Batak - Knowledge

1206:’s memoirs of his stay on the east coast of Sumatra (then called Java Minor) from April to September 1292, he mentions an encounter with hill folk whom he refers to as "man-eaters". From secondary sources, Marco Polo recorded stories of ritual cannibalism among the "Battas". Marco Polo's stay was restricted to the coastal areas, and he never ventured inland to directly verify such claims. Despite never personally witnessing these events, he was nonetheless willing to pass on descriptions which were provided to him, in which a condemned man was eaten: "They suffocate him. And when he is dead they have him cooked, and gather together all the dead man's kin, and eat him. And I assure you they do suck the very bones till not a particle of marrow remains in them...And so they eat him up stump and rump. And when they have thus eaten him they collect his bones and put them in fine chests, and carry them away, and place them in caverns among the mountains where no beast nor other creature can get at them. And you must know also that if they take prisoner a man of another country, and he cannot pay a ransom in coin, they kill him and eat him straightway. 2809: 945: 1167: 1116: 2999: 730: 888: 2049: 1678: 2701: 2913: 1483: 2932:

however tolerated, with the Mandailing Islamic ideology placing adat on the same level as Islamic law, as in contrast with the Minang practice of placing Islamic law above adat. In more recent times, learned Islamic scholars (ulama) studying abroad, have suggested that many traditional Mandailing practices, such as the 'Raja' hereditary leaders, were in conflict with Islam, being indicative of 'pele begu'. The Islamist ulama were in conflict for authority with the Namora-Natora, the traditional village legal practitioners, who were influenced by adat as much as Islam.

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work...They eat human flesh only in wartime, when they are enraged, and in a few legal instances." Junghuhn tells how after a perilous and hungry flight he arrived in a friendly village, and the food that was offered by his hosts was the flesh of two prisoners who had been slaughtered the day before, however he maintains that the Batak exaggerated their love of human flesh in order to frighten off would-be invaders and to gain occasional employment as

363: 113: 71: 1922: 694:"black one" is believed to originate from their ties with Tamil traders, with specific Sembiring sub-marga, namely Brahmana, Colia, Pandia, Depari, Meliala, Muham, Pelawi, and Tekan all of Indian origin. Tamil influence on Karo religious practices are also noted, with the pekualuh secondary cremation ritual being specific to the Karo and Dairi people. Moreover the Pustaka Kembaren, an origin story of the Sembiring Kembaren suggests linkages with 338: 583: 319: 158: 2291: 957:

drivers, mechanics, engineers, singers and musicians, writers and journalists, teachers, economists, scientists, military officers, and attorneys. Although the Batak are a minority among the Indonesian population (3.58%; only 8–9 million Batak people out of 236 million according 2010's census), a large number of notable Batak have achieved prominent places and well-represented especially in the field of law, such as

1403: 85: 2162: 985: 2197:"On the morning of the first day of the festival the graves in the cemetery are opened and the bones of the ancestors that are still there are removed. The unearthing of the skulls is presented as especially moving. The bones are collected in baskets lined with white cloth and then ritually cleaned by the women using the juice of various 2985:

strongly rejected the 'Batak' label. Abdullah Lubis, writing in the 1920s, claimed that while the Mandailing followed Batak marga practice, they had never followed the Batak religion, and that the Mandailing people pre-dated the Toba, having acquired marga directly from 'Hindu' visitors. In the Dutch

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There are many different versions in circulation. These were formerly passed down through oral tradition but have now been written down in the local languages. There are also large collections of Batak tales collected by European scholars since the mid-19th century and recorded in European languages,

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Throughout the history of modern Indonesia, the Batak community has been a significant contributor. Batak people have filled a wide range of occupations, from running modest tire service workshops to serving as state ministers. The modern Batak have gravitated towards professions such as bus and taxi

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is an early offspring of the southern branch. Some Simalungun dialects can be understood by speakers of Batak Karo, whereas other dialects of Simalungun can be understood by speakers of Toba. This is due to the existence of a linguistic continuum that often blurs the lines between the Batak dialects.

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These trading opportunities may have caused migration of Batak from Pakpak and Toba to the present-day Karo and Simalungun 'frontier' lands, where they were exposed to greater influence from visiting Tamil traders, while the migration of Batak to the Angkola-Mandailing lands may have been prompted by

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of the deceased. Traditional Batak beliefs hold that the dead occupy a hierarchical status similar to the social position they held in life. This means that a rich and powerful individual remains influential after death, and this status can be elevated if the family holds a reburial ceremony. A rich

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will then be unable to find its way back to the village. When the funeral procession arrives at the cemetery the grave is dug and the corpse laid in it, flat on its back. Care is taken that the head lies towards the village so that, in the unexpected event that the body should get up, he or she will

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in the 1820s studied the Batak and their rituals and laws regarding the consumption of human flesh, writing in detail about the transgressions that warranted such an act as well as their methods. Raffles stated that "It is usual for the people to eat their parents when too old to work," and that for

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also caused the relegation of the datuk to a medicine man, with traditional rice-planting ceremonies and other such remnants of traditional culture deemed incompatible with Islam. The 'pasusur begu', a ceremony invoking ancestors to aid the community, was also suppressed. Other aspects of adat were

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asks for ripe eggs, then the person whom he animates will be a poor fellow; if he asks for flowers, then he will live only a short time; if he asks for a hen, the person will be restless; rags indicate poverty; an old mat, lack of fame; a gold piece, wealth; plate, spear, medicine pot indicate that

2909:, although traditional elements remain, such as dividing inheritance among all children, a Mandailing rather than Islamic practice. Islam caused the decline in importance of marga, with many Mandailing abandoning their marga in favour of Muslim names, much less so among the Angkola to their North. 2851:

there. In 1941, the Gereja Batak Karo Protestan (GBKP) was established. Although missionaries ceded much power to Batak converts in the first decades of the 20th century, Bataks never pressured the missionaries to leave and only took control of church activities as a result of thousands of foreign

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influence in coastal trade and plantations, pushing the Karo farther inland. Growing ethnic tensions culminated in the 1872 Karo Rebellion where the Karo were suppressed by Dutch and Malay forces. Despite this, Karo resistance to Dutch imperialism lingered into the early 20th century. In 1890 the

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Oscar von Kessel visited Silindung in the 1840s and in 1844 was probably the first European to observe a Batak cannibalistic ritual in which a convicted adulterer was eaten alive. His description parallels that of Marsden in some important respects, however von Kessel states that cannibalism was

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visited the Batak lands between 1840 and 1841. Junghuhn says about cannibalism among the Batak (whom he called "Battaer"): "People do the honest Battaer an injustice when it is said that they sell human flesh in the markets, and that they slaughter their old people as soon as they are unfit for

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understand that from now on its world is separate from that of its kin. Symbolically this is done by reversing the mat on which the corpse is laid out so that the body lies with its head at the foot of the mat. Thumbs and toes respectively are tied together and the body is rubbed all over with

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provided vast opportunity for freshwater aquaculture since ancient times. Interior rural Batak communities relied heavily on rice farming, horticulture and other plant and commercial crops, and to some extent, acquiring forest products, such as hard wood, plant resin, and wild animals.

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and traveled through the Batak lands. After three days' journey they reached the high valley of Silindung and spent about two weeks in the Batak region. Considering the shortness of their stay their account reveals very intensive first-hand observation. This was followed in 1834 by

721:(dry rice), and the Toba Batak, most expert in agriculture, must have migrated to meet demand in new areas. The increasing importance of rice had religious significance, which increased the power of the Batak high priests, who had responsibility for ensuring agricultural success. 2990:', and indeed Malaysian Mandailing retain little of their distinct identity, partly due to a British colonial policy of rice-land ownership restrictions for all but Malay-speaking Muslims, and the disapproval of 'Batak' Muslim practices by the existing Malay Muslim population. 1767:

has written on all its leaves. On one leaf is written 'many children', on others 'wealth' or 'respect' and so on. 'Contemptible life', 'poverty', 'wretchedness' are also written on the leaves. All the possible different fates of the person are entered on the leaves. Every

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in Tapanuli. These contacts took place many centuries ago and it is impossible to reconstruct just how far the religious ideas of these foreigners were adopted and reworked by the Batak. It is suggested that the Batak adopted aspects of these religions, specifically

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are tied to a tree and beheaded at once; but the blood is carefully preserved for drinking, and sometimes made into a kind of pudding with boiled rice. The body is then distributed; the ears, the nose, and the soles of the feet are the exclusive property of the

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was employed by the Nederlands Bijbel Genootschap (Netherlands Bible Society) in the 1850s to produce a Batak–Dutch grammar-book and a dictionary, which enabled future Dutch and German missionaries to undertake the conversion of the Toba and Simalungan Batak.

2763:"Some time before the arrival of the missionaries the unfortunate Americans presented themselves as religious teachers, the Battakers felt that these people were invaders, and resolving to be beforehand with their tormentors, they killed them and ate them up." 597:

Although the Batak are often considered to be isolated peoples due to their location inland, away from the influence of seafaring European colonials, there is evidence that they have been involved in trade with neighbouring kingdoms for a millennium or more.

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Sir Stamford Raffles perceived the Batak lands as a buffer between the Islamic Aceh and Minang kingdoms, and encouraged Christian missionary work to preserve this. This policy was continued by the Dutch, who deemed the non-Muslim lands the 'Bataklanden'.

2024:) can also act as guardian spirits for the family. They include the victims of accidents, suicides, murder victims, or people struck by lightning. A shrine is built where they are venerated and where sacrifices are made. A third category consists of the 1145:

Manat Mardongan Tubu (careful in living with close relatives). Living carefully means a cautious attitude towards fellow Marga to prevent misunderstandings in the implementation of custom tradition events. This act was reflected in the Batak proverb

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continue to live near their previous dwelling (in a village of the dead which is thought to be situated not far from the cemetery) and that they may contact their descendants. Bad dreams, particular misfortune and such like may be signs that the

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Dutch colonial government banned cannibalism in the regions under their control. Rumors of Batak cannibalism survived into the early 20th century but it seems probable that the custom was rare after 1816, due partially to the influence of

799:. The writing has chiefly ceremonial importance within traditional religious ceremonies, and was subject to little change for this reason. It is likely that the Batak people originally received their writing system from southern Sumatra. 1292:, who has besides a claim on other portions. The palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, the flesh of the head, and the heart and liver, are reckoned peculiar delicacies, and the flesh in general is roasted and eaten with salt. The 3735:

The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition; Including the Unabridged Third Edition (1903) of Henry Yule's Annotated Translation, as Revised by Henri Cordier, Together with Cordier's Later Volume of Notes and Addenda

2278:, often lasting several months, during which the inhabitants of the whole district come together. These powerful ancestor spirits offer protection and good fortune to their descendants, but the ceremony also serves to establish new 1808:(brother) and is regarded as the person's guardian spirit. Similar ideas about the afterbirth are also found among the Karo, who also bury the placenta and amniotic fluid under the house and regard them as two guardian spirits ( 1032:. In contemporary Indonesia, the Batak people have a strong focus on education and a prominent position in the professions, particularly as teachers, engineers, doctors and lawyers. Toba Batak are known traditionally for their 1141:

Elek Marboru (showing kindness to all women). Kindness in this context means not accompanied by ulterior motives and self-interest. Also, women in this context means the family who marry the daughter, including the daughter

1622:, the dragon of the underworld who lived in the water. He groaned under the weight and attempted to get rid of it by rolling around. The earth was softened by water and threatened to be utterly destroyed. With the help of 1474:. Traditional religions are not officially recognised, and accordingly traditional religions are increasingly marginalised, although aspects of the traditional Batak religion are still practised alongside Christianity. 2334:, although the former were exclusively male. Both professions were attributed with supernatural powers and the ability to predict the future. Treatments and healing rituals bear some resemblance to those practiced by 2986:

census, the Mandailing objected strongly to being listed in the census as 'Batak Mandailing'. Mandailing in Malaysia (who migrated in the years following the Padri war), had no such objection to their being deemed '

2863:, originally part of the HKBP and preaching in Batak Toba language, eventually became a distinctively Simalungun church, adopting Simalungun customs and language, before finally incorporating as GKPS in 1963. 1430:

on the other hand the evidence in the writings of missionaries and colonial administrators is relatively abundant. Information on the traditional forms of Batak religion is derived mainly from the writings of

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and the coffin may be placed in a special location near the family's house until a reburial ceremony can take place. Families that are not wealthy use simple wooden coffins or wrap the body in a straw mat.

3278: 2363:, a handwritten book made of wood and bark in which were inscribed recipes for healing remedies, incantations and songs, predictive calendars, and other notes on magic, healing and divination written in 2185:. In a ceremony lasting several days the bones of a particularly honored ancestor and those of his descendants are exhumed, cleaned, mourned and finally laid to rest again in a bone house known as a 594:

While the archaeology of southern Sumatra testifies to the existence of neolithic settlers, it seems that the northern part of Sumatra was settled by agriculturalists at a considerably later stage.

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in other parts of Indonesia. Following the Christianization of the Toba and Karo Batak in the late 19th century, missionaries discouraged traditional healing and divination and they became largely

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A Lady's Second Journey Around the World: From London to the Cape of Good Hope, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Ceram, the Moluccas, etc., California, Panama, Peru, Ecuador, and the United States

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becomes the mother of twins of different sexes. When the two have grown up their divine parents return to the upper world leaving the couple behind on the earth. Mankind is the result of their

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assured me, with a certain air of relish, that it was very good food, and that they had not the least objection to eat it. The women are not allowed to take part in these grand public dinners."

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government, the Batak had a reputation for being fierce warriors. Today the Batak are mostly Christian with a Muslim minority. Currently the largest Christian congregation in Indonesia is the

2947:, associated with Muslims, as were government civil servants, creating the perception that Islam was the religion of modernity and progress. Missionaries determined that resistance among the 1610:, and lets herself down on a spun thread from the sky to the middle world which at that time was still just a watery waste. She refuses to go back but feels very unhappy. Out of compassion 2808: 4015:

The Extent and Areas of Indian/Hindu Influence on the Ideas and Development of Toba-Batak Religion and Its Implications for the Christianization of the Toba-Batak People of North Sumatra

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stay with them. These gifts may consist of a knife, a gong, a particular piece of clothing, a water buffalo or a small holy place. The gifts are carefully cared for in order to keep the

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The burial tradition includes a reburial ceremony in which the bones of one's ancestors are reinterred several years after death. This secondary burial is known among the Toba Batak as

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and local culture for thousands of years. The last Batak king who fought valiantly against Dutch imperialists until 1905 was an Indonesian Shaivite king. The Batak may be mentioned in

930:). In ancient times, Batak warriors were often recruited by neighboring Malay courts as mercenaries. In the colonial era, the Dutch introduced commercial cash crops, such as coffee, 1618:

was ordered to spread out this earth and thus the earth became broad and long. But the goddess was not able to enjoy her rest for long. The earth had been spread out on the head of

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The 'Perodak-odak' movement among the Karo people in the 1960s was a reassertion of the traditional Karo religion, but has largely faded; a subsequent Karo movement to identify as

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In the broader context of national language, the modern Batak authors are well-known as the outstanding Malay-speaking writers that shape modern Malay into the national concept of

1470:, which requires the belief in 'one and only God', the practice of either Protestantism, Catholicism, Islam, Buddhism or Hinduism, one of which must be entered on an individual's 1150:" (only woods that are really close can cause friction). This illustrates that it is in close and frequent intercourse that possible conflicts of interest, status, etc. can occur 1575:

What all the six gods so far mentioned have in common is that they play a minor role in ritual. They do not receive any sacrificial offerings from the faithful and no places of

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lands, the 'dusun' the Malim religion, became very influential as an expression of anti-colonial sentiments at the turn of the 20th century. Today the majority of Parmalim are

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in 1893, although a paper describes the translation as "not easy to read, it is rigid and not fluent, and sounds strange to the Batak… a number of errors in the translation."

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Die Battaländer auf Sumatra: Im auftrage sr. excellenz des general-governeurs von Niederländisch-Indien hrn. P. Merkus in den jahren 1840 und 1841 untersucht und beschrieben

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dwells. It is present to a particularly high degree in certain parts of the body, especially the blood, the liver, the head and the heart. Sweat too is described as rich in

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Head or higher class Toba Batak man with his family in their home with the carved head of Toba Batak family "adathuis" or Roemah Adat Tapanoeli in North Sumatra, c. 1900

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The various Batak cultures differ in their pre-colonial religious ideas as they do in many other aspects of culture. Information about the old religious ideas of the

2981:. Despite this, the Dutch administration marked them as part of the Bataklanden, and therefore heathen or Christian. This perception was an inaccurate one, and many 2211:) and transferred from the baskets to small wooden coffins. After long speeches and a communal prayer the coffins are nailed down and placed in the chambers of the 3254: 1517:. His origin remains uncertain. A rough translation of the name is the "beginning of becoming". The creation of everything that exists can be traced back to him. 672:

that was established in the 11th century, and comprising 10,000 people by the 12th century. Tamil remains have been found on key trade routes to the Batak lands.

1217:(1414–1439), and wrote a brief description of the inhabitants: "In a part of the island called Batech live cannibals who wage continual war on their neighbors." 5098: 5088: 5068: 4979: 1689:

In the religious world of the Toba and Karo Batak the gods and the creation of mankind are far less significant than the complex concepts connected with the

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of the new-born baby, and accordingly the afterbirth is given special attention after the birth of a child. It is usually buried under the house, is called

5083: 4893: 2752: 649:, perhaps from the 8th or 9th centuries and continuing for the next thousand years, with Batak men carrying the products on their backs for sale at ports. 6074: 4974: 5621: 5491: 1502:

At the beginning of time there was only the sky with a great sea beneath it. In the sky lived the gods and the sea was the home of a mighty underworld

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Non-Malim Batak peoples (those following Christian or Muslim faith) often continue to believe certain aspects of traditional Batak spiritual belief.

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begets three daughters whom he gives as wives for his three sons. Mankind is the result of the union of the three couples. Besides the three sons of

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when presented with a difficult problem, and in time this became in itself a ritual. When missionaries began to discourage traditional healing and

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will enter into her and speak through her mouth. At this time the sick person or the family can negotiate ritual payment to entice it to return.

713:, an important export commodity, in exchange for rice, which grew well in the Batak wetlands. Batak people in different areas cultivated either 5536: 4944: 4447: 4256: 1089:. A significant minority of Batak people do not adhere to either Christianity or Islam, however, and follow traditional practices known as the 729: 4463:

The Encounter of the Batak People with Rheinische Missions-Gesellschaft in the Field of Education, 1861–1940, A Historical-Theological Inquiry

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feast which can last up to seven days. In antiquity a vast number of pigs, cattle or even buffalo were slaughtered at such festivals, and the

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orchestra and the continual firing of guns. At any crossroads the corpse is put down and eleven people go around it four times to confuse the

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regarded by the Batak as a judicial act and its application was restricted to very narrowly defined infringements of the law including theft,

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and those who have died from lightning are buried sitting up with their hands tied together. The palms of the hand are tied together and

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This period was characterized by the arrival of Dutch colonists and while most Batak did not oppose the Dutch, the Toba Batak fought a

1733:) of the Batak Church, recorded two particularly expressive myths in his major work on Batak religion. What is significant is that the 1126:(three-legged furnace) is the philosophy of life of the Batak people. It consisted of three general rules in Batak society. Those are: 4332: 1331:

Family tree or lineage is a very important thing for the Batak, as those who do not know the lineage will be considered as a strayed (

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were carved from stone or constructed from wood and later brick. Nowadays they are made of cement or concrete. Large and very ornate

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fruits. The exhumation and cleaning of the bones is accompanied by the singing of laments. The bones are kept in the baskets in the

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can be made the family's guardian spirit for which a shrine is provided and to which sacrifices are regularly made. Once a year the

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Christian missionaries had been active among the northern Mandailing from 1834 onwards, but their progress was restricted by the

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traders had established river-ports along the northern coasts of Sumatra and Sultan Al-Malik Al-Dhahir had recently converted to

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and they keep it for life unless they are unfortunate enough to lose it, in which case they will fall ill. In order to call the

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war that lasted into the early 20th century and ended only with the death in 1907 of their charismatic priest-warrior-king Si

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languages, which are similar to each other, and a distinct southern branch, comprising three mutually intelligible dialects:

4815: 4803: 4503: 2400:, which encompasses the art of making poison, the art of controlling or utilizing the power of certain spirits, calling the 1701:. Probably the most useful translations of these terms are "life-soul" and "death-soul". A person receives his "life-soul" ( 6861: 2901:) and promoting 'pure' Islamic faith. Over time Mandailing Islam, has been brought closer to the predominant Southeastern 1677: 7086: 4879: 1304:

to the Batak in the late 19th century observed a few instances of cannibalism and wrote lurid descriptions to their home

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certain crimes a criminal would be eaten alive: "The flesh is eaten raw or grilled, with lime, salt and a little rice."

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Kasiri, Julizar (1993). "Soeman Hs: Guru yang Berjiwa Guru" [Soeman Hs: A Teacher with the Soul of a Teacher].

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Samuel Munson and Henry Lyman, American Baptist missionaries to the Batak, were cannibalized in 1834. Dutch and German

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inscription has been found in Barus which is dated to 1088, while contact with Chinese and Tamil traders took place at

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of an ancestor is not satisfied with the behavior of its descendants. Any individual can attempt to pacify an enraged

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Sedjarah kebudajaan Batak: suatu studi tentang suku Batak (Toba, Angkola, Mandailing, Simelungun, Pakpak Dairi, Karo)

3344: 3315: 2419:(words of the gods), the wishes of the spirits, commands from the gods and from the spirits of the ancestors, and an 2001:

into guardian spirits if misfortune has befallen the family of the child shortly after its death. With the help of a

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Citizenship, Ethnicity, Religion, and Daily Language of Indonesian Population, Results of the 2010 Population Census

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The first German missionaries to the Lake Toba region arrived in 1861, and a mission was established in 1881 by Dr.

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in order to raise donations for further missions. The growing Dutch influence in northern Sumatra led to increased

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KozoK, Uli (1996). "Bark, Bones and Bamboo: Batak Traditions of Sumatra". In Kumar, Ann; McGlynn, John H. (eds.).

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Burton, R.; Ward, N. "Report of a Journey into the Batak Country, in the Interior of Sumatra, in the Year 1824".

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and Dutch missionaries who became increasingly concerned with Batak beliefs towards the end of the 19th century.

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could mean worship, in Dalihan Na Tolu, it means respect to those with wife family and those with the same clan (

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Historical culture of Batak: a study of Batak tribes (Toba, Angkola, Mandailing, Simelungun, Pakpak Dairi, Karo)

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traditions are very rich and complex. Immediately after death various ritual actions are performed to make the

1022:. A traditional belief among the Toba Batak is that they originate from one ancestor "Si Raja Batak", with all 1776:

for one of the leaves. Whatever is written on the leaf chosen by him will be his destiny in the middle world."

7101: 7060: 1335:) Batak. Batak people are required to know their lineage or at least the ancestors of which the family name ( 4032:

Much of this section is derived from Stohr, W. & Zoeta Jadider, P. (1965) "Die Religionen Indonesiens."

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Among the most important healing ceremonies performed in Toba and Karo communities is that of recalling the

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At the end of the 19th and in the beginning of the 20th century the Parmalim movement, which originated in

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Based on this evidence, the Batak may have been involved in procuring important commodities for trade with

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Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia: Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010

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Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia: Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010

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school of Islam as a result of Mandailing discourse with other Islamic practitioners and the practice of

1553:, whose place and function in the world of the gods remains largely unclear. There is some evidence that 1447: 1606:, who is the actual creator of the earth. She flees from her intended husband, the lizard-shaped son of 1189:

was well documented among pre-colonial Batak people, being performed in order to strengthen the eater's

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descended from him. A family tree that defines the father-son relationship among Batak people is called

4902: 3126: 2779: 1387:. Significant numbers of Batak have migrated in recent years to prosperous neighbouring Riau province. 1279:

visited the Batak in August 1852 and although she did not observe any cannibalism, she was told that:

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Nationality, Ethnicity, Religion, and Languages of Indonesians: Results of the 2010 Population Census

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and Angkola Batak were converted to Islam in the early 19th century during the reign of Minangkabaus

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or Malim is the modern form of the Batak Toba religion. Practitioners of Malim are called Parmalim.

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and Angkola in southern Batakland is incomplete, and very little is known about the religion of the

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of Indonesia. Pemena means the first or the beginning. Pemena is regarded as the first religion of

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lives in the upper world which is usually thought of as divided into seven levels. His three sons,

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This article is about the Batak people of Indonesia. For the Batak people of the Philippines, see

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government, who feared conflict between newly converted Christians and Muslims. In addition, the

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people, occupying the southern Batak lands, came under the influence of the neighbouring Islamic

2775: 2704: 2266:, who are the spirits of important ancestors who lived ten to twelve generations ago. To raise a 1482: 1427: 1138:). Those family includes wife of the grandfathers, wife of the fathers, and wife of the children. 1067: 684: 545: 1210: 7045: 6281: 6156: 6036: 5984: 5947: 1827:

can be separated from their owners through inattentiveness, or as a result of black magic by a

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Aris Ananta; Evi Nurvidya Arifin; M Sairi Hasbullah; Nur Budi Handayani; Agus Pramono (2015).

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inevitably results in death. There are a variety of ideas about where exactly in the body the

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is not tied to the body; it can also live for a time outside the body. The final loss of the

958: 808: 699: 511: 6994: 4735: 4412:

Pfeiffer, p. 150. Professor Uli Kozok disputes the belief that the missionaries were eaten.

2895:, but the Padri war was a watershed event, with the Padris suppressing traditional customs ( 2385:, which includes diagnosis, therapy, medicinal mixes which have magical properties, such as 1509:. The earth did not yet exist and human beings, too, were as yet unknown. All the surviving 7111: 7019: 6999: 6964: 6171: 6118: 6021: 5711: 4853: 4582:

The Internment of Western Civilians under the Japanese 1941–1945: A Patchwork of Internment

4347: 3122: 3113: 3101: 2963: 2912: 2825: 2331: 2102: 1467: 1309: 970: 758: 526: 492: 4795: 2509:

Traditional healers are not powerful enough to cure illness due to the loss of a person's

1220: 1154:

The essence of this teachings is the moral code contains the teachings of mutual respect (

952:, North Sumatera. Farming and agriculture is one of main source of living around Lake Toba 8: 7035: 6984: 6266: 6186: 5957: 5930: 5311: 2852:

missionaries being interned or forced to leave after the 1942 invasion of Sumatra by the

1105: 818: 770: 766: 427: 418: 410: 406: 398: 6885: 6880: 6870: 6146: 5989: 5486: 5371: 5122: 5117: 4964: 4441: 4299:

Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono.

4250: 4201: 4110: 3154: 2880: 2786:

was first translated into Toba Batak by Dr. Nommensen in 1869 and a translation of the

1997:

of stillborn babies or of babies who have died before teething. It is possible to turn

1780:

Among the Karo and the Toba there are sometimes widely diverging versions of where the

1442:

traders and settlers in southern Batakland, and the east and west coast near Barus and

1368: 1276: 962: 587: 506: 376: 4413: 3100:

was noted starting from the late 1970s in order to adopt, if only in name, one of the

1661:, and found the village of Si Anjur Mulamula. The mythological ancestor of the Batak, 7055: 6856: 6820: 6771: 6753: 6481: 6318: 6249: 6016: 5999: 5766: 5506: 5414: 5405: 5221: 5204: 5197: 5187: 5182: 5078: 5063: 5026: 5021: 5011: 4825:

Tarombo Tuan Sihubil. Online and live for the clans Tampubolon, Baringbing and Silaen

4824: 4775: 4745: 4585: 4530: 4493: 3969: 3827: 3806: 3782: 3570: 3561:

Lindsey, Tim; Crouch, Melissa (2013). "Cause Lawyers in Indonesia: A House Divided".

3498: 3451: 3411: 3388: 3340: 3311: 3268: 3050: 3042: 2982: 2970: 2951: 2936: 2888: 2872: 2805:

rapidly and by the early 20th century it had become part of their cultural identity.

2126:

The corpse is carried a few times round the house, usually by women, and then to the

2115: 1452: 1419: 1372: 1213:(1395–1469) spent most of 1421 in Sumatra in the course of a long trading journey to 1186: 1178: 1044: 827: 639: 565: 557: 553: 2828:, who had battled the Dutch during the First Toba War with both magic and weaponry. 2215:. A feast consisting of meat and rice follows and traditional dances are performed." 1195:. In particular, the blood, heart, palms and soles of the feet were seen as rich in 6910: 6905: 6790: 6563: 6466: 6303: 6224: 6113: 6026: 5942: 5778: 5761: 5541: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5306: 5286: 5279: 5236: 5226: 5139: 4929: 4466: 4100: 3961: 3712: 3359: 3229: 3146: 1614:

sends his granddaughter a handful of earth so that she can find somewhere to live.

1367:

island, the historically Malay kingdoms of the east coast and the western coast of

1284: 899: 872: 859: 414: 351: 6709: 5446: 4613: 4557: 1645:, the husband the gods intended for her, had taken another name and another form, 1579:

are built for them. They are merely called on in prayers for help and assistance.

7009: 6988: 6973: 6969: 6742: 6736: 6692: 6657: 6578: 6461: 6276: 6234: 6191: 6166: 5962: 5853: 5788: 5741: 5736: 5501: 5481: 5476: 5466: 5424: 5383: 5366: 5361: 5325: 5209: 5177: 5149: 5105: 4986: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4800: 4487: 4420: 3901: 3863: 3764: 3164: 3076: 2085:

of the deceased that it is definitely dead and must take leave of its relatives.

1439: 864: 845: 742: 541: 402: 394: 4527:

Rice, Rupees, and Ritual: Economy and Society Among the Samosir Batak of Sumatra

3937:, Sian Jay, T. Durairajoo. Singapore: Editions Didiers Millet, 2001. pp. 134–35. 3360:

B.A. Simanjuntak; Hasmah Hasyim; A.W. Turnip; Jugat Purba; E.K. Siahaan (1979).

1598:

The origin of the earth and of mankind is connected mainly with the daughter of

1343:) came from. This is necessary in order to determine the relation of a kinship ( 7081: 6805: 6748: 6648: 6613: 6583: 6538: 6511: 6476: 6387: 6308: 6286: 6161: 6141: 5972: 5907: 5880: 5865: 5828: 5813: 5631: 5556: 5400: 5269: 5154: 5048: 5033: 5001: 3194: 2974: 2944: 2876: 2732: 2431:

to determine auspicious days and months to accomplish certain actions or goals.

2111: 1801: 1228: 1214: 966: 832: 822: 661: 561: 6944: 4105: 4088: 3717: 3700: 2234:

One motive for the reburial ceremony appears to be to raise the status of the

2106:), carved in the shape of a boat, its bow decorated with the carved head of a 1982:

dies seven times before it is changed into a straw and finally becomes earth.

1901:

returning to the body of the sick person. It must be emphasized that only the

7075: 6815: 6810: 6800: 6714: 6699: 6667: 6608: 6588: 6543: 6521: 6471: 6397: 6380: 6271: 6239: 6176: 5935: 5912: 5902: 5892: 5887: 5858: 5771: 5751: 5691: 5676: 5641: 5626: 5561: 5531: 5471: 5388: 5354: 5342: 5330: 5301: 5256: 5214: 5172: 5144: 5058: 5016: 4871: 4774:] (in Indonesian). Vol. 3. Jakarta: Grafiti Press. pp. 89–118. 4054:] (Doctoral thesis) (in Dutch). Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. p. 177. 3392: 3224: 3184: 3159: 2940: 2787: 2783: 2748: 2678:

At the time of Marco Polo's visit in 1292 the people were described as "wild

2550: 2316:

in a bowl of water, a form of divination used to locate lost items or people.

2303: 1415: 1360: 1348: 1336: 1135: 1063: 1017: 993: 876: 854: 630: 549: 533: 529: 444: 140: 75: 6052: 2205:

until the next morning, when the remains are wrapped in traditional cloths (

6795: 6785: 6682: 6677: 6633: 6618: 6553: 6501: 6456: 6444: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6392: 6360: 6296: 6219: 5848: 5843: 5818: 5808: 5803: 5793: 5756: 5746: 5671: 5656: 5611: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5551: 5496: 5419: 5378: 5349: 5291: 5261: 5231: 5192: 5043: 4954: 4939: 3934: 3219: 3199: 3169: 3046: 2959: 2955: 2802: 2790:

was completed by P. H. Johannsen in 1891. The complete text was printed in

2756: 2628: 2546: 2368: 1966:

by means of food and drink offerings and prayers. If this does not work, a

1657:

union. The couple settle on Pusuk Buhit, a volcano on the western shore of

1560:

The ruler of the underworld, i. e. the primeval sea, is the serpent-dragon

1438:

Various influences affected the Batak through their contact with Tamil and

1391: 1301: 1071: 1037: 795: 753:

The Batak speak a variety of closely related languages, all members of the

748: 734: 710: 568:

and related ethnic groups with distinct languages and traditional customs (

440: 255: 232: 39: 4813:

Many articles about Batak in Indonesian language, from Silaban Brotherhood

4801:

Many articles about Batak in Indonesian language, from Silaban Brotherhood

1582: 6842: 6568: 6516: 6375: 6365: 6355: 6313: 6260: 6006: 5897: 5875: 5798: 5721: 5701: 5696: 5661: 5651: 5636: 5616: 5606: 5581: 5526: 5431: 5337: 5129: 5093: 5073: 5038: 4991: 4959: 4949: 4912: 3214: 3209: 2683: 2638: 2565: 2554: 2313: 2299: 1423: 1250: 907: 802: 695: 620: 501: 454: 448: 4489:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

4205: 4114: 3733: 3053:. The largest of the several existing Parmalim groups has its centre in 3045:

lands spread to other areas of the Batak lands. Especially in the lower

1855:

is a main method of healing. The Karo, for instance, have gifts, called

1721:

itself before birth. Various myths are woven around manner in which the

1541:

in his act of creation. Their functions vary in the different versions.

6836: 6728: 6704: 6672: 6548: 6370: 6345: 6332: 6093: 5994: 5977: 5646: 5573: 5441: 5436: 5274: 5053: 4434:

Bataksch Leesbok, Stukken in het Mandailingsch; Stukken in het Dairisch

4303:. Singapore: ISEAS: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2015. p. 273. 3965: 3118: 2354: 2312:. On the shelf are components of herbal remedies. In front of her is a 2220: 1938: 1926: 1654: 1411: 1380: 1203: 1082: 1013: 949: 922:

on the western coast of Batak lands has become famous as the source of

615: 2738:

missionaries, Richard Burton and Nathaniel Ward, set off on foot from

1921: 1564:. He too existed before the beginning and seems to be the opponent of 1158:) with the support of the moral rule: mutual respect and helpfulness. 1066:

missionaries in the 19th century, including the well-known missionary

634:, of the 15th century, also refers to the kingdom of Bata, bounded by 6662: 6558: 6528: 5952: 5836: 5395: 4834: 3824:

The Duke of Puddle Dock: Travels in the Footsteps of Stamford Raffles

3204: 3062: 3015: 2884: 2821: 2475: 2428: 1682: 1658: 1630:

was able to overcome the dragon. She thrust a sword into the body of

1576: 1086: 1074: 911: 840: 625: 537: 368: 186: 118: 4471: 3362:

Sistim Gotong Royong Dalam Masyarakat Pedesaan Daerah Sumatera Utara

3339:] (in Indonesian). Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. p. 149. 2844:

in September, 1917. By the late 1920s a nursing school was training

2290: 1978:

are not immortal, since death also rules in the land of the dead: a

70: 6638: 5870: 5731: 5458: 5110: 4192:

Simon, A. (1982). "Altreligiöse und soziale Zeremonien der Batak".

4093:

Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië

4089:"Aanteekeningen Omtrent de Godsdienstige Begrippen der Karo-Bataks" 3337:

Conflict of Status and Power of Toba Batak People: History of Batak

3333:

Konflik Status dan Kekuasaan Orang Batak Toba: Bagian Sejarah batak

3023: 2902: 2848: 2679: 2658: 2648: 2585: 2575: 2127: 2107: 1797: 1456: 1262: 1174: 1060: 1056: 934: 611: 607: 582: 472: 466: 460: 343: 3991:

Kolonialisme dan Etnisitas: Batak dan Melayu di Sumatra Timur Laut

3779:

The Batak: Peoples of the Island of Sumatra; Living with Ancestors

3368:] (in Indonesian). Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. p. 25. 1847:. It is believed that illnesses are connected with the absence of 1130:

Somba Marhulahula (showing respect to wife's family). Even though

525:

is a collective term used to identify a number of closely related

6643: 6506: 6493: 6434: 6196: 5320: 4921: 2978: 2948: 2739: 2735: 2716: 2483: 2463: 2445: 2420: 2416: 2386: 2373: 2359: 2308: 2279: 2228: 2170: 2070: 2066: 1909:

correctly. If their endeavors are unsuccessful, then clearly the

1710: 1432: 1326: 1270: 1266: 1170: 1033: 1028: 1001: 927: 757:. There are two major branches, a northern branch comprising the 677: 209: 35: 4128:

Kipp, R. S. (1974). "Karo Batak Religion and Social Structure".

1394:, while to the north there are various Muslim Acehnese peoples. 6924: 6687: 6623: 6439: 6429: 6424: 6404: 5248: 4388:

by Theodore Baird, Amherst, Mass.: Amherst College Press, 1999"

3450:(1st ed.). Jakarta: Lontar and Weatherhill. p. 1237. 3179: 3089: 3029: 2841: 2682:" who had not been influenced by outside religions, however by 2499: 2450: 2198: 2096: 2057: 1503: 1460: 1305: 1293: 1254: 938: 476: 301: 3701:"The Trans-Sumatra Trade and the Ethnicization of the 'Batak'" 2161: 2145:

not be looking in the direction of the village. The bodies of

2013:

is accorded a special feast, preceded by ritual hair washing.

1402: 84: 6628: 6600: 6451: 6256: 6229: 6041: 5726: 3330: 3097: 2928: 2921: 2892: 2845: 2795: 2791: 2694: 2454: 2335: 2326: 2150: 2119: 1745:

presents him with all kinds of things to choose from. If the

1572:

also has an important function in the creation of the earth.

1557:

can be seen as the balance and unity of the trinity of gods.

1510: 1371:. In addition, part of the Karo lands extend into modern-day 1314: 1289: 1005: 961:

who founded the Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Jakarta (LBH Jakarta),

919: 787: 669: 653: 646: 635: 324: 4861: 1729:. Warneck, a missionary and for a long time superintendent ( 1466:

The modern Indonesian state is founded on the principles of

1390:

To the south of North Sumatra are the Muslim Minangkabau of

941:, converting some parts of the Batak land into plantations. 313: 290: 267: 244: 221: 198: 175: 152: 129: 5783: 5164: 4796:

The family tree of the Batak languages, from Ethnologue.com

4686:"BATAK BUKAN BAKAT: Parmalim Antara Agama Dan Budaya Batak" 3958:

The Early Years of a Dutch Colonial Mission: The Karo Field

3234: 2917: 2906: 2897: 2837: 2690: 2687: 2207: 1384: 1376: 1364: 1048: 706: 570: 278: 163: 3739:. Vol. II. New York: Dover Publications. p. 366. 2993: 2073:, then it is wrapped in a white cotton cloth. During this 1772:

that wishes to descend to the middle world must first ask

1594:(King of Batak), located in Samosir Island, North Sumatera 3929:

Niessen, Sandra. "Foreign Penetration of North Sumatra."

3826:(1st American ed.). New York: H. Holt. p. 112. 3554: 3408:

A Malay Frontier: Unity and Duality in a Sumatran Kingdom

3366:

Mutual Cooperation System in Rural Areas of North Sumatra

3104:, while in practice still following traditional beliefs. 1949:

vanishes and after the death of any human being only the

984: 4744:] (in Indonesian). Magelang: Yayasan Indonesiatera. 4239:

Die Toba-Batak auf Sumatra in gesunden und kranken Tagen

2962:

abandoned them as 'unreachable people', moving north to

2474:

or personal guardian spirit. According to Toba and Karo

2408:(magical formulas for causing a person to fall in love). 1889:

has abandoned the body of a patient, the playing of the

1513:

record that at the beginning of creation stands the god

4849:

A Bibliography of the Batak Peoples by Tunggul Siagian.

4386:

The Most of It: Essays on Language and the Imagination.

3993:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. 3685:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Penerbit Jala Permata Aksara. 2812:

People leaving the church of the Protestant mission at

2371:. According to Winkler, there were three categories of 1750:

he will become a great chief or understand magic arts."

1634:

up to the hilt and laid him in an iron block. Whenever

4835:"Compassion", an excerpt from a memoir describing the 4556:(PhD thesis). University of Washington. Archived from 3762:

in the East in the Early Part of the Fifteenth Century

3633: 3497:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. p. 309. 2517:); however, they do play a role in communicating with 2302:

in 1984. She is consulting a paperback edition of the

2020:

of members of the family who have had a sudden death (

1905:

are in a position to interpret and influence people's

803:

Contribution to modern Malay and Indonesian literature

89:

Toba Batak male and female wearing traditional clothes

3805:, British Museum Press, 1999 (exhibition catalogue). 3777:

Sibeth, Achim; Kozok, Uli; Ginting, Juara R. (1991).

2715:, Indonesia. He was known a Protestant preacher from 2040:, are maintained for a long time by their relatives. 1379:

province, while parts of the Mandailing lands lie in

1104:

Further information on the traditional ceremony:

4560:

on 13 March 2011 – via faculty.washington.edu.

4465:(Doctoral thesis). Utrecht University. p. 173. 4317:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 271. 4243:

The Toba Bataks of Sumatra in Sickness and in Health

3523: 3511: 3435:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Yayasan Pendidikan Bangun. 3136: 2755:

who met with a more hostile reception. According to

2753:

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions

2621:

Religion of Batak people in Indonesia (2010 census)

1788:

there are. According to the Toba a person has seven

1077:

missionaries, and their largest church is the GBKP (

4553:

Parent-Offspring Conflict Among the Karo of Sumatra

3087:. One of the doctrines of Pemena is the concept of 4326: 4324: 3918:Einzelzüge aus der Arbeit der Rheinischen Mission, 3776: 3590:"A Top Indonesian Lawyer May Be Honest to a Fault" 3448:Illuminations: The Writing Traditions of Indonesia 2227:can be seen around Lake Toba and on the island of 1823:as signifying a great danger for "body and soul". 4634: 4048:Het Beeld van de Ziel bij Drie Sumatraanse Volken 3301: 3252: 2282:groups descended from the ancestor thus honored. 1863:= wage, payment, gift), which they give to their 821:) and its literary canon. These include novelist 668:, a trading town located in what is now northern 652:It has been suggested that the important port of 7073: 1537:. Two swallows act as messengers and helpers to 1533:were born from eggs laid by a hen fertilized by 1406:Batak village on Huta Siallagan, Samosir island. 793:The Batak possess their own script known as the 4321: 4130:Berita Kajian Sumatra/Sumatra Research Bulletin 4052:The Image of the Soul in Three Sumatran Peoples 4017:(D.Th. thesis). Serampore College. p. 440. 3960:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 3906:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 151. 3803:The Golden Sword: Stamford Raffles and the East 1953:continues to exist. The Batak believe that the 786:Batak dialect still influences the dialects in 4901: 3310:] (in Indonesian). Badan Pusat Statistik. 1737:themselves are responsible for their destiny: 601: 6082: 6068: 4887: 3694: 3692: 3560: 3267:(in Indonesian), Statistics Indonesia (BPS), 2285: 2088:Wealthier families have their coffins (Karo: 1397: 1070:. Christianity was introduced to the Karo by 606:The Bataks practiced a syncretic religion of 4867:Apa itu Marga Dari Batak, from KlikBatak.com 4844:An article on the Toba Batak by Joe Giardina 4721:History of Christianity in Indonesia, p. 579 4529:. Stanford, CA.: Stanford University Press. 4384:""Missionaries: The Martyrs of Sumatra," in 3705:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 2969:At the turn of the 20th century, nearly all 2916:Group of Mandailing people going to perform 2052:A stone sarcophagus in a Toba Batak village. 1638:twists in the fetters an earthquake occurs. 1043:Before they became subjects of the colonial 906:The traditional occupation of the Batak was 4306: 3886:Von Kessel, O., "Erinnerungen an Sumatra", 3660: 3010:/ House of spirit ceremony in the house of 1985:The Batak believe that three categories of 1759:in the upper world is a mighty tree called 1253:for the coastal tribes who were plagued by 1055:) Christian church. The dominant Christian 948:Man guarding a rice field against birds in 6075: 6061: 4894: 4880: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4683: 4446:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4255:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4086: 4045: 3931:Indonesian Heritage: Early Modern History. 3689: 2513:(this falls under the jurisdiction of the 1831:with evil intentions. In other words, the 1269:of the community and were not thinking of 624:, which refers to a 'Ba-ta' dependency of 4470: 4460: 4366:Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society 4340:Taiwan Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 4104: 4023:(Christian Literature Society 1978, 1987) 3716: 3071:Another traditional religion of Batak is 2723:in the land of Batak during 19th century. 1816:) who always remain close to the person. 1093:, the old religion, which is also called 910:, hunting and farming. The great lake of 6919: 6829: 4549: 4268: 4266: 3899: 3861: 3846: 3663:Beberapa Pemikiran Menuju Dalihan Natolu 3541: 3302:Na'im, Akhsan; Syaputra, Hendry (2011). 3253:Na'im, Akhsan; Syaputra, Hendry (2010), 3117: 2997: 2911: 2807: 2699: 2289: 2160: 2047: 1920: 1676: 1581: 1481: 1401: 1227: 1219: 1165: 1114: 983: 943: 886: 733:Bark book with charms written in native 728: 581: 4692: 4524: 4236: 3916:An example may be found in Wegner, R., 3636:The History of Medan in the Olden Times 3405: 3378: 2994:Traditional Religions (Parmalim/Pemena) 1913:has chosen another destiny for itself. 1347:) within a clan or simply the surname ( 14: 7074: 4765: 4733: 4579: 4363: 4012: 3988: 3821: 3698: 3618: 3587: 3544:"Batak Make Good Lawyers, Is It True?" 3529: 3517: 3492: 3430: 3331:Bungaran Antonius Simanjuntak (1994). 3284:from the original on 23 September 2015 3018:, North Sumatera, circa 1914 and 1919 1945:) is set free. It is thought that the 6056: 4875: 4742:Bibliography of Indonesian Literature 4651: 4394:from the original on 25 February 2012 4330: 4263: 4191: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3665:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Dian Utama. 3656: 3654: 3600:from the original on 19 December 2017 3542:Tjahjono, Tenissa (31 October 2017). 3472:"Laman Badan Bahasa – Merari Siregar" 3445: 2377:based on the purpose of their usage: 2255:orchestra provided an accompaniment. 1161: 4854:Recording of the popular Batak song 4712:.Jakarta: Yayasan Pendidikan Bangun. 4659:"Malim: The Batak's native religion" 4637:"Malim: The Batak's Native Religion" 4635:Hotli Simanjuntak (16 August 2010), 4606:"The Mandailings in their own terms" 4431: 4127: 3955: 3731: 2130:with musical accompaniment from the 2043: 1463:practices within their own customs. 1244:The German physician and geographer 621:Description of the Barbarous Peoples 586:A traditional Toba Batak house (see 105:Regions with significant populations 4485: 4315:Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity 4301:Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity 3588:Onishi, Norimitsu (24 April 2010). 3563:Wisconsin International Law Journal 3387:] (in Indonesian). Napitupulu. 2861:Gereja Kristen Protestan Simalungun 2836:The Huria Kristen Batak Protestan ( 2274:requires another great festival, a 2247:by means of a great ceremony and a 1190: 1040:and especially ornate stone tombs. 24: 4245:]. Stuttgart. pp. 79–224. 3669: 3651: 3464: 3246: 2294:Madame Sitorus, a well-known Toba 1937:leaves the human body through the 1148:hau na jonok do na boi marsiogoson 1110: 676:8th-century Srivijayan demand for 544:. The term is used to include the 38:group of peninsular Malaysia, see 25: 7123: 4789: 4333:"Mandailing Islam Across Borders" 4075:Tcba-Batak: Deutsches Wörterbuch. 4019:; Also published under the title 3749:Polo, Vol. II, Chapter X, p. 369. 3680: 3410:. Ithaca, NY: SEAP Publications. 3107: 3102:recognised religions of Indonesia 2831: 2801:The Toba and Karo Batak accepted 1668: 1477: 851:Mentjahari Pentjoeri Anak Perawan 660:was populated by Batak people. A 4506:from the original on 10 May 2016 4073:Adapted from Warneck, J. (1977) 3139: 2521:and influencing their behavior. 1681:A 20th-century carved bone of a 1494:or Batak wizard book, circa 1952 361: 336: 317: 294: 271: 248: 225: 202: 179: 156: 133: 111: 83: 69: 4768:Memoar: Senarasi Kiprah Sejarah 4715: 4677: 4628: 4598: 4573: 4564: 4543: 4518: 4492:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 4479: 4454: 4425: 4406: 4376: 4357: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4230: 4221: 4212: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4140: 4121: 4080: 4067: 4058: 4039: 4026: 4006: 3997: 3982: 3949: 3940: 3923: 3910: 3893: 3880: 3855: 3840: 3815: 3795: 3781:. New York: Thames and Hudson. 3770: 3752: 3743: 3725: 3642: 3634:Luckman Sinar (Tengku) (1996). 3627: 3621:Kinship and Family Organization 3612: 3581: 3535: 3486: 3006:(female shaman) in trance at a 2673: 1851:, and the bringing back of the 1665:is one of their grandchildren. 1641:After the lizard-shaped son of 1016:organized along clans known as 375:(counted as part of the local " 350:(counted as part of the local " 4772:Memoir: A Narration of History 4034:Die Religionen der Menschheit, 3868:(in German). Berlin: G. Reimer 3439: 3424: 3399: 3372: 3353: 3324: 3295: 2768:Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk 2457:may have been adopted by some 2118:. The lid is then sealed with 2069:and its orifices stopped with 1224:Judgement Place of Toba Batak. 990:Toba, Karo, Pakpak, Mandailing 705:From the 16th century onward, 13: 1: 4461:Aritonang, Jan Sihar (2000). 4021:Batak Fruit of Hindu Thought, 3619:Farber, Bernard, ed. (1966). 3493:Rampan, Korrie Layun (2001). 3240: 2324:(animist priests) as well as 2320:In traditional Batak society 1916: 1897:ritual can contribute to the 1819:All Batak regard the loss of 1568:. As ruler of the underworld 1053:Huria Kristen Batak Protestan 892: 882: 875:; as well as literary critic 577: 6741:Peranakan Eropah (including 4737:Bibliografi Sastra Indonesia 4432:Tuuk, H. N. van der (1861). 4402:– via www.amherst.edu. 4331:Lubis, Abdur-Razzaq (2005). 3851:. Vol. II. p. 249. 2891:had previously converted to 2840:) Church was established in 2816:, North Tapanauli, Indonesia 2524: 1354: 755:Austronesian language family 709:increased the production of 7: 4684:Napitupulu, Sahala (2008). 4525:Sherman, D. George (1990). 3890:Stuttgart (1854) 27:905-08. 3849:Die Battaländer auf Sumatra 3759:The Travels of Nicolò Conte 3699:Andaya, Leonard Y. (2002). 3495:Leksikon Susastra Indonesia 3190:Museum Huta Bolon Simanindo 3132: 2258:The next level up from the 2173:, Lake Toba, December 1984. 2156: 1486:A Batak priest or known as 1448:Padang Lawas temple complex 1359:The Batak lands consist of 1079:Gereja Batak Karo Protestan 724: 602:Influenced by Tamil Peoples 10: 7128: 7087:Ethnic groups in Indonesia 4903:Ethnic groups in Indonesia 4727: 4346:(2): 55–98. Archived from 4194:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 4087:Westenberg, C. J. (1892). 3127:National Hero of Indonesia 3111: 3027: 3021: 2780:Rhenish Missionary Society 2528: 2286:Traditional Batak medicine 2094:) made of the wood of the 1725:choose their destiny from 1590:that depicting history of 1446:, in particular the large 1398:Traditional Batak religion 1324: 1320: 1103: 979: 806: 746: 740: 44: 32:Batak people (Philippines) 29: 7092:Ethnic groups in Malaysia 6953: 6935: 6855: 6770: 6727: 6599: 6492: 6344: 6331: 6210: 6127: 6112: 6101: 6090: 6084:Ethnic groups in Malaysia 5923: 5827: 5710: 5572: 5457: 5247: 5163: 4920: 4909: 4106:10.1163/22134379-90000181 3876:– via Google Books. 3718:10.1163/22134379-90003770 3661:S Aritonang, Jan (2006). 2478:, each person receives a 2239:descendant can advance a 1339:) and the related clans ( 1173:making by Batak women in 488: 483: 471:• Traditional religions ( 438: 433: 389: 384: 359: 334: 311: 288: 265: 242: 219: 196: 173: 150: 127: 109: 104: 99: 94: 82: 68: 27:Ethnic group in Indonesia 7097:Ethnic groups in Sumatra 6157:Negeri Sembilanese Malay 4734:Eneste, Pamusuk (2001). 3862:Junghuhn, F. W. (1847). 3847:Junghuhn, F. W. (1847). 3681:J, P Sitanggang (2010). 3548:Global Indonesian Voices 3431:Bangun, Roberto (2006). 2866: 2404:, and the art of making 2032:). Their graves, called 833:Muhammad Kasim Dalimunte 6225:Christmas Island Malays 5968:Bangka Belitung Chinese 4818:19 January 2016 at the 4806:19 January 2016 at the 4708:Bangun, Roberto. 1989. 4046:Leertouwer, L. (1977). 3989:Perret, Daniel (2010). 3379:Siahaan, Nalom (1964). 2776:Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen 2423:or calendrical system ( 2353:healers also practiced 2219:In ancient times these 2140:. It is hoped that the 1974:must be called in. The 1885:(a bamboo flute). If a 1709:before he is born. The 1626:and by her own cunning 1068:Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen 988:The Batak sub-ethnics ( 532:predominantly found in 100:8,466,969 (2010 census) 4862:Silsilah Marga Harahap 4856:Nasonang Do Hita Nadua 4486:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). 4436:(in Dutch). Amsterdam. 4419:8 January 2010 at the 3900:Pfeiffer, Ida (1856). 3732:Polo, M. (1993). "X". 3406:Drakard, Jane (1990). 3129: 3061:on the south shore of 3019: 2943:of the government was 2924: 2817: 2724: 2317: 2174: 2053: 1941:and the "death-soul" ( 1930: 1881:love the sound of the 1686: 1595: 1549:there is another god, 1495: 1407: 1246:Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn 1233: 1225: 1182: 1120: 1009: 953: 903: 738: 591: 47:Batak (disambiguation) 4550:Kushnick, G. (2006). 3121: 3001: 2915: 2811: 2721:Lutheran Christianity 2703: 2531:Religion in Indonesia 2498:in Karo) goes into a 2293: 2164: 2153:placed between them. 2051: 1924: 1680: 1585: 1485: 1405: 1232:Batak warriors, 1870. 1231: 1223: 1169: 1118: 987: 959:Adnan Buyung Nasution 947: 890: 809:Indonesian literature 732: 717:(wet rice fields) or 700:Minangkabau Highlands 585: 484:Related ethnic groups 7102:Indonesian Lutherans 6995:China/Taiwan Chinese 4237:Winkler, J. (1925). 4036:vol. 5:1, Stuttgart. 3956:Kipp, R. S. (1990). 3801:Nigel Barley (ed.), 3123:Sisingamangaraja XII 3114:List of Batak people 3028:For other uses, see 2958:was strong, and the 2826:Sisingamangaraja XII 2667: Others (0.08%) 2332:traditional medicine 2181:, among the Karo as 2103:Aleurites moluccanus 1784:dwells and how many 1588:Sopo Guru Taea Bulan 1363:province, excluding 1012:Batak societies are 971:Hotman Paris Hutapea 493:Austronesian peoples 45:For other uses, see 6955:Foreign ethnicities 6338:Indigenous peoples) 4710:Mengenal orang Karo 4584:. London: F. Cass. 4580:Archer, B. (2004). 4570:Kipp, 1990, p. 211. 4414:See his discussion. 4173:Westenberg, p. 221. 4013:Parkin, H. (1975). 3822:Barley, N. (1992). 3767:xxii (London, 1857) 3057:in the vicinity of 2883:as a result of the 2482:in childhood or at 2393:(love charms), etc. 2243:to the status of a 2110:, or a horse, or a 1106:Manulangi Natua-Tua 819:Indonesian language 65: 7107:History of Sumatra 6896:Indians in Sarawak 6187:Terengganuan Malay 4665:on 18 October 2010 4647:on 18 October 2010 4272:Voorma, pp. 71–77. 4155:Kipp, 1974, p. 11. 3966:10.3998/mpub.13231 3623:. New York: Wiley. 3594:The New York Times 3433:Mengenal suku Karo 3175:Batak in Singapore 3155:Batak architecture 3130: 3020: 2925: 2887:(1821–1837). Some 2881:Minangkabau people 2818: 2725: 2318: 2175: 2054: 1931: 1717:is decided by the 1713:of the individual 1707:Mula Jadi Na Bolon 1687: 1596: 1515:Mula Jadi Na Bolon 1496: 1408: 1369:Minangkabau people 1277:Ida Laura Pfeiffer 1234: 1226: 1183: 1162:Ritual cannibalism 1121: 1010: 963:Todung Mulya Lubis 954: 904: 891:Traditional boat ( 739: 592: 588:Batak architecture 57: 7069: 7068: 6931: 6930: 6851: 6850: 6821:Penangite Chinese 6766: 6765: 6723: 6722: 6327: 6326: 6182:Selangorian Malay 6147:Kelantanese Malay 6050: 6049: 4839:in Balige (1988). 4781:978-979-444-274-6 4751:978-979-9375-17-9 3274:978-979-064-417-5 2614: 2613: 2415:, which involves 2398:Destructive Magic 2298:who practiced in 2169:on the island of 2044:Burial traditions 2028:of dead virgins ( 1453:Mahayana Buddhist 1373:East Aceh Regency 1211:Niccolò de' Conti 1179:Dutch East Indies 1177:, Batak-country; 1045:Dutch East Indies 898:), photograph by 828:Azab dan Sengsara 520: 519: 64: 34:. For indigenous 16:(Redirected from 7119: 6925:Peranakan Chitty 6917: 6916: 6891:Indians in Sabah 6876:Penangite Indian 6827: 6826: 6342: 6341: 6202:Sarawakian Malay 6125: 6124: 6110: 6109: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6054: 6053: 4896: 4889: 4882: 4873: 4872: 4837:Rumah Sakit HKBP 4785: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4703: 4690: 4689: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4661:. Archived from 4655: 4649: 4648: 4643:, archived from 4641:The Jakarta Post 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4612:. Archived from 4602: 4596: 4595: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4445: 4437: 4429: 4423: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4353:on 8 March 2012. 4352: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4318: 4310: 4304: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4282: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4261: 4260: 4254: 4246: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4189: 4183: 4182:Kipp, 1974, p. 9 4180: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4084: 4078: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4043: 4037: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3927: 3921: 3920:Gütersloh (1900) 3914: 3908: 3907: 3897: 3891: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3819: 3813: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3774: 3768: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3678: 3667: 3666: 3658: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3283: 3266: 3250: 3230:Tunggal panaluan 3149: 3147:Indonesia portal 3144: 3143: 3142: 2666: 2656: 2646: 2636: 2626: 2535: 2534: 2461:in place of the 2383:Protective Magic 2357:by consulting a 2081:declares to the 1796:is found in the 1285:Prisoners of war 1238:Stamford Raffles 900:Kristen Feilberg 897: 894: 873:Sitor Situmorang 860:Senja di Jakarta 841:Soeman Hasiboean 815:Bahasa Indonesia 618:'s 13th-century 380: 367: 365: 364: 355: 342: 340: 339: 323: 321: 320: 314: 300: 298: 297: 291: 277: 275: 274: 268: 254: 252: 251: 245: 231: 229: 228: 222: 208: 206: 205: 199: 185: 183: 182: 176: 162: 160: 159: 153: 139: 137: 136: 130: 117: 115: 114: 95:Total population 87: 73: 66: 60: 56: 21: 7127: 7126: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7065: 6956: 6949: 6938:(non-Peranakan) 6937: 6927: 6915: 6859: 6847: 6825: 6774: 6762: 6759:Peranakan Turki 6719: 6595: 6488: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6323: 6206: 6162:Penangite Malay 6116: 6097: 6086: 6081: 6051: 6046: 5919: 5823: 5713: 5706: 5568: 5453: 5243: 5159: 4916: 4905: 4900: 4820:Wayback Machine 4808:Wayback Machine 4792: 4782: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4706:(in Indonesian) 4705: 4704: 4693: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4666: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4616:on 25 July 2011 4604: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4459: 4455: 4439: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4421:Wayback Machine 4411: 4407: 4397: 4395: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4335: 4329: 4322: 4311: 4307: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4264: 4248: 4247: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4126: 4122: 4085: 4081: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4044: 4040: 4031: 4027: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3928: 3924: 3915: 3911: 3898: 3894: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3860: 3856: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3820: 3816: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3775: 3771: 3765:Hakluyt Society 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3730: 3726: 3697: 3690: 3679: 3670: 3659: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3632: 3628: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3586: 3582: 3559: 3555: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3474:(in Indonesian) 3470: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3444: 3440: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3404: 3400: 3377: 3373: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3300: 3296: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3264: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3165:Batak mythology 3145: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3116: 3110: 3077:tribal religion 3033: 3026: 2996: 2869: 2834: 2676: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2662: 2654: 2652: 2644: 2642: 2634: 2632: 2624: 2533: 2527: 2490:back, a female 2369:Batak shorthand 2288: 2179:mangongkal holi 2159: 2046: 1919: 1697:(Toba) and the 1685:Batak calendar. 1675: 1628:Sideak Parudjar 1616:Sideak Parudjar 1480: 1422:Batak. For the 1400: 1357: 1329: 1323: 1164: 1124:Dalihan Na Tolu 1113: 1111:Dalihan Na Tolu 1108: 1059:was brought by 982: 976: 895: 885: 865:Iwan Simatupang 846:Kawan Bergeloet 811: 805: 751: 745: 743:Batak languages 727: 604: 580: 542:Batak languages 516: 497: 470: 464: 458: 452: 426: 422: 395:Batak languages 393: 374: 362: 360: 349: 337: 335: 318: 316: 312: 295: 293: 289: 272: 270: 266: 249: 247: 243: 226: 224: 220: 203: 201: 197: 180: 178: 174: 157: 155: 151: 134: 132: 128: 112: 110: 90: 78: 59: 55: 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7125: 7115: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6982: 6977: 6967: 6961: 6959: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6941: 6939: 6936:Mixed ancestry 6933: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6921: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6867: 6865: 6853: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6837:Peranakan Cina 6833: 6831: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6782: 6780: 6768: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6754:Peranakan Siam 6751: 6749:Jawi Peranakan 6746: 6739: 6737:Peranakan Arab 6733: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6616: 6605: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6498: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6368: 6363: 6352: 6350: 6339: 6329: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6309:Burmese Malays 6306: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6216: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6192:Bruneian Malay 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6172:Perlisan Malay 6169: 6167:Perakian Malay 6164: 6159: 6154: 6152:Malaccan Malay 6149: 6144: 6139: 6137:Johorean Malay 6133: 6131: 6122: 6107: 6099: 6098: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6080: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6057: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5987: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5973:Maluku Chinese 5970: 5965: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5936:Black Dutchmen 5927: 5925: 5924:Non-indigenous 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5833: 5831: 5829:Maluku Islands 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5716: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5463: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5434: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5299: 5294: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5175: 5169: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4926: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4899: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4832: 4830:Batak Religion 4827: 4822: 4810: 4798: 4791: 4790:External links 4788: 4787: 4786: 4780: 4763: 4750: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4714: 4691: 4676: 4650: 4627: 4610:Mandailing.org 4597: 4590: 4572: 4563: 4542: 4535: 4517: 4498: 4478: 4453: 4424: 4405: 4375: 4356: 4320: 4305: 4292: 4290:Sibeth, p. 67. 4283: 4281:Sibeth, p. 68. 4274: 4262: 4229: 4220: 4218:Stohr, p. 197. 4211: 4200:(2): 177–206. 4184: 4175: 4166: 4164:Sibeth, p. 69. 4157: 4148: 4146:Sibeth, P. 87. 4139: 4120: 4099:(1): 208–253. 4079: 4066: 4064:Sibeth, p. 65. 4057: 4038: 4025: 4005: 4003:Sibeth, p. 64. 3996: 3981: 3974: 3948: 3946:Sibeth, p. 19. 3939: 3922: 3909: 3892: 3879: 3854: 3839: 3832: 3814: 3794: 3787: 3769: 3751: 3742: 3724: 3711:(3): 367–409. 3688: 3668: 3650: 3648:Sibeth, p. 86. 3641: 3626: 3611: 3580: 3553: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3503: 3485: 3463: 3456: 3438: 3423: 3416: 3398: 3371: 3352: 3345: 3323: 3316: 3294: 3273: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3195:Naga morsarang 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3134: 3131: 3112:Main article: 3109: 3108:Notable people 3106: 3022:Main article: 2995: 2992: 2927:The advent of 2868: 2865: 2833: 2832:Batak churches 2830: 2778:of the German 2765: 2764: 2709:Dame Sainihuta 2675: 2672: 2663: 2653: 2643: 2633: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2526: 2523: 2443:consulted the 2433: 2432: 2409: 2394: 2287: 2284: 2217: 2216: 2158: 2155: 2112:mythical beast 2045: 2042: 2022:mate sada-uari 1918: 1915: 1867:so that their 1802:amniotic fluid 1778: 1777: 1752: 1751: 1674: 1667: 1651:Sideak Parujar 1647:Sideak Parujar 1604:Sideak Parujar 1499:mostly Dutch. 1479: 1478:Creation myths 1476: 1399: 1396: 1356: 1353: 1325:Main article: 1322: 1319: 1298: 1297: 1215:Southeast Asia 1163: 1160: 1156:masipasangapon 1152: 1151: 1143: 1139: 1112: 1109: 1091:agama si dekah 981: 978: 967:Ruhut Sitompul 884: 881: 823:Merari Siregar 804: 801: 741:Main article: 726: 723: 603: 600: 579: 576: 518: 517: 515: 514: 509: 504: 498: 496: 495: 489: 486: 485: 481: 480: 436: 435: 431: 430: 387: 386: 382: 381: 371: 357: 356: 346: 332: 331: 328: 309: 308: 305: 286: 285: 282: 263: 262: 259: 240: 239: 236: 217: 216: 213: 194: 193: 190: 171: 170: 167: 148: 147: 144: 125: 124: 121: 107: 106: 102: 101: 97: 96: 92: 91: 88: 80: 79: 74: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7124: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 7000:East Timorese 6998: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6844: 6841: 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6408: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6381:Orang Seletar 6379: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6334: 6330: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6314:Patani Malays 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6142:Kedahan Malay 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 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3655: 3645: 3637: 3630: 3622: 3615: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3532:, p. 44. 3531: 3526: 3520:, p. 89. 3519: 3514: 3506: 3504:979-666-358-9 3500: 3496: 3489: 3473: 3467: 3459: 3457:0-8348-0349-6 3453: 3449: 3442: 3434: 3427: 3419: 3417:08-772-7706-0 3413: 3409: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3348: 3346:60-243-3148-7 3342: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3319: 3317:9789790644175 3313: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3225:Tor-tor dance 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3185:Marga (Batak) 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3160:Batak cuisine 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3137: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2941:lingua franca 2938: 2933: 2930: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2804: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788:Old Testament 2785: 2784:New Testament 2781: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2749:Samuel Munson 2746: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2660: 2650: 2640: 2630: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2551:Protestantism 2548: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2402:pangulubalang 2399: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2306:in lieu of a 2305: 2304:New Testament 2301: 2297: 2292: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2092: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2050: 2041: 2039: 2038:ingan tungkup 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1933:At death the 1928: 1923: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1792:. The second 1791: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1679: 1672: 1666: 1664: 1663:Si Raja Batak 1660: 1656: 1652: 1649:marries him. 1648: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1500: 1493: 1490:with Book of 1489: 1484: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1404: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361:North Sumatra 1352: 1350: 1349:Marga (Batak) 1346: 1342: 1338: 1337:Marga (Batak) 1334: 1328: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1239: 1230: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1209:The Venetian 1207: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1159: 1157: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1136:Marga (Batak) 1133: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1117: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1014:patriarchally 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 977: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 951: 946: 942: 940: 936: 933: 929: 925: 921: 916: 913: 909: 901: 889: 880: 878: 877:Bakri Siregar 874: 870: 866: 862: 861: 856: 855:Mochtar Lubis 852: 848: 847: 842: 838: 837:Teman Doedoek 834: 830: 829: 824: 820: 816: 810: 800: 798: 797: 791: 789: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 750: 744: 736: 731: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 703: 701: 697: 693: 690: 688: 681: 679: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 650: 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 632: 631:Suma Oriental 627: 623: 622: 617: 613: 609: 599: 595: 589: 584: 575: 573: 572: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 534:North Sumatra 531: 530:ethnic groups 528: 524: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 494: 491: 490: 487: 482: 479:, etc.) 0.08% 478: 474: 468: 462: 456: 450: 446: 445:Protestantism 442: 437: 432: 429: 425: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 383: 378: 372: 370: 358: 353: 347: 345: 333: 329: 327: 326: 310: 306: 304: 303: 287: 283: 281: 280: 264: 260: 258: 257: 241: 237: 235: 234: 218: 214: 212: 211: 195: 191: 189: 188: 172: 168: 166: 165: 149: 145: 143: 142: 141:North Sumatra 126: 122: 120: 108: 103: 98: 93: 86: 81: 77: 76:Flag of Batak 72: 67: 63: 52: 48: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7051:Singaporeans 6957:/expatriates 6683:Orang Sungai 6244: 6220:Cocos Malays 6211: 6177:Pahang Malay 6128: 6102: 6092: 5552:Tau Taa Wana 4996: 4980:Talang Mamak 4911: 4855: 4836: 4771: 4767: 4755:. Retrieved 4741: 4736: 4717: 4709: 4679: 4667:. Retrieved 4663:the original 4653: 4645:the original 4640: 4630: 4618:. Retrieved 4614:the original 4609: 4600: 4581: 4575: 4566: 4558:the original 4552: 4545: 4526: 4520: 4508:. Retrieved 4488: 4481: 4462: 4456: 4433: 4427: 4408: 4396:. Retrieved 4385: 4378: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4348:the original 4343: 4339: 4314: 4308: 4300: 4295: 4286: 4277: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4096: 4095:(in Dutch). 4092: 4082: 4074: 4069: 4060: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4033: 4028: 4020: 4014: 4008: 3999: 3990: 3984: 3957: 3951: 3942: 3935:Anthony Reid 3933:Vol. 3, ed. 3930: 3925: 3917: 3912: 3902: 3895: 3888:Das Ausland, 3887: 3882: 3870:. Retrieved 3864: 3857: 3848: 3842: 3823: 3817: 3802: 3797: 3778: 3772: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3745: 3734: 3727: 3708: 3704: 3683:Raja Napogos 3682: 3662: 3644: 3635: 3629: 3620: 3614: 3602:. Retrieved 3593: 3583: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3547: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3494: 3488: 3476:. Retrieved 3466: 3447: 3441: 3432: 3426: 3407: 3401: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3288:23 September 3286:, retrieved 3260: 3255: 3248: 3220:Tandok dance 3200:Piso Halasan 3170:Batak script 3095: 3088: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3058: 3054: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3011: 3008:Perumah Bégu 3007: 3003: 2968: 2960:missionaries 2956:Christianity 2934: 2926: 2896: 2870: 2858: 2835: 2819: 2813: 2803:Christianity 2800: 2773: 2766: 2757:Ida Pfeiffer 2731:In 1824 two 2730: 2726: 2712: 2708: 2686:'s visit in 2677: 2674:Christianity 2629:Christianity 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2547:Christianity 2518: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2471: 2469: 2462: 2458: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2424: 2412: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2382: 2372: 2364: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2342:activities. 2325: 2321: 2319: 2307: 2295: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2202: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2166: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2075:perumah begu 2074: 2061: 2055: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1932: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1895:raleng tendi 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1779: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1688: 1670: 1662: 1650: 1646: 1643:Mangalabulan 1642: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1608:Mangalabulan 1607: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1592:Siraja Batak 1591: 1587: 1586:Monument of 1574: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1527:Mangalabulan 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1487: 1465: 1437: 1409: 1392:West Sumatra 1389: 1358: 1345:partuturanna 1344: 1340: 1332: 1330: 1302:missionaries 1299: 1275: 1259: 1243: 1235: 1208: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1184: 1155: 1153: 1147: 1131: 1123: 1122: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1078: 1052: 1042: 1038:wood carving 1027: 1023: 1018: 1011: 997: 989: 975: 955: 931: 923: 918:The port of 917: 905: 868: 858: 850: 844: 836: 826: 814: 812: 794: 792: 790:city today. 759:Pakpak-Dairi 752: 749:Batak script 735:Batak script 718: 714: 704: 691: 686: 682: 674: 651: 644: 629: 619: 605: 596: 593: 569: 540:, who speak 527:Austronesian 522: 521: 441:Christianity 423: 390: 315: 292: 269: 256:Riau Islands 246: 233:West Sumatra 223: 200: 177: 154: 131: 61: 54:Ethnic group 51: 40:Batek people 18:Batak people 7112:Ethnography 6980:Bangladeshi 6843:Sino-Native 6376:Orang Kuala 6366:Orang Kanaq 6356:Proto-Malay 6282:Minangkabau 6261:Bugis-Malay 6212:Anak Dagang 5898:Tanimbarese 5612:Ekari (Mee) 5487:Gorontaloan 5123:Aneuk Jamee 5118:Minangkabau 5074:Bugis-Malay 4965:Orang Rimba 4960:Orang Kuala 4913:Indonesians 4510:15 December 3604:18 December 3569:: 620–645. 3530:Eneste 2001 3518:Kasiri 1993 3215:Sigale Gale 3210:Proto-Malay 3085:Karo people 3081:Karo people 3055:Huta Tinggi 3036:Ugamo Malim 3004:Guru sibaso 2745:Henry Lyman 2719:who spread 2684:Ibn Battuta 2639:Sunni Islam 2566:Sunni Islam 2555:Catholicism 2496:guru sibaso 2367:an archaic 2340:clandestine 2314:kaffir lime 2296:guru sibaso 2183:nurun-nurun 2114:known as a 2079:guru sibaso 2077:ceremony a 2011:bicara guru 2007:bicara guru 2003:guru sibaso 1999:bicara guru 1991:bicara guru 1989:exist. The 1875:satisfied. 1761:Djambubarus 1636:Naga Padoha 1632:Naga Padoha 1620:Naga Padoha 1600:Batara Guru 1570:Naga Padoha 1562:Naga Padoha 1523:Batara Guru 1507:Naga Padoha 1383:Regency in 1341:dongan tubu 1251:mercenaries 1236:Sir Thomas 1187:cannibalism 924:kapur barus 908:agriculture 896: 1870 796:Surat Batak 696:Pagarruyung 640:Aru kingdom 507:Minangkabau 455:Sunni Islam 449:Catholicism 62:Halak Batak 7076:Categories 7061:Vietnamese 7015:Indonesian 6901:Sri Lankan 6705:Sama-Bajau 6673:Lun Bawang 6549:Lun Bawang 6482:Semaq Beri 6371:Orang Laut 6346:Peninsular 6333:Orang Asal 6250:Mandailing 6104:Bumiputera 6094:Malaysians 6037:Portuguese 5995:Klingalese 5437:Orang Laut 5275:Lun Bawang 5249:Kalimantan 5205:Kangeanese 5198:Tenggerese 5188:Banyumasan 5183:Cirebonese 5027:Toba Batak 5022:Simalungun 5012:Mandailing 4975:Petalangan 4930:Aboriginal 4591:9622099106 4536:0804716668 4398:4 February 4372:: 485–513. 4077:The Hague. 3872:15 October 3241:References 3051:Toba Batak 3012:Pa Mbelgah 2983:Mandailing 2971:Mandailing 2966:the Toba. 2952:Mandailing 2889:Mandailing 2873:Mandailing 2794:script in 2707:statue in 2570:3,738,660 2560:4,707,658 2529:See also: 2413:Divination 2391:parmanisan 2355:divination 2330:practiced 2221:sarcophagi 1939:fontanelle 1927:Totem pole 1917:Death cult 1857:upah tendi 1693:(Karo) or 1655:incestuous 1420:Simalungun 1412:Mandailing 1381:Rokan Hulu 1351:) itself. 1204:Marco Polo 1083:Mandailing 992:) dancing 950:Haranggaol 883:Profession 807:See also: 783:Simalungun 779:Mandailing 763:Alas-Kluet 747:See also: 616:Zhao Rugua 578:Prehistory 566:Mandailing 554:Simalungun 428:Indonesian 419:Mandailing 407:Simalungun 7046:Pakistani 6945:Chindians 6920:Peranakan 6830:Peranakan 6801:Hainanese 6791:Cantonese 6756:(Sam-Sam) 6729:Peranakan 6634:Mangka'ak 6529:Orang Ulu 6467:Cheq Wong 6304:Sundanese 6272:Baweanese 6240:Banjarese 6129:Anak Jati 6032:Pakistani 6027:Mardijker 5978:Peranakan 5779:Manggarai 5762:Lamaholot 5622:Ketengban 5542:Sangirese 5522:Mongondow 5517:Minahasan 5512:Mandarese 5492:Kalumpang 5425:Pontianak 5396:Punan Bah 5312:Uma Baka' 5287:Apo Kayan 5266:Apo Duat 5237:Bantenese 5227:Sundanese 5140:Palembang 4757:13 August 4669:9 October 4620:9 October 4442:cite book 4251:cite book 3393:690038854 3205:Porhalaan 3063:Lake Toba 3016:Kabanjahe 2885:Padri War 2822:guerrilla 2814:Sipahutar 2751:from the 2705:Nommensen 2680:idolaters 2609:8,463,604 2538:Religions 2525:Religions 2476:cosmology 2472:jinujung, 2429:astrology 2425:porhalaan 2276:santi rea 2091:pelangkah 2034:bata-bata 1774:Mula Jadi 1765:Mula Jadi 1757:Mula Jadi 1743:Mula Jadi 1727:Mula Jadi 1683:Porhalaan 1659:Lake Toba 1624:Mula Jadi 1612:Mula Jadi 1577:sacrifice 1566:Mula Jadi 1547:Mula Jadi 1543:Mula Jadi 1539:Mula Jadi 1535:Mula Jadi 1519:Mula Jadi 1468:pancasila 1355:Geography 1075:Calvinist 871:); poets 692:Sembiring 666:Kota Cina 626:Srivijaya 538:Indonesia 385:Languages 369:Singapore 187:West Java 146:5,785,716 123:8,466,969 119:Indonesia 7032:(former) 7025:Japanese 7005:Filipino 6989:Rohingya 6974:Hadhrami 6886:Malayali 6871:Gujarati 6743:Kristang 6693:Tambanuo 6639:Maragang 6462:Mah Meri 6348:Malaysia 6277:Makassar 6267:Javanese 6235:Acehnese 6012:Japanese 5985:Filipino 5953:Chindian 5948:Armenian 5871:Ambonese 5854:Manusela 5837:Moluccan 5789:Rotenese 5742:Bimanese 5737:Balinese 5732:Bali Aga 5502:Makassar 5482:Bonerate 5477:Butonese 5467:Buginese 5459:Sulawesi 5384:Bakumpai 5372:Ma'anyan 5367:Lawangan 5362:Ot Danum 5326:Kendayan 5210:Madurese 5178:Javanese 5150:Simeulue 5111:Sakuddei 5106:Mentawai 4987:Acehnese 4816:Archived 4804:Archived 4504:Archived 4472:1874/596 4417:Archived 4392:Archived 4206:25841816 4115:25737304 3598:Archived 3279:archived 3133:See also 3059:Laguboti 3024:Parmalim 3002:Dancing 2854:Japanese 2849:midwives 2713:Tarutung 2661:(0.017%) 2659:Hinduism 2649:Buddhism 2641:(44.17%) 2631:(55.62%) 2586:Hinduism 2576:Buddhism 2504:jinujung 2502:and the 2488:jinujung 2480:jinujung 2300:Laguboti 2268:sumangot 2260:sumangot 2245:sumangot 2157:Reburial 2128:cemetery 2108:hornbill 1993:are the 1798:placenta 1531:Soripada 1461:Tantrist 1457:Shaivist 1444:Tapanuli 1440:Javanese 1306:parishes 1263:adultery 1175:Tarutung 1061:Lutheran 1057:theology 998:Manortor 935:palm oil 725:Language 689:or tribe 658:Tapanuli 638:and the 612:Buddhism 608:Shaivism 473:Parmalim 467:Hinduism 461:Buddhism 451:) 55.62% 434:Religion 373:unknown 344:Malaysia 7020:Iranian 6985:Burmese 6965:African 6881:Punjabi 6816:Henghua 6811:Foochow 6806:Teochew 6786:Hokkien 6772:Chinese 6668:Illanun 6649:Rumanau 6644:Minokok 6614:Kadazan 6584:Melanau 6575:Others 6539:Kelabit 6512:Bukitan 6507:Bidayuh 6494:Sarawak 6477:Jah Hut 6435:Mendriq 6388:Semelai 6319:Siamese 6287:Kerinci 6197:Kedayan 5963:Benteng 5958:Chinese 5931:African 5908:Togutil 5881:Wai Apu 5866:Ambelau 5814:Sumbawa 5712:Lesser 5687:Waropen 5667:Sentani 5632:Korowai 5602:Damalme 5587:Amungme 5557:Torajan 5401:Bukitan 5389:Meratus 5343:Mualang 5321:Bidayuh 5270:Kelabit 5155:Singkil 5135:Haloban 5099:Serdang 5089:Langkat 5049:Lampung 5034:Enggano 5002:Angkola 4922:Sumatra 4728:Sources 4136:: 4–11. 3575:2465537 3478:15 July 3075:, is a 2979:Muslims 2975:Angkola 2964:convert 2903:Shafi`i 2877:Angkola 2740:Sibolga 2736:Baptist 2733:British 2717:Germany 2651:(0.11%) 2604:Overall 2484:puberty 2464:pustaha 2446:pustaha 2427:), and 2421:almanac 2417:oracles 2387:amulets 2374:Pustaha 2360:pustaha 2309:pustaha 2280:kinship 2272:sombaon 2264:sombaon 2262:is the 2253:gondang 2229:Samosir 2171:Samosir 2133:gondang 2071:camphor 2067:camphor 2030:tungkup 1893:in the 1806:saudara 1731:ephorus 1711:destiny 1705:) from 1492:Pustaha 1327:Tarombo 1321:Tarombo 1294:Regents 1271:revenge 1267:verdict 1255:pirates 1185:Ritual 1171:Pottery 1142:itself. 1095:perbegu 1081:). The 1034:weaving 1029:tarombo 1002:Kesawan 994:Tor-tor 980:Society 928:camphor 775:Angkola 737:, 1910. 678:camphor 562:Angkola 415:Angkola 348:30,000 330:106,249 307:139,259 284:147,295 261:208,678 238:222,549 215:326,645 210:Jakarta 192:467,438 169:691,399 36:Negrito 7041:Nepali 7036:Korean 7030:Jewish 7010:Indian 6911:Telugu 6857:Indian 6715:Tidong 6700:Rungus 6688:Dumpas 6663:Ida'an 6658:Bisaya 6624:Kwijau 6589:Miriek 6579:Bisaya 6564:Sa'ban 6544:Kenyah 6522:Selako 6472:Temiar 6440:Mintil 6430:Kintaq 6425:Kensiu 6405:Semang 6398:Temuan 6336:(Other 6022:Korean 6017:Jewish 5990:Indian 5913:Wemale 5903:Tobelo 5893:Lisela 5888:Kayeli 5859:Nuaulu 5772:Loloan 5752:Helong 5692:Wolani 5682:Wambon 5677:Tobati 5642:Marind 5627:Kombai 5562:Mamasa 5532:Pamona 5472:Bungku 5355:Tidung 5331:Selako 5307:Lebbo' 5302:Kenyah 5280:Sa'ban 5257:Banjar 5215:Bawean 5173:Betawi 5145:Rejang 5069:Asahan 5059:Lembak 5017:Pakpak 4778: 4748: 4588: 4533: 4496: 4204: 4113: 3972: 3830: 3809: 3785: 3736:(1920) 3573: 3501: 3454: 3414: 3391: 3343: 3314: 3271: 3263:] 3180:Hasapi 3125:, the 3090:Dibata 3073:Pemena 3030:Pemena 2988:Malays 2949:Muslim 2842:Balige 2782:. The 2665: 2657: 2655: 2647: 2645: 2637: 2635: 2627: 2625: 2598:6,620 2595:Others 2590:1,476 2580:9,190 2553:& 2541:Total 2500:trance 2451:augury 2336:dukuns 2199:citrus 2191:tambak 2165:Batak 2100:tree ( 2097:kemiri 2058:burial 2056:Batak 2005:, the 1925:Batak 1891:surdam 1883:surdam 1755:"With 1555:Asiasi 1551:Asiasi 1504:dragon 1459:, and 1433:German 1416:Pakpak 1333:nalilu 1099:pemena 1064:German 1024:Margas 1008:, 2021 939:rubber 937:, and 869:Ziarah 863:) and 719:ladang 711:pepper 628:. 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