Peanut - Knowledge

3430: 470: 3362: 58: 3148: 1819:, which is generally fatal if untreated. Eating a small amount of peanuts can cause a reaction. Because of their widespread use in prepared and packaged foods, avoiding peanuts can be difficult. Reading ingredients and warnings on product packaging is necessary to avoid this allergen. Foods processed in facilities that also handle peanuts on the same equipment as other foods are required to carry such warnings on their labels. Avoiding cross-contamination with peanuts and peanut products (along with other severe allergens like shellfish) is a promoted and common practice of which chefs and restaurants worldwide are becoming aware. 1976:. They are comparatively tall, reaching a height of 125 cm (49 in) and a spread of 75 cm (30 in). Peanut pods are borne on pegs arising from the main stem and the side branches. Most pods are clustered around the base of the plant, and only a few are found several inches away. Valencia types are three- to five-seeded and smooth, with no constriction of the shell between the seeds. Seeds are oval and tightly crowded into the pods. Typical seed weight is 0.4 to 0.5 g. This type is used heavily for selling roasted and salted in-shell peanuts and peanut butter. Varieties include 'Valencia A' and 'Valencia C'. 2833: 3398: 2436: 2887: 1853:, 60 people with proven peanut allergy were challenged with both crude peanut oil and refined peanut oil. The authors concluded, "Crude peanut oil caused allergic reactions in 10% of allergic subjects studied and should continue to be avoided." They also stated, "Refined peanut oil does not seem to pose a risk to most people with peanut allergy." However, they point out that refined peanut oil can still pose a risk to peanut-allergic individuals if the oil that has previously been used for cooking foods containing peanuts is reused. 3132:, peanuts in a three-year rotation with corn yield 50% more than nonrotated peanuts. Adequate levels of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients are also necessary for good yields. Peanuts need warm weather throughout the growing season to develop well. They can be grown with as little as 350 mm (14 in) of water, but for best yields need at least 500 mm (20 in). Depending on growing conditions and the cultivar of peanut, harvest is usually 90 to 130 days after planting for subspecies 3299: 3374: 3323: 71: 2744: 867: 3311: 3414: 2145: 3386: 3105: 3338: 2677: 3203: 3350: 2869: 709: 2010: 2519: 1953: 2905: 2851: 2186: 3456: 2112: 3640:"The peanut is known under the local names of "goober," "goober pea," "pindar," "ground pea," and "groundnut." The names "goober" and "goober pea" are more properly applied to an allied species having no true stem and only one pea in each pod which has been introduced and is frequently found growing wild in the Gulf Coast States." 1940:

Virginia group peanuts are either bunch or running in growth habit. The bunch type is upright to spreading. It attains a height of 45 to 55 cm (18 to 22 in), and a spread of 70 to 80 cm (28 to 31 in), with 80 to 90 cm (31 to 35 in) rows that seldom cover the ground. The

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in the United States and elsewhere have banned peanuts or products containing peanuts. However, the efficacy of the bans in reducing allergic reactions is uncertain. A 2015 study in Canada found no difference in the percentage of accidental exposures occurring in schools prohibiting peanuts compared

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tests every truckload of raw peanuts for aflatoxin; any containing aflatoxin levels of more than 15 parts per billion are destroyed. The peanut industry has manufacturing steps to ensure all peanuts are inspected for aflatoxin. Peanuts tested to have high aflatoxin are used to make peanut oil where

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Harvesting occurs in two stages. In mechanized systems, a machine is used to cut off the main root of the peanut plant by cutting through the soil just below the level of the peanut pods. The machine lifts the "bush" from the ground, shakes it, then inverts it, leaving the plant upside down to keep

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A distinction can be drawn between raw and green peanuts. A green peanut is a term to describe farm-fresh harvested peanuts that have not been dehydrated. They are available from grocery stores, food distributors, and farmers markets during the growing season. Raw peanuts are also uncooked but have

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The large-seeded Virginia group peanuts are grown in the US states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and parts of Georgia. They are increasing in popularity due to the demand for large peanuts for processing, particularly for salting, confections, and roasting in

681:(1864-1943) championed the peanut as part of his efforts for agricultural extension in the American South, where soils were depleted after repeated plantings of cotton. He invented and promulgated hundreds of peanut-based products, including cosmetics, paints, plastics, gasoline and nitroglycerin. 3170:

Peanut plants continue to produce flowers when pods are developing; therefore, some pods are immature even when they are ready for harvest. To maximize yield, the timing of harvest is important. If it is too early, too many pods will be unripe; if too late, the pods will snap off at the stalk and

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grown around the world. The market classes grown in the United States are Spanish, Runner, Virginia, and Valencia. Peanut production in the United States is divided into three major areas: the southeastern United States region which includes Alabama, Georgia, and Florida; the southwestern United

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Since 1940, the southeastern US region has seen a shift to producing Runner group peanuts. This shift is due to good flavor, better roasting characteristics, and higher yields when compared to Spanish types, leading to food manufacturers' preference for the use in peanut butter and salted nuts.

854:, but which appears to be part of the ovary—elongates to form a thread-like structure known as a "peg". This peg grows into the soil, allowing the fruit to develop underground. These pods, technically called legumes, are 3 to 7 centimetres (1 to 3 in) long, normally containing one to four 1927:

Cultivars of Runners include 'Southeastern Runner 56-15', 'Dixie Runner', 'Early Runner', 'Virginia Bunch 67', 'Bradford Runner', 'Egyptian Giant' (also known as 'Virginia Bunch' and 'Giant'), 'Rhodesian Spanish Bunch' (Valencia and Virginia Bunch), 'North Carolina Runner 56-15', 'Florunner',

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Cultivars of the Spanish group include 'Dixie Spanish', 'Improved Spanish 2B', 'GFA Spanish', 'Argentine', 'Spantex', 'Spanette', 'Shaffers Spanish', 'Natal Common (Spanish)', "White Kernel Varieties', 'Starr', 'Comet', 'Florispan', 'Spanhoma', 'Spancross', 'OLin', 'Tamspan 90', 'AT 9899–14',

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is a livestock feed, mostly used by cattle as protein supplements. It is one of the most important and valuable feeds for all types of livestock and one of the most active ingredients for poultry rations. Poor storage of the cake may sometimes result in its contamination by

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are commonly sold by weight at corner stores where fresh nuts and seeds are sold, though they are also available packaged. The coating typically consists of flour, salt, starch, lecithin, and sometimes sesame seeds. The origin of the name is obscure (it may be derived from

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Dry-roasting peanuts is a common form of preparation. Dry peanuts can be roasted in the shell or shelled in a home oven if spread out one layer deep in a pan and baked at a temperature of 177 °C (351 °F) for 15 to 20 min (shelled) and 20 to 25 min (in shell).

2215:. Many companies have added twists on traditionally plain peanut butter by adding various flavor varieties, such as chocolate, birthday cake, and cinnamon raisin. Peanut butter is served as a spread on bread, toast or crackers, and used to make sandwiches (notably the 4291:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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These are alike except for the color of the seed. Sometimes known also as Texas Red or White, the plants are similar to Valencia types, except the stems are green to greenish brown, and the pods are rough, irregular, and have a smaller proportion of kernels.

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in the early phase of domestication. They were found in Peru, where dry climatic conditions are favorable for the preservation of organic material. Almost certainly, peanut cultivation antedated this at the center of origin where the climate is moister. Many

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The main yield-limiting factors in semi-arid regions are drought and high-temperature stress. The stages of reproductive development before flowering, at flowering, and at early pod development are particularly sensitive to these constraints. Apart from

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The state of Georgia leads the United States in peanut production, with 49 percent of the nation's peanut acreage and output. In 2014, farmers cultivated 591,000 acres of peanuts, yielding of 2.4 billion pounds. The most famous peanut farmer was

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Peanut allergy has been associated with the use of skin preparations containing peanut oil among children, but the evidence is not regarded as conclusive. Peanut allergies have also been associated with family history and intake of soy products.

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oil, and many cosmetics contain peanut oil and its derivatives. The protein portion is used in the manufacture of some textile fibers. Peanut shells are used in the manufacture of plastic, wallboard, abrasives, fuel, cellulose (used in

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resistance. Most peanuts marketed in the shell are of the Virginia type, along with some Valencias selected for large size and the attractive appearance of the shell. Spanish peanuts are used mostly for peanut candy, salted nuts, and

2473:, a mixture of meat and peanut butter. Apart from being used in dishes, fried shelled peanuts are a common inexpensive snack in the Philippines. The peanuts are commonly served plain salted with garlic chips and variants, including 2171:. The several types of peanut oil include aromatic roasted peanut oil, refined peanut oil, extra virgin or cold-pressed peanut oil, and peanut extract. Refined peanut oil is exempt from allergen labeling laws in the United States. 5707: 3199:. Biotic stresses mainly include pests, diseases, and weeds. Among insects pests, pod borers, aphids, and mites are of importance. The most important diseases are leaf spots, rusts, and the toxin-producing fungus Aspergillus. 2785:. Peanuts were sold at fairs or by pushcart operators through the 19th century. Peanut butter is a common peanut-based food, representing half of the American total peanut consumption and $ 850 million in annual retail sales. 1845:

Refined peanut oil will not cause allergic reactions in most people with peanut allergies. However, crude (unrefined) peanut oils have been shown to contain protein, which may cause allergic reactions. In a randomized,

3226:, removing the peanut pods from the rest of the bush. Peanuts must be dried properly and stored in dry conditions. If they are too high in moisture, or if storage conditions are poor, they may become infected by the 2781: lb) of peanuts per person annually, and 79% of Canadians consume peanut butter weekly. In the United States, peanuts and peanut butter are central to American dietary practices, and are typically considered as 4290: 3429: 3219:

the peanuts out of the soil. This allows the peanuts to dry slowly to a little less than a third of their original moisture level over three to four days. Traditionally, peanuts were pulled and inverted by hand.

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Studies comparing age of peanut introduction in Great Britain with introduction in Israel showed that delaying exposure to peanuts in childhood can dramatically increase the risk of developing peanut allergies.

2625:, prepared with onions, garlic, peanut butter/paste, and vegetables such as carrots, cabbage, and cauliflower, can be vegetarian (the peanuts supplying ample protein) or prepared with meat, usually chicken. 1709:, "Scientific evidence suggests but does not prove that eating 1.5 ounces per day of most nuts (such as peanuts) as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease." 3171:

remain in the soil. For harvesting, the entire plant, including most of the roots, is removed from the soil. The pods are covered with a network of raised veins and are constricted between seeds.

5946: 2417:, which means nutshell or husk in Turkish). An additional variety of crunchy coated peanuts popular in Israel is "American peanuts". The coating of this variety is thinner but harder to crack. 587:. Over time, thousands of peanut landraces evolved; these are classified into six botanical varieties and two subspecies (as listed in the peanut scientific classification table). Subspecies 4666:

Høst, A; Halken, S; Muraro, A; Dreborg, S; Niggemann, B; Aalberse, R; Arshad, SH; Von Berg, A; et al. (2008). "Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children".

1911:-resistant cultivars. Spanish peanuts have a higher oil content than other types of peanuts. In the United States, the Spanish group is primarily grown in New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. 3089:

Some peanuts can also be fed whole to livestock, for example, those over the peanut quota in the US or those with a higher aflatoxin content than that permitted by the food regulations.

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Cultivars of Virginia-type peanuts include 'NC 7', 'NC 9', 'NC 10C', 'NC-V 11', 'VA 93B', 'NC 12C', 'VA-C 92R', 'Gregory', 'VA 98R', 'Perry', 'Wilson, 'Hull', 'AT VC-2' and 'Shulamit'.

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Kochert, Gary; Stalker, H. Thomas; Gimenes, Marcos; et al. (October 1, 1996). "RFLP and Cytogenetic Evidence on the Origin and Evolution of Allotetraploid Domesticated Peanut,

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Peanut protein concentrates and isolates are commercially produced from defatted peanut flour using several methods. Peanut flour concentrates (about 70% protein) are produced from

1928:'Virugard', 'Georgia Green', 'Tamrun 96', 'Flavor Runner 458', 'Tamrun OL01', 'Tamrun OL02' 'AT-120', 'Andru-93', 'Southern Runner', 'AT1-1', 'Georgia Brown', 'GK-7', and 'AT-108'. 2126:

are a popular snack in India, China, West Africa, and the southern United States. In the US South, boiled peanuts are often prepared in briny water and sold in streetside stands.

2542:. Indian cuisine uses roasted, crushed peanuts to give a crunchy body to salads; they are added whole (without pods) to leafy vegetable stews for the same reason. Another use is 644:, where it is still produced, albeit marginally. European traders later spread the peanut worldwide, and cultivation is now widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. In 4269: 2288:

served in a sauce of ground peanuts (ingredients native to South America) with roasted onions and garlic (ingredients from European cuisine). Also, in the Peruvian city of

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is found on restaurant menus in the southeastern states. In some southern portions of the US, peanuts are boiled for several hours until soft and moist. Peanuts are also

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dramatically different from its wild relatives. The domesticated plants are bushier, more compact, and have a different pod structure and larger seeds. From this primary

2793:, sometimes within the shell. Per person, Americans eat 2.7 kg (6 lb) of peanut products annually, spending a total of $ 2 billion in peanut retail purchases. 4645: 4843:

Cherkaoui, Sabrine; Ben-Shoshan, Moshe; Alizadehfar, Reza; Asai, Yuka; Chan, Edmond; Cheuk, Stephen; Shand, Greg; St-Pierre, Yvan; Harada, Laurie (January 1, 2015).

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soil with a pH of 5.9–7. Their capacity to fix nitrogen means that providing they nodulate properly, peanuts benefit little or not at all from nitrogen-containing

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Throughout the region, many candies and snacks are made using peanuts. In Mexico, it is common to find them in different presentations as a snack or candy: salty,

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been dried/dehydrated and must be rehydrated before boiling (usually in a bowl full of water overnight). Once rehydrated, the raw peanuts are ready to be boiled.

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clusters on the stems above ground and last for just one day. The ovary is located at the base of what appears to be the flower stem but is a highly elongated

4595: 2993:, MANA Nutrition, and Medika Mamba are high-protein, high-energy, and high-nutrient peanut-based pastes developed to be used as a therapeutic food to aid in 5808: 7218: 3361: 5192: 4195: 5132: 2223:

or croissants and other pastries. The United States is a leading exporter of peanut butter, and itself consumes $ 800 million of peanut butter annually.

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of allergy states that a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents like germs and parasites could be causing the increase in food allergies.

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Valencia group peanuts are coarse and have heavy reddish stems and large foliage. In the United States, large commercial production is primarily in the

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The small Spanish types are grown in South Africa and the southwestern and southeastern United States. Until 1940, 90% of the peanuts grown in the

652:, whose seed pods also develop underground. In Asia, it became an agricultural mainstay, and this region is now the largest producer in the world. 6947: 5433: 5207: 3258:

If peanut plants are subjected to severe drought during pod formation, or if pods are not properly stored, they may become contaminated with the

5833: 1879:, and Texas; and the third region in the general eastern United States which includes Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. In Georgia, 2264:, and pre-pressing followed by solvent extraction may be used for oil removal, after which protein isolation and purification are implemented. 5780:

Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Edouard N., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Peanut hulls. Feedipedia, a program by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, and FAO.

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Shi L, Lu JY, Jones G, Loretan PA, Hill WA (1998). "Characteristics and composition of peanut oil prepared by an aqueous extraction method".

2944:, an 8% increase over 2019 production. China had 34% of global production, followed by India (19%) (table). Other significant producers were 3608: 4339:

Bao, Ying; Han, Jiali; Hu, Frank B.; Giovannucci, Edward L.; Stampfer, Meir J.; Willett, Walter C.; Fuchs, Charles S. (November 21, 2013).

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Peanut processing often requires dehulling: the hulls generated in large amounts by the peanut industries can feed livestock, particularly

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Peanuts have a variety of industrial end uses. Paint, varnish, lubricating oil, leather dressings, furniture polish, insecticides, and

548:, a wild form of peanut that occurs in a few limited locations in northwestern Argentina, or in southeastern Bolivia, where the peanut 7110: 5624: 4298:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 688:

initiated a program to encourage agricultural production and human consumption of peanuts in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Certain cultivar groups are preferred for particular characteristics, such as differences in flavor, oil content, size, shape, and

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Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Peanut seeds. Feedipedia, a program by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, and FAO.

5732: 3397: 3128:. Also, the yield of the peanut crop itself is increased in rotations through reduced diseases, pests, and weeds. For example, in 2767:

with or without salt. Ninety-five percent of Canadians eat peanuts or peanut butter, with the average consumption of 3 kilograms (

6960: 6908: 5674: 4144: 3276: 2661:. Peanut butter is an ingredient in Nigeria's "African salad". Peanut powder is an important ingredient in the spicy coating for 685: 7035: 5024: 5546: 5391: 4790: 2343:

Likewise, during colonial times in Peru, the Spanish used peanuts to replace nuts unavailable locally but used extensively in

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In the United States and Canada, peanuts are used in candies, cakes, cookies, and other sweets. Individually, they are eaten

656: 469: 7089: 4642: 2731:, dried fish, meat or other vegetables. Across East Africa, roasted peanuts, often in cones of newspaper, are obtained from 730:, also known as Leguminosae, and commonly known as the legume, bean, or pea family. Like most other legumes, peanuts harbor 7263: 6965: 4317: 3727: 6061: 4817: 5328: 4422: 2322:

may omit peanuts). In Mexico, it is also used to prepare different traditional dishes, such as chicken in peanut sauce (

615:, depicted peanuts in their art. Cultivation was well-established in Mesoamerica before the Spanish arrived. There, the 387:

by small and large commercial producers, both as grain legume and as an oil crop. Atypically among legumes, peanut pods

6856: 3947: 3702: 2395: 2347:, such as almonds and pine nuts, typically ground or as a paste mixed with rice, meats, and vegetables for dishes like 5804:

Baughman, Todd; Grichar, James; Black, Mark; Woodward, Jason; Porter, Pat; New, Leon; Baumann, Paul; McFarland, Mark "

7253: 5684: 5090: 4971:"Randomised, double blind, crossover challenge study of allergenicity of peanut oils in subjects allergic to peanuts" 4057: 3669: 3155: 2306:

combining a similar mixture with sautéed seafood or boiled and shredded chicken. These dishes are generally known as

2302:(both native to the region) with roasted onions, garlic, and oil, poured over meat or potatoes. Another example is a 2093: 2074: 443:

wall becomes hard at maturity," peanuts are usually categorized as nuts for culinary purposes and in common English.

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Marsalis, Mark; Puppala, Naveen; Goldberg, Natalie; Ashigh, Jamshid; Sanogo, Soumaila; Trostle, Calvin (July 2009).

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Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lebas F., 2017. Peanut forage. Feedipedia, a program by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, and FAO.

2216: 2046: 6170: 5973: 4591: 4423:"Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Enforcement Discretion – Nuts and Coronary Heart Disease (Docket No 02P-0505)" 57: 7017: 6934: 5805: 5784: 5657: 5159: 3147: 2211:

peanuts. It often contains additional ingredients that modify the taste or texture, such as salt, sweeteners, or

858:. The shell of the peanut fruit consists primarily of a mesocarp with several large veins traversing its length. 5765: 5184: 4187: 3298: 2280:, both of which marry indigenous and European ingredients. For instance, in Peru, a popular traditional dish is 1883:

is responsible for developing the breeding program of peanuts resulting in a harvest almost five times greater.

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remains of pods have been dated at about 7,600 years old, possibly a wild species that was in cultivation, or

6999: 3006: 2467:, where the legume was derived from Mexico during Spanish colonization. One Philippine dish using peanuts is 409:(or Leguminosae), commonly known as the legume, bean, or pea family. Like most other legumes, peanuts harbor 6218: 6005:"[Proportion of aflatoxin B1 contaminated kernels and its concentration in imported peanut samples]" 4444: 3108:

Peanut pegs growing into the soil. The tip of the peg, once buried, swells and develops into a peanut fruit.

1596: 6887: 6874: 4257: 3337: 1706: 4447:. Micronutrient Information Center. Corvallis, OR: Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2016. 3322: 7136: 6791: 6116: 5421: 4402:. Micronutrient Information Center. Corvallis, OR: Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2009 4165:. Galaxy books (1. issued as an Oxford Univ. Pr. paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 3520: 2534:), and often sold roasted in pods or boiled with salt. They are also made into dessert or sweet snack of 2205: 1972:, but they are grown on a small scale elsewhere in the South as the best-flavored and preferred type for 33: 6083: 3049:

The protein cake (oilcake meal) residue from oil processing is used as animal feed and soil fertilizer.

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as breakfast. Peanuts are also used in sweets and savory items in South India and also as a flavor in

7027: 6973: 6372: 5864: 5049: 3470: 3275:. Lower-quality peanuts, particularly where mold is evident, are more likely to be contaminated. The 2998: 2703:, and these dishes are common throughout both countries. Thick peanut butter sauces are also made in 697: 1815:

to peanut exposure; symptoms are specifically severe for this nut and can range from watery eyes to

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Tomatoes, Potatoes, Corn, and Beans: How the Foods of the Americas Changed Eating around the World

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Some studies show that regular consumption of peanuts is associated with a lower specific risk of

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with four leaflets (two opposite pairs; no terminal leaflet); each leaflet is 1 to 7 centimetres (

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Foods That Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present

3037: 2757: 2355: 1880: 7079: 4083:. FAOSTAT, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division. 2020 4047: 3869:) and its most closely related wild species using intron sequences and microsatellite markers" 1445: 6670: 5595: 3631: 3526: 3500: 2328:), and is used as the main ingredient for the preparation of other famous dishes such as red 1999: 1785: 1698: 1458: 197: 4906: 4524: 3144:

types yield more and are usually preferred where the growing seasons are sufficiently long.

7258: 7066: 6830: 6692: 6553: 6494: 6345: 6303: 5632: 5568: 5278: 5133:"Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-282, Title II)" 4845:"Accidental exposures to peanut in a large cohort of Canadian children with peanut allergy" 4222:

Smith, Ben W. (January 1, 1950). "Arachis hypogaea. Aerial Flower and Subterranean Fruit".

3946:. 16 (Supl.). Translated by David E. Williams and Charles E. Simpson: 1–205. Archived from 3863:

Moretzsohn, Márcio C.; Gouvea, Ediene G.; Inglis, Peter W.; et al. (January 1, 2013).

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Seijo, Guillermo; Lavia, Graciela I.; Fernandez, Aveliano; et al. (December 1, 2007).

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were Spanish types, but the trend since then has been larger-seeded, higher-yielding, more

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growing 30 to 50 cm (12 to 20 in) tall. As a legume, it belongs to the botanical

640:. Its cultivation was introduced in Europe in the 19th century through Spain, particularly 553: 542:. Genetic analysis suggests the hybridization may have occurred only once and gave rise to 4501: 4151:. University of Wisconsin-Extension Cooperative Extension: Alternative Field Crops Manual. 2435: 8: 7074: 6598: 6478: 6298: 3475: 3349: 2547: 2527: 1765: 1726: 1722: 1629: 1599:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

1035: 1025: 572: 6763: 3552: 2530:, peanuts are a light snack, usually roasted and salted (sometimes with the addition of 7248: 7175: 6603: 6518: 6243: 6127: 5916: 5740: 4995: 4970: 4879: 4844: 4767: 4743: 4691: 4483: 4373: 4340: 4239: 4006: 3901: 3864: 3845: 3485: 3263: 3234: 3064: 2940:

In 2020, world production of peanuts (reported as groundnuts in shells) was 54 million

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types are more upright in their growth habit and have shorter crop cycles. Subspecies

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Peanuts are a common ingredient of several types of relishes (dishes which accompany

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Variath, Murali T., and P. Janila. "Economic and academic importance of peanut." in

5185:"U.S. Exports of (NAICS 311911) Roasted Nuts & Peanut Butter With All Countries" 4747: 4525:"Some nutritional characteristics of kernel and oil of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)" 4487: 2067: 7208: 7203: 7180: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6615: 6362: 6335: 6016: 5303: 5242: 4990: 4982: 4941: 4874: 4856: 4725: 4695: 4675: 4536: 4467: 4368: 4352: 4231: 3896: 3880: 3837: 3785: 3775: 2656: 2474: 2273: 2252:

kernels by removing most of the oil and the water-soluble, non-protein components.

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pods are borne within 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) of the base of the plant.

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was developed in the 1890s in the United States. It became well known after the

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Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food

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Some people (0.6% of the United States population) report that they experience

1806: 1789: 1777: 1694: 831: in) across, and yellowish orange with reddish veining. They are borne in 660: 539: 440: 421: 95: 6182: 6021: 6004: 4986: 4861: 3028:, which is promoted in Africa as a way to reduce malnutrition among children. 7197: 6861: 6585: 6548: 6538: 6236: 5264: 4870: 4364: 4118: 3892: 3799: 3259: 3227: 3125: 2994: 2961: 2949: 2892: 2732: 2551: 2531: 2424: 2420: 2324: 2201: 2193: 2180: 2164: 1892: 1773: 1769: 1737: 1679: 1622: 1209: 1199: 1139: 1015: 981: 866: 847: 689: 487: 432: 425: 392: 213: 5246: 2155:

is often used in cooking because it has a mild flavor and a relatively high

7167: 6737: 6620: 6512: 6440: 6357: 6030: 5865:"Growing Peanuts in the Home Garden | Horticulture and Home Pest News" 4888: 4739: 4687: 4653: 4577: 4550: 4479: 4382: 4313: 4021:"El 'cacau del collaret', el cacahuete valenciano al borde de la extinción" 4000: 3910: 3807: 3780: 3757: 3490: 3268: 2986: 2782: 2764: 2753: 2622: 2621:

native to the region, and West Africans have adopted the crop as a staple.

2602: 2460: 2333: 2237: 2232: 2208: 2197: 1961: 1847: 1618: 1536: 957: 832: 717: 664: 637: 616: 535: 7053: 6165:

Singh, B., and U. Singh. "Peanut as a source of protein for human foods."

5004: 4955: 4356: 4256: 3677: 2144: 446:

Peanuts are similar in taste and nutritional profile to tree nuts such as

6986: 6921: 6746: 6460: 6268: 6259: 4730: 4713: 4080: 3884: 3515: 3461: 3025: 2786: 2743: 2639: 2617:; peanuts are similar in both agricultural and culinary qualities to the 2598: 2555: 2464: 2366:

or in the form of a traditional sweet made with peanuts and honey called

2257: 2220: 2156: 1816: 1753: 1741: 1733: 1718: 1651: 1647: 941: 910:– embryonic root at the bottom of the cotyledon, which can be snapped off 749: 738: 674: 673:, where the plant is also endemic. Starting in 1870 they were used as an 645: 599: 417: 40: 5398:. Kampala, Uganda: Daily Monitor/Monitor Publications Ltd. April 8, 2008 5106: 4714:"Factors Associated with the Development of Peanut Allergy in Childhood" 4341:"Association of Nut Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality" 4049:

In the Shadow of Slavery Africa's Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World

2504:, vegetable salads mixed with peanut sauce, and the peanut-based sauce, 6900: 6660: 6640: 6578: 6565: 6415: 4502:"Nutrition facts for oil, peanut, salad or cooking, USDA Nutrient Data" 4243: 3849: 3790: 3510: 3243: 3180: 3117: 3104: 3075: 2990: 2582: 2574: 2543: 2348: 2337: 2285: 2219:). It is also used in a number of confections, such as peanut-flavored 2212: 2152: 2139: 2034: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1965: 1872: 1761: 1675: 1655: 1357: 1306: 1119: 1089: 1069: 836: 805: 531: 455: 384: 5781: 5654: 3755: 2985:

With their high protein concentration, peanuts are used to help fight

2676: 6926: 6843: 6665: 6591: 6528: 6484: 6405: 5972:

Willy H. Verheye, ed. (2010). "Growth and Production of Groundnuts".

5762: 5279:"Gastronomía de Huánuco - Platos típicos - Pachamanca Picante de cuy" 4541: 3480: 3420: 3247: 3223: 3202: 3184: 3083: 3059: 3055: 2651: 2482: 2469: 2303: 2168: 1702: 1671: 1667: 1659: 1403: 1390: 1179: 1079: 901: 895: 871: 851: 753: 731: 693: 503: 410: 164: 6708: 6177:

Skolnick, Helen S., et al. "The natural history of peanut allergy."

4458:

Sales, J. M.; Resurreccion, A. V. (2014). "Resveratrol in peanuts".

4235: 3974:"Earliest-known evidence of peanut, cotton and squash farming found" 3841: 2329: 2009: 708: 7162: 6731: 6682: 6610: 6506: 6352: 6320: 6308: 6119:; 49% of the American peanut crop is grown in the state of Georgia. 5160:"Crazy Peanut Butter Flavors You Need to Try Now! | Parenting" 4842: 3862: 3239: 3211: 3207: 3187:, other nutrient deficiencies causing significant yield losses are 3176: 3159: 3093: 2974: 2571: 2518: 2448: 2379: 2371: 2289: 1952: 1876: 1867: 1289: 1169: 1149: 913: 889: 843: 804: in) across. Like those of many other legumes, the leaves are 727: 648:, it substantially replaced a crop plant from the same family, the 641: 580: 549: 406: 388: 154: 121: 32:"Arachis hypogaea" redirects here. For Peanut allergen powder, see 6939: 6848: 4763:"Nothing's Safe: Some Schools Ban Peanut Butter as Allergy Threat" 4504:. Conde Nast, USDA National Nutrient Database, version SR-21. 2014 6817: 6697: 6445: 6430: 6425: 3440: 3188: 3163: 3017: 2945: 2874: 2724: 2716: 2670: 2614: 2610: 2559: 2539: 2494: 1812: 1269: 1229: 1219: 1189: 1129: 1099: 907: 879: 875: 626: 584: 576: 499: 380: 174: 144: 20: 5708:"Palm kernel meal as a feed for poultry. 1. Composition of palm" 1646:-ounce), peanuts provide 2,385 kilojoules (570 kilocalories) of 6835: 6533: 6489: 6435: 6420: 6410: 6395: 5733:"3. Feed values and feeding potential of major agro-byproducts" 5493:

Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat

3762:, Leguminosae) and its close relatives revealed by double GISH" 3436: 3423:, consisting of puffed rice, peanuts and fried seasoned noodles 3230: 3079: 3043: 3009:

have used these products to help save malnourished children in

3002: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2423:

puffs are a popular snack in Israel. Their shape is similar to

2405: 2383: 2185: 1915:'Spanco', 'Wilco I', 'GG 2', 'GG 4', 'TMV 2', and 'Tamnut 06'. 1650:, and are an excellent source (defined as more than 20% of the 1373: 1239: 1159: 1109: 842:

Peanut fruits develop underground, an unusual feature known as

669: 563:

The process of domestication through artificial selection made

507: 451: 447: 369: 134: 1740:

in amounts similar to several tree nuts. Peanut skins contain

530:. The initial hybrid would have been sterile, but spontaneous 6573: 6455: 6387: 6281: 6276: 5979: 5885: 3404: 3196: 3152: 3129: 2970: 2941: 2910: 2856: 2838: 2813: 2662: 2634: 2606: 2506: 2488: 2294: 1757: 971: 595:

types spread more on the ground and have longer crop cycles.

491: 463: 462:. World production of shelled peanuts in 2020 was 54 million 436: 82: 6132:

Hammons, R. O. "The origin and history of the groundnut" in

3823: 3455: 3086:. Other components are crude fiber, crude protein, and fat. 3016:

Peanuts can be used like other legumes and grains to make a

2374:. There is a similar form of peanut candy in Brazil, called 2111: 5569:"16 Fun Facts about Peanuts & Peanut Butter; Number 13" 5050:"naomi chapman woodroof; Programs & People Summer 2000" 3192: 3113: 3021: 2708: 2666: 2594: 2581:, which is also used in savory and sweet mixtures, such as 2249: 1979: 1781: 1776:). Extractable from whole peanuts using a simple water and 855: 745: 534:

doubling restored its fertility, forming what is termed an

495: 376: 372: 4968: 4284: 4262:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 3316:

A warning sign for the presence of peanuts and peanut dust

808:; that is, they have "sleep" movements, closing at night. 3136:

types, and 120 to 150 days after planting for subspecies

1729: 1610: 1001: 552:

with the most wild-like features are grown today, and by

19:

This article is about the crop. For the comic strip, see

6054:"Why Georgia farmers decided to shell their own peanuts" 4895: 4711: 850:, a short stalk at the base of the ovary—often termed a 6228: 4927: 4665: 1760:

oil, peanut oil is 46% monounsaturated fats (primarily

571:, cultivation spread and formed secondary and tertiary 6189:

The Groundnut Crop: A Scientific Basis for Improvement

6134:

The groundnut crop: a scientific basis for improvement

5625:"Meds & Food For Kids :: — Medika Mamba" 5239:

Peanuts: processing technology and product development

4930:"Cold-pressed peanut oils may contain peanut allergen" 3758:"Genomic relationships between the cultivated peanut ( 2707:

to serve with rice and other starchy foods. Groundnut

2645:. Crushed peanuts may also be used for peanut candies 916:– embryonic shoot emerging from the top of the radicle 4969:

Hourihane JO, Bedwani SJ, Dean TP, Warner JO (1997).

4596:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

1924:

Georgia's production is now almost 100% Runner-type.

39:"Goober peas" redirects here. For the folk song, see 5947:"How peanuts are Grown – Harvesting – PCA" 4791:"One 5-year-old's allergy leads to class peanut ban" 3865:"A study of the relationships of cultivated peanut ( 3451: 3222:

After the peanuts have dried sufficiently, they are

3042:

Peanut plant tops and crop residues can be used for

5377: 5375: 4425:. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA 4338: 4081:"Peanut (groundnuts with shell) production in 2020" 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3703:"Legumes Of The World | Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew" 3670:"Oil crops for the production of advanced biofuels" 3283:The plant leaves can also be affected by a fungus, 3074:. The major constituents of the cake are essential 6196:Peanuts: The illustrious history of the goober pea 6002: 4295:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 4107:A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida 3930: 2298:consists of a smooth sauce of roasted peanuts and 518:between two wild species of peanut, thought to be 6203:United States. Bureau of Agricultural Economics. 5975:Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume II 5941: 5939: 5937: 5827: 5825: 5392:"Ebinyebwa; a tale of the Ugandan groundnut stew" 4563: 4457: 3931:Krapovickas, Antonio; Gregory, Walton C. (2007). 3658:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 54–57. 3609:"A Legume With Many Names: The Story Of 'Goober'" 1861: 1435: 1279: 7195: 5971: 5372: 3917: 6003:Hirano, S; Shima, T; Shimada, T (August 2001). 5462: 5440:. Peanut Bureau of Canada. 2017. Archived from 5074: 5072: 5070: 4712:Lack G, Fox D, Northstone K, Golding J (2003). 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4052:. University of California Press. p. 141. 3999:The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the 3819: 3817: 5934: 5822: 5549:. The Virginia Marketplace. September 19, 2012 5354:"Brazilian sweets and desserts you must taste" 5214:. American Society of Agronomy. Archived from 4934:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 4460:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 4250: 4163:George Washington Carver: scientist and symbol 3602: 3600: 2719:-speaking areas of Uganda, is made by boiling 2480:Common Indonesian peanut-based dishes include 2163:content, it is considered more healthful than 936:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 904:– brown paper-like covering of the edible part 6244: 6141:Spill the Beans and Pass the Peanuts: Legumes 5949:. Peanut Company of Australia. Archived from 5596:"Rwaza Health Centre: Efficacy Study Results" 5463:Martinez-Carter, Karina (February 14, 2014). 5082:21st Century Homestead: Nitrogen-Fixing Crops 4217: 4215: 4213: 2723:peanut flour with other ingredients, such as 2459:, where they are typically made into a spicy 655:Peanuts were introduced to the US during the 5067: 4179: 4109:. New York: Printed for the author. p. 4066: 3814: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 2964:are made from peanut oil. Soap is made from 1968:and in eastern New Mexico near and south of 7219:Crops originating from indigenous Americans 5800: 5798: 5796: 5329:"Demystifying mole, Mexico's national dish" 4761:Hartocollis, Anemona (September 23, 1998). 4760: 3597: 696:company began selling peanut butter at the 677:until human consumption grew in the 1930s. 663:, groundnuts were introduced into colonial 6251: 6237: 6179:Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 4258:United States Food and Drug Administration 4210: 56: 6020: 5831: 5672: 5647: 4994: 4945: 4878: 4860: 4729: 4540: 4420: 4372: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 3900: 3789: 3779: 3742: 3697: 3695: 3606: 2427:, but they are made of peanuts and corn. 2094:Learn how and when to remove this message 659:and grown as a garden crop. According to 636:) offered for sale in the marketplace of 16:Legume cultivated as a grain and oil crop 5793: 5521:"History of Peanuts & Peanut Butter" 5018: 5016: 5014: 4522: 3649: 3201: 3146: 3103: 2742: 2675: 2577:is known for its sweet peanut chikki or 2517: 2434: 2184: 2143: 2110: 1980:Tennessee Red and Tennessee White groups 1951: 865: 707: 468: 6136:(Springer Netherlands, 1994) pp. 24-42. 5676:Fermented Grain Legumes, Seeds and Nuts 5205: 5078: 4928:Hoffman DR, Collins-Williams C (1994). 4707: 4705: 4437: 4185: 4160: 4001:Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera 3629: 3277:United States Department of Agriculture 2655:, as well as other local foods such as 1788:program for future long-duration human 1780:method, the oil is being considered by 1609:Raw Valencia peanuts are 4% water, 48% 686:United States Department of Agriculture 7196: 5862: 5832:Schilling, Robert (February 5, 2003). 5515: 5513: 5230: 4903:"The anaphylaxis campaign: peanut oil" 4788: 4394: 4392: 4125: 4101: 4045: 3997:Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. 3692: 3238:. Many strains of this fungus release 2638:. In Ghana, peanut butter is used for 2513: 892:– outer covering, in contact with soil 466:, led by China with 34% of the total. 458:, are often served in similar ways in 6713: 6712: 6232: 6198:(University of Illinois Press, 2002). 5834:"L'arachide histoire et perspectives" 5489: 5079:Bilello, Stanley (October 10, 2016). 5011: 4818:"School peanut ban in need of review" 4221: 3728:"The Peanut Institute – Peanut Facts" 3674:European Biofuels Technology Platform 3654:. In Janick, J.; Simon, J.E. (eds.). 3547: 3545: 3543: 3367:Closeup of Peanuts, selling in India. 3253: 2538:by processing with refined sugar and 2463:. Peanuts came to Indonesia from the 1772:), and 17% saturated fats (primarily 1632:. In a reference amount of 100-gram ( 7224:Crops originating from South America 7028:79a9dfbf-9a56-4ede-9550-3ca900b535cb 5863:Jauron, Richard (February 5, 1997). 5241:. London: Academic Press, Elsevier. 5236: 5157: 4905:. Anaphylaxis.org.uk. Archived from 4702: 4018: 3971: 3607:Domonoske, Camila (April 20, 2014). 2032:adding citations to reliable sources 2003: 1705:to be inferred. According to the US 1697:from certain diseases. However, the 402:The peanut belongs to the botanical 5838:L'arachide histoire et perspectives 5782:https://www.feedipedia.org/node/696 5655:https://www.feedipedia.org/node/695 5593: 5510: 5426: 5195:from the original on June 19, 2015. 5158:Boyd, Kristine (November 6, 2017). 5139:. US Food & Drug Administration 5025:"Peanut Cultivars and Descriptions" 4389: 4272:from the original on March 27, 2024 4198:from the original on March 31, 2017 4188:"A chunky history of peanut butter" 4019:Polo, Claudia (November 21, 2023). 2760:who became U.S. president in 1976. 2272:Peanuts are particularly common in 1690:(83% of total fats when combined). 1682:(right table). The fats are mainly 1625:(right table, USDA nutrient data). 780: in) long and 1 to 3 cm ( 13: 6160:(Columbia University Press, 2013). 6105: 5840:. Agropolis Museum. Archived from 5763:https://www.feedipedia.org/node/55 5304:"Menú, recetas, cocina, nutricion" 4849:Clinical and Translational Allergy 4789:Nevius, C.W. (September 9, 2003). 4643:Food allergy advice may be peanuts 4618:"Peanut Allergy on the Rise: Why?" 4186:Michaud, Jon (November 28, 2012). 3636:USDA National Agricultural Library 3619:from the original on June 6, 2020. 3540: 3343:Peanut pegs penetrating the ground 3151:Cultivation of peanut crop at the 3124:. Therefore, they are valuable in 3112:Peanuts grow best in light, sandy 2404:in Hebrew, are a popular snack in 2243: 870:Peanut seed separated showing the 811:The flowers are 1 to 1.5 cm ( 251:(Waldron) Krapov. & W. C. Greg 14: 7275: 6224: 6084:"Species Fungorum - Names Record" 5208:"Breeding a better peanut butter" 5022: 3156:Directorate of Groundnut Research 2554:, and peanut oil for cooking. In 2430: 2310:, meaning "hot peppers", such as 1947: 1931: 1712: 399:, which means "under the earth". 7129:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:318562-2 6060:. April 26, 2017. Archived from 5575:. US National Peanut Board. 2017 5527:. US National Peanut Board. 2017 4680:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00680.x 4668:Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 4320:from the original on May 9, 2024 3454: 3428: 3412: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3321: 3309: 3297: 2903: 2885: 2867: 2849: 2831: 2796: 2738: 2443:Peanuts are also widely used in 2439:Fried peanuts in the Philippines 2267: 2240:is used in gluten-free cooking. 2217:peanut butter and jelly sandwich 2174: 2106: 2008: 1898: 1588:Link to full USDA Database entry 69: 6205:Peanuts in southern agriculture 6167:Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 6076: 6046: 6037: 5996: 5965: 5909: 5879: 5856: 5774: 5755: 5725: 5700: 5666: 5617: 5587: 5561: 5539: 5483: 5456: 5410: 5384: 5346: 5321: 5296: 5271: 5199: 5177: 5151: 5125: 5099: 5042: 4962: 4921: 4836: 4810: 4782: 4754: 4718:New England Journal of Medicine 4659: 4636: 4610: 4584: 4557: 4516: 4494: 4451: 4414: 4345:New England Journal of Medicine 4332: 4154: 4095: 4039: 4012: 3991: 3965: 3856: 2980: 2933:Source: FAOSTAT, United Nations 2400:Crunchy coated peanuts, called 2226: 2019:needs additional citations for 1918: 5888:"New Mexico Peanut Production" 5819:. Retrieved October 16, 2015, 5712:Journal of Animal feed science 5679:. Food & Agriculture Org. 5465:"As American as peanut butter" 3720: 3662: 3643: 3623: 3575: 3563:. World Flora Consortium. 2024 3099: 3031: 2684: 2593:Peanuts grow well in southern 2588: 2546:for cooking. Most Indians use 2396:Israeli sweets and snack foods 1862:Cultivars in the United States 920: 1: 5897:. New Mexico State University 5806:Texas Peanut Production Guide 3650:Hymowitz, Theodore . (1990). 3533: 3005:, Project Peanut Butter, and 2955: 2801: 2699:, and in the eastern part of 2382:, which resembles the Indian 2133: 2115:Roasted peanuts as snack food 1871:States region which includes 946:2,385 kJ (570 kcal) 885:Parts of the peanut include: 433:botanical definition of a nut 5547:"The history of peanut soup" 5085:. Lulu.com. pp. 93–94. 4947:10.1016/0091-6749(94)90262-3 4472:10.1080/10408398.2011.606928 4140:Putnam, D.H., et al. (1991) 3403:Harvesting peanuts by hand ( 2597:and adjacent regions of the 2389: 1856: 1800: 1707:Food and Drug Administration 1595:Percentages estimated using 925: 898:(two) – the main edible part 379:. It is widely grown in the 375:grown mainly for its edible 7: 7264:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 4421:Taylor CL (July 14, 2003). 3632:"Farmer's Bulletin No. 431" 3523:, a failure started in 1951 3521:Tanganyika groundnut scheme 3447: 3391:Track-type peanut harvester 2522:Boiled groundnuts (peanuts) 1993: 1795: 34:Peanut allergen powder-dnfp 10: 7280: 6111:Beasley, John. "Peanuts." 5358:riodejaneirobycariocas.com 5191:. US Census Bureau. 2012. 4592:"Food Allergy Quick Facts" 4400:"Nuts (including peanuts)" 4224:American Journal of Botany 4161:McMurry, Linda O. (1982). 3830:American Journal of Botany 3767:American Journal of Botany 3304:Roasted Peanuts with shell 3290: 3035: 2393: 2230: 2178: 2137: 1997: 1842:to schools allowing them. 1804: 477: 424:, making them valuable in 38: 31: 18: 6721: 6651: 6564: 6386: 6266: 6139:Hughes, Meredith Sayles. 6022:10.3358/shokueishi.42.237 6009:Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 5982:Publishers. p. 153. 5673:Deshpande, S. S. (2000). 5490:Smith, Andrew F. (2012). 4987:10.1136/bmj.314.7087.1084 4862:10.1186/s13601-015-0055-x 4648:November 9, 2008, at the 3471:African Groundnut Council 3379:Developing pods of peanut 3280:the mold can be removed. 2999:World Health Organization 2931: 2808: 1594: 1584: 1580: 1572: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1535: 1522: 1509: 1496: 1483: 1470: 1457: 1444: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1402: 1389: 1372: 1356: 1339: 1322: 1305: 1288: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1252: 1248: 1238: 1228: 1218: 1208: 1198: 1188: 1178: 1168: 1158: 1148: 1138: 1128: 1118: 1108: 1098: 1088: 1078: 1068: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1034: 1024: 1014: 998: 994: 990: 980: 970: 954: 950: 940: 935: 703: 314: 307: 225: 221:Subspecies and varieties 220: 203: 196: 66:Scientific classification 64: 55: 50: 7254:Plants described in 1753 6676:Queensland macadamia nut 6258: 6191:(Chapman and Hall, 1994) 6150:(Atheneum Books, 1997). 6113:New Georgia Encyclopedia 5817:Texas A&M University 5787:August 24, 2017, at the 5768:August 24, 2017, at the 5660:August 24, 2017, at the 5496:. ABC-CLIO. p. 41. 5418:New Georgia Encyclopedia 5416:John Beasley, "Peanuts" 4147:August 10, 2006, at the 3058:, a naturally occurring 2628:Peanuts are used in the 2378:, made with peanuts and 861: 679:George Washington Carver 629:name, hence the name in 431:Despite not meeting the 260:Krapov. & W. C. Greg 242:Krapov. & W. C. Greg 6181:107.2 (2001): 367-374. 6122:Cumo, Christopher, ed. 6088:www.speciesfungorum.org 5573:nationalpeanutboard.org 5525:nationalpeanutboard.org 5247:10.1016/C2015-0-02292-4 4796:San Francisco Chronicle 4566:Life Support Biosph Sci 4046:Carney, Judith (2011). 3933:"Taxonomy of the genus 3630:Beattie, H. R. (1911). 3071:Aspergillus parasiticus 3007:Doctors Without Borders 2809:Peanut production, 2020 1988: 1597:US recommendations 620: 27:Peanut (disambiguation) 6473:Johnstone River almond 6126:(Facts on File, 2015) 6043:7 CFR 2011 – Part 996a 5811:March 4, 2016, at the 5308:menuperu.elcomercio.pe 3781:10.3732/ajb.94.12.1963 3561:The World Flora Online 3439:made from peanuts and 3435:Peanut sweet known as 3215: 3167: 3109: 3038:Peanut pie (byproduct) 2758:Sumter County, Georgia 2748: 2681: 2523: 2440: 2190: 2149: 2116: 1957: 1881:Naomi Chapman Woodroof 1866:There are many peanut 1747: 1601:the National Academies 882: 713: 698:St. Louis World's Fair 611:cultures, such as the 510:. Cultivated peanuts ( 474: 25:. For other uses, see 7244:Nitrogen-fixing crops 7239:Edible nuts and seeds 6401:Australian cashew nut 4357:10.1056/NEJMoa1307352 3656:Advances in new crops 3613:National Public Radio 3527:Universal Nut Sheller 3501:List of peanut dishes 3205: 3150: 3107: 2746: 2679: 2521: 2438: 2370:, and even as peanut 2188: 2147: 2114: 2000:List of peanut dishes 1955: 1786:Advanced Life Support 1254:Vitamins and minerals 931:Peanut, valencia, raw 869: 711: 472: 348:), also known as the 6169:41 (1991): 165-177. 5237:Wang, Qiang (2016). 5218:on November 10, 2015 4824:. September 14, 2008 4731:10.1056/NEJMoa013536 3732:peanut-institute.org 3680:on September 9, 2015 3506:List of edible seeds 3285:Alternaria arachidis 3206:Harvest of peanuts ( 3062:that is produced by 3011:developing countries 2447:cuisine, such as in 2167:and is resistant to 2028:improve this article 1766:polyunsaturated fats 1628:Peanuts are rich in 573:centers of diversity 554:artificial selection 6479:Irvingia gabonensis 6146:Johnson, Sylvia A. 5921:www.hort.purdue.edu 5444:on December 7, 2017 5434:"Peanuts in Canada" 5360:. December 20, 2019 5054:www.cals.uidaho.edu 4598:. February 24, 2012 4007:Thames & Hudson 3476:BBCH-scale (peanut) 3120:, and they improve 2747:Fried curry peanuts 2528:Indian subcontinent 2514:Indian subcontinent 2477:and chili flavors. 1905:US state of Georgia 1630:essential nutrients 1341:Pantothenic acid (B 932: 667:by the Blacks from 486:genus is native to 389:develop underground 327:Lathyrus esquirolii 319:Arachis nambyquarae 6636:Single-leaf pinyon 5471:. Pacific Standard 5206:Chakravorty, Rup. 5029:caes2.caes.uga.edu 4768:The New York Times 4656:, December 6, 2008 3885:10.1093/aob/mcs237 3584:USDA GRIN Taxonomy 3486:Columbian exchange 3271:substances called 3267:which may produce 3264:Aspergillus flavus 3254:Pests and diseases 3246:substances called 3235:Aspergillus flavus 3216: 3168: 3140:types. Subspecies 3110: 3065:Aspergillus flavus 2749: 2682: 2640:peanut butter soup 2524: 2441: 2356:"Japanese" peanuts 2262:solvent extraction 2254:Hydraulic pressing 2191: 2159:. Due to its high 2150: 2117: 1958: 1824:hygiene hypothesis 1817:anaphylactic shock 1813:allergic reactions 1562:Other constituents 930: 883: 737:bacteria in their 714: 475: 7214:Convenience foods 7191: 7190: 7062:Open Tree of Life 6715:Taxon identifiers 6706: 6705: 6604:Monkey-puzzle nut 6466:Shellbark hickory 6451:Mockernut hickory 6411:Borneo tallow nut 6215:The peanut genome 6194:Smith, Andrew F. 5989:978-1-84826-368-0 5867:. Ipm.iastate.edu 5603:mananutrition.org 5503:978-0-313-39393-8 5256:978-0-12-809595-9 5111:BoiledPeanuts.com 4909:on April 18, 2008 4523:Ozcan MM (2010). 4351:(21): 2001–2011. 4305:978-0-309-48834-1 4172:978-0-19-503205-5 3972:Dillehay, Tom D. 3836:(10): 1282–1291. 3774:(12): 1963–1971. 3738:on April 8, 2019. 2938: 2937: 2934: 2817: 2619:Bambara groundnut 2104: 2103: 2096: 2078: 1654:, DV) of several 1607: 1606: 1552: 1551: 716:The peanut is an 650:Bambara groundnut 598:The oldest known 391:leading botanist 338: 337: 331: 323: 299: 290: 281: 270: 261: 252: 243: 234: 7271: 7184: 7183: 7171: 7170: 7158: 7157: 7145: 7144: 7132: 7131: 7119: 7118: 7106: 7105: 7093: 7092: 7083: 7082: 7080:Arachis hypogaea 7070: 7069: 7057: 7056: 7044: 7043: 7031: 7030: 7021: 7020: 7008: 7007: 7005:NBNSYS0000014622 6995: 6994: 6982: 6981: 6969: 6968: 6956: 6955: 6943: 6942: 6930: 6929: 6917: 6916: 6904: 6903: 6891: 6890: 6878: 6877: 6865: 6864: 6852: 6851: 6839: 6838: 6826: 6825: 6813: 6812: 6800: 6799: 6787: 6786: 6777: 6776: 6767: 6766: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6753:Arachis hypogaea 6742: 6741: 6740: 6723:Arachis hypogaea 6710: 6709: 6461:Shagbark hickory 6363:Malabar chestnut 6253: 6246: 6239: 6230: 6229: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6058:New Food Economy 6050: 6044: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6024: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5953:on July 19, 2008 5943: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5892: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5829: 5820: 5802: 5791: 5778: 5772: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5739:. Archived from 5729: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5670: 5664: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5635:on April 8, 2010 5631:. Archived from 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5605:. MANA Nutrition 5600: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5517: 5508: 5507: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5430: 5424: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5388: 5382: 5381:Ghanaian cuisine 5379: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5076: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5020: 5009: 5008: 4998: 4981:(7087): 1084–8. 4966: 4960: 4959: 4949: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4882: 4864: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4822:Nashua Telegraph 4814: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4733: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4663: 4657: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4544: 4542:10.5650/jos.59.1 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4396: 4387: 4386: 4376: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4219: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4158: 4152: 4138: 4123: 4122: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4077: 4064: 4063: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4016: 4010: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3953:on March 4, 2016 3952: 3941: 3928: 3915: 3914: 3904: 3873:Annals of Botany 3867:Arachis hypogaea 3860: 3854: 3853: 3828:(Leguminosae)". 3826:Arachis hypogaea 3821: 3812: 3811: 3793: 3783: 3760:Arachis hypogaea 3753: 3740: 3739: 3734:. Archived from 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3699: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3676:. Archived from 3666: 3660: 3659: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3604: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3555:Arachis hypogaea 3549: 3464: 3459: 3458: 3432: 3416: 3400: 3388: 3376: 3364: 3352: 3340: 3329:Arachis hypogaea 3325: 3313: 3301: 3134:A. h. fastigiata 3024:-like beverage, 2973:and paper), and 2932: 2909: 2907: 2906: 2891: 2889: 2888: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2855: 2853: 2852: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2811: 2806: 2805: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2292:, a dish called 2099: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2036: 2012: 2004: 1956:Valencia peanuts 1839:school districts 1717:Peanuts contain 1703:cause and effect 1664:dietary minerals 1645: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1439: 1377: 1361: 1344: 1327: 1310: 1293: 1283: 1250: 1249: 933: 929: 830: 829: 825: 820: 819: 815: 803: 802: 798: 795: 789: 788: 784: 779: 778: 774: 771: 765: 764: 760: 721:herbaceous plant 675:animal feedstock 589:A. h. fastigiata 569:center of origin 460:Western cuisines 420:, which improve 395:to name peanuts 346:Arachis hypogaea 329: 321: 297: 288: 279: 268: 259: 250: 241: 232: 209: 207:Arachis hypogaea 189:A. hypogaea 74: 73: 60: 48: 47: 7279: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7179: 7174: 7166: 7161: 7153: 7148: 7140: 7135: 7127: 7122: 7114: 7109: 7101: 7096: 7088: 7086: 7078: 7073: 7065: 7060: 7052: 7049:Observation.org 7047: 7039: 7034: 7026: 7024: 7016: 7011: 7003: 6998: 6990: 6985: 6977: 6972: 6964: 6959: 6951: 6946: 6938: 6933: 6925: 6920: 6912: 6907: 6899: 6894: 6886: 6881: 6873: 6868: 6860: 6855: 6847: 6842: 6834: 6829: 6821: 6816: 6808: 6803: 6795: 6790: 6782: 6780: 6772: 6770: 6762: 6760: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6717: 6707: 6702: 6647: 6621:Colorado pinyon 6560: 6382: 6262: 6257: 6227: 6156:Krampner, Jon. 6143:(Lerner, 1999). 6108: 6106:Further reading 6103: 6102: 6092: 6090: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6064:on July 4, 2019 6052: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6001: 5997: 5990: 5970: 5966: 5956: 5954: 5945: 5944: 5935: 5925: 5923: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5890: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5830: 5823: 5813:Wayback Machine 5803: 5794: 5789:Wayback Machine 5779: 5775: 5770:Wayback Machine 5760: 5756: 5746: 5744: 5743:on May 28, 2015 5731: 5730: 5726: 5716: 5714: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5671: 5667: 5662:Wayback Machine 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5598: 5594:Raymond, Bret. 5592: 5588: 5578: 5576: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5552: 5550: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5519: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5488: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5438:peanutbureau.ca 5432: 5431: 5427: 5415: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5380: 5373: 5363: 5361: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5257: 5235: 5231: 5221: 5219: 5204: 5200: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5077: 5068: 5058: 5056: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5023:Ruark, Elinor. 5021: 5012: 4967: 4963: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4759: 4755: 4710: 4703: 4664: 4660: 4650:Wayback Machine 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4562: 4558: 4521: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4456: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4321: 4306: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4255: 4251: 4236:10.2307/2437758 4230:(10): 802–815. 4220: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4159: 4155: 4149:Wayback Machine 4139: 4126: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4079: 4078: 4067: 4060: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4017: 4013: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3939: 3929: 3918: 3861: 3857: 3842:10.2307/2446112 3822: 3815: 3754: 3743: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3700: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3652:"Grain Legumes" 3648: 3644: 3628: 3624: 3605: 3598: 3589: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3551: 3550: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3496:Ground nut soup 3460: 3453: 3450: 3443: 3433: 3424: 3417: 3408: 3401: 3392: 3389: 3380: 3377: 3368: 3365: 3356: 3355:Textural detail 3353: 3344: 3341: 3332: 3326: 3317: 3314: 3305: 3302: 3293: 3256: 3102: 3040: 3034: 2983: 2958: 2904: 2902: 2886: 2884: 2868: 2866: 2850: 2848: 2832: 2830: 2810: 2804: 2799: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2741: 2687: 2591: 2516: 2445:Southeast Asian 2433: 2398: 2392: 2345:Spanish cuisine 2316:ají de mariscos 2278:Mexican cuisine 2270: 2246: 2244:Peanut proteins 2235: 2229: 2183: 2177: 2161:monounsaturated 2142: 2136: 2109: 2100: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2037: 2035: 2025: 2013: 2002: 1996: 1991: 1982: 1950: 1934: 1921: 1901: 1864: 1859: 1851:crossover study 1809: 1803: 1798: 1750: 1727:monounsaturated 1723:polyunsaturated 1715: 1688:monounsaturated 1684:polyunsaturated 1642: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1621:, including 9% 1590: 1585: 1543: 1530: 1517: 1504: 1491: 1478: 1465: 1452: 1440: 1410: 1397: 1384: 1375: 1367: 1359: 1351: 1342: 1334: 1325: 1317: 1308: 1300: 1291: 1284: 1255: 1064: 1059: 1036:Polyunsaturated 1026:Monounsaturated 1010: 1005: 966: 961: 928: 923: 864: 827: 823: 822: 817: 813: 812: 800: 796: 793: 791: 786: 782: 781: 776: 772: 769: 767: 762: 758: 757: 735:nitrogen-fixing 706: 657:colonial period 514:) arose from a 480: 414:nitrogen-fixing 334: 216: 211: 205: 192: 68: 44: 37: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7277: 7267: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7234:Edible legumes 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7181:wfo-0000174378 7172: 7159: 7146: 7133: 7120: 7107: 7094: 7084: 7071: 7058: 7045: 7032: 7022: 7009: 6996: 6983: 6970: 6957: 6944: 6931: 6918: 6905: 6892: 6879: 6866: 6853: 6840: 6827: 6814: 6801: 6788: 6778: 6768: 6758: 6743: 6727: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6663: 6657: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6631:Mexican pinyon 6628: 6623: 6618: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6588: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6570: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6549:English walnut 6546: 6541: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6509: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6495:Planted karuka 6487: 6482: 6475: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6392: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6373:Red bopple nut 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6336:European hazel 6333: 6328: 6326:American hazel 6318: 6317: 6316: 6314:Sweet chestnut 6306: 6301: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6292:European beech 6289: 6287:American beech 6279: 6273: 6271: 6269:botanical nuts 6264: 6263: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6233: 6226: 6225:External links 6223: 6222: 6221: 6217:(2017): 7-26. 6211: 6200: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6174: 6173: 6162: 6161: 6154: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6120: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6075: 6045: 6036: 5995: 5988: 5964: 5933: 5908: 5878: 5855: 5844:on May 4, 2015 5821: 5792: 5773: 5754: 5724: 5699: 5685: 5665: 5646: 5616: 5586: 5560: 5538: 5509: 5502: 5482: 5455: 5425: 5409: 5383: 5371: 5345: 5333:mexconnect.com 5320: 5295: 5270: 5255: 5229: 5198: 5176: 5150: 5124: 5113:. The Lee Bros 5098: 5091: 5066: 5041: 5010: 4961: 4920: 4894: 4835: 4809: 4781: 4753: 4724:(11): 977–85. 4701: 4658: 4635: 4624:. May 14, 2010 4609: 4583: 4556: 4515: 4493: 4450: 4436: 4413: 4388: 4331: 4304: 4283: 4249: 4209: 4194:. New Yorker. 4178: 4171: 4153: 4124: 4094: 4065: 4058: 4038: 4011: 3990: 3978:eurekalert.org 3964: 3937:(Leguminosae)" 3916: 3879:(1): 113–126. 3855: 3813: 3741: 3719: 3691: 3661: 3642: 3622: 3596: 3574: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3434: 3427: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3409: 3402: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3335: 3333: 3327: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3255: 3252: 3142:A. h. hypogaea 3138:A. h. hypogaea 3126:crop rotations 3122:soil fertility 3101: 3098: 3051:Groundnut cake 3033: 3030: 2982: 2979: 2957: 2954: 2936: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2827: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2740: 2737: 2733:street vendors 2686: 2683: 2590: 2587: 2579:peanut brittle 2572:tamarind rice. 2562:is eaten with 2536:peanut brittle 2515: 2512: 2432: 2431:Southeast Asia 2429: 2391: 2388: 2282:picante de cuy 2269: 2266: 2258:screw pressing 2245: 2242: 2231:Main article: 2228: 2225: 2179:Main article: 2176: 2173: 2165:saturated oils 2138:Main article: 2135: 2132: 2124:Boiled peanuts 2108: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2016: 2014: 2007: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1974:boiled peanuts 1949: 1948:Valencia group 1946: 1933: 1932:Virginia group 1930: 1920: 1917: 1900: 1897: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1807:Peanut allergy 1805:Main article: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1790:space missions 1778:centrifugation 1749: 1746: 1714: 1713:Phytochemicals 1711: 1678:(48% DV), and 1605: 1604: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1429: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1286: 1285: 1278: 1273: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1006: 999: 996: 995: 992: 991: 988: 987: 984: 978: 977: 974: 968: 967: 964: 962: 955: 952: 951: 948: 947: 944: 938: 937: 927: 924: 922: 919: 918: 917: 911: 905: 899: 893: 863: 860: 705: 702: 661:Bernard Romans 593:A. h. hypogaea 540:allotetraploid 490:, east of the 479: 476: 426:crop rotations 422:soil fertility 336: 335: 333: 332: 324: 315: 312: 311: 305: 304: 303: 302: 301: 300: 291: 273: 272: 271: 262: 253: 244: 223: 222: 218: 217: 212: 201: 200: 194: 193: 186: 184: 180: 179: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 132: 125: 124: 119: 112: 111: 106: 99: 98: 93: 86: 85: 80: 76: 75: 62: 61: 53: 52: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7276: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7182: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7081: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7023: 7019: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6754: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6711: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6671:Macadamia nut 6669: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6616:Chilgoza pine 6614: 6613: 6612: 6609: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6580: 6579:Burrawang nut 6577: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6426:Chilean hazel 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6378:Yellow walnut 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6247: 6242: 6240: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6040: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6015:(4): 237–42. 6014: 6010: 6006: 5999: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5968: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5866: 5859: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5758: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5688: 5686:9789251044445 5682: 5678: 5677: 5669: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5650: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5548: 5542: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5514: 5505: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5486: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5397: 5396:monitor.co.ug 5393: 5387: 5378: 5376: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5094: 5092:9781365452901 5088: 5084: 5083: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4785: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4706: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4639: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4503: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4466:(6): 734–70. 4465: 4461: 4454: 4446: 4445:"Resveratrol" 4440: 4424: 4417: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4287: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4197: 4193: 4192:newyorker.com 4189: 4182: 4174: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4061: 4059:9780520949539 4055: 4051: 4050: 4042: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4004: 4002: 3994: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3957:September 13, 3949: 3945: 3938: 3936: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3868: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3818: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3761: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3712:September 29, 3708: 3704: 3698: 3696: 3684:September 28, 3679: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3601: 3586: 3585: 3578: 3562: 3558: 3556: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3539: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3452: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3288: 3286: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2995:famine relief 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2962:nitroglycerin 2953: 2952:, and Sudan. 2951: 2950:United States 2947: 2943: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2894: 2893:United States 2883: 2882: 2878: 2876: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2840: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2812:(millions of 2807: 2797:Manufacturing 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2783:comfort foods 2766: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2739:North America 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2680:Peanut plant. 2678: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2532:chilli powder 2529: 2520: 2511: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2484: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2437: 2428: 2426: 2425:Cheez Doodles 2422: 2418: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376:pé-de-moleque 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2325:encacahuatado 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2268:Latin America 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2194:Peanut butter 2189:Peanut butter 2187: 2182: 2181:Peanut butter 2175:Peanut butter 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2141: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2107:Whole peanuts 2098: 2095: 2087: 2084:December 2017 2076: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2045: – 2044: 2040: 2039:Find sources: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2017:This section 2015: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1986: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1954: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1929: 1925: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1899:Spanish group 1896: 1894: 1893:peanut butter 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774:palmitic acid 1771: 1770:linoleic acid 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1738:dietary fiber 1735: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1701:do not allow 1700: 1699:study designs 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680:dietary fiber 1677: 1674:(52% DV) and 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1623:dietary fiber 1620: 1619:carbohydrates 1616: 1612: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1381: 1379: 1371: 1364: 1362: 1355: 1348: 1346: 1338: 1331: 1329: 1321: 1314: 1312: 1307:Riboflavin (B 1304: 1297: 1295: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1210:Glutamic acid 1207: 1203: 1201: 1200:Aspartic acid 1197: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1140:Phenylalanine 1137: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1007: 1004: 1003: 997: 993: 989: 985: 983: 982:Dietary fiber 979: 975: 973: 969: 963: 960: 959: 958:Carbohydrates 953: 949: 945: 943: 939: 934: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 887: 886: 881: 877: 873: 868: 859: 857: 853: 849: 848:fertilization 845: 840: 838: 834: 809: 807: 755: 751: 747: 742: 740: 736: 733: 729: 726: 722: 719: 712:Peanut flower 710: 701: 699: 695: 691: 690:Peanut butter 687: 682: 680: 676: 672: 671: 666: 662: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 632: 628: 625:(the plant's 624: 623: 622:tlālcacahuatl 618: 617:conquistadors 614: 610: 609:pre-Columbian 605: 601: 600:archeological 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 546: 541: 537: 533: 529: 528: 523: 522: 521:A. duranensis 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488:South America 485: 471: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 412: 408: 405: 400: 398: 394: 393:Carl Linnaeus 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 328: 325: 320: 317: 316: 313: 310: 306: 296: 292: 287: 283: 282: 278: 274: 267: 263: 258: 254: 249: 245: 240: 236: 235: 231: 227: 226: 224: 219: 215: 210: 208: 202: 199: 198:Binomial name 195: 191: 190: 185: 182: 181: 178: 177: 173: 170: 169: 166: 163: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 149: 146: 143: 140: 139: 136: 133: 130: 127: 126: 123: 120: 117: 114: 113: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 97: 96:Tracheophytes 94: 91: 88: 87: 84: 81: 78: 77: 72: 67: 63: 59: 54: 49: 46: 42: 35: 28: 24: 23: 6722: 6687: 6683:Paradise nut 6590: 6539:Black walnut 6513:Panda oleosa 6511: 6477: 6331:Beaked hazel 6214: 6204: 6195: 6188: 6178: 6166: 6157: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6123: 6112: 6091:. Retrieved 6087: 6078: 6066:. Retrieved 6062:the original 6057: 6048: 6039: 6012: 6008: 5998: 5974: 5967: 5955:. Retrieved 5951:the original 5924:. Retrieved 5920: 5911: 5899:. Retrieved 5895:Circular-645 5894: 5881: 5869:. Retrieved 5858: 5846:. Retrieved 5842:the original 5837: 5776: 5757: 5745:. Retrieved 5741:the original 5736: 5727: 5715:. Retrieved 5711: 5702: 5690:. Retrieved 5675: 5668: 5649: 5637:. Retrieved 5633:the original 5629:mfkhaiti.org 5628: 5619: 5607:. Retrieved 5602: 5589: 5577:. Retrieved 5572: 5563: 5551:. Retrieved 5541: 5529:. Retrieved 5524: 5492: 5485: 5473:. Retrieved 5468: 5458: 5446:. Retrieved 5442:the original 5437: 5428: 5417: 5412: 5402:December 28, 5400:. Retrieved 5395: 5386: 5362:. Retrieved 5357: 5348: 5336:. Retrieved 5332: 5323: 5311:. Retrieved 5307: 5298: 5286:. Retrieved 5282: 5273: 5238: 5232: 5220:. Retrieved 5216:the original 5212:agronomy.org 5211: 5201: 5188: 5179: 5167:. Retrieved 5163: 5153: 5141:. Retrieved 5136: 5127: 5115:. Retrieved 5110: 5101: 5081: 5057:. Retrieved 5053: 5044: 5034:November 22, 5032:. Retrieved 5028: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4940:(4): 801–2. 4937: 4933: 4923: 4911:. Retrieved 4907:the original 4897: 4852: 4848: 4838: 4826:. Retrieved 4821: 4812: 4800:. Retrieved 4794: 4784: 4772:. Retrieved 4766: 4756: 4721: 4717: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4654:Science News 4638: 4626:. Retrieved 4621: 4612: 4600:. Retrieved 4586: 4572:(2): 225–9. 4569: 4565: 4559: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4506:. Retrieved 4496: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4439: 4427:. Retrieved 4416: 4406:November 29, 4404:. Retrieved 4348: 4344: 4334: 4322:. Retrieved 4294: 4286: 4274:. Retrieved 4265: 4252: 4227: 4223: 4200:. Retrieved 4191: 4181: 4162: 4156: 4106: 4097: 4085:. Retrieved 4048: 4041: 4029:. Retrieved 4027:(in Spanish) 4024: 4014: 3998: 3993: 3981:. Retrieved 3977: 3967: 3955:. Retrieved 3948:the original 3943: 3934: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3858: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3736:the original 3731: 3722: 3710:. Retrieved 3706: 3682:. Retrieved 3678:the original 3673: 3664: 3655: 3645: 3635: 3625: 3612: 3588:, retrieved 3583: 3577: 3565:. Retrieved 3560: 3554: 3491:Cracker nuts 3328: 3284: 3282: 3269:carcinogenic 3262: 3257: 3244:carcinogenic 3233: 3221: 3217: 3173: 3169: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3111: 3091: 3088: 3069: 3063: 3050: 3048: 3041: 3015: 2987:malnutrition 2984: 2981:Malnutrition 2959: 2939: 2925: 2920: 2762: 2754:Jimmy Carter 2750: 2712: 2690: 2688: 2657: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2633: 2627: 2623:Peanut sauce 2603:Burkina Faso 2592: 2567: 2563: 2558:, groundnut 2525: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2468: 2442: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2401: 2399: 2367: 2363: 2353: 2342: 2336:and oaxacan 2334:mole poblano 2323: 2319: 2315: 2312:ají de pollo 2311: 2307: 2293: 2284:, a roasted 2281: 2271: 2247: 2238:Peanut flour 2236: 2233:Peanut flour 2227:Peanut flour 2221:granola bars 2192: 2151: 2128: 2122: 2118: 2090: 2081: 2071: 2064: 2057: 2050: 2038: 2026:Please help 2021:verification 2018: 1983: 1962:South Plains 1959: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1926: 1922: 1919:Runner group 1913: 1902: 1885: 1865: 1848:double-blind 1844: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1821: 1810: 1751: 1734:phytosterols 1716: 1692: 1627: 1608: 1566: 1561: 1436: 1431: 1424: 1280: 1275: 1268: 1054: 1000: 956: 884: 841: 810: 743: 739:root nodules 715: 683: 668: 665:East Florida 654: 638:Tenochtitlan 633: 603: 597: 592: 588: 564: 562: 557: 545:A. monticola 543: 536:amphidiploid 525: 519: 511: 483: 481: 456:culinary nut 454:, and, as a 445: 430: 418:root nodules 416:bacteria in 401: 396: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 339: 326: 318: 294: 285: 276: 265: 256: 247: 239:aequatoriana 238: 229: 206: 204: 188: 187: 175: 128: 115: 102: 89: 45: 21: 7259:Snack foods 6987:NatureServe 6922:iNaturalist 6747:Wikispecies 6693:Peanut tree 6653:Angiosperms 6626:Korean pine 6566:Gymnosperms 6500:Wild karuka 6346:Asian hazel 5926:October 16, 5901:October 16, 5848:October 16, 5579:December 6, 5553:December 6, 5531:December 6, 5475:December 6, 5448:December 6, 5313:October 26, 5288:October 26, 5283:huanuco.com 5222:October 15, 5117:October 30, 4602:January 30, 4508:January 15, 4429:October 14, 4031:February 1, 3791:11336/36879 3707:www.kew.org 3516:Power snack 3462:Food portal 3242:and highly 3100:Cultivation 3076:amino acids 3032:Animal feed 3026:peanut milk 2825:Production 2787:Peanut soup 2765:dry-roasted 2695:) eaten in 2685:East Africa 2673:and Ghana. 2643:nkate nkwan 2599:Ivory Coast 2589:West Africa 2556:South India 2465:Philippines 2300:hot peppers 2213:emulsifiers 2209:dry roasted 2157:smoke point 1768:(primarily 1742:resveratrol 1719:polyphenols 1652:Daily Value 1648:food energy 1290:Thiamine (B 921:Composition 806:nyctinastic 646:West Africa 604:A. hypogaea 565:A. hypogaea 558:A. hypogaea 527:A. ipaensis 512:A. hypogaea 368:(UK), is a 161:Subfamily: 109:Angiosperms 41:Goober Peas 7198:Categories 7098:Plant List 6661:Brazil nut 6641:Stone pine 6586:Ginkgo nut 6416:Breadfruit 6187:Smart, J. 5338:August 20, 5189:census.gov 4913:August 18, 4828:August 18, 4802:August 18, 4774:August 18, 4674:(1): 1–4. 4535:(1): 1–5. 4529:J Oleo Sci 4103:Romans, B. 4005:New York: 3534:References 3511:Peanut pie 3419:A bowl of 3273:aflatoxins 3248:aflatoxins 3181:phosphorus 3118:fertilizer 3036:See also: 2991:Plumpy Nut 2966:saponified 2956:Industrial 2802:Production 2791:deep-fried 2647:nkate cake 2632:meat stew 2583:Bombay mix 2575:Kovilpatti 2544:peanut oil 2394:See also: 2368:palanqueta 2364:enchilados 2349:rice pilaf 2338:mole negro 2286:guinea pig 2204:made from 2196:is a food 2153:Peanut oil 2148:Peanut oil 2140:Peanut oil 2134:Peanut oil 2054:newspapers 1998:See also: 1966:West Texas 1873:New Mexico 1762:oleic acid 1676:phosphorus 1670:(95% DV), 1666:, such as 1662:, several 1656:B vitamins 1617:, and 21% 1498:Phosphorus 1120:Methionine 1090:Isoleucine 1070:Tryptophan 896:Cotyledons 837:floral cup 619:found the 579:, Brazil, 532:chromosome 385:subtropics 366:monkey nut 358:goober pea 248:fastigiata 230:fastigiata 7249:Oil seeds 6888:200011891 6875:200011891 6666:Macadamia 6599:Bunya nut 6592:Araucaria 6544:Butternut 6529:Pistachio 6519:Pekea nut 6441:Gabon nut 6406:Betel nut 6358:Kurrajong 6304:Candlenut 6267:True, or 6093:August 7, 5815:" (PDF). 5639:April 23, 5469:psmag.com 5265:951217525 5169:August 6, 4871:2045-7022 4365:0028-4793 4276:March 28, 4119:745317190 3893:0305-7364 3800:0002-9122 3481:Beer Nuts 3421:sev mamra 3185:potassium 3094:ruminants 3084:glutamine 3060:mycotoxin 3056:aflatoxin 2729:mushrooms 2713:ebinyebwa 2711:, called 2652:kuli-kuli 2552:sunflower 2483:gado-gado 2470:kare-kare 2457:Indonesia 2390:West Asia 2386:in form. 2318:(seafood 2304:fricassee 2169:rancidity 1868:cultivars 1857:Varieties 1801:Allergies 1752:A common 1695:mortality 1672:magnesium 1668:manganese 1660:vitamin E 1511:Potassium 1485:Manganese 1472:Magnesium 1404:Vitamin E 1391:Vitamin C 1374:Folate (B 1358:Vitamin B 1324:Niacin (B 1180:Histidine 1080:Threonine 1016:Saturated 926:Nutrition 902:Seed coat 872:cotyledon 852:gynophore 732:symbiotic 700:of 1904. 694:Beech-Nut 634:cacahuate 575:in Peru, 550:landraces 504:Argentina 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