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639:). After self-fertilization, pale yellow flowers are borne on the freely growing branching stems; these stems then grow downwards into the soil, taking the developing seed within the pods, which makes breeding and development of new cultivars for the traits of interest difficult. The seeds will form pods encasing seeds just below the soil. The pods are round, wrinkled and each contains one or two seeds that are round, smooth and very hard when dried.The seeds may be cream colored, brown, red, mottled or black eyed and their size is about 8.5–15 mm × 6.5–10 mm × 5.5–9 mm.
57:
1456:. Overall, the hulls of the crop were the optimum source of flavonoids and tannins: the brown and red hulls had the highest concentration of flavonoids compared to whole and dehulled, with the highest flavonoid concentration being rutin at 24.46 mg g−1 found in brown hulls and myricetin at 1.80 mg g−1 found in red hulls. Lastly, formulating products with higher concentration of Bambara groundnut hulls could potentially result in a product with higher phytochemical content.
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900:, where it was putatively introduced in the 1600s with the slave trade. West Africa is the main Bambara groundnut production region in SSA, where Burkina Faso, Niger, and Cameroon are the leading producers, contributing to 74% of global production. However, it was reported by Ghanaian farmers to contribute neither to a large part of the subsistence food nor of the income.
799:, however the planting density varies between 6 and 29 plants per square meter. For woodland savannas of Côte d'Ivoire, the highest yield is attainable with a plant density of 25 plants per square meter. Despite its suitability for intercropping systems due to its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, a non-negligible proportion of farmers grow the
754:
Seedbed type doesn't seem to affect yield or biomass production of
Bambara groundnut. The crop can thus be planted on flat terrain, although it is also planted in ridges. Studies show that increased sowing density has a positive effect on production calculated on a per-area basis, but has a negative
1095:
The yield level of
Bambara groundnut in Africa varies from 0.6 to 1 tonne per hectare, depending on variety and production conditions. However, unshelled mean yields of up to 3 tonnes per hectare were reported when cultivating some landraces in the transition agro-ecological zone in Nigeria . A low
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can grow on soils with low fertility and is even reported to do better on these soils than on fertile ones. Nevertheless, phosphate fertilization can have a beneficial effect. For example, the application of superphosphate can improve the yield of the
Bambara groundnut. Moreover, fertilization with
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uniform in size. The pods are thin and do not wrinkle when drying. Domesticated versions are more compact, have fleshy pods that wrinkle as they dry, with longer, less slender, and more erect petioles, and larger seeds (11–15 mm long). Wild and domesticated types are sometimes distinguished as
1448:
were recorded. Moreover, scientists examined the chemical properties of starches in
Bambara groundnut. The results revealed that seed source and crop management practices affected chemical composition. Food fortification, the use of artificial supplements, and food imports are among the strategies
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typically takes about 130–150 days to mature, but early or late harvests only marginally reduce the yield. The pods, which grow belowground, are harvested manually by pulling out the whole crop and picking the pods by hand. Then, they are usually dried in the sun for some days. Post-harvest losses
726:
The
Bambara groundnut is very drought-resistant. The minimal annual rainfall requirement is about 300 mm and optimal annual rainfall is between 750 mm and 1400 mm and should not exceed 3000 mm. Bambara groundnut can tolerate heavy rainfall, but it will result in yield losses if
646:
The genus Vigna, which includes about 80 species, is found throughout the tropics. There are considerable morphological differences between wild and domesticated types of
Bambara groundnuts. Long runners are produced by wild Bambara groundnut, and the seeds are smaller (9–11 mm long) and more
627:
Bambara is considered as a fast-growing crop. The growth cycle is between (min-max) 90–170 days and under optimal conditions the cycle is about 120–150 days to pod maturity. Flowers appear 40–60 days after planting. After pollination, the pod reaches maturity, and during another 55 days, the seeds
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Several factors are essential for promoting cross-pollination in
Bambara and these include a proper nursery habitat, short day lengths (<12h), an average temperature of 26 °C, which is necessary for optimum flowering and pod formation and a relative humidity of 90%. The strict photoperiod
623:
Bambara groundnut is a herbaceous, intermediate, annual plant, with creeping stems at ground level. It is a small legume plant that grows to a height of 0.25–0.37m with compound leaves of three leaflets having stipules about 3 mm long. The flowers have a tube calyx about 1 mm long and 5
306:
Bambara groundnut represents the third most important grain legume in semi-arid Africa. It is resistant to high temperatures and is suitable for marginal soils where other leguminous crops cannot be grown. It is a low-impact crop. The entire plant is known for soil improvement because of nitrogen
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The primary goal of
Bambara improvement programs is to focus on seed yield and nutritional quality traits. There is a notable gap between the potential yield of 4 t/ha and the average yield of 0.85 t/ha reported for African countries. Thus, breeding should aim at improving the yield. Results of
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The
Bambara groundnut needs to be cooked for a relatively long time, which means that more fuel is needed than for cooking other legumes. The cooking time for fresh beans is 45–60 minutes, and dry beans may even take 3–4 hours. This presents an obstacle to a more widespread use of this crop.
671:. Its potential to be used as an alternative to chemical fertilizer in agriculture has been investigated for many years. The process is also very important to improve soil fertility and to supply other non-leguminous crops with the nitrogen left in the soil after the legume is harvested.
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In South
Eastern Nigeria, particularly in Enugu, the dried Bambara beans are ground into a fine powder, then mixed with palm oil, water and, more rarely, vegetables (e.g., utazi), then poured into banana leaf wraps or one-liter cellophane bags before being boiled into a pudding to make
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lobes about 1 mm long as well as a whitish yellow corolla, 4–7 mm long. The fruit is an indehiscent pod almost globose about 2.5 cm in diameter. The plant generally looks like bunched leaves arising from branched stems, which form a crown on the soil surface.
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used to overcome the problem of malnutrition in Africa. The adoption of traditional plant breeding methods to enhance nutritional benefits of orphan food crops such as Bambara groundnut is an economic and affordable strategy to decrease malnutrition in Africa.
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The seeds are used for food, beverages because of their high protein content and for digestive system applications. In West Africa, the nuts are eaten as a snack, roasted and salted, processed into cake, or as a meal, boiled similarly to other beans.
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The annual production of Bambara groundnut is estimated to be 0.2 million tonnes from an area of 0.25 million hectares worldwide. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is the largest producer of Bambara groundnut, while a small quantity is produced in
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mean yield of 0.85 tonnes per hectare was reported in Ghana under good management practices close to yield levels of other legumes such as cowpeas (0.80 tonnes per hecatare) and pigeon peas (0.78 tonnes per hectare).
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Sowing is usually performed manually by peasant farmers in tropical Africa, but it can also be done mechanically on industrial farms using modified soya bean planters. Manual sowing is generally done using a
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requirement of Bambara also limits its productivity in countries further away from the equator. In some accessions, long days (>12h) negatively affect pod-setting, resulting in crop failure.
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The Bambara groundnut plays an important role in the diet and culture of populations. The leaves, rich in phosphorus, are used for livestock feed. Seeds are given to pigs and poultry.
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723:) climate zones. Optimal temperature is between 19 °C and 30 °C. Temperatures below 16 °C and above 38 °C are not suited for the production of Bambara groundnut.
2271:
Adzawla, W, Donkoh, SA, Nyarko, G, et al. (2016). "Use patterns and perceptions about the attributes of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) in Northern Ghana".
1380:, a common breakfast food. During the rainy season in many parts of central Nigeria, the fresh Bambara beans are cooked with their shells still on them, then eaten as a snack.
2986:"Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc): A Crop for the New Millennium, Its Genetic Diversity, and Improvements to Mitigate Future Food and Nutritional Challenges"
598:", it was once common in local markets but has since declined in prevalence over the past decades. This particular lineage, descends from seeds that were carried to the
295:. As a food and source of income, the Bambara groundnut is considered to be the third most important leguminous crop in those African countries where it is grown, after
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effect on per-plant yield. It is assumed that at higher sowing densities, increased competition between plants is the cause of lower pod and seed number per plant.
803:
in monoculture and report that its performance is better as a single crop. Cultivation is mainly performed manually and is comparable to the production of
840:
It is widely regarded as a pest and disease resistant crop. However, there is a lack of evidence to support this claim, with reports of fungal attacks by
1092:, Mali, Togo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo with a total production of 0.06, 0.05, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02, and 0.01 million tonnes, respectively.
2712:"Physicochemical and micro-structural properties of flours, starch and proteins from two varieties of legumes: bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea)"
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1640:"Hard-to-cook phenomenon in bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) processing: Options to improve its role in providing food security"
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688:. Well-drained soils make the harvest easier and prevent rotting of the pods. Stony areas are typically avoided to prevent damage of the pods.
3267:
2443:
743:). Priming the seeds with water by soaking them overnight and then drying them before sowing improves seedling emergence, vigour and yield.
2399:"Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer on Nitrogen Fixation by Some Grain Legume Varieties in Sudano – Sahelian Zone of North Eastern Nigeria"
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303:. The crop is mainly cultivated, sold and processed by women, and is, thus, particularly valuable for female subsistence farmers.
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2358:"Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) Production, Utilisation and Genetic Improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa"
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Kouassi NJ, Zoro Bi IA (2010). "Effect Of Sowing Density And Seedbed Type On Yield And Yield Components In Bambara Groundnut (
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Applications of pressure, heat, infrared radiation, dry extrusion and chemicals such as cysteine have been shown to reduce
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1700:"The potential of the underutilized pulse bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) for nutritional food security"
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available for breeding since around 6145 germplasms of the Bambara groundnut have been collected and are stored ex situ.
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is best suited between 5 and 6.5 and should not be lower than 4.3 or higher than 7. Bambara groundnut is tolerant to
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Moreover, if the bean is not cooked enough, it can cause bloating of the stomach, constipation and flatulence.
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is sometimes termed a “complete food” due to its balanced macronutrient composition. It is considered to be a
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The form and colour of Bambara groundnut were all important factors to optimize the best extraction yield of
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are reported to be on a low level. However, insect pests can cause damage to stored grains, most importantly
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2653:"Flavonoids and tannin composition of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) of Mpumalanga, South Africa"
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beverage that not only increase the economic value of the nutritious legume but also help in addressing
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2171:"Growth, development and yield of bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranea ) in response to soil moisture"
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2898:"Potential of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) Milk as a Probiotic Beverage—A Review"
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studies exhibited high protein content among the test genotypes. Similarly, high levels of essential
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by up to 50%, as well as lowering digestibility and bioavailability of other nutrients. ANFs include
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2769:"Functional Components and Anti-Nutritional Factors in Gluten-Free Grains: A Focus on Quinoa Seeds"
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325:). They can be eaten fresh or boiled after drying, and can be ground either fresh or dry to make
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The production is best suited between a latitude of 20° and 30°, i.e. the tropical wet and dry (
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2540:"Bambara Groundnut: An Underutilized Leguminous Crop for Global Food Security and Nutrition"
1549:. Vol. II: Vegetables. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2006. p. 53.
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1610:"Definition And Classification Of Commodities (Draft): 4. Pulses And Derived Products"
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or a cutlass to open the soil. One seed is placed in each hole which are then closed.
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phosphorus enhances the crop's nitrogen fixation and increases its nitrogen content.
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and remains an important component of traditional cuisine. It is also cultivated in
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2599:"Diversity of the Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species of Importance in Benin"
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2867:"Bambara Nut: A Review of Utilisation, Market Potential and Crop Improvement"
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2008:
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1586:"Version 10.38 20 July 2010 - Scientific Names: Vigna subterranea (L.)Verdc."
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2018:
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The top six Bambara groundnut producing countries in Africa in 2018 include
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1128:, while the red hull resulted in having with the highest concentrations of
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Taahir Harris, Victoria Jideani, MarilizeLe Roes-Hill (1 September 2018).
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Optimal soils for Bambara groundnut production are sandy soils to prevent
3202:
3112:
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Koné M, Paice AG, Touré Y (2011). Preedy VR, Watson RR, Patel VB (eds.).
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FAO | Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture
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2292:"Voandzou, Voandzeia subterranea Thouars, and its cultivation in Kwango"
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Bambara Groundnut ... a Link from the Past and Resource for the Future
1161:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
667:, Bambara groundnut fixes atmospheric nitrogen through the process of
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150:
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1963:
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Bambara groundnut has nutritive value ranging between 57.9% to 64%
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to prevent insect and fungal attack, and being eaten by bush fowl (
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Generative reproduction is for the Bambara groundnut autogamous, (
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Azman Halimi R, Barkla BJ, Mayes S, et al. (1 April 2019).
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increased from 29,800 tonnes in 1972 to 79,155 tonnes in 2015.
361:
and has been cultivated for centuries as an important source of
3168:
3021:
2709:
2597:
Dansi A, R. Vodouhe, P. Azokpota, et al. (19 April 2012).
2169:
Collinson ST, Azam-Ali SN, Chavula KM, et al. (May 1996).
2080:
Food and Potential Industrial Applications of Bambara Groundnut
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Optimal soil depth is between 50 and 100 cm, with a light
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300:
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120:
2828:"Inactivation methods of soybean trypsin inhibitor – A review"
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1775:
Baryeh E (2001). "Physical properties of bambara groundnuts".
1638:
Mubaiwa J, Fogliano V, Chidewe C, et al. (4 March 2017).
2710:
Kaptso KG, Njintang YN, Nguemtchouin MM, et al. (2014).
1900:
Flora und fauna der comoren reisen in Ostafrika in den Jahren
1336:. ANFs can be removed or lowered by a variety of treatments:
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Bambara groundnut - NUS Community, Bioversity International
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860:. The crop is also susceptible to attack by cowpea weevil (
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1612:. Food and Agriculture Organization. 1994. Archived from
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The Bambara groundnut is predominantly cultivated across
1369:
Traditional culinary use of Bambara groundnut in Nigeria
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Bambara Groundnut -- Voandzeia subterranea (L.) Thouars
337:
The Bambara groundnut is thought to have originated in
1476:. The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species.
1383:
1116:. The brown hull showed the highest concentrations of
2953:
Chapter 22 - Bambara Groundnut Usage in Human Health
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2013:. Plainfield, N.J.: H.N. Moldenke and A.L. Moldenke.
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Ghana Journal of Science, Technology and Development
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2984:Khan MM, Rafii MY, Ramlee SI, et al. (2021).
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2865:Hillocks, R.J., Bennett, C., Mponda, O.M. (2012).
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618:
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369:. Its cultural significance is notable among the
317:which ripens its pods underground, much like the
3520:
2826:Vagadia BH, Vanga SK, Raghavan V (1 June 2017).
2538:Tan XL, Azam-Ali S, Goh EV, et al. (2020).
1680:
1201:Micronutrient content of the Bambara groundnut.
2397:Yakubu, H., Kwari, J.D., Sandabe, M.K. (2010).
2356:Majola NG, Gerrano AS, Shimelis H (July 2021).
2111:"Vigna subterranea (PROTA) — PlantUse Français"
1994:"Flora de la Hispaniola en Sellos - Plantas II"
1873:Du Puy DJ, Royal Botanic Gardens, eds. (2002).
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2902:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
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1917:. Dehra Dun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh.
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763:The cropping system is semi-permanent and the
628:fully develop, producing again every 30 days.
2896:Murevanhema YY, Jideani VA (1 January 2013).
2403:Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science
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1388:Bambara groundnut milk can be fermented with
1340:Cooking and thermal treatment of pulse seeds.
735:Before sowing, the seeds can be treated with
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1308:can reduce protein digestibility, affecting
795:. Bambara groundnut is mainly cultivated as
332:
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2216:
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2225:) In Woodland Savannas Of Cote D'ivoire".
2078:Oyeyinka SA, Ade-Omowaye BI, eds. (2021).
896:. Additionally, the crop is cultivated in
527:Beyond Africa, Bambara groundnut has been
42:
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2010:Flora of Hispaniola / Alain Henri Liogier
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1704:Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
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836:Interactions: Pests, diseases, symbionts
3052:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
2832:Trends in Food Science & Technology
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2006:
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1513:United States Department of Agriculture
1504:Germplasm Resources Information Network
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1110:neglected and underutilized food source
767:can be cultivated as single crop or as
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14:
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2767:Melini V, Melini F (7 February 2021).
2716:Journal of Food Science and Technology
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1416:The Bambara groundnut is used in some
393:is closely linked to the interplay of
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1192:) have 27% and 61% of carbohydrates.
341:, particularly in areas now known as
3065:West African plants – A Photo Guide.
2955:. Academic Press. pp. 189–196.
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2175:The Journal of Agricultural Science
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1996:(in Spanish). Eco-Hispaniola. 2024.
1423:
1384:Potential use in probiotic beverage
500:, it is grown in countries such as
416:, it is grown in countries such as
412:, encompassing several regions. In
24:
2961:10.1016/B978-0-12-375688-6.10022-2
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1764:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
1526:
719:) and the subtropical dry summer (
25:
3555:
3014:
1571:
1184:content. In comparison, soybean (
819:Harvest and postharvest treatment
759:Cropping system and fertilization
3480:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:496879-1
3325:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:525534-1
3020:
1940:"A Manual of New Guinea Legumes"
1747:Seed Management Manual for Ghana
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1046:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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470:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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1891:
1866:
1355:
731:Seedbed requirements and sowing
619:Growth, development, physiology
563:, particularly in the state of
539:, where it is known locally as
380:
287:. Its name is derived from the
1938:Coode MJ, Verdcourt B (1980).
1877:. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.
1848:"Data sheet Vigna subterranea"
1602:
1474:"Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc"
1466:
904:Worldwide production and yield
674:
571:, especially on the island of
13:
1:
3529:Crops originating from Africa
2678:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00833
1875:The Leguminosae of Madagascar
1789:10.1016/s0260-8774(00)00136-9
1657:10.1080/87559129.2016.1149864
1509:Agricultural Research Service
1459:
874:
869:
771:. Best suited intercrops are
2914:10.1080/10408398.2011.574803
2871:African Crop Science Journal
2603:The Scientific World Journal
1418:traditional African medicine
1412:Traditional African medicine
1099:
669:biological nitrogen fixation
659:Biological nitrogen fixation
531:to other continents. On the
405:and agricultural practices.
283:) is a member of the family
7:
1777:Journal of Food Engineering
10:
3560:
2844:10.1016/j.tifs.2017.02.003
1716:10.1016/j.jfca.2018.12.008
1644:Food Reviews International
1212:Comparison with chickpeas
892:), the United States, and
846:in Southern Thailand, and
651:(Harms) Hepper (wild) and
613:
291:. The plant originated in
3361:
3087:
2728:10.1007/s13197-014-1580-7
2416:10.4314/njbas.v18i1.56837
2239:10.1017/S0014479709990494
2187:10.1017/S0021859600074864
2115:uses.plantnet-project.org
333:Origins and domestication
214:
207:
189:
182:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
2557:10.3389/fnut.2020.601496
2375:10.3390/agronomy11071345
2296:Bull. Agric. Congo Belge
2227:Experimental Agriculture
1302:anti-nutritional factors
1296:Anti-nutritional factors
863:Callosobruchus maculatus
727:they happen at harvest.
466:Central African Republic
351:Central African Republic
2019:10.5962/bhl.title.13031
594:where it is known as "
373:of Mali, from whom its
2544:Frontiers in Nutrition
1589:www.legumes-online.net
853:Colletotrichum capsici
559:, it is cultivated in
496:also cultivate it. In
3544:Nitrogen-fixing crops
2786:10.3390/foods10020351
2446:. FAO. Archived from
2037:www.livingseeds.co.za
1404:Use as livestock feed
1196:Micronutrient content
1144:Macronutrient content
918:Production Year 2013
236:Voandzeia subterranea
230:Voandzeia subterranea
3029:at Wikimedia Commons
1898:Voeltzkow A (1917).
1760:Yamaguchi M (1983).
1749:. Accra Ghana: MOFA.
1547:Lost Crops of Africa
1390:lactic acid bacteria
1104:This nutrient-dense
936:Production (tonnes)
930:Area Harvested (ha)
908:World production of
858:brown blotch disease
856:in Nigeria, causing
848:Cercospora canescens
711:Climate requirements
533:Indian Ocean Islands
289:Bambara ethnic group
3363:Glycine subterranea
2669:2018Heliy...400833H
2616:10.1100/2012/932947
2474:(in French). 2021.
2450:on 6 September 2015
2323:"Bambara groundnut"
2007:Liogier AH (1981).
1956:1980KewBu..35..447C
1913:Sanjappa M (1992).
1202:
1180:and 24.0% to 25.5%
224:Glycine subterranea
175:V. subterranea
3003:10.3390/su13105530
2082:. Cham: Springer.
1616:on 17 October 2018
1347:activity in whole
1200:
843:Rhizoctonia solani
699:should be low and
633:self-fertilization
592:Dominican Republic
410:Sub-Saharan Africa
3516:
3515:
3281:Open Tree of Life
3119:Vigna subterranea
3089:Vigna subterranea
3081:Taxon identifiers
3060:Vigna subterranea
3046:Vigna subterranea
3027:Vigna subterranea
3025:Media related to
2489:978-92-5-134633-4
2290:Rassel A (1960).
2223:Vigna subterranea
2146:Vigna subterranea
2089:978-3-030-73919-5
1924:978-81-211-0065-6
1884:978-1-900347-91-4
1745:Ocran VK (1998).
1564:978-0-309-10333-6
1497:Vigna subterranea
1430:genetic resources
1345:trypsin inhibitor
1318:enzyme inhibitors
1306:Vigna subterranea
1293:
1292:
1245:241. 92 – 571.00
1234:994. 5 – 1279.82
1231:308.40 – 2200.00
1174:
1173:
1082:
1081:
926:
910:Vigna subterranea
812:Bambara groundnut
801:Bambara groundnut
765:Bambara groundnut
680:Soil requirements
590:, it is grown in
579:, it is grown in
535:, it is found in
456:, it is found in
359:local communities
311:Vigna subterranea
253:Bambara groundnut
248:Vigna subterranea
244:
243:
193:Vigna subterranea
36:Vigna subterranea
18:Bambara groundnut
16:(Redirected from
3551:
3509:
3508:
3496:
3495:
3483:
3482:
3470:
3469:
3457:
3456:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3430:
3418:
3417:
3405:
3404:
3392:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3354:
3353:
3341:
3340:
3328:
3327:
3315:
3314:
3302:
3301:
3289:
3288:
3276:
3275:
3263:
3262:
3250:
3249:
3237:
3236:
3224:
3223:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3158:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3076:
3075:
3055:
3024:
3008:
3007:
3005:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2788:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2722:(8): 4915–4924.
2707:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2680:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2559:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2480:10.4060/cb4831fr
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2440:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2353:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2268:
2251:
2250:
2218:
2207:
2206:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2107:
2094:
2093:
2075:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1915:Legumes of India
1910:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1844:
1793:
1792:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1762:World Vegetables
1757:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1695:
1678:
1677:
1659:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1582:
1569:
1568:
1543:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1424:Crop development
1300:The presence of
1264:124.99 – 555.10
1242:173.97 – 563.00
1239:Phosphorus (mg)
1203:
1199:
1188:) and chickpea (
1156:
1155:
1148:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1020:
1018:
1017:
996:
994:
993:
972:
970:
969:
948:
946:
945:
920:
915:
914:
741:Numida meleagris
663:Like many other
653:var. subterranea
637:self-pollinating
608:Age of Discovery
581:Papua New Guinea
218:Arachis africana
195:
60:
59:
46:
32:
31:
27:Species of plant
21:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3491:
3486:
3478:
3473:
3465:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3439:
3434:
3426:
3421:
3413:
3408:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3357:
3349:
3344:
3336:
3331:
3323:
3318:
3310:
3305:
3297:
3292:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3154:
3149:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3083:
3042:
3017:
3012:
3011:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2949:
2945:
2894:
2890:
2863:
2859:
2824:
2820:
2765:
2761:
2708:
2704:
2649:
2642:
2595:
2591:
2536:
2532:
2520:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2490:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2395:
2391:
2354:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2288:
2284:
2269:
2254:
2219:
2210:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2142:Nichterlein K.
2140:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2097:
2090:
2076:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1964:10.2307/4114601
1936:
1932:
1925:
1911:
1907:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1796:
1773:
1769:
1758:
1754:
1743:
1739:
1696:
1681:
1636:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1584:
1583:
1572:
1565:
1545:
1544:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1493:
1492:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1444:, ribovin, and
1426:
1414:
1406:
1386:
1371:
1358:
1310:bioavailability
1298:
1275:11.38 – 149.50
1261:Magnesium (mg)
1256:81.70 – 222.65
1228:Potassium (mg)
1198:
1190:Cicer ariteneum
1170:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1102:
1039:
1037:
1015:
1013:
991:
989:
967:
965:
943:
941:
906:
877:
872:
838:
821:
761:
733:
713:
682:
677:
661:
621:
616:
498:Southern Africa
395:human migration
383:
335:
321:(also called a
251:(common names:
203:
197:
191:
178:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3557:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3534:Edible legumes
3531:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3506:wfo-0000196610
3497:
3484:
3471:
3458:
3445:
3432:
3419:
3406:
3393:
3383:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3351:wfo-0000189255
3342:
3329:
3316:
3303:
3290:
3277:
3264:
3251:
3238:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3147:
3134:
3124:
3109:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3056:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3016:
3015:External links
3013:
3010:
3009:
2990:Sustainability
2976:
2969:
2943:
2908:(9): 954–967.
2888:
2857:
2818:
2759:
2702:
2640:
2589:
2530:
2521:|website=
2488:
2461:
2430:
2389:
2335:
2313:
2282:
2252:
2208:
2181:(3): 307–318.
2161:
2127:
2095:
2088:
2049:
2024:
1999:
1985:
1930:
1923:
1905:
1890:
1883:
1865:
1794:
1783:(4): 321–326.
1767:
1752:
1737:
1679:
1650:(2): 167–194.
1627:
1601:
1570:
1563:
1555:10.17226/11763
1525:
1479:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1454:phytochemicals
1425:
1422:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1385:
1382:
1370:
1367:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1341:
1304:(ANFs) in the
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1267:3.21 – 191.00
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:Micronutrient
1197:
1194:
1172:
1171:
1160:
1158:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1101:
1098:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
986:
985:
982:
979:
976:
962:
961:
958:
955:
952:
938:
937:
934:
933:Yield (kg/ha)
931:
928:
905:
902:
882:Southeast Asia
876:
873:
871:
868:
837:
834:
820:
817:
760:
757:
732:
729:
712:
709:
697:Soil fertility
681:
678:
676:
673:
660:
657:
655:(cultivated).
649:var. spontanea
620:
617:
615:
612:
553:Comoro Islands
454:Central Africa
387:V. subterranea
385:The spread of
382:
379:
371:Bambara people
334:
331:
242:
241:
240:
239:
233:
227:
221:
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3424:
3420:
3416:
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3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2970:9780123756886
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2663:(9): e00833.
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
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2514:
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2400:
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2385:
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2340:
2324:
2317:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
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2172:
2165:
2149:
2147:
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2100:
2091:
2085:
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2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2038:
2034:
2033:"Bambara Nut"
2028:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1869:
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1849:
1843:
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1837:
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1833:
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1827:
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1823:
1821:
1819:
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1815:
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1286:2.14 – 19.73
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:4.49 – 53.43
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:0.39 – 76.01
1252:
1250:Calcium (mg)
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:6.7 – 111.57
1222:
1220:0.90 – 25.20
1219:
1216:
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1208:
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1193:
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472:. Nations in
471:
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446:Guinea-Bissau
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184:Binomial name
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82:Tracheophytes
80:
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63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
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3088:
3059:
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2996:(10): 5530.
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2719:
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2656:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2501:. Retrieved
2470:
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2448:the original
2409:(1): 19–26.
2406:
2402:
2392:
2365:
2361:
2326:. Retrieved
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2299:
2295:
2285:
2276:
2272:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2145:
2118:. Retrieved
2114:
2079:
2042:13 September
2040:. Retrieved
2036:
2027:
2009:
2002:
1988:
1947:
1944:Kew Bulletin
1943:
1933:
1914:
1908:
1899:
1893:
1874:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1851:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1707:
1703:
1647:
1643:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:the original
1604:
1594:13 September
1592:. Retrieved
1588:
1546:
1516:. Retrieved
1502:
1496:
1468:
1451:
1434:
1427:
1415:
1407:
1398:malnutrition
1387:
1375:
1372:
1363:
1359:
1356:Culinary use
1305:
1299:
1289:2.45 – 6.33
1217:Sodium (mg)
1189:
1185:
1178:carbohydrate
1175:
1134:ellagic acid
1103:
1094:
1086:Burkina Faso
1083:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
998:Burkina Faso
919:
909:
907:
878:
861:
851:
847:
841:
839:
825:Bambara bean
822:
809:
762:
753:
745:
740:
734:
725:
714:
693:soil texture
690:
686:waterlogging
683:
662:
652:
648:
645:
641:
630:
626:
622:
595:
585:
544:
540:
526:
442:Burkina Faso
407:
391:native range
386:
384:
381:Distribution
377:is derived.
355:domesticated
336:
322:
310:
309:
305:
280:
276:
272:
269:Congo goober
268:
264:
261:Bambara bean
260:
256:
252:
247:
246:
245:
235:
232:(L.) Thouars
229:
223:
217:
192:
190:
174:
173:
161:
114:
101:
88:
75:
35:
29:
3203:iNaturalist
3113:Wikispecies
2877:(1): 1–16.
2838:: 115–125.
2503:13 November
2368:(7): 1345.
2328:10 November
2120:13 November
1518:15 December
1438:fatty acids
1330:phytic acid
1314:amino acids
1186:Glycine max
1163:Phabricator
1140:compounds.
1130:chlorogenic
675:Cultivation
577:Australasia
474:East Africa
434:Ivory Coast
414:West Africa
403:colonialism
389:beyond its
375:common name
339:West Africa
293:West Africa
277:ground-bean
257:Bambara nut
147:Subfamily:
95:Angiosperms
3523:Categories
3294:Plant List
2779:(2): 351.
2609:: 932947.
2550:: 601496.
2454:2 February
2233:: 99–110.
1950:(2): 447.
1460:References
1428:There are
1392:to make a
1322:flatulence
1283:Zinc (mg)
1272:Iron (mg)
1126:flavonoids
875:Importance
870:Production
737:pesticides
545:voanjabory
541:voanjobory
537:Madagascar
529:introduced
520:(formerly
510:Mozambique
468:, and the
367:sustenance
349:, and the
307:fixation.
281:hog-peanut
3378:Q39184236
2922:1040-8398
2883:1021-9730
2852:0924-2244
2795:2304-8158
2736:0022-1155
2566:2296-861X
2523:ignored (
2513:cite book
2498:241249323
2444:"FAOSTAT"
2425:0794-5698
2384:2073-4395
2195:0021-8596
2150:. Ecoport
1972:0075-5974
1732:104447516
1724:0889-1575
1710:: 47–59.
1666:8755-9129
1446:vitamin K
1394:probiotic
1324:factors,
1122:myricetin
1100:Nutrition
1088:, Niger,
894:Australia
890:Indonesia
797:intercrop
769:intercrop
596:manicongo
588:Caribbean
569:Indonesia
567:, and in
565:Karnataka
549:Mauritius
522:Swaziland
363:nutrition
353:. It was
323:groundnut
273:earth pea
265:manicongo
169:Species:
151:Faboideae
65:Kingdom:
3493:13019820
3488:Tropicos
3454:10697804
3441:496879-1
3372:Wikidata
3338:13072862
3333:Tropicos
3299:ild-3577
3234:11098555
3221:525534-1
3098:Wikidata
2930:23768187
2813:33562277
2754:26243911
2697:30294697
2635:22593712
2584:33363196
2362:Agronomy
2306:16 March
2247:86318620
2203:85621987
2154:16 March
1858:16 March
1674:87980894
1442:thiamine
1334:saponins
1209:Content
1090:Cameroon
1022:Cameroon
960:113,981
954:120,000
921:(Source
886:Thailand
830:Bruchids
705:salinity
635:), and (
600:Americas
551:and the
518:Eswatini
490:Ethiopia
486:Tanzania
458:Cameroon
347:Cameroon
327:puddings
315:geocarpy
285:Fabaceae
238:(L.) DC.
220:Burm. f.
209:Synonyms
141:Fabaceae
137:Family:
108:Eudicots
3415:5360709
3182:2982714
3151:Ecocrop
3104:Q338219
2938:3143187
2804:7915320
2745:4519478
2688:6168962
2665:Bibcode
2657:Heliyon
2626:3349165
2575:7758284
1980:4114601
1952:Bibcode
1852:Ecocrop
1620:21 June
1349:soybean
1326:tannins
1182:protein
1165:and on
1077:243,620
1067:315,392
1056:14,000
1032:36,639
1026:43,392
1008:49,000
1002:55,000
984:30,000
978:68,000
923:FAOSTAT
884:(e.g.,
793:cassava
773:sorghum
701:soil pH
665:legumes
614:Biology
606:during
586:In the
506:Namibia
450:Senegal
430:Nigeria
343:Nigeria
157:Genus:
131:Fabales
127:Order:
69:Plantae
3467:514106
3386:APDB:
3307:PLANTS
3286:853659
3273:115715
3260:170477
3247:506274
3208:329683
3195:105107
3169:655134
3130:177061
3127:APDB:
2967:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2881:
2850:
2811:
2801:
2793:
2752:
2742:
2734:
2695:
2685:
2633:
2623:
2582:
2572:
2564:
2496:
2486:
2423:
2382:
2302:: 1–26
2245:
2201:
2193:
2086:
1978:
1970:
1921:
1881:
1730:
1722:
1672:
1664:
1561:
1138:tannin
1136:among
1124:among
1106:legume
1050:4,828
1043:
1029:8,444
1019:
1005:8,909
995:
981:4,412
971:
957:9,498
947:
898:Brazil
805:peanut
785:peanut
777:millet
604:slaves
516:, and
514:Zambia
502:Angola
492:, and
482:Uganda
464:, the
448:, and
319:peanut
301:cowpea
297:peanut
202:Verdc.
121:Rosids
3539:Vigna
3449:IRMNG
3428:17804
3402:3GF7V
3389:63746
3312:VISU7
3229:IRMNG
3156:10830
3143:5BDTV
2934:S2CID
2773:Foods
2494:S2CID
2321:FAO.
2243:S2CID
2199:S2CID
1976:JSTOR
1854:. FAO
1728:S2CID
1670:S2CID
1118:rutin
1114:Benin
1072:7,724
1062:World
974:Niger
781:maize
575:. In
561:India
555:. In
494:Sudan
478:Kenya
476:like
452:. In
422:Ghana
418:Benin
399:trade
279:, or
162:Vigna
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
3475:POWO
3462:ITIS
3436:IPNI
3423:GRIN
3410:GBIF
3320:POWO
3268:NCBI
3255:IUCN
3242:ITIS
3216:IPNI
3190:GRIN
3177:GBIF
2965:ISBN
2926:PMID
2918:ISSN
2879:ISSN
2848:ISSN
2809:PMID
2791:ISSN
2750:PMID
2732:ISSN
2693:PMID
2631:PMID
2607:2012
2580:PMID
2562:ISSN
2525:help
2505:2022
2484:ISBN
2456:2015
2421:ISSN
2380:ISSN
2330:2022
2308:2011
2279:(2).
2191:ISSN
2156:2011
2122:2022
2084:ISBN
2044:2024
1968:ISSN
1919:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1860:2011
1720:ISSN
1662:ISSN
1622:2013
1596:2024
1559:ISBN
1520:2017
1377:okpa
1332:and
1132:and
1120:and
1053:750
950:Mali
888:and
850:and
823:The
810:The
791:and
789:yams
573:Java
557:Asia
462:Chad
438:Mali
426:Togo
365:and
299:and
200:(L.)
3501:WFO
3397:CoL
3346:WFO
3164:EoL
3138:CoL
3063:in
2998:doi
2957:doi
2910:doi
2840:doi
2799:PMC
2781:doi
2740:PMC
2724:doi
2683:PMC
2673:doi
2621:PMC
2611:doi
2570:PMC
2552:doi
2476:doi
2411:doi
2370:doi
2235:doi
2183:doi
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