1158:, hence respiratory acidosis; the kidneys then attempt to compensate for the low pH by raising blood bicarbonate. The kidneys only partially compensate, so the patient may still have a low blood pH, i.e. acidemia. In summary, the kidneys partially compensate for respiratory acidosis by raising blood bicarbonate.
779:
1104:
87:. Thus, a deviation of serum bicarbonate from the reference range is ordinarily mirrored by a deviation in base excess. However, base excess is a more comprehensive measurement, encompassing all metabolic contributions.
71:
defines the respiratory component of acidâbase balance, base excess defines the metabolic component. Accordingly, measurement of base excess is defined, under a standardized pressure of carbon dioxide, by
890:
56:
present in the blood. The value is usually reported as a concentration in units of mEq/L (mmol/L), with positive numbers indicating an excess of base and negative a deficit. A typical
998:
589:
Base excess is defined as the amount of strong acid that must be added to each liter of fully oxygenated blood to return the pH to 7.40 at a temperature of 37°C and a pCO
1874:
647:
593:
of 40 mmHg (5.3 kPa). A base deficit (i.e., a negative base excess) can be correspondingly defined by the amount of strong base that must be added.
1009:
57:
1268:
Base deficit with normal anion gap indicates loss of bicarbonate (e.g., diarrhea). The anion gap is maintained because bicarbonate is exchanged for
1147:). Often a disturbance in one triggers a partial compensation in the other. A secondary (compensatory) process can be readily identified because it
1867:
615:
Base excess (or deficit) is one of several values typically reported with arterial blood gas analysis that is derived from other measured data.
2436:
1860:
1430:
197:
1197:, usually involves either excretion of bicarbonate or neutralization of bicarbonate by excess organic acids. Common causes include
788:
1477:
1352:
1324:
1139:
Blood pH is determined by both a metabolic component, measured by base excess, and a respiratory component, measured by PaCO
212:
2234:
2172:
359:
100:
353:
1523:
1821:
1423:
535:
277:
2373:
2129:
1740:
905:
2431:
2065:
2027:
1799:
1508:
446:
407:
395:
1261:
is useful for determining whether a base deficit is caused by addition of acid or loss of bicarbonate.
32:
2406:
1748:
1603:
1528:
1518:
1957:
1831:
1758:
1715:
1675:
1503:
1443:
1416:
1408:
1282:
389:
64:
2107:
1720:
1556:
1467:
170:
155:
619:
427:
2102:
1970:
1935:
1826:
1561:
579:
573:
371:
262:
247:
73:
1378:
253:
161:
2368:
2222:
2117:
2060:
2022:
1230:
471:
421:
415:
2162:
2139:
2124:
2055:
1763:
1682:
1207:
1202:
1183:
1132:
896:
774:{\displaystyle Base~excess=0.93\times \left(\left-24.4+14.8\times \left(pH-7.4\right)\right)}
623:
529:
459:
236:
108:
2360:
2217:
2205:
2182:
2112:
2037:
1905:
1788:
1768:
1753:
1221:
1187:
1174:
1122:
497:
485:
450:
298:
8:
2198:
2193:
2090:
1930:
1707:
1664:
1648:
1566:
1513:
1291:
1162:
1118:
609:
552:
491:
465:
133:
63:
Comparison of the base excess with the reference range assists in determining whether an
1403:
1994:
1915:
1725:
1654:
1398:
1296:
1287:
1194:
1128:
329:
304:
179:
2300:
2279:
1947:
1942:
1783:
1778:
1692:
1551:
1348:
1320:
1265:
Base deficit with elevated anion gap indicates addition of acid (e.g., ketoacidosis).
1225:
543:
365:
67:
is caused by a respiratory, metabolic, or mixed metabolic/respiratory problem. While
1852:
2390:
2047:
1804:
1546:
1472:
1439:
1099:{\displaystyle BE=0.02786\times PaCO_{2}\times 10^{(pH-6.1)}+13.77\times pH-124.58}
433:
344:
53:
2244:
1154:
For example, inadequate ventilation, a respiratory problem, causes a buildup of CO
2383:
2378:
1482:
1314:
1247:
1217:
521:
503:
477:
401:
317:
97:
2249:
2291:
2147:
1920:
1910:
1613:
1144:
203:
127:
68:
608:
is at 5 g/dl. The latter gives a better view of the base excess of the entire
2425:
2334:
2313:
2227:
2152:
2085:
1795:
1633:
1623:
1211:
515:
2339:
2308:
2211:
1900:
1659:
1498:
1367:
1233:, preventing excretion of acid and resorption and production of bicarbonate
596:
A further distinction can be made between actual and standard base excess:
121:
2157:
2097:
2032:
1985:
1980:
1892:
1836:
1701:
1598:
1593:
1166:
635:
567:
561:
188:
112:
84:
2077:
2017:
2004:
1925:
1884:
1639:
1618:
1538:
605:
380:
340:
41:
1438:
227:
2239:
2167:
1965:
1697:
1258:
2329:
2261:
2012:
1269:
1243:
1236:
2269:
1643:
1379:
Medical
Calculators > Calculated Bicarbonate & Base Excess
1342:
1251:
442:
292:
143:
783:
with units of mEq/L. The same can be alternatively expressed as
2274:
268:
218:
52:
refer to an excess or deficit, respectively, in the amount of
1841:
1608:
1452:
885:{\displaystyle Base~excess=0.93\times +13.77\times pH-124.58}
618:
The term and concept of base excess were first introduced by
27:
1393:
1315:
Frances
Talaska Fischbach; Marshall Barnett Dunning (2008),
1773:
1381:
Steven Pon, MD, Weill
Medical College of Cornell University
1125:
with renal compensation if too high (more than +2 mEq/L)
1135:
with renal compensation if too low (less than â2 mEq/L)
639:
77:
1882:
1012:
908:
791:
650:
1239:, in which large amounts of bicarbonate are excreted
83:
The predominant base contributing to base excess is
16:
Excess or deficit in amount of base present in blood
1193:A base deficit (a below-normal base excess), thus
1098:
992:
884:
773:
1179:Excessive loss of HCl in gastric acid by vomiting
1114:Base excess beyond the reference range indicates
2423:
600:base excess is that present in the blood, while
1182:Renal overproduction of bicarbonate, in either
1399:Anthology on Base Excess (O.Siggaard-Andersen)
1868:
1424:
1343:Jonathan D. Kibble; Colby R. Halsey (2009),
1317:A Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests
1875:
1861:
1431:
1417:
1338:
1336:
550:
440:
378:
338:
284:
234:
177:
106:
2424:
1372:
634:Base excess can be estimated from the
1856:
1412:
1333:
993:{\displaystyle pH=pK+log{\frac {}{}}}
1151:the observed deviation in blood pH.
2173:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
1345:Medical Physiology: The Big Picture
60:for base excess is â2 to +2 mEq/L.
13:
2437:Diagnostic intensive care medicine
604:base excess is the value when the
14:
2448:
1387:
1210:, in which high levels of acidic
1109:
1368:Acid-Base Tutorial â Terminology
1165:, usually involves an excess of
1822:Fractional excretion of sodium
1361:
1308:
1070:
1055:
1003:Ultimately the end result is:
984:
968:
963:
939:
895:Calculations are based on the
858:
834:
1:
2130:Comprehensive metabolic panel
1319:(8th ed.), p. 973,
1302:
1242:Ingestion of poisons such as
629:
90:
76:back to a standardized blood
7:
2066:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
2028:Total iron-binding capacity
1800:Effective renal plasma flow
1644:Intracellular fluid/Cytosol
10:
2453:
2407:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
1749:Glomerular filtration rate
1741:Assessment and measurement
1604:Atrial natriuretic peptide
1404:Emedicine: Lactic Acidosis
2399:
2359:
2352:
2322:
2299:
2290:
2260:
2181:
2138:
2076:
2046:
2003:
1956:
1891:
1832:Tubuloglomerular feedback
1814:
1759:Augmented renal clearance
1739:
1716:Bicarbonate buffer system
1674:
1632:
1586:
1579:
1537:
1491:
1460:
1450:
1440:Physiology of the kidneys
1224:during heavy exercise or
1201:Compensation for primary
1173:Compensation for primary
1161:A high base excess, thus
138:
26:
21:
1721:Respiratory compensation
1478:Clearance of medications
1936:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
1827:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
1562:Countercurrent exchange
2369:Elevated transaminases
2061:Thyroid function tests
2023:Transferrin saturation
1883:Clinical biochemistry
1276:
1231:Chronic kidney failure
1169:. It can be caused by
1100:
994:
886:
775:
2163:Lactate dehydrogenase
2125:Basic metabolic panel
2056:ACTH stimulation test
1764:Renal clearance ratio
1683:Darrow Yannet diagram
1283:Acidâbase homeostasis
1208:Diabetic ketoacidosis
1203:respiratory alkalosis
1184:contraction alkalosis
1143:(partial pressure of
1133:respiratory alkalosis
1101:
995:
897:Henderson-Hasselbalch
887:
776:
638:concentration () and
624:Ole Siggaard-Andersen
65:acid/base disturbance
2183:Liver function tests
2038:Transferrin receptor
1789:Hemodialysis product
1769:Urea reduction ratio
1754:Creatinine clearance
1594:Antidiuretic hormone
1444:acidâbase physiology
1222:anaerobic metabolism
1175:respiratory acidosis
1123:respiratory acidosis
1010:
906:
789:
648:
451:LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
2199:Serum total protein
2194:Human serum albumin
1665:Transcellular fluid
1649:Extracellular fluid
1567:Filtration fraction
1292:Metabolic alkalosis
1163:metabolic alkalosis
1119:metabolic alkalosis
962:
857:
723:
610:extracellular fluid
103:
2432:Chemical pathology
1971:Arterial blood gas
1726:Renal compensation
1655:Interstitial fluid
1297:Arterial blood gas
1288:Metabolic acidosis
1195:metabolic acidosis
1129:metabolic acidosis
1096:
990:
948:
882:
843:
771:
709:
180:ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS
96:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2348:
2347:
2301:Blood sugar level
2280:Pancreatic lipase
2118:Total cholesterol
1948:Serum osmolal gap
1943:Plasma osmolality
1850:
1849:
1784:Dialysis adequacy
1779:Standardized Kt/V
1735:
1734:
1693:Davenport diagram
1676:Acidâbase balance
1575:
1574:
1552:Renal plasma flow
1354:978-0-07-164302-3
1326:978-0-7817-7194-8
1272:during excretion.
1188:Cushing's disease
988:
806:
665:
642:by the equation:
586:
585:
38:
37:
2444:
2391:Hyperproteinemia
2357:
2356:
2297:
2296:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1805:Extraction ratio
1708:Winters' formula
1584:
1583:
1547:Renal blood flow
1473:Pharmacokinetics
1458:
1457:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1312:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1074:
1073:
1046:
1045:
999:
997:
996:
991:
989:
987:
983:
982:
966:
961:
956:
937:
891:
889:
888:
883:
856:
851:
804:
780:
778:
777:
772:
770:
766:
765:
761:
728:
724:
722:
717:
663:
341:SERUM OSMOLARITY
150:
141:
104:
95:
19:
18:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2411:
2395:
2384:Hypoalbuminemia
2379:Hypoproteinemia
2344:
2318:
2292:Small molecules
2286:
2256:
2177:
2134:
2072:
2042:
1999:
1989:
1952:
1887:
1881:
1851:
1846:
1810:
1731:
1670:
1628:
1580:Other functions
1571:
1557:Ultrafiltration
1533:
1487:
1483:Urine flow rate
1446:
1437:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1347:, p. 249,
1341:
1334:
1327:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1279:
1250:, or excessive
1248:ethylene glycol
1218:Lactic acidosis
1157:
1142:
1112:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1037:
1011:
1008:
1007:
978:
974:
967:
957:
952:
938:
936:
907:
904:
903:
893:
852:
847:
790:
787:
786:
748:
744:
718:
713:
702:
698:
697:
693:
649:
646:
645:
632:
592:
587:
308:
272:
267:
257:
252:
222:
217:
207:
202:
192:
165:
148:
147:
142:
139:
98:Pathophysiology
93:
58:reference range
17:
12:
11:
5:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2148:Cardiac marker
2144:
2142:
2140:Cardiovascular
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2091:Hemoglobin A1c
2082:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1921:Renal function
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1624:Prostaglandins
1621:
1616:
1614:Erythropoietin
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1447:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1388:External links
1386:
1384:
1383:
1371:
1360:
1353:
1332:
1325:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1255:
1254:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1215:
1205:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1177:
1155:
1145:carbon dioxide
1140:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1111:
1110:Interpretation
1108:
1107:
1106:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1001:
1000:
986:
981:
977:
973:
970:
965:
960:
955:
951:
947:
944:
941:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
855:
850:
846:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
803:
800:
797:
794:
769:
764:
760:
757:
754:
751:
747:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
727:
721:
716:
712:
708:
705:
701:
696:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
662:
659:
656:
653:
631:
628:
590:
584:
583:
577:
571:
565:
558:
557:
548:
547:
541:
539:
533:
526:
525:
519:
513:
511:
508:
507:
501:
495:
489:
482:
481:
475:
469:
463:
456:
455:
438:
437:
431:
425:
419:
412:
411:
405:
399:
393:
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369:
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245:
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241:
232:
231:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
184:
175:
174:
168:
163:
159:
152:
151:
137:
131:
125:
118:
117:
94:
92:
89:
69:carbon dioxide
36:
35:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2449:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:Hyperuricemia
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2314:Hyperglycemia
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:AST/ALT ratio
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:transaminases
2209:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Troponin test
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Triglycerides
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:Blood glucose
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:PAH clearance
1794:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1634:Fluid balance
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1524:Oligopeptides
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:acid-base.com
1392:
1391:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:ketone bodies
1209:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1006:
1005:
1004:
979:
975:
971:
958:
953:
949:
945:
942:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
902:
901:
900:
898:
892:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
853:
848:
844:
840:
837:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
801:
798:
795:
792:
784:
781:
767:
762:
758:
755:
752:
749:
745:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
725:
719:
714:
710:
706:
703:
699:
694:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
660:
657:
654:
651:
643:
641:
637:
627:
625:
621:
616:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
559:
556:
554:
549:
545:
542:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
527:
523:
520:
517:
514:
512:
510:
509:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
483:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
457:
454:
452:
448:
444:
439:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
413:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
387:
384:
382:
377:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
351:
348:
346:
342:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
315:
312:
309:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
290:
287:
283:
279:
276:
273:
264:
261:
258:
249:
246:
244:
243:
240:
238:
233:
229:
226:
223:
214:
211:
208:
199:
196:
193:
187:
186:
183:
181:
176:
172:
169:
166:
160:
157:
154:
153:
145:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
114:
110:
105:
102:
101:sample values
99:
88:
86:
81:
79:
75:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
31:
29:
25:
20:
2374:Elevated ALP
2340:Hypouricemia
2309:Hypoglycemia
2245:Unconjugated
2210:
1975:
1893:Electrolytes
1687:
1499:Solvent drag
1492:Reabsorption
1374:
1363:
1344:
1316:
1310:
1256:
1214:are produced
1192:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1138:
1113:
1002:
894:
785:
782:
644:
633:
617:
614:
601:
597:
595:
588:
551:
441:
379:
339:
323:
285:
237:ALVEOLAR GAS
235:
178:
113:ELECTROLYTES
107:
82:
62:
50:base deficit
49:
45:
39:
2323:Nitrogenous
2158:CPK-MB test
2098:Lipid panel
2033:Transferrin
1981:Bicarbonate
1976:Base excess
1885:blood tests
1837:Natriuresis
1702:Delta ratio
1688:Base excess
1599:Aldosterone
1167:bicarbonate
636:bicarbonate
620:Poul Astrup
85:bicarbonate
46:base excess
22:Base excess
2426:Categories
2250:Conjugated
2078:Metabolism
2018:Serum iron
2005:Iron tests
1926:Creatinine
1712:Buffering
1640:Body water
1619:Calcitriol
1539:Filtration
1303:References
1257:The serum
899:equation:
630:Estimation
606:hemoglobin
381:URINALYSIS
91:Definition
42:physiology
2240:Bilirubin
2190:Proteins
2168:Myoglobin
1966:Anion gap
1958:Acid-base
1906:Potassium
1698:Anion gap
1468:Clearance
1461:Secretion
1451:Creating
1259:anion gap
1220:, due to
1091:−
1082:×
1065:−
1048:×
1026:×
959:−
877:−
868:×
854:−
832:×
756:−
742:×
730:−
720:−
691:×
626:in 1958.
580:CSF/S glu
574:CSF/S alb
80:of 7.40.
74:titrating
2353:Proteins
2330:Azotemia
2262:Pancreas
2048:Hormones
2013:Ferritin
1911:Chloride
1587:Hormones
1509:Chloride
1270:chloride
1244:methanol
1237:Diarrhea
602:standard
326:= â0.36
2270:Amylase
1995:Lactate
1990:content
1916:Calcium
1529:Protein
1519:Glucose
1252:aspirin
1226:hypoxia
1149:opposes
1023:0.02786
568:CSF glu
562:CSF alb
516:AST/ALT
443:PROTEIN
424:= 1.01
410:= 0.95
356:= 300
230:= 7.40
33:11555-0
2275:Lipase
1901:Sodium
1660:Plasma
1504:Sodium
1351:
1323:
1094:124.58
880:124.58
805:
664:
598:actual
582:= 0.6
576:= 7.5
538:= 1.0
532:= 3.0
530:AF alb
524:= 0.2
518:= 0.6
506:= 0.5
494:= 4.0
480:= 0.7
468:= 7.6
462:= 100
436:= 800
398:= 100
372:BUN:Cr
362:= 295
301:= 2.0
295:= 9.5
286:OTHER:
274:= 105
173:= 1.0
130:= 100
124:= 140
2400:Other
1842:Urine
1815:Other
1609:Renin
1453:urine
1131:, or
1121:, or
1079:13.77
865:13.77
570:= 60
564:= 30
546:= 60
500:= 40
488:= 71
474:= 25
430:= 60
418:= 25
392:= 80
374:= 20
345:RENAL
332:= 16
320:= 55
280:= 10
278:A-a g
259:= 36
224:= 95
209:= 40
194:= 24
167:= 22
146:= 150
136:= 20
28:LOINC
1931:Urea
1774:Kt/V
1514:Urea
1442:and
1349:ISBN
1321:ISBN
829:0.93
739:14.8
733:24.4
688:0.93
622:and
536:SAAG
478:TBIL
408:FENa
404:= 5
368:= 5
310:= 1
158:= 4
54:base
48:and
2361:LFT
2235:GGT
2223:AST
2218:ALT
2206:ALP
2108:HDL
2103:LDL
1277:See
1186:or
1068:6.1
759:7.4
553:CSF
544:SOG
498:ALT
492:Alb
486:ALP
472:AST
460:LDH
428:UCr
422:USG
402:UAG
396:UCl
390:UNa
366:POG
360:PCO
354:PMO
189:HCO
171:PCr
144:Glu
134:BUN
109:BMP
40:In
2428::
1986:CO
1642::
1335:^
1290:/
1246:,
1052:10
640:pH
612:.
522:BU
504:BC
466:TP
447:GI
434:UO
416:UK
330:AG
324:BE
318:CK
305:PO
299:Mg
293:Ca
254:CO
228:pH
204:CO
162:CO
128:Cl
122:Na
78:pH
44:,
1988:2
1876:e
1869:t
1862:v
1807:)
1798:(
1704:)
1700:(
1667:)
1653:(
1432:e
1425:t
1418:v
1357:.
1329:.
1156:2
1141:2
1088:H
1085:p
1076:+
1071:)
1062:H
1059:p
1056:(
1043:2
1039:O
1035:C
1032:a
1029:P
1020:=
1017:E
1014:B
985:]
980:2
976:O
972:C
969:[
964:]
954:3
950:O
946:C
943:H
940:[
934:g
931:o
928:l
925:+
922:K
919:p
916:=
913:H
910:p
874:H
871:p
862:+
859:]
849:3
845:O
841:C
838:H
835:[
826:=
823:s
820:s
817:e
814:c
811:x
808:e
802:e
799:s
796:a
793:B
768:)
763:)
753:H
750:p
746:(
736:+
726:]
715:3
711:O
707:C
704:H
700:[
695:(
685:=
682:s
679:s
676:e
673:c
670:x
667:e
661:e
658:s
655:a
652:B
591:2
555::
453::
449:/
445:/
383::
347::
343:/
307:4
271:2
269:O
266:A
263:p
256:2
251:A
248:p
239::
221:2
219:O
216:a
213:p
206:2
201:a
198:p
191:3
182::
164:2
156:K
149:\
140:/
115::
111:/
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