507:, sodium moves down its concentration gradient to move glucose up its concentration gradient. Sodium has a greater concentration outside of the cell, and binds to the symporter, which is in its outward facing conformation. Once sodium is bound, glucose can bind from the extracellular space, causing the symporter to switch into the occluded formation (closed) before opening to the inside of the cell and releasing the two sodium ions and the one glucose molecule. Once both are released, the symporter re-orients itself to the outward facing conformation and the process starts all over again. A major example of up-regulation of the sodium-glucose symporter is seen in patients with
495:
466:
486:
leads to an inability of action potentials to propagate at their usual rate, leading to a lowered hear rate and potentially heart failure. In COLD diagnoses, a majority of patients found to have a lowered amount of magnesium and potassium also had a decreased concentration of the sodium-potassium pump in skeletal and smooth muscle during respiratory failure. COLD is treatable in the short term by glucocorticoid which up-regulates the sodium-potassium pump, helping to support muscle endurance and increase muscle activity during these episodes of respiratory failure.
520:
533:
charge. Water then moves in with the sodium to balance the osmotic pressure and ultimately leads to the thinning of mucus. In cases of Cystic
Fibrosis, the CFTR is defective and only binds a single ATP, leading to the channel failing to open and preventing chloride ions from diffusing into the airway lumen. Since chloride ions cannot diffuse in, there is no movement of sodium into the airway lumen, and no need for water to move into the lumen, leading to thick mucus that clogs and infects the airway lumen.
31:
353:(positively charged ion) in extracellular fluids in animals and humans. These fluids, such as blood plasma and extracellular fluids in other tissues, bathe cells and carry out transport functions for nutrients and wastes. Sodium is also the principal cation in seawater, although the concentration there is about 3.8 times what it is normally in extracellular body fluids.
787:
Thus, a minimum average requirement for adults can be estimated under conditions of maximal adaptation and without active sweating as no more than 5 mEq/day, which corresponds to 115 mg of sodium or approximately 300 mg of sodium chloride per day. In consideration of the wide variation
477:
works with the sodium and potassium leak channels to maintain the membrane potential between the cell and the extracellular space. Sodium moves down the concentration gradient from the cytosol into the extracellular matrix. Potassium moves down its concentration gradient from the extracellular matrix
481:
The sodium-potassium pump plays a large role in neural signaling due to the maintenance of cell membrane potential. This creates an action potential that causes the neurons to polarize and depolarize their membranes by opening and closing the voltage gated channels: this alters voltage potential and
410:
Severely dehydrated persons, such as people rescued from ocean or desert survival situations, usually have very high blood sodium concentrations. These must be very carefully and slowly returned to normal, since too-rapid correction of hypernatremia may result in brain damage from cellular swelling,
101:
Additionally, sodium ions are essential to several cellular processes. They are responsible for the co-transport of glucose in the sodium glucose symport, are used to help maintain membrane polarity with the help of the sodium potassium pump, and are paired with water to thin the mucus of the airway
443:
drug is given which causes the kidneys to excrete sodium, the effect is accompanied by an excretion of body water (water loss accompanies sodium loss). This happens because the kidney is unable to efficiently retain water while excreting large amounts of sodium. In addition, after sodium excretion,
485:
When the pump fails to function, patients are susceptible to illnesses like heart failure and chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD). Those who experienced an event of heart failure had on average, a 40% lower concentration of the sodium-potassium ATPase. This lack of polarization of the membrane
498:
The sodium-glucose symporter is initially opened to the extracellular matrix. Once 2 sodium and the glucose bind, the conformation closes to the extracellular matrix and opens to the cytosol where the sodium and glucose are released. The confirmation of the symporter than returns to the initial
1337:
Tomohiro Osanai; Naoto
Fujiwara; Masayuki Saitoh; Satoko Sasaki; Hirofumi Tomita; Masayuki Nakamura; Hiroshi Osawa; Hideaki Yamabe; Ken Okumura (2002). "Relationship between Salt Intake, Nitric Oxide and Asymmetric Dimethylarginine and Its Relevance to Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease â".
532:
works by binding two ATP to the A1 and A2, ATP-binding domain. This opens the CFTR channel and allows chloride ions to flow into the lungs and airway lumen. This influx of negatively charged chloride ions into the airway lumen causes sodium to move into the airway lumen to balance the negative
341:, and control them over long distances; excess sodium may also be stored in old plant tissue, limiting the damage to new growth. Though much how excess sodium loading in the xylem is yet to be determined. However, anti porter CHX21 can be attributed to active loading of sodium into the xylem.
478:
into the cytosol. In order to maintain the membrane potential, the sodium-potassium pump acts as a form of direct active transport where the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and an inorganic phosphate at the P-type ATPase moves 3 potassium ions back out of the cell and 2 sodium ions into the cell.
438:
system ordinarily works well to cause drinking or urination to restore the body's sodium concentrations to normal, this system can be used in medical treatment to regulate the body's total fluid content, by first controlling the body's sodium content. Thus, when a powerful
137:
for sodium is 1.2 to 1.5 g per day, but on average people in the United States consume 3.4 g per day, the minimum amount that promotes hypertension. Note that salt contains about 39.3% sodium by massâthe rest being chlorine and other trace chemicals; thus the
523:
Pictured on the left is the working CFTR where the ions are able to move through the cells and the mucus is thinned out. On the right is a not functioning CFTR that prevents the movements of ions and causes thicker mucus in the airway
192:, pumping ions against the gradient, and sodium-potassium channels. Sodium channels are known to be less selective in comparison to potassium channels. Sodium is the most prominent cation in extracellular fluid: in the 15 L of
215:
of the membranes with potentially fatal consequences. However, drugs with smaller effects on sodium ion motion in nerves may have diverse pharmacological effects that range from anti-depressant to anti-seizure actions.
422:
production. Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to vessel homeostasis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium.
469:
Here is a hand-drawn depiction of a membrane bound sodium-potassium pump and sodium and potassium ion channels can be seen along with the directed movement of the ions indicated by arrows.
379:
Although the system for maintaining optimal salt and water balance in the body is a complex one, one of the primary ways in which the human body keeps track of loss of body water is that
121:
The minimum physiological requirement for sodium is between 115 and 500 mg per day depending on sweating due to physical activity, and whether the person is adapted to the climate.
1546:
387:
sense a balance of sodium and water concentration in extracellular fluids. Relative loss of body water will cause sodium concentration to rise higher than normal, a condition known as
337:
can lead to enzyme inhibition, which in turn causes necrosis and chlorosis. To avoid these problems, plants developed mechanisms that limit sodium uptake by roots, store them in cell
662:
Pohl, Hanna R.; Wheeler, John S.; Murray, H. Edward (2013). "Chapter 2. Sodium and
Potassium in Health and Disease". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel (ed.).
139:
511:, where there is roughly a 3-4 fold up-regulation of the sodium-glucose symporter (SGLT1). This leads to an influx of glucose into the cell and results in hyperglycemia.
236:
the sodium ion as "salty." Receptors for the pure salty taste respond best to sodium; otherwise, the receptors respond only to a few other small monovalent cations (
903:
1393:
Pirahanchi Y, Jessu R, Aeddula NR. Physiology, Sodium
Potassium Pump. . In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from:
1968:
542:
899:
751:
National
Research Council (US) Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (1989). "10". In National Academies Press (US) (ed.).
1408:"The concentration of sodium,potassium pumps in chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) patients: the impact of magnesium depletion and steroid treatment"
529:
1521:
1553:
391:. This ordinarily results in thirst. Conversely, an excess of body water caused by drinking will result in too little sodium in the blood (
1273:
Clausen, Michael Jakob
Voldsgaard; Poulsen, Hanne (2013). "Chapter 3 Sodium/Potassium Homeostasis in the Cell". In Banci, Lucia (ed.).
1005:
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system may sense lowered sodium concentration in the blood and then direct compensatory urinary water loss in order to correct the
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1310:
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and aiding in the opening and closing of stomata. Excess sodium in the soil limits the uptake of water due to decreased
1092:
704:
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and other mineral sources. The animal need for sodium is probably the reason for the highly conserved ability to
176:, which depends on sodium ion motion across the nerve cell membrane, in all nerves. Sodium is thus important in
1639:
788:
of patterns of physical activity and climatic exposure, a safe minimum intake might be set at 500 mg/day.
260:
ion (Ca) also tastes salty and sometimes bitter to some people but, like potassium, can trigger other tastes.
1917:
407:, and a consequent loss of water in the urine, which acts to restore blood sodium concentrations to normal.
1539:
161:
17:
1463:"Rapid Upregulation of Sodium-Glucose Transporter SGLT1 in Response to Intestinal Sweet Taste Stimulation"
1407:
894:
1963:
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1942:
800:
300:
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in a 70 kg human there is around 50 grams of sodium, 90% of the body's total sodium content.
165:
86:
reflect what happens when the body has too much or too little sodium. Characteristic concentrations of
125:
is the principal source of sodium in the diet, and is used as seasoning and preservative, such as for
1973:
1797:
1133:
Subbarao, G. V.; Ito, O.; Berry, W. L.; Wheeler, R. M. (2003). "SodiumâA Functional Plant
Nutrient".
465:
35:
956:"Impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of hypertension in Western populations"
263:
Sodium ions play a diverse and important role in many physiological processes, acting to regulate
314:
292:
1325:
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will generally be very low in sodium. This requires some herbivores to obtain their sodium from
1809:
873:
173:
150:
83:
1380:
Ma, Yunyan. "The
Significance of Sodium-Potassium Pump (Naâş, Kâş-ATPase) in Neural Signaling."
102:
lumen when the active Cystic
Fibrosis Transport Receptor moves chloride ions into the airway.
1749:
1624:
994:
827:
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288:
98:, 30 mM in budding yeast, 10 mM in mammalian cell and 100 mM in blood plasma.
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39:
8:
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1619:
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Stearns, Adam T.; Balakrishnan, Anita; Rhoads, David B.; Tavakkolizadeh, Ali (May 2010).
1336:
1110:"Manganese Nutrition and Photosynthesis in NAD-malic enzyme C4 plants Ph.D. dissertation"
583:
404:
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574: â Electric potential difference between interior and exterior of a biological cell
1978:
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1150:
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1181:
705:"Cell Biology by the Numbers: What are the concentrations of different ions in cells?"
153:/L (135 to 145 mmol/L). A serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L qualifies as
1983:
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74:. In animals, sodium ions are necessary for the aforementioned functions and for
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268:
224:
Since only some plants need sodium and those in small quantities, a completely
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1891:
1849:
1839:
1486:
1431:
1251:
926:
388:
366:
310:
208:
204:
157:, which is considered severe when the serum sodium level is below 125 mEq/L.
111:
71:
63:
1881:
1754:
1504:
1359:
1300:
1259:
1226:"Sodium in plants: perception, signalling, and regulation of sodium fluxes"
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154:
130:
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823:
Dietary
Reference Intakes: Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate
1802:
1739:
1242:
1225:
400:
374:
189:
67:
632:
482:
leads to neurotransmitter secretion and ultimately signal transmission.
30:
1690:
1460:
1277:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 12. Springer. pp. 41â67.
666:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 29â47.
200:
79:
1531:
1351:
334:
322:
306:
296:
317:(involved in the biosynthesis of various aromatic compounds, and in
1774:
1682:
1666:
839:
440:
370:
146:. The average daily excretion of sodium is between 40 and 220 mEq.
126:
764:
1782:
412:
338:
257:
184:; the distribution of sodium ions are mediated in all animals by
149:
Normal serum sodium levels are between approximately 135 and 145
1698:
1674:
1658:
1649:
515:
Sodium's role in the Cystic Fibrosis Transport Regulator (CFTR)
350:
177:
142:
of 2.3 g sodium would be about 5.9 g of saltâabout 1
87:
59:
55:
736:
Alberts, B; Hopkin, K; Johnson, A; Morgan, D; Raff, M (2019).
664:
Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases
321:) and synthesis of chlorophyll. In others, it substitutes for
911:(7th ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 22.
333:, which may result in wilting; similar concentrations in the
233:
75:
51:
418:
In humans, a high-salt intake was demonstrated to attenuate
58:
as a nutrient is more generally needed in larger amounts by
1527:
Oregon State University â Micronutrient Information Center
735:
211:
in nerves and muscles, causing a massive and irreversible
313:
that aids in metabolism, specifically in regeneration of
1132:
995:
General, Organic, and Biochemistry: An Applied Approach
276:
954:
Geleijnse, J. M.; Kok, F. J.; Grobbee, D. E. (2004).
356:
609:"A plastidial sodium-dependent pyruvate transporter"
953:
50:) are necessary in small amounts for some types of
752:
180:function and osmoregulation between cells and the
1382:Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology
661:
550: â Neuron communication by electric impulses
105:
1955:
1522:Brooks/Cole publishers â Sodium Potassium pump
1272:
207:, increase the sodium ion permeability of the
38:, a critical enzyme for regulating sodium and
1969:Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements
1547:
1395:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537088/
543:Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements
455:
411:as water moves suddenly into cells with high
133:; most of it comes from processed foods. The
900:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
395:), a condition which is again sensed by the
1168:Zhu, J. K. (2001). "Plant salt tolerance".
489:
344:
62:, due to their use of it for generation of
1554:
1540:
530:Cystic Fibrosis Transport Regulator (CFTR)
1494:
1405:
1241:
971:
801:"Sodium and Potassium Quick Health Facts"
1223:
1082:
606:
518:
493:
464:
460:
29:
1561:
874:"How much sodium should I eat per day?"
702:
14:
1956:
1107:
905:Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010
325:in several roles, such as maintaining
1535:
868:
866:
580: â Use of Potassium by organisms
568: â Use of Magnesium by organisms
1224:Maathuis, Frans J. M. (2014-03-01).
731:
729:
727:
725:
602:
600:
586: â Use of Selenium by organisms
1652: (Core six elements)
1424:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1997.69891000.x
1167:
556: â Use of calcium by organisms
24:
1135:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
1087:. Benjamin/Cummings. p. 795.
876:. American Heart Association. 2016
863:
607:Furumoto, Tsuyoshi (24 Aug 2011).
562: â Use of Iodine by organisms
357:Sodium and water balance in humans
168:indirectly regulate the amount of
25:
2000:
1515:
1115:. University of Missouri-Columbia
960:European Journal of Public Health
759:. National Academies Press (US).
722:
597:
425:
832:United States National Academies
219:
90:in model organisms are: 10
1454:
1406:Ravn, H. B.; DøRup, I. (2003).
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1196:
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1055:
1034:
1010:
999:
988:
947:
188:, which are active transporter
1640:Biological aspects of fluorine
1230:Journal of Experimental Botany
1204:"Plants and salt ion toxicity"
896:U.S. Department of Agriculture
888:
814:
793:
755:Recommended Dietary Allowances
744:
696:
655:
106:Sodium distribution in species
13:
1:
1918:Composition of the human body
1182:10.1016/S1360-1385(00)01838-0
590:
1479:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181d96e1f
1412:Journal of Internal Medicine
826:. Food and Nutrition Board,
140:Tolerable Upper Intake Level
7:
1928:Mineral (Essential element)
1283:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_3
672:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_2
536:
403:hormone secretion from the
10:
2005:
1943:Uranium in the environment
456:Sodium at a cellular level
452:(low blood sodium) state.
360:
301:Crop tolerance to seawater
286:
166:atrial natriuretic peptide
109:
27:Use of sodium by organisms
1910:
1798:Acute beryllium poisoning
1773:
1710:
1648:
1567:
1147:10.1080/07352680390243495
703:Milo, Ron; Philips, Rob.
282:
116:
1275:Metallomics and the Cell
740:(5th ed.). Pearson.
505:sodium-glucose symporter
490:Sodium-glucose symporter
399:, causing a decrease in
345:Sodium and Water Balance
162:reninâangiotensin system
1170:Trends in Plant Science
1083:Campbell, Neil (1987).
973:10.1093/eurpub/14.3.235
293:Salt tolerance of crops
66:and for maintenance of
1810:Chlorine gas poisoning
1108:Kering, M. K. (2008).
738:Essential Cell Biology
525:
500:
470:
349:Sodium is the primary
186:sodiumâpotassium pumps
174:central nervous system
84:health effects of salt
43:
1783:Argyria (Silver)
1625:Molybdenum in biology
1006:Table Salt Conversion
828:Institute of Medicine
522:
497:
475:sodium-potassium pump
468:
461:Sodium-potassium pump
289:Soil salinity control
78:activity and certain
36:sodiumâpotassium pump
33:
1923:Lithium (medication)
1635:Arsenic biochemistry
1595:Manganese in biology
1585:Potassium in biology
1580:Magnesium in biology
578:Potassium in biology
566:Magnesium in biology
1793:Beryllium poisoning
1620:Selenium in biology
1562:Elements in biology
1384:66 (2023): 208-212.
709:book.bionumbers.org
633:10.1038/nature10250
625:2011Natur.476..472F
584:Selenium in biology
405:posterior pituitary
315:phosphoenolpyruvate
273:osmotic equilibrium
194:extracellular fluid
182:extracellular fluid
170:signal transduction
1964:Biological systems
1887:Thallium poisoning
1590:Calcium in biology
1243:10.1093/jxb/ert326
572:Membrane potential
554:Calcium in biology
526:
501:
471:
44:
1951:
1950:
1897:Toxic heavy metal
1882:Selenium toxicity
1867:Mercury poisoning
1835:Fluoride toxicity
1830:Cadmium poisoning
1815:Chromium toxicity
1788:Arsenic poisoning
1630:Iodine in biology
1610:Copper in biology
1605:Cobalt in biology
1575:Sodium in biology
1467:Annals of Surgery
1352:10.1159/000063555
1311:978-94-007-5561-1
1292:978-94-007-5560-4
918:978-0-16-087941-8
902:(December 2010).
849:978-0-309-09169-5
774:978-0-309-04633-6
681:978-94-007-7499-5
619:(7361): 472â475.
560:Iodine in biology
16:(Redirected from
1996:
1974:Dietary minerals
1862:Lithium toxicity
1820:Cobalt poisoning
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1044:. MayoClinic.com
1038:
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1018:"Sodium - Urine"
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992:
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929:. Archived from
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548:Action potential
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252:and somewhat to
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226:plant-based diet
49:
21:
2004:
2003:
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1954:
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1933:Oxygen toxicity
1906:
1825:Copper toxicity
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1615:Zinc in biology
1600:Iron in biology
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1206:. Plant Biology
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509:type 2 diabetes
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361:Main articles:
359:
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331:water potential
327:turgor pressure
319:carbon fixation
303:
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237:
222:
135:Adequate Intake
123:Sodium chloride
119:
114:
108:
82:functions. The
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42:levels in cells
28:
23:
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1877:Nickel allergy
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1872:Metal toxicity
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1857:Lead poisoning
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1063:"Hyponatremia"
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1042:"Hyponatremia"
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389:hypernatremia
386:
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381:osmoreceptors
376:
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367:Hypernatremia
364:
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220:Other animals
217:
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205:batrachotoxin
202:
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172:in the human
171:
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112:Halotolerance
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73:
72:fluid balance
69:
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41:
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1712:Deficiencies
1699:
1691:
1683:
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1456:
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1415:
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450:hyponatremic
446:osmoreceptor
436:osmoreceptor
432:hypothalamus
430:Because the
429:
420:nitric oxide
417:
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397:hypothalamus
393:hyponatremia
385:hypothalamus
378:
363:Hyponatremia
348:
304:
265:blood volume
262:
223:
199:Some potent
198:
190:solute pumps
159:
155:hyponatremia
148:
120:
100:
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70:balance and
45:
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1803:Berylliosis
1340:Blood Purif
1320:electronic-
401:vasopressin
375:Vasopressin
201:neurotoxins
68:electrolyte
1958:Categories
1750:Molybdenum
1210:2010-11-02
1119:2011-11-09
1069:2013-06-30
1065:. Medscape
1048:2010-09-01
1027:2022-04-29
940:2011-11-23
880:21 October
855:21 October
806:7 November
591:References
287:See also:
230:salt licks
203:, such as
110:See also:
1979:Nutrition
1745:Manganese
1740:Potassium
1694:hosphorus
1487:0003-4932
1432:0954-6820
1326:1868-0402
1318:1559-0836
1252:0022-0957
927:738512922
649:205225645
335:cytoplasm
323:potassium
307:C4 plants
297:Halophyte
80:metabolic
40:potassium
1984:Serology
1775:Toxicity
1760:Selenium
1720:Chromium
1568:Elements
1505:20395849
1448:28561998
1368:46833231
1360:12207094
1301:23595670
1260:24151301
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537:See also
441:diuretic
371:Diuretic
339:vacuoles
164:and the
144:teaspoon
127:pickling
1911:Related
1686:itrogen
1670:ydrogen
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1440:9042090
1085:Biology
714:8 March
621:Bibcode
503:In the
413:osmolar
383:in the
258:calcium
256:). The
96:E. coli
60:animals
1989:Sodium
1755:Sodium
1735:Iodine
1725:Copper
1650:CHONPS
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373:, and
351:cation
299:, and
283:Plants
178:neuron
117:Humans
88:sodium
56:sodium
54:, but
52:plants
1702:ulfur
1678:xygen
1662:arbon
1444:S2CID
1364:S2CID
1151:S2CID
1113:(PDF)
934:(PDF)
909:(PDF)
645:S2CID
234:taste
131:jerky
76:heart
1765:Zinc
1730:Iron
1501:PMID
1483:ISSN
1436:PMID
1428:ISSN
1356:PMID
1322:ISSN
1314:ISSN
1307:ISBN
1297:PMID
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978:PMID
923:OCLC
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882:2016
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716:2017
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