37:
374:
Batak but integration to mainstream
Filipino society has changed this to a degree. Husbands and wives usually enjoy equal freedoms though the wives tend to live in their husband's household except for the early stages of the marriage when both live in the wife's household. Nuclear households are the basic economic unit though multiple households can and do pool their resources. However, the nuclear household is expected to be self-reliant. Batak households tend to have few children with the average being 3.5 persons.
960:
68:
155:
370:
cultural ways, and today "pure" Batak are rare. They are also not reproducing to sustain their population. As a result, Batak are being absorbed into a more diffuse group of upland indigenous peoples who are slowing losing their tribal identities, and with it their unique spirituality and culture; there is even some debate as to whether or not they still exist as a distinct ethnic entity.
343:
forest products, such as rattan, tree resins, and honey. This has been met with resistance by the government and commercial collectors, who assert that the Batak have no legal right to these resources. Conservationists, however, have taken an interest in Batak's collection methods, which are much more sustainable than the techniques used by commercial concessionaires.
382:
The Batak today engage in many occupations which includes foraging, selling forest derived goods, shifting cultivation, and workers under
Filipino farmers or other employers. Primary food for the Batak were squirrels, jungle fowls, wild pigs, honey, fruits, yams, fish, mollusks, crustaceans and more.
338:
Since 1900, Filipinos and others began to migrate to the traditional regions where the Batak lived. This led to the resources and land of the Bataks dwindling. In the 1930s, the government attempted to establish reservations for the Batak in the coastal plains, but these were soon settled and overrun
369:
Rapid depopulation, restricted forest access, sedentary living, and incursion by immigrants has devastated the group culturally. Today, very few Batak marry other Batak but tend to marry from other neighboring groups. The pattern has been that the children of these marriages tend not to follow Batak
373:
Batak families trace descent through both sides of the family. Kin relationships are similar to those of the
Filipinos. Since the Batak are discouraged from using the birth name of their in-laws, they have multiple personal names. Divorce and remarriage used to be common and acceptable among the
342:
During the mid to late 20th century, the Batak was easily pushed out of their preferred gathering grounds by the sea into the mountains by emigrant farmers, mostly from Luzon. Living in less fertile areas, they have attempted to supplement their income by harvesting and selling various nontimber
389:
A few Batak also cultivate rice, corn, sweet potato, and cassava. Wage labor for nearby farmers is important to the Batak economy. Batak men are usually hired out for a few days to do certain work like clearing weeds, harvesting, or to pick coconuts and coffee. Local tourism is also a source of
357:
The Batak were once a nomadic people, but have since, at the behest of the government, settled in small villages. Still, they often go on gathering trips into the forest for a few days at a time, an activity which has both economic and spiritual value for them. Their belief system is that of
863:
Novellino, D. (2003). ‘Contrasting landscapes, conflicting ontologies’. Assessing environmental conservation on
Palawan Island (the Philippines), in D. Anderson and E. Berglund (eds.) ‘Ethnographies of Conservation: Environmentalism and the Distribution of Priviledge’. London:
383:
The main source for these food items come from the forests in the region. The Batak used many methods to capture animals like pigs with the use of bows and arrows, spears, dogs, or homemade guns which varied as time passed and foreign influence increased.
405:
Maguimba: the god in the remotests times, lived among the people, having been summoned by a powerful babaylan (shaman); provided all the necessities of life, as well as all cures for illnesses; has the power to bring the dead back to
334:
The Batak were largely undisturbed until the arrival of the
Americans in the final years of the nineteenth century. The reason for this was that the Bataks were within the margins of mainstream Filipino political and cultural life.
330:
farming method, and trading. The Batak had important trading connections with the maritime peoples of the Sulu region for many centuries of their history. They traded natural and forest goods in exchange for manufactured products.
531:
694:
366:" are generally benevolent but are also capricious. Batak make regular offerings to these spirits, and Shamans undergo spiritual possession in order to communicate with the spirits and heal the sick.
346:
The Batak's way of life and survival is threatened by dwindling forest resources, partly due to mining activities. Communities also experience high infant mortality and low birth rates.
845:
Novellino, D. (2003). Shamanism and
Everyday Life. An Account of Personhood, Identity and Bodily Knowledge amongst the Batak of Palawan Island (the Philippines). University of Kent.
412:
Angoro: a deity who lives in Basad, a place beyond this world, where the souls find out whether they will enter the heavens called
Lampanag, or be cast into the depths of Basad
279:, a relatively large island in the southwest of the archipelago. Since ancient times, the Batak have inhabited a series of river valleys along the coastline of what is today
539:
991:
250:
783:
Cutting Across the Lands: An
Annotated Bibliography on Natural Resource Management and Community Development in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia
386:
When it came to trading, the Batak mostly sold rattan, honey, and Manila copal. In return, they received clothing materials, rice, and other goods.
200:
1952:
984:
243:
302:, traits which originally garnered the "Negrito" groups their name. Still, there is some debate as to whether the Batak are related to the
904:
447:
Esa’: an ancestor whose movements created the landscapes, which he named during a hunting journey with his dogs, who were after wild pigs
977:
236:
1606:
1642:
1545:
1021:
268:
219:
1637:
362:, which is belief in spirits that reside in nature. They classify spirits into the "Panya'en" who are malevolent and the "
349:
The Batak are working to acquire
Certificates of Ancestral Domains Titles for their traditional lands in Puerto Princesa.
1632:
1684:
1591:
561:
503:
1957:
791:
757:
630:
1000:
193:
450:
Baybay: the goddess and master of rice who originated from Gunay Gunay, the edge of the universe; married to Ungaw
1962:
897:
165:
144:
1571:
1518:
453:
Ungaw: the god and master of bees who originated from Gunay Gunay, the edge of the universe; married to Baybay
1540:
1535:
303:
186:
89:
409:
Diwata: a benevolent god who provides for the needs of women and men, and gives out rewards for good deeds
1601:
1576:
746:
Eder, James F; Programme, IUCN Forest
Conservation; Programme, World Wide Fund for Nature Forest (1997).
339:
by Filipino migrants in the 1950s. This caused the Batak to move inland into the interior of the island.
179:
322:
The Batak have for centuries combined a hunting-gathering lifestyle with seeding of useful food plants,
1627:
1586:
1581:
890:
959:
172:
1796:
1596:
924:
1677:
1208:
939:
781:
747:
1767:
8:
1737:
1092:
1710:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1246:
1102:
1087:
934:
913:
276:
97:
1967:
1670:
1231:
1203:
1155:
1097:
836:
Mckenzie, D. A. (2014). Psychic Phenomena: A Clinical Investigation. Lulu Publishing.
787:
753:
670:
626:
286:
There are only about 1,500 Batak remaining according to the 2020 census. Also called
93:
20:
877:
1718:
1647:
1561:
1329:
1198:
1165:
969:
224:
1261:
36:
1701:
1566:
1415:
1299:
1188:
1140:
1135:
1046:
584:
483:
311:
280:
1622:
1392:
1382:
1324:
1251:
1193:
1160:
1145:
1130:
1112:
1072:
1062:
1057:
929:
478:
327:
117:
1946:
1486:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1291:
1241:
1236:
1150:
1107:
1082:
1067:
473:
456:
Panya’en: mystic entities who control certain wild trees and various animals
1921:
1868:
1853:
1838:
1833:
1748:
1397:
1352:
1334:
1319:
1266:
1170:
722:
290:, the Batak are considered by anthropologists to be closely related to the
109:
646:
154:
1888:
1880:
1806:
1801:
1774:
1760:
1754:
1742:
1724:
1433:
1218:
272:
129:
73:
1893:
1731:
1438:
1256:
1226:
299:
298:
tribe. They tend to be small in stature, with dark skin and frizzy or
1357:
562:"Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)"
504:"Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)"
1903:
1011:
307:
210:
1913:
1820:
1781:
1504:
1496:
1481:
1180:
1122:
1051:
949:
1858:
1693:
1448:
1425:
1407:
1387:
1367:
882:
359:
295:
133:
77:
1863:
1848:
1843:
1828:
1790:
1377:
1077:
1372:
1362:
1344:
1038:
1016:
363:
113:
1662:
291:
749:
Batak Resource Management: Belief, Knowledge, and Practice
832:
830:
702:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
745:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
999:
807:
306:or actually to other, physically similar groups in
275:. They are located in the northeastern portions of
848:
1944:
1678:
985:
898:
244:
647:"Project Bamboo: Help The Bataks Of Palawan"
536:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
441:Balungbunganin: spirit of the almaciga trees
393:
695:"Questionnaire on Indigenous Issues / PFII"
1685:
1671:
992:
978:
905:
891:
251:
237:
35:
1709:
589:. Human Relations Area Files. p. 260
779:
773:
586:Insular Southeast Asia: Philippines. 2 v
620:
444:Sulingbunganin: spirit of the big rocks
304:other Negrito groups of the Philippines
16:Negrito ethnic group in the Philippines
1945:
623:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
525:
523:
521:
438:Paglimusan: spirit of the small stones
435:Batungbayanin: spirit of the mountains
1953:Indigenous peoples of the Philippines
1666:
973:
886:
582:
739:
625:. New York: Routledge. p. 195.
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
576:
462:Napantaran: in charge of forest pigs
60:Regions with significant populations
1217:
518:
13:
912:
786:. SEAP Publications. p. 228.
529:
459:Kiudalan: in charge of forest pigs
14:
1979:
871:
727:Food and Agriculture Organization
601:
564:. Philippine Statistics Authority
506:. Philippine Statistics Authority
41:Batak people in Palawan (c. 1913)
1001:Ethnic groups in the Philippines
958:
153:
66:
839:
166:Philippine Statistics Authority
715:
687:
663:
639:
554:
496:
377:
1:
489:
1692:
398:
7:
621:Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005).
467:
10:
1984:
780:Ferretti, Eveline (1997).
352:
317:
294:of Central Luzon, another
18:
1930:
1912:
1879:
1819:
1700:
1615:
1554:
1528:
1517:
1495:
1457:
1424:
1406:
1343:
1290:
1283:
1179:
1121:
1037:
1030:
1007:
956:
920:
394:Indigenous Batak religion
128:
123:
108:
103:
88:
83:
64:
59:
51:
46:
34:
1958:Ethnic groups in Palawan
583:LeBar, Frank M. (1977).
390:revenue for the Bataks.
19:Not to be confused with
1935:indicate extinct groups
1963:Ethnic groups in Luzon
878:Survival International
675:Survival International
310:or as far away as the
201:Country of citizenship
267:are one of about 140
124:Related ethnic groups
415:Deities of Strength
281:Puerto Princesa City
31:
1022:Indigenous peoples
723:"Land Reform 2000"
269:indigenous peoples
29:
21:Batak of Indonesia
1940:
1939:
1815:
1814:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1513:
1512:
1505:Suludnon/Tumandok
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
967:
966:
261:
260:
139:
138:
1975:
1719:Great Andamanese
1707:
1706:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1526:
1525:
1288:
1287:
1215:
1214:
1035:
1034:
994:
987:
980:
971:
970:
962:
945:Philippine Batak
907:
900:
893:
884:
883:
865:
861:
846:
843:
837:
834:
805:
804:
802:
800:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
743:
737:
736:
734:
733:
719:
713:
712:
710:
708:
699:
691:
685:
684:
682:
681:
667:
661:
660:
658:
657:
643:
637:
636:
618:
599:
598:
596:
594:
580:
574:
573:
571:
569:
558:
552:
551:
549:
547:
538:. Archived from
527:
516:
515:
513:
511:
500:
253:
246:
239:
157:
141:
140:
72:
70:
69:
47:Total population
39:
32:
28:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1926:
1908:
1875:
1811:
1702:Andaman Islands
1696:
1691:
1661:
1652:
1611:
1550:
1520:
1509:
1491:
1453:
1420:
1402:
1339:
1271:
1213:
1175:
1117:
1026:
1003:
998:
968:
963:
954:
916:
911:
874:
869:
868:
862:
849:
844:
840:
835:
808:
798:
796:
794:
778:
774:
764:
762:
760:
744:
740:
731:
729:
721:
720:
716:
706:
704:
697:
693:
692:
688:
679:
677:
669:
668:
664:
655:
653:
651:Start Some Good
645:
644:
640:
633:
619:
602:
592:
590:
581:
577:
567:
565:
560:
559:
555:
545:
543:
542:on 21 July 2018
528:
519:
509:
507:
502:
501:
497:
492:
484:Tagbanwa people
470:
465:
401:
396:
380:
355:
320:
312:Andaman Islands
257:
147:the Philippines
146:
145:Demographics of
134:Negrito peoples
76:
67:
65:
42:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1728:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1523:
1521:or expatriates
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1004:
997:
996:
989:
982:
974:
965:
964:
957:
955:
953:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
921:
918:
917:
914:Palawan tribes
910:
909:
902:
895:
887:
881:
880:
873:
872:External links
870:
867:
866:
847:
838:
806:
792:
772:
758:
738:
714:
686:
662:
638:
631:
600:
575:
553:
530:Jagmis, Noel.
517:
494:
493:
491:
488:
487:
486:
481:
479:Palawan people
476:
469:
466:
464:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
432:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
413:
410:
407:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
379:
376:
354:
351:
328:slash and burn
319:
316:
259:
258:
256:
255:
248:
241:
233:
230:
229:
228:
227:
222:
214:
213:
207:
206:
205:
204:
197:
190:
183:
176:
169:
159:
158:
150:
149:
137:
136:
126:
125:
121:
120:
118:folk religions
106:
105:
101:
100:
86:
85:
81:
80:
62:
61:
57:
56:
49:
48:
44:
43:
40:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1980:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
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110:Christianity
52:
26:Ethnic group
1881:Philippines
1807:Sentinelese
1519:Immigrants
1247:Maguindanao
1103:Romblomanon
1088:Kapampangan
532:"The Batak"
378:Subsistence
273:Philippines
74:Philippines
1947:Categories
1711:Andamanese
1572:Indonesian
1232:Banguingui
1204:Surigaonon
1156:Hiligaynon
1098:Pangasinan
732:2020-06-21
680:2020-06-21
656:2020-06-21
490:References
300:curly hair
288:Tinitianes
220:Indigenous
1587:Malaysian
1541:Brazilian
1467:Agutaynen
1330:Kankanaey
1199:Sangirese
1166:Porohanon
1093:Masbateño
1054:(Ilongot)
1012:Filipinos
935:Kagayanen
925:Agutaynen
864:Berghahn.
427:Buengelen
418:Siabuanan
399:Immortals
308:Indonesia
211:Filipinos
187:Languages
180:Religions
84:Languages
1968:Negritos
1914:Thailand
1821:Malaysia
1782:Pucikwar
1694:Negritos
1592:Nepalese
1577:Japanese
1536:American
1529:Americas
1497:Suludnon
1482:Tagbanua
1472:Palawano
1459:Palaweño
1416:Ratagnon
1363:Higaonon
1358:Bukidnon
1335:Tinguian
1300:Balangao
1284:Highland
1189:Butuanon
1181:Mindanao
1141:Capiznon
1136:Boholano
1052:Bugkalot
1047:Bicolano
950:Tagbanua
940:Palawano
752:. IUCN.
707:June 21,
468:See also
430:Baybayen
421:Bankakah
225:Mestizos
132:, other
104:Religion
94:Filipino
1933:Italics
1904:Mamanwa
1859:Mendriq
1648:Spanish
1643:Russian
1623:English
1602:Iranian
1562:Chinese
1546:Mexican
1449:Mamanwa
1426:Negrito
1408:Mangyan
1393:Teduray
1388:Tasaday
1383:Subanon
1373:Mandaya
1368:Mamanwa
1325:Kalinga
1252:Maranao
1194:Kalagan
1161:Karay-a
1146:Cebuano
1131:Aklanon
1123:Visayas
1113:Tagalog
1073:Ilocano
1063:Gaddang
1058:Cuyunon
1031:Lowland
930:Cuyunon
671:"Batak"
568:July 4,
510:July 4,
360:animism
353:Culture
324:kaingin
318:History
296:Negrito
277:Palawan
271:of the
98:English
78:Palawan
1864:Mintil
1849:Kintaq
1844:Kensiu
1829:Semang
1797:Jarawa
1791:Jangil
1638:Polish
1628:German
1616:Europe
1607:Jewish
1582:Korean
1567:Indian
1487:Molbog
1378:Manobo
1315:Ifugao
1310:Ibaloi
1305:Bontoc
1292:Igorot
1262:Tausug
1242:Iranun
1237:Kaagan
1151:Eskaya
1108:Sambal
1083:Ivatan
1078:Itawes
1068:Ibanag
799:7 June
790:
765:7 June
756:
629:
593:7 June
546:7 June
424:Paraen
364:Diwata
173:Census
71:
1922:Maniq
1899:Batak
1854:Lanoh
1839:Jahai
1834:Batek
1749:Juwoi
1633:Greek
1477:Batak
1444:Batak
1398:Tboli
1353:Blaan
1345:Lumad
1320:Isneg
1267:Yakan
1257:Samal
1227:Bajau
1171:Waray
1039:Luzon
1017:Pinoy
698:(PDF)
265:Batak
114:Anito
53:1,531
30:Batak
1889:Aeta
1802:Onge
1775:Kora
1761:Kede
1755:Cari
1743:Jeru
1725:Bale
1597:Arab
1555:Asia
1434:Aeta
1219:Moro
801:2017
788:ISBN
767:2017
754:ISBN
709:2020
627:ISBN
595:2017
570:2023
548:2017
512:2023
406:life
326:, a
292:Aeta
263:The
130:Aeta
1894:Ati
1869:Mos
1768:Kol
1732:Bea
1439:Ati
1949::
1738:Bo
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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