the Feminist State"
5193:
Swan, Suzanne C.; Gambone, Laura J.; Caldwell, Jennifer E.; Sullivan, Tami P.; Snow, David L. (2008).
5082:"Disabusing the definition of domestic abuse: how women batter men and the role of the feminist state"
8026:
7945:
7924:
7684:
7629:
7564:
7503:
7427:
7340:
7150:
7034:
6974:
3727:
1450:
1390:
1009:
827:
767:
652:
607:
602:
4170:
998:
bidirectional (i.e. both partners commit IPV) violence (14.5% for students and 51.3% for convicts).
8132:
8118:
8005:
7263:
7049:
6795:
3884:
Porter, Theresa (2011). "Hit like a Girl: Women Who Batter Their Partners". In Anson, April (ed.).
2535:
1558:
723:
677:
597:
226:
3281:"Does the Criminal Justice System Treat Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Offenders Leniently?"
830:(IPV) against males can be difficult, as men may be reluctant to report their abuse or seek help.
8227:
8222:
8093:
8047:
7970:
6331:
4901:
4662:
3722:
3192:"In our own words": student experiences of sexual violence prior to and during tertiary education
2941:
494:
6392:
4688:
4081:
4075:
2867:
2836:
2726:
1866:
882:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
8079:
8054:
7991:
7155:
5637:
Carrado, Michelle; George, Malcolm J.; Loxam, Elizabeth; Jones, L.; Templar, Dale (June 1996).
5471:
5463:
4709:
4616:
4585:
4551:
3699:
3692:"Wife Abuse, Husband Abuse, or Mutual Combat? A Feminist Perspective on the Empirical Findings"
3691:
2077:
2069:
1563:
1486:
1462:
1292:
804:
759:
549:
534:
438:
246:
6547:
6471:
6213:
4847:
2441:
2435:
2004:
1742:
1736:
7215:
7019:
6834:
6770:
6042:"Consumo de Drogas y Violencia en el Noviazgo en Estudiantes Universitarios del Sur de Chile"
5405:
5399:
5001:
4871:
3112:
2760:
2409:
2223:
2197:
2035:
1679:
1352:
855:
514:
489:
466:
4787:
4781:
4757:
4751:
4343:
4337:
8019:
7054:
3826:
Johnson, Michael P. (December 2005). "Domestic Violence: It's Not About GenderβOr Is It?".
3448:; Gulliver, Pauline; Hashemi, Ladan; Malihi, Zarintaj; McIntosh, Tracey (January 2, 2021).
1732:
1631:
1568:
702:
544:
364:
359:
334:
241:
97:
44:
6454:"NCFM Vice President responds to criticism about MRA's and the AVfM conference in Detroit"
5466:. In Finkelhor, David; Hotaling, Gerald T.; Gelles, Richard J.; Straus, Murray A. (eds.).
2719:
Domestic Abuse of Women and Men in Ireland: Report on the National Study of Domestic Abuse
1859:
Domestic Abuse of Women and Men in Ireland: Report on the National Study of Domestic Abuse
1468:
Other explanations for both male and female-perpetrated intimate partner violence include
236:
8:
7984:
7931:
7917:
7818:
7488:
7315:
7283:
6964:
6947:
6891:
6866:
6757:
6733:
6167:
4108:
Domestic Violence: Findings from a new British Crime Survey self-completion questionnaire
2484:
2318:
Domestic Violence: Findings from a new British Crime Survey self-completion questionnaire
1175:
940:
716:
428:
324:
5247:"Why Do Women Use Intimate Partner Violence? A Systematic Review of Women's Motivations"
4498:
Whitaker, Daniel J.; Haileyesus, Tadesse; Swahn, Monica; Saltzman, Linda S. (May 2007).
4474:
3584:
Jacobson, Neil S. (March 1994). "Rewards and Dangers in Researching Domestic Violence".
3255:
1207:
Rates of female-perpetrated violence are higher than male-perpetrated (28.3% vs. 21.6%).
8186:
8033:
7793:
7538:
7365:
7044:
6936:
6886:
6839:
6807:
6790:
6688:
The Emerald International Handbook of Feminist Perspectives on Women's Acts of Violence
6686:
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2631:
2552:
2123:
1955:
1913:
1704:
1653:
1520:
1246:
1219:
Studies comparing men and women in the power/control motive have mixed results overall.
1154:
1145:
1002:
experienced minor intimate partner violence and 7.6% had experienced "severe assault".
672:
461:
369:
309:
92:
6696:
6649:
Battered Husbands and Battered Wives: Why One Is a Social Problem and the Other Is Not
5979:
5920:
5898:
5876:
5442:
5060:
4049:
3962:
1204:
More women (23%) than men (19.3%) have been assaulted at least once in their lifetime.
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2010:
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58:
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5030:
4842:
4125:
3942:
3876:
2803:
Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women
2335:
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1708:
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1959:
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McCarrick, Jessica; Davis-McCabe, Catriona; Hirst-Winthrop, Sarah (February 2016).
1905:
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4156:
3219:"Mind the Gap: What those in the field say about male victims of family violence"
2896:
2801:
2477:
1469:
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1402:
1329:
violence was the strongest predictor of her being a victim of partner violence."
692:
188:
6571:
Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia, Volume I
6299:"Family Violence Statistics Including Statistics on Strangers and Acquaintances"
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Esquivel-Santovena, Esteban Eugenio; Lambert, Teri; Hamel, John (January 2013).
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Preventing partner violence: Research and evidence-based intervention strategies
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2006:
The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationships in a Changing Society
803:. One of the tools used to generate statistics concerning IPV perpetration, the
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6651:. Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems. Pittsburgh.
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3893:
3517:
3323:
3296:
2606:
2593:
2193:
2157:
1951:
1738:
Intimate Violence: The Causes and Consequences of Abuse in the American Family
1692:
8242:
8012:
7874:
7854:
7808:
7498:
7306:
7258:
7243:
7079:
6785:
6360:
6009:
5575:
5262:
5195:"A Review of Research on Women's Use of Violence With Male Intimate Partners"
5166:
4517:
4391:
3926:
3860:
3815:
Intimate Partner Violence: Gender Symmetry and the Victim Perpetrator Overlap
3765:
3646:
3445:
3054:
3003:
2900:
1511:
because "men experience significant levels of domestic violence as victims".
1270:
955:
775:
657:
564:
524:
499:
484:
393:
374:
181:
102:
6685:
Couto, Leticia (2023). "Domestic Abuse: Analysing Women's Use of Violence".
6272:
5784:"Testing predictions from the male control theory of men's partner violence"
4834:
3671:
1649:
894:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
7823:
7528:
7407:
7380:
7330:
7205:
7192:
7009:
6941:
6921:
6911:
6901:
6871:
6503:
6409:
5950:
5810:
5583:
5280:
5228:
4892:
4637:
4606:
4572:
4535:
4440:
4409:
4057:
3934:
3868:
3804:
3718:
3366:
3108:
3073:
3022:
1458:
1420:
1322:
821:
791:
755:
347:
314:
231:
150:
109:
6677:
6639:
5782:
Bates, Elizabeth A.; Graham-Kevan, Nicholas; Archer, John (January 2014).
5696:
5639:"Aggression in British Heterosexual Relationships: A Descriptive Analysis"
5638:
5022:
3605:
3421:
3087:
Barber, Christopher F (August 27, 2008). "Domestic violence against men".
2533:
Migliaccio, Todd A. (July 2002). "Abused Husbands: A Narrative Analysis".
1700:
8181:
7884:
7879:
7478:
7422:
7325:
7310:
7253:
7238:
7084:
7059:
6881:
6856:
6846:
6829:
6780:
5499:
4330:
4304:
4232:
4228:
3981:
1909:
1332:
Straus responded to criticism of the CTS by arguing that it is driven by
1286:
In a 2002 review of the research presenting evidence of gender symmetry,
1242:
1092:
for men, and may be an admission they are unwilling, or unable, to make.
984:
966:
783:
647:
554:
329:
319:
171:
5333:
Cycle of Violence: Assertive, Aggressive and Abusive Family Interactions
5316:
4944:
3963:"Women's Violence to Men in Intimate Relationships: Working on a Puzzle"
2985:
Nybergh, Lotta; Taft, Charles; Enander, Viveka; Krantz, Gunilla (2013).
2003:
Strong, Bryan; DeVault, Christine; Cohen, Theodore (February 16, 2010).
1865:. Dublin: National Crime Council of Ireland. p. 169. Archived from
980:
study, has found a 1 in 7 sexual assault rate for men in U.S. colleges.
7869:
7859:
7345:
7039:
6861:
6851:
6589:
4730:
3748:
3570:
3540:
3175:
2933:
2725:. Dublin: National Crime Council of Ireland. p. 24. Archived from
2616:
1338:
1224:
1159:
800:
559:
288:
145:
140:
85:
6188:
5377:
4009:
3476:
1894:
Migliaccio, Todd A. (Winter 2001). "Marginalizing the Battered Male".
1012:
in some similar proportions. An example might be a recent survey from
6499:"More than 40% of domestic violence victims are male, report reveals"
5802:
5655:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1996)22:6<401::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-K
3256:"When Is a Battered Woman Not a Battered Woman? When She Fights Back"
2428:
2405:
1041:
383:
135:
130:
7095:
5905:
5883:
5862:
4722:
3740:
3725:(February 1992). "The Myth of Sexual Symmetry in Marital Violence".
2429:"Change in Cultural Norms Approving Marital Violence from 1968-1994"
2222:
Loseke, Donileen R.; Gelles, Richard J.; Cavanaugh, Mary M. (2005).
7442:
7437:
7375:
7291:
6926:
6775:
6656:
5369:
3280:
2427:
Straus, Murray A.; Kantor, Glenda Kaufman; Moore, David W. (1997).
1933:
1454:
1262:
948:
796:
779:
751:
509:
423:
7350:
6876:
5244:
2437:
Out of the Darkness: Contemporary Perspectives on Family Violence
1213:
Male dating students are abused more than female dating students.
927:
448:
418:
411:
6431:. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Archived from
6391:. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Archived from
6225:
Renzetti, Claire M.; Edleson, Jeffrey L., eds. (June 19, 2008).
3156:
3154:
3152:
6994:
5927:
5401:
Battered Women: A Psychosociological Study of Domestic Violence
4497:
1013:
959:
667:
642:
295:
6472:"WOODS v. HORTON. Court of Appeal, Third District, California"
4168:
1818:. December 7, 2021. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022
1128:
on this subject due to the complexity of the issues involved.
7296:
7145:
6749:
5616:] (in Spanish). Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara.
4331:"Physical Assaults by Women Partners: A Major Social Problem"
4150:
Partner Abuse State of Knowledge Project Findings At-a-Glance
3149:
2070:"Political and Methodological Debates in Wife Abuse Research"
931:
763:
4032:
3444:
1676:
1393:"significant distortion" of the data in his public response
5468:
The Dark Side of Families: Current Family Violence Research
5192:
1602:. National Clearinghouse on Family Violence. Archived from
166:
4655:
4238:. In Pizzey, Erin; Shackleton, J.R.; Urwin, Peter (eds.).
3556:
3279:
Felson, Richard B.; Pare, Paul-Philippe (September 2007).
1389:, publicly addressed confusion caused by the research and
7024:
5150:
2594:"Men's Experiences of Violence in Intimate Relationships"
1216:
Male and female IPV are perpetrated from similar motives.
747:
6718:
6130:"Men's Rights Movement Spreads False Claims about Women"
2984:
27:
Incidence of domestic violence among the male population
6208:
6206:
5781:
5636:
3454:
KΕtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online
3379:
3160:
2783:"'My abusive wife battered me over letting the cat in'"
2434:. In Kantor, Glenda Kaufman; Jasinski, Jana L. (eds.).
575:
List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention
3716:
3657:
3344:
1973:
1971:
1969:
989:
Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study
7297:
Deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender (DARVO)
6425:
Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile 2006
6385:
Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile 2005
5840:
Straus, Murray A.; Hotaling, Gerald T., eds. (1980).
5610:
Madejas entreveradas: Violencia, masculinidad y poder
4080:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia. p.
2919:
2917:
2875:
Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2005
2838:
Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2000
2512:. Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing. pp. 93β95.
2391:
2221:
6203:
5729:. New York: Springer. pp. 59β87. Archived from
6573:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 62β64.
6086:
5614:
Interlocked skeins: Violence, masculinity and power
3961:Dobash, Russell P.; Dobash, R. Emerson (May 2004).
3309:
1979:"Domestic Violence Against Men: No Laughing Matter"
1966:
1409:
6594:Masculinities: Interdisciplinary Studies on Gender
6040:Saldivia, Claudia; Vizcarra, Beatriz (July 2012).
5841:
5532:
4466:
3188:
2914:
2835:Bunge, Valerie Pottie; Locke, Daisy, eds. (2000).
2476:
2253:
2002:
862:
5986:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3503:
2660:. London: Home Office. p. 66. Archived from
2426:
1095:
8240:
6666:Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma
6214:Female perpetrators of intimate partner violence
6039:
4970:"Measuring intimate partner (domestic) violence"
4469:Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence
4205:Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence
2479:Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence
1996:
7939:Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America
6536:William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law
6224:
5674:
5240:
5238:
5188:
5186:
3195:. Wellington, New Zealand: Thursdays in Black.
2926:National Institute of Justice Research in Brief
2592:Lien, Marianne InΓ©z; Lorentzen, JΓΈrgen (2019).
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
1889:
1887:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
8147:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
6128:Potok, Mark; Schlatter, Evelyn (Spring 2012).
6127:
5966:George, Malcolm J. (2003). "Invisible touch".
5839:
5717:
5559:
5429:George, Malcolm J. (2003). "Invisible touch".
5047:George, Malcolm J. (2003). "Invisible touch".
4706:
4104:
3612:
3380:Fontena Vera, Carol; Gatricia Duhart, AndrΓ©s.
3035:
2861:
2859:
2830:
2828:
2799:
2314:
2143:
7111:
6734:
6590:"The Myth of the 'Battered Husband Syndrome'"
5718:Medeiros, Rose A.; Straus, Murray A. (2006).
4865:
4786:, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp.
4342:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp.
3910:
2953:
2951:
2715:
2591:
2310:
2308:
1855:
1804:
1802:
1672:
1670:
1534:
1357:A 2011 systematic review from the journal of
724:
266:
8192:National Coalition Against Domestic Violence
6325:
6212:Miller, Susan L.; Lilley, Terry G. (2008), "
5848:. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
5404:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp.
5235:
5183:
5114:
4756:, New Haven: Yale University Press, p.
4272:"Victims and Aggressors in Marital Violence"
3960:
2923:
2361:"Government Statistics on Domestic Violence"
2249:
2247:
2245:
2164:
2099:
2097:
1884:
1844:
1731:
1630:
1594:
1581:
1395:Domestic Violence: Not An Even Playing Field
1372:
746:is violence or other physical abuse towards
6569:. In Kimmel, Michael; Aronson, Amy (eds.).
6247:
4613:
4038:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
3995:
3993:
3991:
3694:. In YllΓΆ, Kersti; Bogard, Michele (eds.).
3411:
3132:"I abused a man in public and no one cared"
3036:LΓΆvestad, Solveig; Krantz, Gunilla (2012).
2856:
2825:
2749:
2747:
2598:Palgrave Studies in Victims and Victimology
2072:. In YllΓΆ, Kersti; Bogard, Michele (eds.).
1741:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.
1626:
1624:
1257:conducted a study of 55,000 members of the
7118:
7104:
6741:
6727:
6155:
5844:The Social Causes of Husband-Wife Violence
5725:. In Hamel, John; Nicholls, Tonia (eds.).
3278:
3130:Velden, Eline Van Der (October 11, 2017).
2948:
2868:"Trends in self-reported spousal violence"
2834:
2800:Tjaden, Patricia; Thoennes, Nancy (2000).
2532:
2305:
2288:"Help domestic abuse victims for 35 years"
1893:
1799:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1667:
815:
731:
717:
273:
259:
6067:
6057:
5458:
5393:
5355:
5330:
5315:
5270:
5218:
4922:
4811:
4809:
4525:
4399:
3956:
3954:
3811:
3625:
3475:
3465:
3063:
3053:
3012:
3002:
2615:
2605:
2242:
2103:
2094:
2063:
2061:
2033:
2027:
1281:
1223:A 2013 review examined studies from five
914:Learn how and when to remove this message
7484:Effects of domestic violence on children
6496:
6421:
4422:
4373:
3988:
3717:Dobash, Russell P.; Dobash, R. Emerson;
3689:
3583:
3530:
3253:
2865:
2753:
2744:
2285:
2225:Current Controversies on Family Violence
1621:
1174:
762:, violence against men may constitute a
6663:
6617:
6605:Pagelow, Mildred Daley (July 3, 1994).
6604:
6587:
6405:"Group's ravings disturbing, dangerous"
6161:
5607:
4679:Domestic violence: an in-depth analysis
4162:
4114:. London: Home Office. pp. 20β21.
3846:
3825:
2877:. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. p. 14
2844:. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. p. 11
2716:Watson, Dorothy; Parsons, Sara (2005).
2324:. London: Home Office. pp. 17β26.
1856:Watson, Dorothy; Parsons, Sara (2005).
1775:
1718:
1595:Lupri, Eugene; Grandin, Elaine (2004).
1441:, pattern of dominating relationships,
766:, but laws vary between jurisdictions.
14:
8241:
7766:Domestic violence in Christian culture
6985:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
6529:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6381:
6296:
6253:
6227:Encyclopedia of interpersonal violence
6121:
5965:
5754:
5530:
5428:
5046:
4815:
4806:
4783:Women, men and gender: ongoing debates
4753:Women, men and gender: ongoing debates
4746:
4582:
4548:
4339:Women, Men and Gender: Ongoing Debates
4328:
4269:
4227:
4073:
3999:
3951:
3883:
3782:
3755:
3552:
3550:
3414:The SAGE Handbook of Domestic Violence
3129:
3086:
2957:
2179:
2058:
2054:from the original on January 10, 2017.
2023:from the original on January 10, 2017.
1266:by men only, and 29.4% by women only.
7125:
7099:
6722:
6684:
6646:
6497:Campbell, Denis (September 5, 2010).
6402:
5987:Manchikanti GΓ³mez, Anu (March 2011).
5494:
5076:
4998:
4675:
4651:
4649:
3698:. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage. pp.
3499:
3497:
3495:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3235:from the original on January 25, 2023
3164:Psychology of Men & Masculinities
2754:McNeilly, Claire (October 29, 2013).
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2507:
2440:. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage. pp.
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2353:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2076:. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage. pp.
1165:
222:Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes
7771:Domestic violence in Islamic culture
7221:Sexual violence by intimate partners
6533:
6344:
5470:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp.
5293:
4778:
4686:. p. 8. Position paper no. 504.
4461:
4233:"From the Personal to the Political"
4202:
2685:
2471:
2257:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
2067:
1771:
1769:
1597:"Intimate partner abuse against men"
1481:undermine services to abused women.
994:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
866:
304:Marriage and other unions and status
7201:Genital modification and mutilation
6518:
6338:
6315:from the original on March 4, 2016.
5505:Florida State University Law Review
5087:Florida State University Law Review
4416:
3696:Feminist Perspectives on Wife Abuse
3547:
2648:
2279:
2074:Feminist Perspectives on Wife Abuse
2037:Kidnapping: An Investigator's Guide
1345:
1235:
1047:
971:National Institute of Mental Health
24:
8197:National Domestic Violence Hotline
6632:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1983.tb00102.x
6558:
4646:
4240:Women or Men: Who Are the Victims?
3758:Violence in Intimate Relationships
3492:
3400:
3199:from the original on June 11, 2023
2960:Children and Youth Services Review
2566:
2483:. Westport, CT: Praeger. pp.
2378:
2208:
2034:Concannon, Diana (July 11, 2013).
1810:"Personal Safety, Australia, 2016"
1528:Police Service of Northern Ireland
1170:
778:regarding their perceived lack of
750:in a domestic setting, such as in
618:Hague Convention (child abduction)
25:
8275:
8140:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
6714:
6697:10.1108/978-1-80382-255-620231010
5563:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
5464:"Common Features of Family Abuse"
4505:American Journal of Public Health
4473:. Westport, CT: Praeger. p.
4105:Mirrlees-Black, Catriona (1999).
3914:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
2697:. London: Home Office. p. 82
2315:Mirrlees-Black, Catriona (1999).
2286:Sullivan, Vince (July 10, 2013).
2009:. Cengage Learning. p. 447.
1787:. London: Home Office. p. 96
1766:
1501:
1269:In 2000, John Archer conducted a
1109:
844:
6490:
6464:
6446:
6403:Coyle, Jim (November 20, 2001).
6319:
6290:
6080:
5825:
5775:
5748:
5711:
5668:
4925:Journal of Social Work Education
3840:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00204.x
3598:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1994.00081.x
3559:Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences
3261:Yale Journal of Law and Feminism
3189:Thursdays in Black, ed. (2017).
3101:10.7748/ns2008.08.22.51.35.c6644
2972:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.10.004
2688:"Intimate violence: 2009/10 BCS"
2651:"Intimate violence: 2007/08 BCS"
2270:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00492.x
1778:"Intimate violence: 2010/11 BCS"
1439:borderline personality disorders
1435:antisocial personality disorders
1410:Causes of female-perpetrated IPV
1086:
1078:
871:
7534:Management of domestic violence
7418:Domestic violence and pregnancy
7249:Domestic violence and pregnancy
6059:10.4067/s0718-48082012000200004
5968:Aggression and Violent Behavior
5909:Aggression and Violent Behavior
5887:Aggression and Violent Behavior
5865:Aggression and Violent Behavior
5757:Aggression and Violent Behavior
5630:
5601:
5553:
5524:
5488:
5452:
5431:Aggression and Violent Behavior
5422:
5387:
5349:
5324:
5296:Aggression and Violent Behavior
5287:
5108:
5070:
5049:Aggression and Violent Behavior
5040:
4992:
4962:
4916:
4859:
4740:
4700:
4676:Young, Cathy (September 2005).
4669:
4542:
4491:
4455:
4367:
4322:
4263:
4242:. London: Civitas. p. 27.
4221:
4196:
4143:
4098:
4067:
4026:
3680:
3628:"The Battered Husband Syndrome"
3577:
3524:
3438:
3373:
3338:
3303:
3272:
3247:
3211:
3182:
3123:
3080:
3029:
2978:
2889:
2793:
2775:
2709:
2679:
2642:
2526:
2501:
2465:
2420:
2366:. Dewar Research. February 2014
2146:Aggression and Violent Behavior
2137:
1815:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1365:Aggression and Violent Behavior
1065:
863:Estimates of male victimization
782:or other denigrations of their
760:domestic violence against women
5394:Steinmatz, Suzanne K. (1977).
5331:Steinmetz, Suzanne K. (1977).
4270:Straus, Murray A. (May 1980).
3970:British Journal of Criminology
3828:Journal of Marriage and Family
3666:(3β4). Visage Press: 680β683.
3641:(3β4). Visage Press: 499β509.
3626:Steinmetz, Suzanne K. (1977).
1927:
1447:posttraumatic stress disorders
1096:Minimisation and justification
1019:
623:Hague Convention (maintenance)
13:
1:
8154:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
8062:What's Love Got to Do with It
7494:Parental bullying of children
7474:Adverse childhood experiences
7413:Domestic violence against men
6766:Adverse childhood experiences
6229:. Thousand Oaks, California:
5980:10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00048-9
5921:10.1016/S1359-1789(96)00017-1
5899:10.1016/S1359-1789(96)00017-1
5877:10.1016/S1359-1789(96)00015-8
5608:RamΓrez, Juan Carlos (2005).
5443:10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00048-9
5061:10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00048-9
4978:National Institute of Justice
4374:Whitaker, Daniel (May 2007).
4280:American Behavioral Scientist
4050:10.1016/S0160-2527(01)00080-2
3467:10.1080/1177083X.2020.1862252
2811:National Institute of Justice
1574:
1297:National Institute of Justice
1142:Northeastern University Press
1036:In a segment for the TV show
810:
807:, is especially contentious.
744:Domestic violence against men
613:International child abduction
7458:Social emotional development
6647:Lucal, Betsy (August 1992).
6308:. US Department of Justice.
5251:Trauma, Violence & Abuse
4077:Rethinking Domestic Violence
3690:Saunders, Daniel G. (1988).
3384:(in Spanish). Archived from
2510:New Visions of Crime Victims
1897:The Journal of Men's Studies
1735:; Straus, Murray A. (1988).
1554:Outline of domestic violence
1514:
1475:
1245:, who established the first
896:Knowledge's inclusion policy
698:Paternal rights and abortion
7:
8112:Contemporary Family Therapy
7361:Passive-aggressive behavior
7274:Situational couple violence
6567:"Battered Husband Syndrome"
6297:Durose, Matthew R. (2005).
6181:10.1177/0891243298012003002
6142:Southern Poverty Law Center
6104:10.1177/1088767999003003001
5535:The Battered Woman Syndrome
5531:Walker, Leonore E. (1984).
4937:10.5175/JSWE.2005.200400418
4630:10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.685
4599:10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.681
4565:10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.651
3821:(PhD). University of Otago.
3812:Robertson, Kirsten (2005).
3797:10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.651
3359:10.1891/vivi.19.4.435.64165
2549:10.1177/0192513X02023001002
1547:
1118:
608:Hague Convention (adoption)
237:Masculist views on violence
10:
8280:
7524:Domestic violence hotlines
7448:Parental abuse by children
5943:10.1891/vivi.17.1.35.33639
5211:10.1891/0886-6708.23.3.301
5129:10.1177/0192513X8100200404
5102:September 6, 2015, at the
5015:10.1891/0886-6708.10.4.251
4885:10.1891/088667004780927800
4694:February 21, 2015, at the
4329:Straus, Murray A. (1997).
4293:10.1177/000276428002300505
4074:Dutton, Donald G. (2006).
3506:Journal of Family Violence
3412:Shackelford, Todd (2021).
2873:. In AuCoin, Kathy (ed.).
2120:10.1177/107780102762478055
1940:Journal of Family Violence
1535:Legal and social responses
1508:National Coalition for Men
1453:, communication problems,
1259:United States Armed Forces
1179:"Femme battant son mari";
1131:
1104:
1028:
936:Crime in England and Wales
819:
467:Parenting coordinator (US)
212:Discrimination against men
8259:Intimate partner violence
8215:
8174:
8103:
8071:
7962:
7925:The Conspiracy of Silence
7909:
7902:
7842:
7786:
7779:
7758:
7552:
7516:
7504:Stress in early childhood
7466:
7428:Intimate partner violence
7400:
7393:
7341:Major depressive disorder
7282:
7229:
7191:
7184:
7151:Abusive power and control
7133:
6975:Abusive power and control
6957:
6756:
6748:
6219:December 6, 2017, at the
5769:10.1016/j.avb.2011.04.010
5689:10.2466/pr0.1997.80.2.583
5308:10.1016/j.avb.2011.02.008
4853:October 16, 2014, at the
4684:Independent Women's Forum
4433:10.1177/10778012231178000
4190:10.1891/1946-6560.4.1.e14
4171:"Partner abuse worldwide"
3894:10.1163/9781848880740_027
3531:Amundsen, Sharon (2021).
3518:10.1007/s10896-006-9052-0
3324:10.1080/07418820701485395
3297:10.1080/07418820701485601
2693:. In Smith, Kevin (ed.).
2656:. In Povey, David (ed.).
2607:10.1007/978-3-030-03994-3
2194:10.1891/1946-6560.1.3.332
2158:10.1016/j.avb.2005.02.001
1952:10.1007/s10896-015-9749-z
1836:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1783:. In Smith, Kevin (ed.).
1693:10.1891/0886-6708.9.2.107
1373:Battered husband syndrome
1056:
1010:Intimate partner violence
854:Elizabeth Bates from the
828:intimate partner violence
768:Intimate partner violence
635:Family and criminal code
593:Private international law
587:Private international law
103:Involuntary penis removal
81:Forced genital mutilation
18:Battered husband syndrome
8133:Journal of Family Issues
7264:Murder of pregnant women
7050:Psychological projection
6912:Referee and umpire abuse
6422:Ogrodnik, Lucie (2006).
6361:10.1177/1557085107311067
6010:10.1177/0044118X09358313
5576:10.1177/0886260507307649
5263:10.1177/1524838010379003
5167:10.1177/1077801204265015
5117:Journal of Family Issues
4910:August 23, 2015, at the
4518:10.2105/AJPH.2005.079020
4392:10.2105/AJPH.2005.079020
4336:. In Walsh, M.R. (ed.).
4203:Cook, Philip W. (2009).
3927:10.1177/0886260511424498
3861:10.1177/1077801206293328
3766:10.4135/9781452204659.n2
3254:Goodmark, Leigh (2008).
3055:10.1186/1471-2458-12-945
3004:10.1186/1471-2458-13-845
2897:"Rape on College Campus"
2866:Mihorean, Karen (2005).
2536:Journal of Family Issues
1776:Britton, Andrew (2011).
1559:Battered person syndrome
1140:In 2008, writing in the
826:Determining the rate of
678:Parental child abduction
525:Contact & visitation
412:Dissolution of marriages
8228:Domestic violence court
8048:Sleeping with the Enemy
6620:The Sociological Review
6565:Brush, Lisa D. (2004).
6273:10.1177/107780102237407
6117:(subscription required)
5597:(subscription required)
5448:(subscription required)
5398:. In Roy, Maria (ed.).
5383:(subscription required)
5142:(subscription required)
5066:(subscription required)
5036:(subscription required)
4958:(subscription required)
4835:10.1177/107780102237407
4736:(subscription required)
4207:. Bloomsbury Academic.
4155:April 19, 2015, at the
4063:(subscription required)
3226:Canterbury Men's Centre
2562:(subscription required)
2275:(subscription required)
2133:(subscription required)
1923:(subscription required)
1714:(subscription required)
1663:(subscription required)
1650:10.1177/107780102237408
816:Estimation difficulties
159:Sexual assault and rape
8223:Battered woman defense
8161:Violence Against Women
7544:Prevention initiatives
7453:Same-sex relationships
7211:Birth control sabotage
7156:Conflict tactics scale
6588:Straton, Jack (1994).
6438:on September 10, 2007.
6382:AuCoin, Kathy (2005).
6260:Violence Against Women
5539:. New York: Springer.
5358:The Family Coordinator
5154:Violence Against Women
4872:Violence & Victims
4822:Violence Against Women
4710:Law and Society Review
4617:Psychological Bulletin
4586:Psychological Bulletin
4552:Psychological Bulletin
4425:Violence Against Women
3849:Violence Against Women
3785:Psychological Bulletin
3228:. September 22, 2016.
2394:Psychology of Violence
2107:Violence Against Women
2040:. Newnes. p. 30.
1680:Violence & Victims
1637:Violence Against Women
1564:Violence against women
1487:Psychology of Violence
1391:father's rights groups
1385:Steinmetz' colleague,
1323:anti-feminist backlash
1314:
1293:conflict tactics scale
1282:Conflict tactics scale
1183:
987:, the twenty-one year
805:conflict tactics scale
540:UN Rights of the Child
535:Grandparent visitation
462:Custody evaluator (US)
439:Matrimonial Causes Act
247:Violence against women
86:Involuntary castration
7216:Reproductive coercion
7020:Just-world hypothesis
6771:Anti-social behaviour
6678:10.1300/J146v01n01_06
5677:Psychological Reports
5335:. New York: Praeger.
3422:10.4135/9781529742343
2789:. September 25, 2018.
2761:The Belfast Telegraph
2686:Hall, Philip (2011).
2649:Roe, Stephen (2009).
2068:YllΓΆ, Kersti (1988).
1632:Das Dasgupta, Shamita
1359:Trauma Violence Abuse
1310:
1178:
1150:patriarchal terrorism
856:University of Cumbria
801:patriarchal dominance
520:Filial responsibility
515:Tender years doctrine
490:DNA paternity testing
348:Validity of marriages
227:Men's rights movement
8264:Violence against men
8020:Looking for Angelina
7055:Psychological trauma
6691:. pp. 141β153.
6626:(1_suppl): 172β195.
6348:Feminist Criminology
6233:. pp. 257β258.
6168:Gender & Society
5931:Violence and Victims
5199:Violence and Victims
5002:Violence and Victims
3888:. pp. 271β283.
3347:Violence and Victims
2732:on December 29, 2014
2667:on February 20, 2011
1910:10.3149/jms.0902.205
1872:on December 29, 2014
1569:Violence against men
1492:posttraumatic stress
1445:, criminal history,
1353:Violence and Victims
1160:patriarchal ideology
1038:Putting It Out There
703:Right to family life
365:Prenuptial agreement
360:Marriage certificate
335:Domestic partnership
242:Sentencing disparity
98:Malicious castration
45:Violence against men
7932:Defending Our Lives
7819:Nicola Graham-Kevan
7489:Narcissistic parent
7316:Emotional blackmail
6965:Abusive supervision
6892:Psychological abuse
6867:Institutional abuse
6163:Messner, Michael A.
6134:Intelligence Report
6046:Terapia PsicolΓ³gica
6027:on October 19, 2014
5997:Youth & Society
5791:Aggressive Behavior
5736:on January 17, 2012
5643:Aggressive Behavior
4004:. pp. 245β71.
3388:on October 23, 2018
941:Republic of Ireland
429:Grounds for divorce
325:Common-law marriage
8187:ManKind Initiative
8034:One Minute to Nine
8027:Once Were Warriors
7794:Jacquelyn Campbell
7366:Setting up to fail
7356:Narcissistic abuse
7045:Playing the victim
6937:Surveillance abuse
6887:Professional abuse
6808:Cruelty to animals
6478:. October 14, 2008
6255:Kimmel, Michael S.
6069:20.500.12749/12141
4817:Kimmel, Michael S.
4380:Am J Public Health
4034:Kessler, Ronald C.
3982:10.1093/bjc/azh026
3760:. pp. 17β44.
3686:List of articles:
3571:10.1037/ebs0000171
3176:10.1037/men0000222
1733:Gelles, Richard J.
1609:on January 4, 2009
1339:patriarchal system
1184:
1166:Gender differences
1155:intimate terrorism
1148:decided to rename
1146:Michael P. Johnson
673:Legality of incest
379:Voidable marriages
370:Matrimonial regime
310:Types of marriages
93:Male expendability
8236:
8235:
8170:
8169:
7898:
7897:
7512:
7511:
7389:
7388:
7176:Traumatic bonding
7166:Cycle of violence
7127:Domestic violence
7093:
7092:
7070:Traumatic bonding
6706:978-1-80382-256-3
6611:Los Angeles Times
6580:978-1-57-607774-0
6398:on July 15, 2017.
6267:(11): 1332β1363.
6240:978-1-4129-1800-8
6231:SAGE Publications
5855:978-0-8166-0955-0
5623:978-970-722-360-8
5546:978-0-8261-0252-2
5481:978-0-8039-1935-8
5415:978-0-442-27201-2
5342:978-0-275-91476-9
4867:Straus, Murray A.
4829:(11): 1332β1363.
4797:978-0-300-06938-9
4767:978-0-300-06938-9
4748:Straus, Murray A.
4484:978-0-313-35671-1
4353:978-0-300-06938-9
4249:978-1-903386-09-5
4214:978-0-313-35618-6
4131:on March 14, 2011
4121:978-1-84082-193-2
4091:978-0-7748-1015-9
4019:978-1-4338-0434-2
4010:10.1037/11873-011
3903:978-1-84888-074-0
3855:(11): 1003β1018.
3775:978-0-7619-1643-7
3709:978-0-8039-3053-7
3431:978-1-5264-9486-3
3312:Justice Quarterly
3285:Justice Quarterly
3042:BMC Public Health
2991:BMC Public Health
2809:. Washington DC:
2627:978-3-030-03993-6
2519:978-1-84113-280-8
2494:978-0-313-35671-1
2451:978-0-7619-0775-6
2341:on March 14, 2011
2331:978-1-84082-193-2
2235:978-0-7619-2106-6
2114:(11): 1390β1415.
2087:978-0-8039-3053-7
2047:978-0-12-374031-1
2016:978-1-133-59746-9
1752:978-0-671-68296-5
1644:(11): 1364β1389.
1387:Richard J. Gelles
1334:radical-feminists
1189:Richard J. Gelles
969:, such as from a
924:
923:
916:
741:
740:
663:Domestic violence
637:(or criminal law)
545:Children's rights
479:Children's issues
283:
282:
59:Domestic violence
16:(Redirected from
8271:
8126:Family Relations
8094:The War on Women
7971:American Tragedy
7907:
7906:
7784:
7783:
7398:
7397:
7371:Silent treatment
7321:False accusation
7189:
7188:
7120:
7113:
7106:
7097:
7096:
6932:Structural abuse
6907:Police brutality
6813:Disability abuse
6743:
6736:
6729:
6720:
6719:
6710:
6681:
6660:
6643:
6614:
6601:
6584:
6552:
6551:
6531:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6460:. July 23, 2014.
6450:
6444:
6439:
6437:
6430:
6418:
6417:on July 1, 2017.
6413:. Archived from
6399:
6397:
6390:
6372:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6303:
6294:
6288:
6284:
6251:
6245:
6244:
6210:
6201:
6200:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6115:
6091:Homicide Studies
6084:
6078:
6073:
6071:
6061:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6026:
6020:. Archived from
5993:
5983:
5962:
5924:
5902:
5880:
5859:
5847:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5803:10.1002/ab.21499
5788:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5735:
5724:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5538:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5460:Finkelhor, David
5456:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5274:
5242:
5233:
5232:
5222:
5190:
5181:
5178:
5143:
5140:
5112:
5106:
5095:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5034:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4920:
4914:
4896:
4863:
4857:
4846:
4813:
4804:
4801:
4771:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4704:
4698:
4687:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4653:
4644:
4641:
4610:
4576:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4529:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4472:
4463:Cook, Phillip W.
4459:
4453:
4452:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4403:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4335:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4310:on March 3, 2016
4309:
4303:. Archived from
4276:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4237:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4175:
4166:
4160:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4124:. Archived from
4113:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4044:(4β5): 487β508.
4030:
4024:
4023:
3997:
3986:
3985:
3967:
3958:
3949:
3946:
3921:(6): 1090β1111.
3907:
3880:
3843:
3834:(5): 1126β1130.
3822:
3820:
3808:
3779:
3752:
3713:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3650:
3632:
3623:
3610:
3609:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3501:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3469:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3409:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3223:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3158:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3089:Nursing Standard
3084:
3078:
3077:
3067:
3057:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3016:
3006:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2808:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2731:
2724:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2692:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2655:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2619:
2609:
2589:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2482:
2473:Cook, Phillip W.
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2433:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2406:10.1037/a0026296
2389:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2365:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2334:. Archived from
2323:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2264:(7): 1481β1512.
2251:
2240:
2239:
2219:
2206:
2205:
2177:
2162:
2161:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1983:Psychology Today
1975:
1964:
1963:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1853:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1430:anger management
1346:Gender asymmetry
1236:Bidirectionality
1071:battered woman.
1048:Support services
965:Data concerning
945:Northern Ireland
919:
912:
908:
905:
899:
875:
874:
867:
733:
726:
719:
444:Legal separation
434:No-fault divorce
399:Amatonormativity
389:Marriageable age
355:Marriage licence
285:
284:
275:
268:
261:
115:Groom kidnapping
32:
31:
21:
8279:
8278:
8274:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8268:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8232:
8211:
8166:
8099:
8080:Life with Billy
8067:
7999:The Burning Bed
7958:
7894:
7838:
7814:David Finkelhor
7775:
7754:
7548:
7539:Women's shelter
7508:
7462:
7385:
7278:
7225:
7180:
7129:
7124:
7094:
7089:
7065:Rationalization
7000:Destabilisation
6953:
6917:Religious abuse
6752:
6747:
6717:
6707:
6581:
6564:
6561:
6559:Further reading
6556:
6555:
6532:
6519:
6509:
6507:
6495:
6491:
6481:
6479:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6452:
6451:
6447:
6435:
6428:
6395:
6388:
6343:
6339:
6324:
6320:
6312:
6301:
6295:
6291:
6252:
6248:
6241:
6221:Wayback Machine
6211:
6204:
6160:
6156:
6146:
6144:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6085:
6081:
6030:
6028:
6024:
5991:
5856:
5830:
5826:
5786:
5780:
5776:
5753:
5749:
5739:
5737:
5733:
5722:
5716:
5712:
5673:
5669:
5659:
5657:
5635:
5631:
5624:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5529:
5525:
5515:
5513:
5498:(Summer 2003).
5493:
5489:
5482:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5329:
5325:
5292:
5288:
5243:
5236:
5191:
5184:
5141:
5113:
5109:
5104:Wayback Machine
5080:(Summer 2003).
5075:
5071:
5065:
5045:
5041:
5035:
4997:
4993:
4983:
4981:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4921:
4917:
4912:Wayback Machine
4864:
4860:
4855:Wayback Machine
4814:
4807:
4798:
4768:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4723:10.2307/3053881
4705:
4701:
4696:Wayback Machine
4674:
4670:
4654:
4647:
4547:
4543:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4460:
4456:
4421:
4417:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4333:
4327:
4323:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4274:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4235:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4201:
4197:
4173:
4167:
4163:
4157:Wayback Machine
4148:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4031:
4027:
4020:
3998:
3989:
3965:
3959:
3952:
3904:
3818:
3776:
3741:10.2307/3096914
3728:Social Problems
3710:
3685:
3681:
3630:
3624:
3613:
3582:
3578:
3555:
3548:
3529:
3525:
3502:
3493:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3410:
3401:
3391:
3389:
3378:
3374:
3343:
3339:
3308:
3304:
3277:
3273:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3187:
3183:
3159:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3128:
3124:
3085:
3081:
3034:
3030:
2983:
2979:
2956:
2949:
2922:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2864:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2752:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2628:
2590:
2567:
2561:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2390:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2321:
2313:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2292:The Delco Times
2284:
2280:
2274:
2252:
2243:
2236:
2220:
2209:
2178:
2165:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2066:
2059:
2048:
2032:
2028:
2017:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1892:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1845:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1730:
1719:
1713:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1629:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1582:
1577:
1550:
1537:
1517:
1504:
1478:
1470:psychopathology
1443:substance abuse
1412:
1403:David Finkelhor
1375:
1348:
1284:
1247:women's shelter
1238:
1173:
1171:Gender symmetry
1168:
1134:
1121:
1112:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1081:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1031:
1022:
920:
909:
903:
900:
886:Please help by
885:
876:
872:
865:
847:
841:
824:
818:
813:
737:
708:
707:
693:Paternity fraud
688:Parents' rights
683:Parental duties
638:
636:
628:
627:
588:
580:
579:
480:
472:
471:
414:
404:
403:
350:
340:
339:
305:
279:
189:Sexual violence
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8277:
8267:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8230:
8225:
8219:
8217:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8178:
8176:
8172:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8164:
8157:
8150:
8143:
8136:
8129:
8122:
8119:Family Process
8115:
8107:
8105:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8097:
8090:
8087:Mommie Dearest
8083:
8075:
8073:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8058:
8051:
8044:
8037:
8030:
8023:
8016:
8009:
8002:
7995:
7988:
7981:
7978:Black and Blue
7974:
7966:
7964:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7953:Sin by Silence
7949:
7942:
7935:
7928:
7921:
7913:
7911:
7904:
7900:
7899:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7892:
7890:Deborah Tucker
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7865:Elizabeth Celi
7862:
7857:
7852:
7850:Ruahine Albert
7846:
7844:
7840:
7839:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7829:Linda Saltzman
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7790:
7788:
7781:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7773:
7768:
7762:
7760:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7752:
7747:
7745:United Kingdom
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7556:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7520:
7518:
7514:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7470:
7468:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7404:
7402:
7395:
7391:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7304:
7302:Economic abuse
7299:
7294:
7288:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7235:
7233:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7197:
7195:
7186:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7161:Cycle of abuse
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7137:
7135:
7131:
7130:
7123:
7122:
7115:
7108:
7100:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7075:Victim blaming
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7005:Discrimination
7002:
6997:
6992:
6990:Dehumanization
6987:
6982:
6980:Child grooming
6977:
6972:
6970:Abuse of power
6967:
6961:
6959:
6958:Related topics
6955:
6954:
6952:
6951:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6897:Physical abuse
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6827:
6825:Domestic abuse
6822:
6821:
6820:
6818:military draft
6810:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6762:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6746:
6745:
6738:
6731:
6723:
6716:
6715:External links
6713:
6712:
6711:
6705:
6682:
6661:
6644:
6615:
6602:
6585:
6579:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6517:
6489:
6463:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6419:
6400:
6337:
6318:
6289:
6246:
6239:
6202:
6175:(3): 255β276.
6154:
6120:
6098:(3): 187β214.
6079:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6048:(in Spanish).
6037:
6004:(1): 171β192.
5984:
5963:
5925:
5903:
5893:(3): 179β213.
5881:
5860:
5854:
5824:
5774:
5763:(4): 279β288.
5747:
5710:
5683:(2): 583β590.
5667:
5649:(6): 401β415.
5629:
5622:
5600:
5552:
5545:
5523:
5487:
5480:
5451:
5421:
5414:
5386:
5370:10.2307/581856
5348:
5341:
5323:
5302:(2): 167β175.
5286:
5257:(4): 178β189.
5234:
5205:(3): 301β314.
5182:
5180:
5179:
5161:(6): 577β605.
5123:(4): 439β470.
5107:
5069:
5039:
5009:(4): 251β272.
4991:
4980:. May 12, 2010
4961:
4931:(1): 147β159.
4915:
4879:(5): 507β520.
4858:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4796:
4766:
4739:
4699:
4668:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4624:(5): 685β689.
4611:
4593:(5): 681β684.
4559:(5): 651β680.
4541:
4490:
4483:
4454:
4415:
4386:(5): 941β947.
4366:
4352:
4321:
4287:(5): 681β704.
4262:
4248:
4220:
4213:
4195:
4161:
4142:
4120:
4097:
4090:
4066:
4025:
4018:
3987:
3976:(3): 324β349.
3950:
3948:
3947:
3908:
3902:
3881:
3844:
3823:
3809:
3791:(5): 651β680.
3780:
3774:
3753:
3714:
3708:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3611:
3586:Family Process
3576:
3546:
3523:
3491:
3460:(1): 196β209.
3446:Fanslow, Janet
3437:
3430:
3399:
3372:
3353:(4): 435β452.
3337:
3318:(3): 460β494.
3302:
3291:(3): 435β459.
3271:
3246:
3210:
3181:
3170:(2): 213β223.
3148:
3122:
3079:
3028:
2977:
2966:(3): 252β275.
2947:
2913:
2888:
2855:
2824:
2792:
2774:
2743:
2708:
2678:
2641:
2626:
2565:
2525:
2518:
2500:
2493:
2464:
2450:
2419:
2377:
2352:
2330:
2304:
2278:
2241:
2234:
2207:
2188:(3): 332β362.
2163:
2152:(6): 680β714.
2136:
2093:
2086:
2057:
2046:
2026:
2015:
1995:
1965:
1946:(2): 203β213.
1926:
1904:(2): 205β226.
1883:
1843:
1798:
1765:
1751:
1717:
1687:(2): 107β124.
1666:
1620:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1536:
1533:
1516:
1513:
1503:
1502:Legal activism
1500:
1477:
1474:
1411:
1408:
1374:
1371:
1347:
1344:
1288:Michael Kimmel
1283:
1280:
1255:Philip W. Cook
1237:
1234:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1181:Albrecht DΓΌrer
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1133:
1130:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1110:Role switching
1108:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
922:
921:
904:September 2023
879:
877:
870:
864:
861:
846:
845:Underreporting
843:
817:
814:
812:
809:
739:
738:
736:
735:
728:
721:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
639:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
572:
570:Paper abortion
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
505:Legal guardian
502:
497:
492:
487:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
464:
459:
456:
454:Parenting plan
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
415:
410:
409:
406:
405:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
372:
367:
362:
357:
351:
346:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
292:
291:
281:
280:
278:
277:
270:
263:
255:
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
217:Reverse sexism
214:
206:
205:
204:Related topics
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
186:
185:
184:
179:
174:
161:
160:
156:
155:
154:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
125:
124:
120:
119:
118:
117:
112:
107:
106:
105:
95:
90:
89:
88:
78:
77:
76:
71:
66:
53:
52:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8276:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8218:
8214:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8175:Organizations
8173:
8163:
8162:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8151:
8149:
8148:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8137:
8135:
8134:
8130:
8128:
8127:
8123:
8121:
8120:
8116:
8114:
8113:
8109:
8108:
8106:
8102:
8096:
8095:
8091:
8089:
8088:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8077:
8076:
8074:
8070:
8064:
8063:
8059:
8057:
8056:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8010:
8008:
8007:
8003:
8001:
8000:
7996:
7994:
7993:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7982:
7980:
7979:
7975:
7973:
7972:
7968:
7967:
7965:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7950:
7948:
7947:
7946:Silent Voices
7943:
7941:
7940:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7929:
7927:
7926:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7910:Documentaries
7908:
7905:
7901:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7875:Donna Ferrato
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7855:Angela Barker
7853:
7851:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7841:
7835:
7834:Murray Straus
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7809:Mary Ellsberg
7807:
7805:
7804:Emily Douglas
7802:
7800:
7799:Kenneth Dodge
7797:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7785:
7782:
7778:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7757:
7751:
7750:United States
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7515:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7499:Sibling abuse
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7465:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7396:
7392:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7308:
7307:Embarrassment
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7284:Psychological
7281:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7259:Honor killing
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7244:Bride burning
7242:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7232:
7228:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7190:
7187:
7183:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7121:
7116:
7114:
7109:
7107:
7102:
7101:
7098:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7080:Victimisation
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6956:
6950:
6949:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6744:
6739:
6737:
6732:
6730:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6708:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6689:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6672:(1): 97β116.
6671:
6667:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6563:
6562:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6493:
6477:
6473:
6467:
6459:
6455:
6449:
6434:
6427:
6426:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6394:
6387:
6386:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6349:
6341:
6333:
6329:
6322:
6311:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6287:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6250:
6242:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6209:
6207:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6158:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6124:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6083:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6038:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5990:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5857:
5851:
5846:
5845:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5828:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5778:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5751:
5732:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5671:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5633:
5625:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5604:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5556:
5548:
5542:
5537:
5536:
5527:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5483:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5455:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5425:
5417:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5390:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5352:
5344:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5318:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5290:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5239:
5230:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5187:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5111:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5094:(4): 804β805.
5093:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5003:
4995:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4799:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4703:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4650:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4494:
4486:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4355:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4332:
4325:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4273:
4266:
4251:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4178:Partner Abuse
4172:
4165:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4146:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4110:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4070:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4021:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3886:The Evil Body
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3719:Wilson, Margo
3715:
3711:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3551:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3250:
3239:September 18,
3231:
3227:
3220:
3214:
3203:September 18,
3198:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3095:(51): 35β39.
3094:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2918:
2902:
2901:Union College
2898:
2892:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2829:
2812:
2805:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2728:
2721:
2720:
2712:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2362:
2356:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2309:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:Partner Abuse
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1888:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1839:
1833:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1671:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1512:
1509:
1506:In 2005, the
1499:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1271:meta-analysis
1267:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1182:
1177:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1102:
1093:
1087:Social stigma
1084:
1079:Psychologists
1076:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
995:
990:
986:
981:
979:
977:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
956:United States
952:
950:
946:
942:
937:
933:
929:
918:
915:
907:
897:
893:
889:
883:
880:This section
878:
869:
868:
860:
857:
851:
842:
839:
835:
831:
829:
823:
808:
806:
802:
798:
795:influence of
793:
792:anti-feminist
787:
785:
781:
777:
776:social stigma
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
734:
729:
727:
722:
720:
715:
714:
712:
711:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
658:Child selling
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
632:
631:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
584:
583:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
565:Child support
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
500:Child custody
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
476:
475:
468:
465:
463:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
413:
408:
407:
400:
397:
395:
394:Sham marriage
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
349:
344:
343:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
301:
300:
297:
294:
293:
290:
287:
286:
276:
271:
269:
264:
262:
257:
256:
254:
253:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
207:
203:
202:
195:
192:
191:
190:
187:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
163:
162:
158:
157:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
127:
126:
122:
121:
116:
113:
111:
108:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
94:
91:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
55:
54:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
8159:
8152:
8145:
8138:
8131:
8124:
8117:
8110:
8092:
8085:
8078:
8060:
8053:
8046:
8039:
8032:
8025:
8018:
8011:
8004:
7997:
7990:
7983:
7976:
7969:
7951:
7944:
7937:
7930:
7923:
7918:A Better Man
7916:
7824:Denise Hines
7715:South Africa
7710:Saudi Arabia
7529:Duluth model
7412:
7408:Bride-buying
7381:Verbal abuse
7331:Intimidation
7206:Marital rape
7171:Epidemiology
7035:Minimisation
7030:Manipulation
7010:Exaggeration
6946:
6942:Verbal abuse
6922:Sexual abuse
6902:Social abuse
6872:Intimidation
6687:
6669:
6665:
6648:
6623:
6619:
6610:
6597:
6593:
6570:
6539:
6535:
6508:. Retrieved
6504:The Guardian
6502:
6492:
6480:. Retrieved
6475:
6466:
6457:
6448:
6433:the original
6424:
6415:the original
6410:Toronto Star
6408:
6393:the original
6384:
6375:
6355:(1): 44β75.
6352:
6346:
6340:
6321:
6305:
6292:
6264:
6258:
6249:
6226:
6172:
6166:
6157:
6145:. Retrieved
6137:
6133:
6123:
6095:
6089:
6082:
6052:(2): 43β49.
6049:
6045:
6029:. Retrieved
6022:the original
6001:
5995:
5971:
5967:
5937:(1): 35β47.
5934:
5930:
5912:
5908:
5890:
5886:
5871:(1): 65β99.
5868:
5864:
5843:
5831:
5827:
5797:(1): 46β50.
5794:
5790:
5777:
5760:
5756:
5750:
5738:. Retrieved
5731:the original
5726:
5713:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5658:. Retrieved
5646:
5642:
5632:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5570:(1): 23β38.
5567:
5561:
5555:
5534:
5526:
5514:. Retrieved
5509:
5503:
5496:Kelly, Linda
5490:
5467:
5454:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5400:
5389:
5364:(1): 19β26.
5361:
5357:
5351:
5332:
5326:
5317:10722/134467
5299:
5295:
5289:
5254:
5250:
5202:
5198:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5091:
5085:
5078:Kelly, Linda
5072:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4982:. Retrieved
4973:
4964:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4876:
4870:
4861:
4826:
4820:
4782:
4774:
4752:
4742:
4717:(1): 75β94.
4714:
4708:
4702:
4678:
4671:
4621:
4615:
4590:
4584:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4512:(5): 941β7.
4509:
4503:
4493:
4468:
4457:
4424:
4418:
4383:
4379:
4369:
4357:. Retrieved
4338:
4324:
4312:. Retrieved
4305:the original
4284:
4278:
4265:
4253:. Retrieved
4239:
4229:Pizzey, Erin
4223:
4204:
4198:
4181:
4177:
4164:
4145:
4133:. Retrieved
4126:the original
4107:
4100:
4076:
4069:
4041:
4037:
4028:
4001:
3973:
3969:
3918:
3912:
3885:
3852:
3848:
3831:
3827:
3814:
3788:
3784:
3757:
3735:(1): 71β91.
3732:
3726:
3723:Daly, Martin
3695:
3682:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3638:
3634:
3592:(1): 81β85.
3589:
3585:
3579:
3565:(1): 32β49.
3562:
3558:
3532:
3526:
3512:(2): 63β72.
3509:
3505:
3457:
3453:
3440:
3413:
3392:November 12,
3390:. Retrieved
3386:the original
3375:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3268:(1): 75β129.
3265:
3259:
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3225:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3191:
3184:
3167:
3163:
3139:. Retrieved
3135:
3125:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3045:
3041:
3031:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2963:
2959:
2925:
2904:. Retrieved
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2874:
2846:. Retrieved
2837:
2815:. Retrieved
2813:. p. 26
2802:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2759:
2734:. Retrieved
2727:the original
2718:
2711:
2699:. Retrieved
2694:
2681:
2669:. Retrieved
2662:the original
2657:
2644:
2597:
2543:(1): 26β52.
2540:
2534:
2528:
2509:
2503:
2478:
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2436:
2422:
2400:(1): 42β57.
2397:
2393:
2368:. Retrieved
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2336:the original
2317:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:
2281:
2261:
2255:
2224:
2185:
2181:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2111:
2105:
2073:
2036:
2029:
2005:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1982:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1901:
1895:
1874:. Retrieved
1867:the original
1858:
1820:. Retrieved
1813:
1789:. Retrieved
1784:
1756:. Retrieved
1737:
1684:
1678:
1641:
1635:
1611:. Retrieved
1604:the original
1538:
1525:
1518:
1505:
1496:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1467:
1461:as a child,
1459:sexual abuse
1433:management,
1426:
1421:self-defense
1417:
1413:
1399:
1394:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1285:
1276:
1268:
1252:
1239:
1230:
1222:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1099:
1090:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1066:Legal system
1060:
1051:
1035:
1032:
1023:
1007:
1004:
1000:
992:
982:
975:
964:
953:
935:
925:
910:
901:
888:spinning off
881:
852:
848:
840:
836:
832:
825:
822:Duluth model
788:
772:
756:cohabitation
743:
742:
550:Emancipation
315:Cohabitation
232:Gynocentrism
151:Avunculicide
110:Shame-stroke
68:
29:
8182:Gulabi Gang
8104:Periodicals
7963:Other films
7885:Erin Pizzey
7880:Ellen Pence
7720:South Korea
7690:Philippines
7650:New Zealand
7479:Child abuse
7423:Elder abuse
7326:Gaslighting
7311:Humiliation
7254:Dowry death
7239:Acid attack
7085:Victimology
7060:Psychopathy
6882:Persecution
6857:Humiliation
6847:Gaslighting
6830:Elder abuse
6781:Child abuse
6600:(4): 79β83.
6031:October 19,
3660:Victimology
3635:Victimology
3541:10292/14200
2934:10523/14923
2617:10852/74606
1305:Linda Kelly
1243:Erin Pizzey
1020:Perceptions
985:New Zealand
967:campus rape
951:were male.
784:masculinity
648:Child abuse
555:Foster care
330:Civil union
320:Concubinage
172:Prison rape
69:against men
8243:Categories
8055:Submission
7992:Bordertown
7870:Anne Cools
7860:Sarah Buel
7725:Tajikistan
7580:Bangladesh
7517:Prevention
7346:Mind games
7040:Narcissism
6862:Incivility
6852:Harassment
6482:October 7,
5915:(3): 285.
4184:(1): 1β8.
3535:(Thesis).
3477:2292/54501
3141:August 25,
2928:(Report).
1575:References
1451:depression
1225:continents
892:relocating
820:See also:
811:Prevalence
758:. As with
495:Legitimacy
458:Residence
289:Family law
146:Fratricide
141:Mariticide
74:management
8006:Daughters
7843:Activists
7787:Academics
7645:Lithuania
7575:Australia
7560:Argentina
7336:Isolation
7015:Isolation
6835:Financial
6369:145502648
6197:143890298
6112:143455188
6018:220121940
5137:147258083
5055:: 23β60.
4953:143655449
4449:258961142
4301:144019839
3647:936769926
3486:232223448
3332:144217964
3136:BBC Three
3117:219869048
2636:188853652
2557:145339270
2414:904199217
2202:881068319
1988:April 27,
1918:145293675
1658:145186540
1515:Responses
1476:Criticism
1253:In 1997,
1042:BBC Three
485:Paternity
384:Annulment
194:Estimates
182:Male rape
177:Statutory
136:Patricide
131:Androcide
8041:Provoked
7759:Religion
7730:Thailand
7680:Paraguay
7670:Pakistan
7605:Colombia
7467:Children
7443:Misogyny
7438:Misandry
7376:Stalking
7292:Bullying
7231:Physical
6927:Stalking
6840:Marriage
6801:marriage
6796:military
6776:Bullying
6657:ED359483
6510:June 30,
6458:ncfm.org
6310:Archived
6281:74249845
6217:Archived
6147:March 7,
5959:30324020
5951:11991155
5832:Articles
5819:16532009
5811:23878077
5740:June 24,
5705:31749927
5660:June 21,
5592:44622648
5584:18087030
5516:June 23,
5512:(4): 806
5462:(1983).
5281:20823071
5229:18624096
5175:73253273
5147:See also
5100:Archived
5031:37664529
4984:June 28,
4945:23044038
4908:Archived
4893:15844722
4851:Archived
4843:74249845
4775:See also
4692:Archived
4638:10989617
4607:10989616
4573:10989615
4536:17395835
4465:(1997).
4441:37246524
4410:17395835
4359:June 28,
4255:June 28,
4231:(2000).
4153:Archived
4058:11521422
3943:29946619
3935:22203618
3877:23410674
3869:17043363
3805:10989615
3672:68919831
3654:See also
3367:15726937
3230:Archived
3197:Archived
3113:ProQuest
3109:18777834
3074:23116238
3023:24034631
2906:June 28,
2881:June 28,
2848:June 28,
2817:June 30,
2767:June 30,
2736:June 28,
2475:(1997).
2457:June 28,
2410:ProQuest
2297:June 30,
2228:. SAGE.
2198:ProQuest
2128:59075179
2052:Archived
2021:Archived
1876:June 28,
1832:cite web
1709:19704861
1613:June 21,
1548:See also
1521:Shelters
1455:jealousy
1369:object.
1263:etiology
1119:Research
1014:Canada's
978:Magazine
960:Canadian
949:Scotland
797:feminism
780:machismo
752:marriage
653:CPS (US)
603:Marriage
530:CAFCASS
510:Adoption
424:Adultery
37:a series
35:Part of
8207:Respect
7985:Blinded
7780:Experts
7695:Romania
7660:Nigeria
7610:Ecuador
7585:Bolivia
7570:Albania
7565:Armenia
7553:Country
7433:Lesbian
7394:Victims
7351:Nagging
7141:Outline
7134:General
6948:more...
6877:Neglect
6786:neglect
6640:3871970
6548:2589941
6476:FindLaw
6306:bjs.gov
5697:9129375
5272:2994556
5220:2968709
5023:8703839
4974:nij.gov
4788:222β232
4731:3053881
4527:1854883
4401:1854883
4344:213β214
4314:July 4,
4135:July 4,
3749:3096914
3606:8039570
3065:3534228
3048:: 945.
3014:3848440
2997:: 845.
2701:July 1,
2671:July 1,
2370:July 4,
2345:July 4,
1960:7817829
1822:May 16,
1791:July 1,
1758:July 5,
1701:7696192
1132:History
1105:Methods
1029:Society
954:In the
928:England
598:Divorce
449:Alimony
419:Divorce
123:Killing
64:outline
8254:Crimes
8202:Refuge
8013:Enough
7740:Uganda
7735:Turkey
7700:Russia
7675:Panama
7665:Norway
7655:Norway
7635:Mexico
7620:Guyana
7590:Brazil
7401:Adults
7193:Sexual
6995:Denial
6791:sexual
6703:
6655:
6638:
6577:
6546:
6376:Citing
6367:
6332:244697
6330:
6279:
6237:
6223:", in
6195:
6189:190285
6187:
6110:
6016:
5974:: 46.
5957:
5949:
5852:
5817:
5809:
5703:
5695:
5620:
5590:
5582:
5543:
5478:
5437:: 32.
5412:
5378:581856
5376:
5339:
5279:
5269:
5227:
5217:
5173:
5135:
5029:
5021:
4951:
4943:
4902:210048
4900:
4891:
4841:
4794:
4764:
4729:
4663:207846
4661:
4636:
4605:
4571:
4534:
4524:
4481:
4447:
4439:
4408:
4398:
4350:
4299:
4246:
4211:
4118:
4088:
4056:
4016:
3941:
3933:
3900:
3875:
3867:
3803:
3772:
3747:
3706:
3700:90β113
3670:
3645:
3604:
3484:
3428:
3365:
3330:
3115:
3107:
3072:
3062:
3021:
3011:
2942:170018
2940:
2634:
2624:
2555:
2516:
2491:
2448:
2412:
2328:
2232:
2200:
2126:
2084:
2044:
2013:
1958:
1916:
1749:
1707:
1699:
1656:
1463:stress
1057:Police
668:Incest
643:Bigamy
296:Family
51:Issues
8249:Abuse
8216:Legal
8072:Books
7903:Media
7705:Samoa
7640:Kenya
7625:India
7615:Ghana
7600:China
7595:Chile
7185:Forms
7146:Abuse
7025:Lying
6758:Types
6750:Abuse
6542:(2).
6436:(PDF)
6429:(PDF)
6396:(PDF)
6389:(PDF)
6365:S2CID
6313:(PDF)
6302:(PDF)
6277:S2CID
6193:S2CID
6185:JSTOR
6108:S2CID
6025:(PDF)
6014:S2CID
5992:(PDF)
5955:S2CID
5815:S2CID
5787:(PDF)
5734:(PDF)
5723:(PDF)
5701:S2CID
5612:[
5588:S2CID
5472:17β30
5406:63β72
5374:JSTOR
5171:S2CID
5133:S2CID
5027:S2CID
4949:S2CID
4941:JSTOR
4839:S2CID
4727:JSTOR
4445:S2CID
4334:(PDF)
4308:(PDF)
4297:S2CID
4275:(PDF)
4236:(PDF)
4174:(PDF)
4129:(PDF)
4112:(PDF)
3966:(PDF)
3939:S2CID
3873:S2CID
3819:(PDF)
3745:JSTOR
3631:(PDF)
3482:S2CID
3328:S2CID
3233:(PDF)
3222:(PDF)
2871:(PDF)
2842:(PDF)
2807:(PDF)
2730:(PDF)
2723:(PDF)
2691:(PDF)
2665:(PDF)
2654:(PDF)
2632:S2CID
2553:S2CID
2485:43β91
2432:(PDF)
2364:(PDF)
2339:(PDF)
2322:(PDF)
2124:S2CID
2078:40β47
1956:S2CID
1914:S2CID
1870:(PDF)
1863:(PDF)
1781:(PDF)
1705:S2CID
1654:S2CID
1607:(PDF)
1600:(PDF)
1542:1900s
932:Wales
764:crime
7685:Peru
7630:Iran
7269:Sati
6701:ISBN
6653:ERIC
6636:PMID
6575:ISBN
6544:SSRN
6512:2014
6484:2019
6286:Pdf.
6235:ISBN
6149:2013
6033:2014
5947:PMID
5850:ISBN
5807:PMID
5742:2014
5693:PMID
5662:2014
5618:ISBN
5580:PMID
5541:ISBN
5518:2014
5476:ISBN
5410:ISBN
5337:ISBN
5277:PMID
5225:PMID
5097:Pdf.
5019:PMID
4986:2014
4905:Pdf.
4889:PMID
4848:Pdf.
4792:ISBN
4762:ISBN
4689:Pdf.
4634:PMID
4603:PMID
4578:Pdf.
4569:PMID
4532:PMID
4479:ISBN
4437:PMID
4406:PMID
4361:2014
4348:ISBN
4316:2014
4257:2014
4244:ISBN
4209:ISBN
4137:2014
4116:ISBN
4086:ISBN
4054:PMID
4014:ISBN
3931:PMID
3898:ISBN
3865:PMID
3801:PMID
3770:ISBN
3704:ISBN
3668:OCLC
3643:OCLC
3602:PMID
3426:ISBN
3394:2012
3363:PMID
3241:2023
3205:2023
3143:2023
3105:PMID
3070:PMID
3019:PMID
2908:2014
2883:2014
2850:2014
2819:2014
2769:2014
2738:2014
2703:2014
2673:2014
2622:ISBN
2514:ISBN
2489:ISBN
2459:2014
2446:ISBN
2442:3β16
2372:2014
2347:2014
2326:ISBN
2299:2014
2230:ISBN
2082:ISBN
2042:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1990:2021
1878:2014
1838:link
1824:2022
1793:2014
1760:2014
1747:ISBN
1697:PMID
1615:2014
1526:The
973:and
930:and
560:Ward
377:and
375:Void
167:Rape
6693:doi
6674:doi
6628:doi
6357:doi
6328:NCJ
6269:doi
6177:doi
6138:145
6100:doi
6064:hdl
6054:doi
6006:doi
5976:doi
5939:doi
5917:doi
5895:doi
5873:doi
5799:doi
5765:doi
5685:doi
5651:doi
5572:doi
5439:doi
5366:doi
5312:hdl
5304:doi
5267:PMC
5259:doi
5215:PMC
5207:doi
5163:doi
5125:doi
5057:doi
5011:doi
4933:doi
4898:NCJ
4881:doi
4831:doi
4758:219
4719:doi
4659:NCJ
4626:doi
4622:126
4595:doi
4591:126
4561:doi
4557:126
4522:PMC
4514:doi
4429:doi
4396:PMC
4388:doi
4289:doi
4186:doi
4082:140
4046:doi
4006:doi
3978:doi
3923:doi
3890:doi
3857:doi
3836:doi
3793:doi
3789:126
3762:doi
3737:doi
3594:doi
3567:doi
3537:hdl
3514:doi
3472:hdl
3462:doi
3418:doi
3355:doi
3320:doi
3293:doi
3172:doi
3097:doi
3060:PMC
3050:doi
3009:PMC
2999:doi
2968:doi
2938:NCJ
2930:hdl
2787:BBC
2612:hdl
2602:doi
2545:doi
2402:doi
2266:doi
2190:doi
2154:doi
2116:doi
1948:doi
1906:doi
1743:104
1689:doi
1646:doi
1152:to
1040:on
983:In
976:Ms.
926:In
890:or
754:or
748:men
8245::
6699:.
6668:.
6634:.
6624:31
6622:.
6609:.
6596:.
6592:.
6540:21
6538:.
6520:^
6501:.
6474:.
6456:.
6407:.
6378::
6363:.
6351:.
6304:.
6275:.
6263:.
6205:^
6191:.
6183:.
6173:12
6171:.
6140:.
6136:.
6132:.
6106:.
6094:.
6062:.
6050:30
6044:.
6012:.
6002:43
6000:.
5994:.
5970:.
5953:.
5945:.
5935:17
5933:.
5911:.
5889:.
5867:.
5834::
5813:.
5805:.
5795:40
5793:.
5789:.
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