Baldwin I of Jerusalem

1443:. After the fall of Beirut, Baldwin and Bertrand hurried to Edessa to fight against the invaders. Baldwin II of Edessa accused Tancred of having incited the Muslim rulers to take actions against him. Regarding himself as the leader of all the Crusaders, Baldwin ordered Tancred to join the campaign and make peace with Baldwin II, otherwise he would declare Tancred the enemy of Christianity. Since most crusaders supported the king, Tancred had no choice but to obey. The incident strengthened Baldwin's suzerainty over Edessa. After the new reconciliation, the crusaders pursued Mawdud, but rumours about Muslim attacks against Antioch and Jerusalem forced them to stop the campaign. Before leaving the county, Baldwin suggested that the Christian (mainly Armenian) peasants should be transferred to the lands west of the Euphrates, because the Seljuk rulers had frequently raided the eastern regions. While the peasants were gathering at a ferry on the river, Mawdud made a sudden raid and massacred most of them. 622: 830: 6595: 903: 1385: 1151:, stating that Tancred had arbitrarily seized it, Baldwin summoned Tancred to Jerusalem, but Tancred did not recognise him as the lawful monarch. They agreed to meet at a river near Jaffa, but their meeting did not result in compromise. The conflict was resolved when Tancred was invited to Antioch to administer the principality on Bohemond's behalf. Before leaving for Antioch in March, Tancred renounced his domains in Palestine, but also stipulated that the same domains should be granted in fief to him if he were to leave Antioch within fifteen months. Baldwin gave Haifa to Geldemar and the 816:

clothing him once for all under the garment closest to his own flesh, with pledges given and received by both parties. With the father-and-son relationship thus confirmed on both sides, one day suggested to Baldwin, in his position as son, that he call his men together, all the army and those serving for pay, taking the citizens of Edessa likewise, and set out for the fortification at Samosata which was next to the Euphrates and conquer Balduk, prince of the Turks, who had unjustly seized that same citadel, which belonged to Edessa, and was holding it.

1057: 2212:, Christopher Tyerman and Malcolm Barber agree that William of Tyre most probably referred to Baldwin's homosexuality. Tyerman adds that a converted Muslim was one of Baldwin's lovers, but he betrayed Baldwin during the siege of Sidon. He proposed that the defenders of the town kill the king, but Baldwin was warned in advance. On the other hand, Susan B. Edgington states that there is "little evidence to support" the theories about Baldwin's homosexuality, emphasizing that his contemporaries made no reference to it. 1491: 1287: 733:

Heavily outnumbered by Baldwin's troops, Tancred decided not to fight for the town and rode off. Shortly thereafter, about 300 Norman knights arrived, but Baldwin denied entry to them, which enabled the Turks to attack and murder the Normans during the night. Baldwin's own men blamed him for their fate and massacred the remnants of the Seljuk garrison. Fearful of vengeance, Baldwin took shelter in a tower, but finally convinced his soldiers of his innocence. A pirate captain,

1627: 1409:, who had ruled these lands since Raymond's death, refused to cede them to him. Bertrand sought Baldwin's assistance, while William Jordan secured Tancred's support. Tancred had already outraged Baldwin II of Edessa through refusing to abandon Turbessel. Baldwin convoked an assembly to put an end to the crusader leaders' conflicts. Since neither Tancred nor Jordan were his vassals, he summoned them in the name of the "whole church of Jerusalem" to the castle of 1487:, although he had no supporting fleet. He was still besieging the town when a Byzantine embassy arrived. The Byzantines tried to persuade him to join a coalition against Tancred, while he wanted to secure their assistance against Tyre. They could not reach a compromise, but Izz al-Mulk, the Egyptian governor of Tyre, persuaded Toghtekin to come to the rescue of the besieged town. Toghtekin compelled Baldwin to lift the siege and withdraw to Acre in April 1112. 1574: 6616: 453: 6013: 6352: 899:. When the Muslim burghers of the town approached Balduk to come to their rescue, Balduk hurried to Saruj, but it soon became apparent that his retinue was too small to resist a siege and both he and the townspeople yielded to Baldwin. Baldwin demanded Balduk's wife and children as hostages, but Balduk refused to hand them over to him, for which Baldwin had him captured and executed. 756:, wanted to take revenge for the Normans who had perished at Tarsus, which caused a skirmish between the soldiers of Baldwin and Tancred. This was the first occasion when crusaders fought against each other. After one or two men were killed and many more were injured or captured on both sides, Baldwin and Tancred made peace and Baldwin left Mamistra. He joined the main army at 806:, or Bagrat prevented him from crossing the Euphrates. His second attempt was successful and he reached Edessa on 20 February. Baldwin did not want to serve Thoros as a mercenary. The Armenian townspeople feared that he was planning to leave the town, so they persuaded Thoros to adopt him. Alone among the contemporary historians of the First Crusade, 1256:, sent money to Daimbert, partially for the recruitment of soldiers, but Daimbert retained the whole sum. After learning of this embezzlement, Baldwin convinced the papal legate to dismiss Daimbert in late 1101. Daimbert fled first to Jaffa, then to Tancred in Antioch. The vacancy enabled Baldwin to freely use the patriarch's rich treasury. 2200:, because Baldwin's second wife was still alive. After recovering from a serious illness in late 1116, Baldwin accepted clerical advice and sent an indignant Adelaide home. She sailed for Sicily on 25 April 1117. Her humiliation outraged Roger II so much that he denied all support to the Kingdom of Jerusalem during his lifetime. 1279:, took him to Jaffa, although the Egyptian army had blockaded it from the land. He went to Jerusalem to gather new troops and returned to Jaffa with more than 100 horsemen. However, only the arrival of a fleet filled with hundreds of English, French and German pilgrims forced the Egyptians to lift the siege on 27 45: 1428:

June, the Egyptian governor, Sharaf ad-Daulah, offered to surrender the town if a safe passage for those who wanted to leave the town was guaranteed. Baldwin accepted the offer, but he could not prevent the Genoese from killing all those inhabitants whom they could capture. Two-thirds of the town was

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Baldwin had to use his diplomatic skills to secure his rule in Edessa, because his retinue was small. He married the daughter of an Armenian lord named Taftoc (possibly the brother of Constantine of Gargar), according to William of Tyre, and encouraged his retainers to marry local women. Thoros' rich

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The Seljuks had captured Edessa from the Byzantines in 1087, but Alexios did not demand that Baldwin hand over the town. Historian Christopher MacEvitt argues that the local population did not regard Baldwin's ascension as "a change in regime, but the replacement of one strongman with vague Byzantine

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The Armenians regarded Baldwin as a liberator. Two Armenian chiefs, Fer and Nicusus, joined him soon after he started his campaign. The local population massacred the Seljuk garrisons and officials, or forced them to flee. The Seljuks' fear of the crusaders contributed to Baldwin's success. He seized

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guards. The crusaders realised that they could not defeat the imperial army and so yielded to the emperor's demand. Their commanders (including Godfrey and Baldwin) swore fealty to Alexios and pledged that they would cede all conquered lands that the Seljuk Turks had seized from the Byzantines to the

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The Egyptians failed to launch any major military campaigns against the Kingdom of Jerusalem, but they did continually raid Baldwin's southern frontier. They massacred hundreds of pilgrims near Jaffa and defeated the governor of the town while Baldwin was fighting against Damascene troops in Galilee

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May after Baldwin promised a free passage to those who wanted to move to Ascalon, but the Italian sailors plundered the wealthy emigrants and killed many of them. Baldwin wanted to punish the Genoese, but the patriarch mediated a reconciliation and Baldwin had to grant one-third of the town to them.

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fleet, offering commercial privileges and booty to them in the towns that he would capture with their support. They first attacked Arsuf, which surrendered without resistance on 29 April, securing a safe passage for the townspeople to Ascalon. The Egyptian garrison at Caesarea resisted, but the town

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on Christmas Day. Thereafter Baldwin was most frequently styled king. For instance, a charter of grant in 1104 referred to him as "Baldwin, king of Judea and Jerusalem, and defensor of the Holiest Sepulchre of our Lord, Jesus Christ". In most of his charters, he also emphasised that he was Godfrey's

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Baldwin fell seriously ill in late 1116. Thinking that he was dying, he ordered that all his debts be paid off and he started to distribute his money and goods, but he recovered at the start of the following year. To strengthen the defence of the southern frontier, he launched an expedition against

1380:

and forced the enemy to destroy a fortress recently built by Damascene troops to control the caravan routes. In August 1108 Baldwin and a band of Italian adventurers laid siege to Sidon, but the arrival of an Egyptian fleet and Turkish horsemen from Damascus forced him to abandon the siege. In late

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September. At least two of the five or six crusader corps were almost annihilated during the first phase of the battle, but Baldwin persuaded the remnants of his army to launch a fresh attack, surprising the Egyptians. After a short resistance, they fled in panic, pursued by the crusaders as far as

1605:

on the frontier of the Fatimid Empire. On his deathbed, he named Eustace III of Boulogne as his successor, but also authorised the barons to offer the throne to Baldwin of Edessa or "someone else who would rule the Christian people and defend the churches", if his brother did not accept the crown.

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Baldwin levied high taxes, which made him unpopular among his native subjects. He also ignored the local nobles' advice and granted property to his retainers and other crusaders who moved to Edessa. A dozen Armenian chiefs plotted against Baldwin in December, and approached the nearby Seljuk emirs

732:

September. He persuaded the Seljuk garrison of Tarsus to raise his flag on the citadel, even before his troops were granted access to the town. Baldwin reached Tarsus on the following day. The Turks replaced Tancred's banner with Baldwin's flag and allowed Baldwin to take possession of two towers.

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by the crusaders. Maalouf attributes Baldwin's success primarily to the "incorrigible fragmentation of the Arab world," which made the crusaders a "genuine regional power." Historian Christopher MacEvitt proposes that Baldwin was "adept at navigating the complexities of a world of competing local

801:

and twelve leading citizens—to Baldwin in early 1098, seeking his assistance against the nearby Seljuk rulers. Being the first town to convert to Christianity, Edessa had played an important role in Christian history. Before departing for Edessa, Baldwin ordered the arrest of Bagrat, whom Fer had

2191:

Baldwin's third wife, Adelaide, was the wealthy widow of Roger I of Sicily. Her first husband died in 1102 and she acted as regent for their minor sons until the end of 1111. She was more than forty years old when the marriage was proposed in 1112. According to William of Tyre, Baldwin wanted to

1237:

to hinder any attempt at a surprise attack against Jerusalem. He demanded more funds from Daimbert to cover the costs of this defense, but the patriarch refused. During a passionate debate in the presence of the papal legate, Daimbert stated that Baldwin should not "presume to make tributary and

1298:

During the siege of Jaffa, Baldwin had sent envoys to Antioch and Edessa, seeking assistance from Tancred and Baldwin II. They arrived only after the Egyptians' withdrawal. Tancred tried to persuade the new papal legate, Robert of St Eusebio, to restore Daimbert, but Baldwin convinced Robert to

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In the view of the twelve governors' and all their fellow citizens' steadfastness and goodwill towards Baldwin, had to grant their request whether he liked it or not, and he made Baldwin his own adopted son according to the custom of that region and people, binding him to his naked chest and

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and Christopher MacEvitt, Baldwin and Godehilde had children who did not long survive her, but historian Alan V. Murray emphasises that no primary source states that Baldwin fathered children. According to Murray, Runciman was wrong when he translated William of Tyre's words about Baldwin's

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With the pressure on the northern regions diminished, Baldwin was able to again deal with the Egyptians, who had already approached Jerusalem in 1113, and made a fresh attempt to capture Jaffa in 1115. Baldwin led an expedition across the Jordan and ordered the construction of the castle of

2203:

Summarising Baldwin's marriages, historian Jonathan Phillips concludes that Baldwin "regarded women as useful sources of financial and political advancement but little else". Decades after Baldwin's death, William of Tyre wrote that Baldwin was "said to have struggled with weakness of the

1533:, sent a large army to northern Syria in spring 1115. In an attempt to maintain the equilibrium in the region, Toghtekin soon sought reconciliation with the crusaders. He made an alliance with the crusader rulers, and their coalition forced the Seljuk troops to withdraw without a fight. 610:, to discuss the conditions of the crusaders' march across the country. He agreed to hand over Baldwin, along with Baldwin's wife and retainers, as hostages, to ensure their troops' good conduct. Baldwin and Godehilde were released soon after the crusaders left Hungary. They entered the 1022:

To prevent Baldwin from seizing Godfrey's realm, Daimbert and Tancred sought assistance from Bohemond I of Antioch. Daimbert sent a letter to him, stating that Baldwin's rule would "bring about the downfall of the church and the destruction of Christianity itself", according to later

682:, but Godfrey and Baldwin soon returned to Constantinople to be present when the commanders of a new crusader army did homage to Alexios. When a knight sat on the emperor's throne during the ceremony, Baldwin "took him by the hand and made him rise" and severely reprimanded him. 932:, gathered a large army to relieve the town. During his march towards Antioch, Kerbogha did not wish to risk allowing the crusaders to hold Edessa. He besieged Edessa for three weeks in May, but could not capture it. His delay enabled the crusaders to capture Antioch on 3 1350:

Al-Afdal. After Egyptian horsemen and foot soldiers invaded the kingdom from the south, and Syrian mounted archers from the west in August 1105, Baldwin assembled the largest crusader army since the beginning of his reign. At his request, Patriarch Evremar displayed the

1270:

came to celebrate Easter in Jerusalem in 1102. Shortly thereafter, a strong Egyptian army invaded the kingdom. On 17 May, and against all advice, Baldwin and a force of about 500 horsemen that included dozens of new crusaders, rode out to meet the Egyptians. In this

1376:, but Baldwin forced them to lift the siege. The Egyptian raids did not prevent Baldwin from pursuing an expansionist policy. He compelled the governor of Sidon to pay a large tribute for a two-year truce in early 1106. Early the following year, he made a raid into 1477:

Mawdud launched a new expedition against the northern crusader states in August. At Tancred's request, Baldwin mustered his troops and hurried to the North. Bertrand of Tripoli, Baldwin II of Edessa and the Armenian rulers also came to fight against Mawdud, who

1275:, the Egyptians were the victors, and they forced Baldwin and his men to take refuge in Ramla. Baldwin escaped from the fortress before the Egyptians laid siege to it, leaving his troops to be killed or captured. He fled to Arsuf, after which an English pirate, 1557:—secured the control of the caravan routes between Syria and Egypt. They also enabled Baldwin to continuously survey the movements of the Egyptian troops. From the Red Sea coast, Baldwin hastened to Tyre and began the construction of a new fortress, known as 709:, where they again joined their fellows around 15 August. The crusaders became exhausted during their long march across Asia Minor and most of their horses died. To secure a supply of food and forage, Baldwin and Tancred were sent to the fertile plains of 884:

treasury enabled him to employ mercenaries and to buy Samosata from Balduk. Baldwin and Balduk's treaty about the transfer of Samosata was the first friendly arrangement between a crusader leader and a Muslim ruler. Balduk settled in Edessa.

1465:

December. Baldwin spared the lives of the townspeople and many of them moved to Tyre and Damascus. The following year Baldwin marched to Ascalon: to prevent a siege the Egyptian governor of the town, Shams al-Khalīfa, promised to pay 70,000

1079:

October 1100. He spent four days in Antioch, but did not accept the local inhabitants' plea for him to administer the principality during Bohemond's captivity. Duqaq of Damascus wanted to ambush him on the narrow road near the mouth of the

853:, one of the conspirators, suggested to replace Thoros with Baldwin. A riot broke out in the town, forcing Thoros to take refuge in the citadel. Baldwin pledged to save his adoptive father, but when the rioters broke into the citadel on 9 1482:

to Mosul in the autumn. Shortly thereafter, Baldwin attacked a caravan that was travelling from Tyre to Damascus, carrying with it the city's most precious possessions, and was able to carry off the rich cargo. In late November, he laid

345:. Godfrey's retainers took possession of the town and urged Baldwin to claim Godfrey's inheritance. Since a Muslim ruler had captured Bohemond, Baldwin marched to Jerusalem meeting little resistance. The Patriarch crowned him king in 1299:

discuss the issue with the local bishops and abbots. After the prelates unanimously stated that Daimbert had almost provoked a civil war and had abused his ecclesiastic authority, the legate allowed them to elect a pious priest,

1068:, noticed that Baldwin "grieved somewhat over the death of his brother, but rejoiced more over his inheritance". To finance his journey to Jerusalem, Baldwin seized gold and silver from his subjects. He appointed his relative, 1417:). Tancred did not take possession of his old domain, which remained under Baldwin's control. Raymond's inheritance was distributed between Bertrand and Jordan, with Bertrand swearing fealty to Baldwin, and Jordan to Tancred. 875:, which was taking place at the same time. The fertile lands along the Euphrates secured a supply of food for the crusaders. The three fortresses also hindered the movement of the Seljuk troops towards Syria and Palestine. 810:

claims that the local customs of adoption required Thoros to take Baldwin under his shirt. Strengthened by troops from Edessa, Baldwin raided Balduk's territory and placed a garrison in a small fortress near Samosata.

1310:, but he was wounded in the kidneys and did not recover until the end of the year. After a fleet of Genoese and Pisan ships arrived at Haifa in April 1104, Baldwin made an alliance with their commanders and again 2184:. Her father promised a dowry of 60,000 bezants and also pledged that she would inherit his lands, but he actually paid off only 7,000 bezants to Baldwin. The marriage was childless. Baldwin banished her to the 1202:

May. Baldwin's soldiers pillaged Caesarea and massacred the majority of the adult local population. The Genoese received one third of the booty, but Baldwin did not grant areas in the captured towns to them.

952:

in accordance with Byzantine laws, but the others were allowed to redeem themselves for large fees. Nevertheless, Baldwin continued to appoint Armenian noblemen to important offices. He made the Armenian

1610:

April 1118. In accordance with his last wishes, his cook, Addo, removed his intestines and preserved his body in salt, so as to secure a burial in Jerusalem. He was buried in the Calvary Chapel of the

467:

Born some time after 1060, Baldwin was the third son of Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, and Ida of Lorraine. Being his parents' youngest son, he was intended for a career in the Church. He studied the

964:

July 1099. A week later, Godfrey of Bouillon was elected ruler of the city, but chose not to be crowned king. Baldwin decided to complete his pilgrimage and left Edessa for Jerusalem in November. At

1003:

July 1100. He had extracted oaths from Daimbert and other leading crusaders that they "would not confer the throne on anyone except his brothers or one of his blood", according to Albert of Aix.

1241:

The lightly armed and undisciplined Egyptian army approached Ramla in early September. The much smaller, but experienced and well-equipped crusader forces were the first to attack, at dawn on 7

665:

Since the crusaders continued to resist the emperor's demand, the Byzantines reduced the fodder and food supplied to them. Baldwin again attacked the suburbs and killed or captured dozens of

980:. The new patriarch confirmed Godfrey and Bohemond in the possession of their lands, but no similar ceremony was recorded in connection with Baldwin. Baldwin and Bohemond left Jerusalem on 1 924:. The continued support that Baldwin provided his brother with increased his brother's standing within the crusade army, proofing crucial during the crusade as food was many times scarce. 487:. For reasons that are unknown, and at an unspecified time, he abandoned his church career and became a knight. The historian John France says that Baldwin most probably realised that the 802:

accused of secret correspondence with the Seljuks. Bagrat was tortured and forced to surrender Ravendel. Baldwin left for Edessa in early February, but troops sent by Balduk, the emir of

1238:

servant the holy Church". The legate persuaded Daimbert to promise that he would "maintain thirty soldiers by a money agreement", but the patriarch failed to raise the promised amount.

1413:

near Tripoli. At the assembly in June 1109, Tancred agreed to abandon Turbessel in return for his restoration to his old domains in the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Galilee, Haifa and the

1644:, who completed his chronicle a century after Baldwin's death, thought that "al-Bardawil" had started the First Crusade. Presenting a fictional correspondence between Baldwin and 845:

subjects. Shortly after Baldwin's return from campaign, the local nobles started plotting against Thoros, possibly with Baldwin's consent (as is stated by contemporary chronicler

1484: 6443: 1549:. After the local inhabitants fled from the town, Baldwin constructed castles in the town and on a nearby island and left a garrison in both fortresses. The three strongholds— 286:

in September, but Baldwin forced him to leave it, which gave rise to an enduring conflict between them. Baldwin seized important fortresses in the lands to the west of the

1509:

Baldwin made an incursion against Damascene territory in 1113. Mawdud and an Artuqid emir, Ayaz, who came to assist Toghtekin against the crusaders, routed Baldwin in the

720:

Baldwin and Tancred led two separate contingents. Tancred was the first to leave Heraclea, accompanied by 100–200 troops; Baldwin and his 300 knights departed around 15

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states that Baldwin was one of the commanders of the First Crusade "whose skill, ambition and devotion drove the enterprise, and by turns threatened to rip it apart."

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August. Baldwin hurried to Melitene and pursued the Danishmend for three days, but he was unable to rescue Bohemond. After his return, the Armenian lord of Melitene,

587:, which facilitated Baldwin's decision to take the Cross. Eustace III of Boulogne also joined the crusade. According to a letter from Pope Urban, only the army that 1093: 857:

March and murdered both Thoros and his wife, he did nothing to help them. On the following day, after the townspeople acknowledged Baldwin as their ruler (or

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November 1095. Godfrey of Bouillon decided to join the military campaign and sold or mortgaged his inherited domains to raise funds. One of his domains, the

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emphasises that Baldwin was a talented military commander and a clever politician, who "established a stable kingdom with defined and defensible borders."

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demanded an oath of allegiance from their leaders and imposed a blockade on their camp to enforce it. Baldwin made raids against the districts outside the

6436: 6212: 2196:, his heir in Jerusalem. She landed at Palestine in August 1113, accompanied by hundreds of soldiers and bringing her rich dowry. Their marriage was 871:

ties with another of the same ilk". The acquisition of Ravendel, Turbessel and Edessa strengthened the position of the main crusader army during the

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and rout the Damascene troops. Tancred hurried to Jerusalem to persuade the garrison to surrender the town to him, but he was barred from the town.

2164:

argues that her death "may have been the decisive event that persuaded" Baldwin "to seek out a lordship in the East". According to the historians

1123:, then launched a punitive expedition against the bandits who had their headquarters in the caves near Jerusalem. He made an incursion across the 838: 6429: 2188:

in Jerusalem before 1109, but she was soon allowed to move to Constantinople. Although they were separated, the marriage was never annulled.

1319:

Acre had always been the most important port of trade between Syria and Europe, and the harbour dues generated significant revenues for him.

1306:

Baldwin laid siege to Acre in April 1103, but an Egyptian fleet relieved the town. He launched a raid against the bandits who had settled on

972:. Attacks by Muslim troops, fatigue and diseases caused heavy casualties during the journey, but most of the pilgrims reached Jerusalem on 21 6608: 1381:

1108, he concluded a ten-year truce with Toghtekin in exchange for one-third of state revenues from the northern regions of Oultrejordain.

713:. There they could count on the support of the local Armenians, especially as Baldwin had already been befriended by an Armenian nobleman, 602:

August 1096. His wife and children accompanied him, suggesting that he had decided not to return to his homeland. The crusaders stopped at

6656: 6651: 783: 1672:

warlords," because the "political landscape" of his homeland, with its castellans dominating the countryside, was "not so different."

1640:

described Baldwin as his subjects' "shield, strength and support; their right arm; the terror of his enemies." The Muslim historian,

1433:

May 1110, with the assistance of Bertrand and a Genoese fleet. He was again unable to prevent a general massacre of the townspeople.

949: 1355:

before the army to strengthen the crusaders' self-confidence. They inflicted a decisive defeat on the Egyptian and Syrian armies at

6666: 621: 495:. Historian Susan B. Edgington, on the other hand, proposes that Baldwin preferred a secular career because his childless brother, 6356: 2176:

Uncertainty surrounds the name and family of his second wife, whom he married in the summer of 1098. Modern historians call her

1449:—the first king to visit the Kingdom of Jerusalem—had meanwhile landed at Acre. Baldwin made an alliance with him and they laid 6051: 1470:

as a tribute and allowed crusader troops into the citadel. However, the townspeople rose up against al-Khalīfa in July and his

1166:, came to Jerusalem in early March 1101. After Baldwin accused Daimbert of treachery and convinced Maurice to suspend him on 15 1676: 790:, without a fight before the end of 1097. He made Bagrat the governor of Ravendel, and appointed Fer to administer Turbessel. 606:

before reaching the frontier of Hungary in September. Godfrey left Baldwin in charge of his troops during his conference with

538:, indicating that Baldwin was regarded as his designated heir. Baldwin regularly visited the fortress of his wife's family at 6333: 6307: 6267: 6243: 6224: 6194: 6165: 6141: 6120: 6101: 6075: 6032: 6003: 5984: 5955: 5934: 5915: 5886: 5849: 5835: 1115:. Albert of Aix's sporadic references suggest that Baldwin adopted the title of prince. Baldwin first raided the environs of 764:

across a region densely populated by Armenians. About 80–100 knights accompanied him when he again left the main army on 17

948:

for assistance, but Baldwin learnt of the conspiracy and ordered the arrest of the conspirators. The two ringleaders were

1992: 17: 6131: 1590:

without a fight as the townspeople had fled in panic before he reached the town. The late-12th-century Muslim historian

50: 1388: 5598: 920:

of Turbessel and Ravendel to his brother Godfrey, to secure his and his retainers' accommodation during the siege of

6217:

The Crusades: Other Experiences, Alternate Perspectives: Selected Proceedings from the 32nd Annual CEMERS Conference

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to persuade the legate to restore him to his office. The towns along the coast which were still under Egyptian rule—

989: 6316: 6276: 6203: 6174: 6084: 5964: 5895: 5855: 985: 6219:. State University of New York at Binghamton. Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies. pp. 83–100. 314:

March 1098. To strengthen his rule, the widowed Baldwin married an Armenian ruler's daughter (who is now known as

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La Contea Franca di Edessa. Fondazione e Profilo Storico del Primo Principato Crociato nel Levante (1098–1150)

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to Tarsus and swore fealty to Baldwin. He hired Guynemer's men to garrison Tarsus and continued his campaign.

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after the arrival of the troops from Tripoli and Antioch. Toghtekin and Mawdud returned to Damascus where an

1402: 1130:

Baldwin was reconciled with Daimbert who agreed to anoint and crown him king. The ceremony took place in the

1011:

in Jerusalem to secure control of the city. Although Warner soon died, two other members of Godfrey's court,

436:, who launched a series of campaigns against Edessa and Antioch in the early 1110s. He erected fortresses in 244: 6539: 6472: 1753: 1679:

took years. Initially, clerics from Baldwin's homeland compiled the royal documents. The first chancellor,

1594:

wrote that Baldwin ordered the mosques in the town to be levelled. Baldwin's retainers urged him to attack

977: 338: 163: 1429:

granted to Bertrand of Toulouse who again took an oath of fealty to Baldwin. Baldwin captured Beirut on 13

798: 6686: 6519: 1966: 1398: 527: 405: 1683:, was appointed only in 1115. Pagan had come to the Holy Land in the entourage of Baldwin's third wife, 6681: 6676: 1902: 1847: 702: 694: 523: 275: 5623: 6671: 6157:

A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

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emerged as the ruler, but faced strong opposition. Baldwin promised to support Duqaq's young brother

500: 1233:, started mustering troops at Ascalon. Baldwin moved his headquarters to nearby Jaffa and fortified 670:

emperor's representatives. The crusaders were transferred to a camp established on the road between

6559: 6499: 1479: 1064:

News of Godfrey's death reached Edessa shortly after Baldwin's return from Melitene. His chaplain,

607: 576: 1652:, but Roger, who wanted to secure the territory for himself, talked him into attacking Jerusalem. 658:, compelling Alexios to lift the blockade. The Emperor also agreed to hand over his son and heir, 432:, also obeyed his summons. Baldwin supported Baldwin II and Tancred against Kerbogha's successor, 333:

Godfrey of Bouillon, whom the crusaders had elected their first ruler in Jerusalem, died in 1100.

6594: 6529: 6509: 6494: 6484: 6387: 5627:, Neue Folge, Band III Teilband 4 (Verlag von J. A. Stargardt, Marburg, Germany, 1989), Tafel 621 1259: 1152: 1111:, and the townspeople stopped Baldwin outside the walls and ceremoniously accompanied him to the 1069: 937: 655: 519: 444:—to control the caravan routes between Syria and Egypt. He died during a campaign against Egypt. 429: 98: 6620: 6514: 6065: 5586: 1440: 1356: 1291: 1272: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1156: 1131: 957:

the commander of Bijerik, an important fort controlling the road between Edessa and Turbessel.

631: 390: 306:. Taking advantage of a riot against Thoros, Baldwin seized the town and established the first 214: 1675:

Baldwin's earliest extant charters were issued in the early 1100s, but the establishment of a

6641: 1510: 1450: 1028: 941: 850: 342: 2173:

as a reference to his family, because William of Tyre was referring to Baldwin's household.

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in the autumn of 1115. The following year, he returned to the region and marched as far as

1311: 734: 421: 398: 1384: 330:, for three weeks, preventing him from reaching Antioch before the crusaders captured it. 8: 6549: 6467: 6397: 6253: 6213:"In His Brother's Shadow: The Crusading Career and Reputation of Eustace III of Boulogne" 2209: 1660: 1637: 1554: 1513:

in late June, forcing him to seek assistance from the new rulers of Tripoli and Antioch,

1446: 1263: 1230: 1065: 1040: 910:

from 1098 to 1131 (the territory conquered by Baldwin is depicted with the darkest color)

592: 564: 496: 260: 87: 1075:

About 200 knights and 300–700 foot-soldiers accompanied Baldwin when he left Edessa on 2

968:, he joined the pilgrims who had departed Antioch with Bohemond I and the papal legate, 6584: 6574: 6421: 5972: 2193: 1785: 1684: 1680: 1526: 1276: 1016: 753: 651: 603: 378: 189: 6012: 5878:

The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam

6452: 6411: 6329: 6303: 6297: 6263: 6257: 6239: 6220: 6190: 6161: 6155: 6137: 6116: 6097: 6071: 6047: 6028: 5999: 5980: 5951: 5930: 5911: 5882: 5876: 5845: 5831: 5604: 5594: 2153: 1645: 1558: 1550: 1538: 1494: 1406: 1194: 1179: 1120: 1012: 846: 829: 648: 584: 511: 394: 374: 358: 252: 240: 204: 152: 59: 6187:

A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East

1283:

May. Baldwin wrote to Alexios I Komnenos, urging him not to obstruct their journey.

902: 6579: 6544: 2205: 2181: 1667:

also concludes that Baldwin was the "principal architect of the occupation" of the

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marry her because he had learnt of her wealth, and even agreed to make her son,

1193:

Always in need of funds, Baldwin concluded an alliance with the commanders of a

5903: 5830:(Edited and translated by Susan B. Edgington) (2007). Oxford University Press. 2161: 1611: 1562: 1454: 1414: 1253: 1112: 1008: 1004: 864: 725: 686: 640: 507: 381:

fleets and of several smaller crusader groups, but all his attempts to capture

307: 283: 30:

First count of Edessa (r. 1098–1100) and first king of Jerusalem (r. 1100–1118)

1521:. Toghtekin, Mawdud and Ayaz invaded Galilee, but they did not risk attacking 1439:, the atabeg of Mosul, and his allies invaded the County of Edessa during the 1342:

against Toghtekin. His intervention brought about a rapprochement between the

992:, sent forces to attack them, but the crusaders routed the Seljuk troops near 6635: 5608: 1688: 1410: 1377: 1187: 842: 807: 714: 580: 560: 556: 551: 461: 437: 386: 303: 264: 5624:

Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten

859: 6061: 1664: 1307: 1124: 1081: 1043:, swore fealty to him. Baldwin appointed fifty knights to defend the town. 738: 468: 441: 2156:

and Isabella of Montfort-l'Amaury, died during the First Crusade around 15

1626: 1615: 1249: 1183: 976:

December. Four days later, Daimbert was elected and installed as the new

892: 863:), he assumed the title of Count of Edessa, and so established the first 626: 522:. Eustace and Baldwin jointly fought for their brother, Godfrey, against 362: 44: 2208:", but only a few of his "body-servants" were aware of this. Historians 503:, had taken ill suddenly, giving Baldwin a chance to inherit his duchy. 1587: 1573: 1461:, and his fleet soon joined the crusaders and the town capitulated on 5 1352: 1108: 679: 472: 417: 413: 271: 74: 1668: 1598:, but the old wound that he had received in 1103 suddenly re-opened. 1490: 1335: 1135: 1104: 1024: 965: 954: 787: 761: 675: 671: 346: 291: 287: 167: 1225:

While Baldwin and the Genoese were besieging Caesarea, the Egyptian

6615: 6569: 6236:

Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291

2197: 1649: 1602: 1522: 1032: 1027:

William of Tyre. Bohemond, however, was captured by the Danishmend

936:

June 1098. Antioch became the capital of a new Crusader state, the

925: 916: 888: 803: 745: 666: 615: 492: 323: 148: 1474:

guards joined the rioters, murdering him and the crusader troops.

1453:

in October 1110. An Egyptian fleet routed the Norwegians, but the

760:, but Bagrat persuaded him to launch a campaign towards the River 705:

broke away from the main body of the army. They marched as far as

484: 6094:

The Crusades and the Christian World of the East: Rough Tolerance

1546: 1498: 1471: 1343: 1300: 1116: 1072:, his successor in the county and Le Bourcq swore fealty to him. 1019:, sent a delegation to Baldwin, urging him to come to Jerusalem. 993: 921: 710: 535: 476: 382: 279: 199: 6113:

The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History, 1099–1125

1648:, al-Athir claimed that Baldwin had initially wanted to conquer 6351: 3061: 3059: 1583: 1502: 1436: 1373: 1347: 1339: 1331: 1327: 1226: 1171: 757: 752:

September. One of the most prominent Italian Norman crusaders,

579:, who soon granted it to Baldwin. The dissolution of Godfrey's 531: 506:

Baldwin married a Norman noblewoman, Godehilde of Tosny, whose

480: 433: 425: 366: 299: 5429: 3784: 1565:, which completed the blockade of the town from the mainland. 1007:, Godfrey's most influential retainer, took possession of the 625:

The crusaders' route in Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine (from

5685: 5419: 5417: 5215: 5095: 5093: 4989: 4462: 4266: 3736: 3460: 1595: 1542: 1467: 1234: 1175: 1148: 929: 896: 583:

deprived all future dukes of the basis of their authority in

370: 354: 327: 259:

in 1096, but he soon joined the crusader army of his brother

49:

Baldwin's coronation, as illustrated in a 13th-century text (

5947:

Victory in the East: A military history of the First Crusade

5786: 5784: 5782: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5110: 5108: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4334: 4332: 4213: 4211: 4017: 4015: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3334: 3056: 2890: 2834: 2667: 1286: 837:

Unlike the majority of the Armenians, Thoros adhered to the

5796: 5516: 5326: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5179: 5154: 5152: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4918: 4916: 4874: 4872: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4611: 4609: 4594: 4546: 4486: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4138: 4136: 4066: 4064: 4062: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3818: 3816: 3703: 3701: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3501: 3499: 3378: 3376: 3233: 3167: 3165: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3083: 2954: 2952: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2403: 1085: 452: 318:). He supplied the main crusader army with food during the 243:

from 1100 to his death in 1118. He was the youngest son of

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Baldwin departed for the crusade with Godfrey's army on 15

5779: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5697: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5533: 5531: 5477: 5475: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5249: 5247: 5203: 5137: 5120: 5105: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5061: 5044: 5013: 4979: 4977: 4747: 4665: 4522: 4510: 4383: 4329: 4208: 4100: 4012: 3975: 3973: 3875: 3796: 3760: 3748: 3673: 3539: 3537: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3351: 3349: 3267: 3265: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2907: 2905: 2797: 2795: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2486: 2484: 2337: 2250: 1420:

The crusader leaders united their forces to complete the

6451: 5274: 5191: 5149: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4913: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4869: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4807: 4776: 4759: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4713: 4689: 4633: 4606: 4570: 4534: 4498: 4474: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4356: 4344: 4294: 4223: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4160: 4148: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4002: 4000: 3985: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3892: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3813: 3698: 3661: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3561: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3496: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3373: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3162: 3095: 3071: 2949: 2822: 2739: 2715: 2679: 2638: 2583: 2508: 2454: 2364: 2277: 263:

and became one of the most successful commanders of the

5844:(Translated by E. R. A. Sewter) (1969). Penguin Books. 5764: 5673: 5661: 5543: 5504: 5487: 5227: 5169: 5167: 4558: 3946: 3630: 3582: 3289: 3277: 3189: 3177: 3131: 3022: 2976: 2934: 2917: 2873: 2861: 2846: 2812: 2810: 2751: 2607: 2525: 2523: 2471: 2469: 2442: 2393: 2391: 2354: 2352: 2325: 2262: 833:

Baldwin receiving the homage of the Armenians in Edessa

6299:

The Creation of the Principality of Antioch, 1098–1130

5740: 5721: 5709: 5630: 5567: 5555: 5528: 5472: 5441: 5402: 5390: 5373: 5350: 5293: 5264: 5262: 5244: 5073: 4974: 4928: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4701: 4677: 4655: 4653: 4582: 4433: 4431: 3970: 3958: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3649: 3534: 3472: 3400: 3388: 3346: 3262: 3150: 3114: 3005: 2902: 2792: 2775: 2619: 2559: 2547: 2535: 2481: 1691:

are named after Baldwin, who died in nearby El-Arish.

1529:

murdered Mawdud in late September. The Seljuk sultan,

5649: 5338: 4940: 4901: 4884: 4840: 4819: 4795: 4730: 4621: 4443: 4395: 4254: 4242: 4172: 4112: 4088: 4076: 4044: 4027: 3997: 3909: 3856: 3844: 3772: 3511: 3448: 3431: 3322: 3245: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3204: 3046: 3044: 2964: 2691: 2571: 2420: 2418: 2301: 2238: 662:, as a hostage, who was entrusted to Baldwin's care. 5593:(1st American ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 5164: 5032: 3549: 2807: 2703: 2655: 2520: 2496: 2466: 2388: 2376: 2349: 2226: 744:

Tancred had meanwhile seized the prosperous town of

460:

bidding farewell to her sons as they depart for the

341:, and Tancred offered Jerusalem to Tancred's uncle, 5259: 5001: 4852: 4650: 4428: 3713: 3419: 2595: 2430: 2313: 2289: 1405:, had conquered around Tripoli. Bertrand's cousin, 3216: 3041: 2415: 1401:came to Syria to claim the lands that his father, 1190:—sent gifts to Baldwin to secure his benevolence. 534:in 1086. Godfrey mentioned Baldwin in most of his 6262:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 728:—an important center of commerce in Cilicia—on 21 270:While the main crusader army was marching across 6633: 1614:next to Godfrey of Bouillon five days later, on 1372:in October 1106. In 1107 the Egyptians attacked 397:launched no further major campaigns against the 255:noblewoman, Godehilde of Tosny. He received the 6133:Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades 1326:June led to internal conflict in Damascus. The 960:The main crusader army captured Jerusalem on 15 701:July 1097, Baldwin and the Italo-Norman leader 412:in 1109. Being the only crowned monarch in the 1170:April, Daimbert had to bribe Baldwin with 300 1127:before returning to Jerusalem on 21 December. 1092:secretly warned Baldwin, which enabled him to 996:. Baldwin arrived back in Edessa in February. 6437: 6662:Burials at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 6328:. Pontificia Università Antonianum – Rome. 6025:Byzantium and the Crusader States 1096-1204 5971: 5615: 5435: 5423: 5099: 6444: 6430: 6323: 5585: 2152:Baldwin's wife Godehilde, the daughter of 1601:Dying, Baldwin was carried back as far as 43: 6189:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6181: 6160:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6150: 5924: 5802: 5790: 5703: 5691: 5332: 5320: 5287: 5221: 5209: 5197: 5185: 5158: 5143: 5131: 5114: 5067: 5055: 5026: 4995: 4968: 4922: 4813: 4789: 4770: 4753: 4724: 4671: 4644: 4615: 4600: 4576: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4516: 4504: 4492: 4480: 4468: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4350: 4338: 4307: 4272: 4236: 4217: 4202: 4166: 4154: 4142: 4021: 3991: 3940: 3903: 3886: 3822: 3807: 3790: 3766: 3754: 3742: 3707: 3692: 3667: 3612: 3600: 3588: 3576: 3505: 3490: 3466: 3382: 3367: 3340: 3283: 3198: 3183: 3171: 3108: 3077: 3065: 2999: 2958: 2943: 2896: 2840: 2828: 2757: 2745: 2721: 2685: 2673: 2649: 2589: 2541: 2514: 2490: 2460: 2331: 2307: 2271: 2244: 1268:catastrophic crusade of the previous year 6292: 6259:God's War: A New History of the Crusades 6129: 6091: 5871: 5773: 5679: 5667: 5549: 5510: 4070: 3643: 3624: 3543: 3394: 3355: 3300: 3271: 3239: 3156: 3144: 3125: 3089: 3035: 3016: 2987: 2928: 2884: 2867: 2855: 2801: 2613: 2565: 1625: 1572: 1489: 1383: 1285: 1055: 901: 895:, hired Baldwin to suppress a revolt in 828: 620: 491:had diminished his chance to seize rich 451: 6252: 6060: 6044:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades 5993: 5537: 5522: 5498: 5396: 5253: 5238: 5084: 4983: 4934: 4707: 4683: 3979: 3964: 3952: 3655: 3478: 3413: 3256: 2911: 2786: 2769: 2632: 2553: 2232: 748:. Baldwin reached the town on around 30 595:outnumbered the three brothers' force. 278:launched a separate expedition against 14: 6634: 6233: 6210: 6110: 5943: 5902: 5758: 5746: 5734: 5715: 5655: 5643: 5573: 5561: 5481: 5466: 5454: 5408: 5384: 5367: 5344: 5308: 4949: 4907: 4895: 4878: 4846: 4834: 4801: 4741: 4695: 4627: 4588: 4456: 4422: 4410: 4260: 4248: 4185: 4127: 4106: 4094: 4082: 4053: 4038: 4006: 3928: 3869: 3850: 3778: 3555: 3528: 3454: 3442: 3328: 3210: 2970: 2816: 2709: 2697: 2661: 2577: 2529: 2502: 2475: 2448: 2436: 2409: 2397: 2382: 2370: 2358: 2343: 2319: 2295: 2283: 2256: 1946: 1942: 1932: 1827: 1717: 1713: 6425: 6019: 5828:– History of the Journey to Jerusalem 5173: 5038: 4564: 4324:– History of the Journey to Jerusalem 4289:– History of the Journey to Jerusalem 3839:– History of the Journey to Jerusalem 3425: 3317:– History of the Journey to Jerusalem 2601: 2105: 2102: 2092: 2080: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2050: 2044: 2034: 2022: 2012: 2008: 1996: 1990: 1980: 1964: 1954: 1950: 1926: 1916: 1900: 1890: 1886: 1874: 1871: 1861: 1845: 1835: 1831: 1815: 1809: 1799: 1783: 1773: 1769: 1757: 1751: 1741: 1725: 1721: 1147:When Geldemar Carpenel laid claim to 841:, which made him unpopular among his 235:(1060s – 2 April 1118) was the first 6096:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 6041: 5864: 5268: 5007: 4863: 4659: 4437: 3730: 3227: 3050: 2424: 1046: 27:Queen of Jerusalem from 1100 to 1118 1993:Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine 1206: 823:History of the Journey to Jerusalem 90:(as Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre) 24: 6657:12th-century monarchs of Jerusalem 6652:11th-century monarchs of Jerusalem 6593: 6285: 6115:. Prosopographica et Geneologica. 5977:The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives 5816: 1142: 1099:Baldwin reached Jerusalem around 9 849:). According to Albert of Aachen, 771: 440:—the territory to the east of the 25: 6698: 6344: 5927:Baldwin I of Jerusalem, 1100-1118 1630:An 1844 portrait of Baldwin I by 1103:November. Daimbert withdrew to a 389:failed. After his victory at the 6614: 6350: 6011: 5579: 4313: 4278: 3828: 878: 776: 545: 510:owned land and property in both 373:in 1111, with the assistance of 274:in 1097, Baldwin and the Norman 51:Bibliothèque nationale de France 6667:Christians of the First Crusade 3306: 2727: 1582:Egypt in March 1118. He seized 999:Godfrey died unexpectedly on 18 456:A 13th century illustration of 428:to him. Tancred, who ruled the 6473:Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre 6215:. In Semaan, Khalil I. (ed.). 6092:MacEvitt, Christopher (2010). 6067:The Crusades Through Arab Eyes 5950:. Cambridge University Press. 2180:and associate her father with 1119:, which was still held by the 724:September. Tancred arrived at 13: 1: 2220: 1812:Eustace II, Count of Boulogne 1728:Baldwin II, Count of Boulogne 1273:second battle fought at Ramla 1051: 793:The Armenian lord of Edessa, 685:After the crusaders defeated 447: 322:. He defended Edessa against 290:with the assistance of local 245:Eustace II, Count of Boulogne 135: 5925:Edgington, Susan B. (2019). 1754:Eustace I, Count of Boulogne 1366: 1314:. The town surrendered on 26 978:Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem 420:over other crusader rulers. 164:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 7: 6324:Ferdinandi, Sergio (2017). 6211:Tanner, Heather J. (2003). 6130:Phillips, Jonathan (2010). 6027:. Oxford University Press. 5881:. Oxford University Press. 1967:Gothelo I, Duke of Lorraine 1399:Bertrand, Count of Toulouse 1266:and other survivors of the 528:Theoderic, Bishop of Verdun 406:Bertrand, Count of Toulouse 282:. Tancred tried to capture 10: 6703: 5811: 1944: 1903:Gerberga of Lower Lorraine 1848:Lambert I, Count of Leuven 1821: 1715: 1210: 782:two important fortresses, 549: 524:Albert III, Count of Namur 6604: 6591: 6463: 6409: 6394: 6384: 6375: 6370: 6365: 5994:Jaspert, Nikolas (2006). 5910:. Yale University Press. 5842:Anna Comnena: The Alexiad 2734:Anna Comnena: The Alexiad 2086: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2028: 2010: 2002: 1974: 1952: 1948: 1910: 1888: 1880: 1855: 1833: 1829: 1793: 1771: 1763: 1735: 1719: 1694: 1655:Among modern historians, 1621: 799:Armenian bishop of Edessa 501:duke of Lower Lotharingia 220: 210: 198: 174: 158: 142: 131: 127: 119: 111: 104: 94: 83: 73: 65: 58: 42: 37: 6111:Murray, Alan V. (2000). 5591:Jerusalem: the biography 2215: 2160:October 1097. Historian 1568: 940:, with Tancred's uncle, 577:Richer, Bishop of Verdun 6234:Tibble, Steven (1989). 5826:Historia Ierosolimitana 5587:Montefiore, Simon Sebag 4322:Historia Ierosolimitana 4287:Historia Ierosolimitana 3837:Historia Ierosolimitana 3315:Historia Ierosolimitana 1929:Baldwin I of Jerusalem 1480:was compelled to return 1424:begun by Raymond. On 26 1403:Raymond of Saint Gilles 1260:Stephen, Count of Blois 944:, as its first prince. 938:Principality of Antioch 656:walls of Constantinople 520:Eustace III of Boulogne 430:Principality of Antioch 298:invited him to come to 6598: 6357:Baldwin I of Jerusalem 6302:. Boydell and Brewer. 1703:Ancestors of Baldwin I 1634: 1578: 1506: 1395: 1295: 1221:Battle of Ramla (1105) 1217:Battle of Ramla (1102) 1213:Battle of Ramla (1101) 1157:Hugh of Fauquembergues 1132:Church of the Nativity 1061: 1060:Battle of Nahr al-Kalb 911: 834: 827: 639:The crusaders reached 636: 632:The Outline of History 464: 353:December. He captured 239:from 1098 to 1100 and 215:Eustace II of Boulogne 6597: 6317:registration required 6277:registration required 6204:registration required 6175:registration required 6085:registration required 6021:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes 5965:registration required 5944:France, John (1994). 5896:registration required 5856:registration required 3841:(ch. vii.27), p. 523. 3319:(ch. iii.21), p. 171. 2412:, pp. 21, 32–34. 1629: 1576: 1511:Battle of al-Sannabra 1493: 1387: 1292:third battle of Ramla 1289: 1211:Further information: 1059: 906:The expansion of the 905: 851:Constantine of Gargar 832: 813: 624: 591:had mustered for the 550:Further information: 475:in the cathedrals of 455: 391:third battle of Ramla 343:Bohemond I of Antioch 302:to fight against the 6457:Kingdom of Jerusalem 6359:at Wikimedia Commons 6254:Tyerman, Christopher 6042:Lock, Peter (2006). 5621:Detlev Schwennicke, 3793:, pp. 305, 317. 3469:, pp. 203, 210. 2259:, pp. 158, 239. 1872:5. Matilda of Leuven 1632:Merry-Joseph Blondel 1592:Ibn Zafar al Siqilli 1577:Funeral of Baldwin I 1162:A new papal legate, 1070:Baldwin of Le Bourcq 914:Baldwin granted the 735:Guynemer of Boulogne 691:Seljuk Sultan of Rûm 422:Baldwin II of Edessa 399:Kingdom of Jerusalem 6238:. Clarendon Press. 5973:Hillenbrand, Carole 5908:The Crusader States 5761:, pp. 113–114. 5694:, pp. 208–209. 5525:, pp. 202–203. 5469:, pp. 118–119. 5224:, pp. 126–127. 4998:, pp. 115–116. 4471:, pp. 100–101. 4275:, pp. 118–119. 3745:, pp. 302–303. 3343:, pp. 205–206. 3242:, pp. 150–151. 3092:, pp. 149–150. 3068:, pp. 200–201. 2899:, pp. 198–199. 2843:, pp. 197–198. 2772:, pp. 130–131. 2676:, pp. 150–151. 2346:, pp. 31, 203. 2286:, pp. 30, 158. 2210:Hans Eberhard Mayer 1661:Christopher Tyerman 1638:Fulcher of Chartres 1422:conquest of Tripoli 1322:Duqaq's death on 14 1231:Al-Afdal Shahanshah 1066:Fulcher of Chartres 942:Bohemond of Taranto 695:Battle of Dorylaeum 647:December 1096. The 565:Council of Clermont 497:Godfrey of Bouillon 424:and Bertrand swore 261:Godfrey of Bouillon 88:Godfrey of Bouillon 18:Baldwin of Boulogne 6687:Kings of Jerusalem 6599: 6053:9-78-0-415-39312-6 5824:Albert of Aachen: 5438:, pp. 45, 77. 4320:Albert of Aachen: 4285:Albert of Aachen: 4109:, pp. 54, 65. 3835:Albert of Aachen: 3313:Albert of Aachen: 2373:, pp. 18, 30. 2194:Roger II of Sicily 2186:convent of St Anne 1786:Adelina of Holland 1685:Adelaide del Vasto 1635: 1579: 1507: 1447:Sigurd I of Norway 1415:Temple of the Lord 1396: 1346:Toghtekin and the 1296: 1082:Nahr al-Kalb River 1062: 1031:in the hills near 1017:Arnulf of Chocques 928:, the governor of 912: 835: 797:, sent envoys—the 754:Richard of Salerno 652:Alexios I Komnenos 637: 618:in late November. 608:Coloman of Hungary 604:Tulln an der Donau 465: 416:, Baldwin claimed 326:, the governor of 190:Adelaide del Vasto 181:Godehilde of Tosny 6682:House of Flanders 6677:House of Boulogne 6629: 6628: 6555:John I of Brienne 6420: 6419: 6412:King of Jerusalem 6407: 6385:Succeeded by 6355:Media related to 6335:978-88-7257-103-3 6309:978-0-85115-661-3 6269:978-0-674-02387-1 6245:978-0-19-822731-1 6226:978-1-58684-251-2 6196:978-0-521-06162-9 6167:978-0-521-06161-2 6143:978-1-8459-5078-1 6136:. Vintage Books. 6122:978-1-9009-3403-9 6103:978-0-8122-4050-4 6077:978-0-86356-023-1 6034:978-0-19-820407-7 6005:978-0-415-35967-2 5986:978-0-415-92914-1 5957:978-0-521-41969-7 5936:978-1-4724-3356-5 5917:978-0-300-11312-9 5888:978-0-19-517823-4 5865:Secondary sources 5850:978-0-14-044958-7 5836:978-0-19-920486-1 5805:, pp. 92–93. 5335:, pp. 98–99. 5188:, pp. 93–94. 4881:, pp. 91–92. 4698:, pp. 68–69. 4603:, pp. 83–84. 4567:, pp. 65–66. 4555:, pp. 79–80. 4495:, pp. 76–77. 4425:, pp. 73–74. 4380:, pp. 74–75. 3370:, pp. 43–44. 3002:, pp. 30–31. 2736:(10.10.), p. 325. 2451:, pp. 38–40. 2182:Tathoul of Marash 2154:Raoul II of Tosny 2149: 2148: 2145: 2144: 1646:Roger I of Sicily 1606:Baldwin died on 2 1559:Scandelion Castle 1094:defeat the attack 1047:King of Jerusalem 1013:Geldemar Carpenel 990:ruler of Damascus 847:Matthew of Edessa 649:Byzantine emperor 585:Lower Lotharingia 536:charters of grant 241:king of Jerusalem 230: 229: 205:House of Flanders 153:Fatimid Caliphate 60:King of Jerusalem 16:(Redirected from 6694: 6672:Counts of Edessa 6619: 6618: 6580:John I of Cyprus 6446: 6439: 6432: 6423: 6422: 6401: 6395:Preceded by 6363: 6362: 6354: 6339: 6320: 6313: 6294:Asbridge, Thomas 6280: 6273: 6249: 6230: 6207: 6200: 6183:Runciman, Steven 6178: 6171: 6152:Runciman, Steven 6147: 6126: 6107: 6088: 6081: 6057: 6038: 6016: 6015: 6009: 5990: 5968: 5961: 5940: 5921: 5899: 5892: 5873:Asbridge, Thomas 5859: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5777: 5771: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5628: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5485: 5479: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5439: 5436:Hillenbrand 2000 5433: 5427: 5424:Hillenbrand 2000 5421: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5371: 5365: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5291: 5285: 5272: 5266: 5257: 5251: 5242: 5236: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5162: 5156: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5118: 5112: 5103: 5100:Hillenbrand 2000 5097: 5088: 5082: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4972: 4966: 4953: 4947: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4882: 4876: 4867: 4861: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4774: 4768: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4728: 4722: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4648: 4642: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4441: 4435: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4327: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4292: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4221: 4215: 4206: 4200: 4189: 4183: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4131: 4125: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4057: 4051: 4042: 4036: 4025: 4019: 4010: 4004: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3907: 3901: 3890: 3884: 3873: 3867: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3811: 3805: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3711: 3705: 3696: 3690: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3532: 3526: 3509: 3503: 3494: 3493:, p. 46-47. 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3260: 3254: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3129: 3123: 3112: 3106: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3054: 3048: 3039: 3033: 3020: 3014: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2947: 2941: 2932: 2926: 2915: 2909: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2805: 2799: 2790: 2784: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2636: 2630: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2479: 2473: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2159: 1709: 1708: 1700: 1699: 1689:Bardawil lagoons 1642:Ali ibn al-Athir 1609: 1531:Muhammad I Tapar 1464: 1459:Ordelafo Faliero 1432: 1427: 1362: 1325: 1317: 1303:, as patriarch. 1282: 1264:Hugh of Lusignan 1244: 1207:Battles at Ramla 1201: 1169: 1164:Maurice of Porto 1102: 1078: 1038: 1029:Gazi Gümüshtigin 1002: 983: 975: 970:Daimbert of Pisa 963: 935: 908:County of Edessa 873:siege of Antioch 856: 825: 767: 751: 737:, sailed up the 731: 723: 700: 660:John II Comnenus 646: 612:Byzantine Empire 601: 593:People's Crusade 589:Peter the Hermit 575:, was seized by 573:County of Verdun 570: 540:Conches-en-Ouche 489:Gregorian Reform 352: 320:siege of Antioch 313: 296:Thoros of Edessa 257:County of Verdun 137: 79:25 December 1100 47: 35: 34: 21: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6613: 6600: 6589: 6459: 6450: 6415: 6400: 6390: 6381: 6378:Count of Edessa 6347: 6342: 6336: 6314: 6310: 6288: 6286:Further reading 6283: 6274: 6270: 6246: 6227: 6201: 6197: 6172: 6168: 6144: 6123: 6104: 6082: 6078: 6054: 6035: 6010: 6006: 5987: 5962: 5958: 5937: 5918: 5904:Barber, Malcolm 5893: 5889: 5867: 5862: 5853: 5819: 5817:Primary sources 5814: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5780: 5772: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5745: 5741: 5733: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5631: 5620: 5616: 5601: 5584: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5488: 5480: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5453: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5374: 5366: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5294: 5286: 5275: 5267: 5260: 5252: 5245: 5237: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5165: 5157: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5121: 5113: 5106: 5098: 5091: 5083: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5025: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4982: 4975: 4967: 4956: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4885: 4877: 4870: 4862: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4788: 4777: 4769: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4731: 4723: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4651: 4643: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4444: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4330: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4295: 4283: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4224: 4216: 4209: 4201: 4192: 4184: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4134: 4126: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4060: 4052: 4045: 4037: 4028: 4020: 4013: 4005: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3910: 3902: 3893: 3885: 3876: 3868: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3814: 3806: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3714: 3706: 3699: 3691: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3512: 3504: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3263: 3255: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3132: 3124: 3115: 3107: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3057: 3049: 3042: 3034: 3023: 3015: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2950: 2942: 2935: 2927: 2918: 2910: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2808: 2800: 2793: 2785: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2700:, pp. 7–8. 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2639: 2631: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2482: 2474: 2467: 2463:, pp. 4–5. 2459: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2334:, pp. 2–3. 2330: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2166:Steven Runciman 2157: 2150: 2047:Ida of Lorraine 1697: 1657:Thomas Asbridge 1624: 1607: 1571: 1495:Montreal Castle 1462: 1441:siege of Beirut 1430: 1425: 1369: 1360: 1323: 1315: 1280: 1242: 1223: 1209: 1199: 1167: 1145: 1143:First successes 1100: 1076: 1054: 1049: 1036: 1000: 981: 973: 961: 933: 881: 854: 839:Orthodox Church 826: 821:Albert of Aix: 820: 779: 774: 772:Count of Edessa 765: 749: 729: 721: 698: 644: 599: 568: 559:proclaimed the 554: 548: 458:Ida of Lorraine 450: 404:Baldwin helped 350: 339:Latin patriarch 311: 249:Ida of Lorraine 237:count of Edessa 225:Ida of Lorraine 194: 170: 147: 106:Count of Edessa 54: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6700: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6611: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6449: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6426: 6418: 6417: 6408: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6383: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6366:Regnal titles 6361: 6360: 6346: 6345:External links 6343: 6341: 6340: 6334: 6321: 6308: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6268: 6250: 6244: 6231: 6225: 6208: 6195: 6179: 6166: 6148: 6142: 6127: 6121: 6108: 6102: 6089: 6076: 6058: 6052: 6039: 6033: 6017: 6004: 5991: 5985: 5969: 5956: 5941: 5935: 5922: 5916: 5900: 5887: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5839: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5803:Runciman 1989b 5795: 5793:, p. 181. 5791:Edgington 2019 5778: 5763: 5751: 5749:, p. 179. 5739: 5737:, p. 113. 5720: 5718:, p. 114. 5708: 5706:, p. 209. 5704:Runciman 1989a 5696: 5692:Runciman 1989a 5684: 5672: 5660: 5648: 5646:, p. 203. 5629: 5614: 5599: 5578: 5576:, p. 216. 5566: 5564:, p. 168. 5554: 5542: 5527: 5515: 5503: 5501:, p. 202. 5486: 5484:, p. 117. 5471: 5459: 5457:, p. 118. 5440: 5428: 5413: 5411:, p. 117. 5401: 5389: 5387:, p. 116. 5372: 5370:, p. 115. 5349: 5337: 5333:Runciman 1989b 5325: 5323:, p. 173. 5321:Edgington 2019 5313: 5311:, p. 105. 5292: 5288:Runciman 1989b 5273: 5258: 5243: 5241:, p. 203. 5226: 5222:Runciman 1989b 5214: 5212:, p. 126. 5210:Runciman 1989b 5202: 5198:Runciman 1989b 5190: 5186:Runciman 1989b 5178: 5163: 5159:Runciman 1989b 5148: 5146:, p. 123. 5144:Runciman 1989b 5136: 5134:, p. 163. 5132:Edgington 2019 5119: 5117:, p. 122. 5115:Runciman 1989b 5104: 5089: 5072: 5070:, p. 124. 5068:Edgington 2019 5060: 5058:, p. 117. 5056:Runciman 1989b 5043: 5031: 5029:, p. 116. 5027:Runciman 1989b 5012: 5000: 4996:Runciman 1989b 4988: 4973: 4969:Runciman 1989b 4954: 4939: 4927: 4923:Runciman 1989b 4912: 4900: 4883: 4868: 4851: 4839: 4818: 4814:Runciman 1989b 4806: 4794: 4790:Runciman 1989b 4775: 4771:Runciman 1989b 4758: 4756:, p. 103. 4754:Edgington 2019 4746: 4729: 4725:Runciman 1989b 4712: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4674:, p. 120. 4672:Edgington 2019 4664: 4649: 4645:Runciman 1989b 4632: 4620: 4616:Runciman 1989b 4605: 4601:Runciman 1989b 4593: 4591:, p. 195. 4581: 4577:Runciman 1989b 4569: 4557: 4553:Runciman 1989b 4545: 4541:Runciman 1989b 4533: 4531:, p. 137. 4529:Edgington 2019 4521: 4519:, p. 136. 4517:Edgington 2019 4509: 4505:Runciman 1989b 4497: 4493:Runciman 1989b 4485: 4481:Runciman 1989b 4473: 4469:Edgington 2019 4461: 4442: 4427: 4415: 4394: 4392:, p. 130. 4390:Edgington 2019 4382: 4378:Runciman 1989b 4370: 4366:Runciman 1989b 4355: 4351:Runciman 1989b 4343: 4341:, p. 100. 4339:Edgington 2019 4328: 4312: 4308:Runciman 1989b 4293: 4277: 4273:Edgington 2019 4265: 4253: 4241: 4237:Runciman 1989b 4222: 4220:, p. 115. 4218:Edgington 2019 4207: 4203:Runciman 1989b 4190: 4171: 4167:Edgington 2019 4159: 4155:Edgington 2019 4147: 4143:Edgington 2019 4132: 4111: 4099: 4087: 4075: 4073:, p. 117. 4058: 4043: 4026: 4024:, p. 325. 4022:Runciman 1989a 4011: 3996: 3992:Edgington 2019 3984: 3969: 3957: 3955:, p. 186. 3945: 3941:Edgington 2019 3933: 3908: 3904:Edgington 2019 3891: 3889:, p. 322. 3887:Runciman 1989a 3874: 3855: 3843: 3827: 3823:Edgington 2019 3812: 3810:, p. 307. 3808:Runciman 1989a 3795: 3791:Runciman 1989a 3783: 3771: 3769:, p. 305. 3767:Runciman 1989a 3759: 3757:, p. 303. 3755:Runciman 1989a 3747: 3743:Runciman 1989a 3735: 3712: 3708:Edgington 2019 3697: 3695:, p. 211. 3693:Runciman 1989a 3672: 3668:Edgington 2019 3660: 3648: 3629: 3627:, p. 253. 3617: 3613:Edgington 2019 3605: 3601:Edgington 2019 3593: 3589:Edgington 2019 3581: 3579:, p. 210. 3577:Runciman 1989a 3560: 3548: 3533: 3531:, p. 182. 3510: 3508:, p. 208. 3506:Runciman 1989a 3495: 3491:Edgington 2019 3483: 3481:, p. 178. 3471: 3467:Runciman 1989a 3459: 3457:, p. 138. 3447: 3445:, p. 133. 3430: 3418: 3416:, p. 134. 3399: 3387: 3385:, p. 206. 3383:Runciman 1989a 3372: 3368:Edgington 2019 3360: 3345: 3341:Runciman 1989a 3333: 3331:, p. 231. 3321: 3305: 3303:, p. 151. 3288: 3284:Edgington 2019 3276: 3261: 3244: 3232: 3215: 3213:, p. 132. 3203: 3199:Edgington 2019 3188: 3184:Edgington 2019 3176: 3174:, p. 204. 3172:Runciman 1989a 3161: 3149: 3147:, p. 150. 3130: 3113: 3111:, p. 203. 3109:Runciman 1989a 3094: 3082: 3080:, p. 200. 3078:Runciman 1989a 3070: 3066:Runciman 1989a 3055: 3040: 3038:, p. 147. 3021: 3004: 3000:Edgington 2019 2992: 2990:, p. 146. 2975: 2973:, p. 217. 2963: 2961:, p. 199. 2959:Runciman 1989a 2948: 2944:Edgington 2019 2933: 2931:, p. 145. 2916: 2914:, p. 132. 2901: 2897:Runciman 1989a 2889: 2887:, p. 144. 2872: 2870:, p. 143. 2860: 2858:, p. 142. 2845: 2841:Runciman 1989a 2833: 2831:, p. 197. 2829:Runciman 1989a 2821: 2806: 2791: 2789:, p. 131. 2774: 2762: 2758:Edgington 2019 2750: 2748:, p. 153. 2746:Runciman 1989a 2738: 2726: 2724:, p. 152. 2722:Runciman 1989a 2714: 2702: 2690: 2688:, p. 151. 2686:Runciman 1989a 2678: 2674:Runciman 1989a 2666: 2654: 2652:, p. 150. 2650:Runciman 1989a 2637: 2635:, p. 110. 2618: 2616:, p. 104. 2606: 2594: 2592:, p. 148. 2590:Runciman 1989a 2582: 2580:, p. 106. 2570: 2558: 2556:, p. 109. 2546: 2542:Edgington 2019 2534: 2519: 2517:, p. 147. 2515:Runciman 1989a 2507: 2495: 2491:Edgington 2019 2480: 2465: 2461:Edgington 2019 2453: 2441: 2429: 2414: 2402: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2348: 2336: 2332:Edgington 2019 2324: 2312: 2308:Edgington 2019 2300: 2288: 2276: 2274:, p. 146. 2272:Runciman 1989a 2261: 2249: 2245:Edgington 2019 2237: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2162:Malcolm Barber 2147: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1705: 1704: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1623: 1620: 1612:Holy Sepulchre 1570: 1567: 1563:Ladder of Tyre 1455:Doge of Venice 1451:siege to Sidon 1407:William Jordan 1368: 1365: 1254:Duke of Apulia 1208: 1205: 1144: 1141: 1113:Holy Sepulchre 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1009:Tower of David 1005:Warner of Grez 984:January 1100. 880: 877: 865:Crusader state 818: 778: 775: 773: 770: 641:Constantinople 581:allodial lands 547: 544: 449: 446: 308:Crusader state 251:and married a 228: 227: 222: 218: 217: 212: 208: 207: 202: 196: 195: 193: 192: 187: 182: 178: 176: 172: 171: 162: 160: 156: 155: 144: 140: 139: 133: 129: 128: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 85: 81: 80: 77: 71: 70: 67: 63: 62: 56: 55: 48: 40: 39: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6699: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6596: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6442: 6440: 6435: 6433: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6389: 6380: 6379: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6278: 6271: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6062:Maalouf, Amin 6059: 6055: 6049: 6046:. Routledge. 6045: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6007: 6001: 5998:. Routledge. 5997: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5979:. Routledge. 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5929:. Routledge. 5928: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5857: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5804: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5776:, p. 51. 5775: 5774:Phillips 2010 5770: 5768: 5760: 5755: 5748: 5743: 5736: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5693: 5688: 5682:, p. 50. 5681: 5680:Phillips 2010 5676: 5670:, p. 70. 5669: 5668:MacEvitt 2010 5664: 5658:, p. 16. 5657: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5626: 5625: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5600:9780307594488 5596: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5552:, p. 62. 5551: 5550:MacEvitt 2010 5546: 5540:, p. 64. 5539: 5534: 5532: 5524: 5519: 5513:, p. 62. 5512: 5511:Asbridge 2004 5507: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5483: 5478: 5476: 5468: 5463: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5437: 5432: 5426:, p. 52. 5425: 5420: 5418: 5410: 5405: 5399:, p. 94. 5398: 5393: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5369: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5347:, p. 52. 5346: 5341: 5334: 5329: 5322: 5317: 5310: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5290:, p. 98. 5289: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5271:, p. 33. 5270: 5265: 5263: 5256:, p. 87. 5255: 5250: 5248: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5223: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5200:, p. 94. 5199: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5176:, p. 86. 5175: 5170: 5168: 5161:, p. 93. 5160: 5155: 5153: 5145: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5116: 5111: 5109: 5102:, p. 82. 5101: 5096: 5094: 5087:, p. 88. 5086: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5069: 5064: 5057: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5041:, p. 81. 5040: 5035: 5028: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5010:, p. 31. 5009: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4986:, p. 81. 4985: 4980: 4978: 4971:, p. 92. 4970: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4952:, p. 93. 4951: 4946: 4944: 4937:, p. 80. 4936: 4931: 4925:, p. 69. 4924: 4919: 4917: 4910:, p. 12. 4909: 4904: 4898:, p. 92. 4897: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4880: 4875: 4873: 4866:, p. 30. 4865: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4849:, p. 84. 4848: 4843: 4837:, p. 91. 4836: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4816:, p. 96. 4815: 4810: 4804:, p. 29. 4803: 4798: 4792:, p. 91. 4791: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4773:, p. 90. 4772: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4755: 4750: 4744:, p. 71. 4743: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4727:, p. 89. 4726: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4710:, p. 67. 4709: 4704: 4697: 4692: 4686:, p. 68. 4685: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4662:, p. 28. 4661: 4656: 4654: 4647:, p. 88. 4646: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4630:, p. 68. 4629: 4624: 4618:, p. 87. 4617: 4612: 4610: 4602: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4579:, p. 83. 4578: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4554: 4549: 4543:, p. 79. 4542: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4513: 4507:, p. 78. 4506: 4501: 4494: 4489: 4483:, p. 76. 4482: 4477: 4470: 4465: 4459:, p. 74. 4458: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4440:, p. 27. 4439: 4434: 4432: 4424: 4419: 4413:, p. 70. 4412: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4391: 4386: 4379: 4374: 4368:, p. 75. 4367: 4362: 4360: 4353:, p. 74. 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4310:, p. 82. 4309: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4274: 4269: 4263:, p. 69. 4262: 4257: 4251:, p. 67. 4250: 4245: 4239:, p. 73. 4238: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4205:, p. 72. 4204: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4188:, p. 73. 4187: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4169:, p. 66. 4168: 4163: 4157:, p. 65. 4156: 4151: 4145:, p. 83. 4144: 4139: 4137: 4130:, p. 65. 4129: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4108: 4103: 4097:, p. 73. 4096: 4091: 4085:, p. 96. 4084: 4079: 4072: 4071:MacEvitt 2010 4067: 4065: 4063: 4056:, p. 63. 4055: 4050: 4048: 4041:, p. 95. 4040: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4023: 4018: 4016: 4009:, p. 94. 4008: 4003: 4001: 3994:, p. 72. 3993: 3988: 3982:, p. 63. 3981: 3976: 3974: 3967:, p. 61. 3966: 3961: 3954: 3949: 3943:, p. 69. 3942: 3937: 3931:, p. 62. 3930: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3906:, p. 60. 3905: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3888: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3872:, p. 61. 3871: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3853:, p. 91. 3852: 3847: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3825:, p. 55. 3824: 3819: 3817: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3792: 3787: 3781:, p. 84. 3780: 3775: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3733:, p. 25. 3732: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3710:, p. 48. 3709: 3704: 3702: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3670:, p. 52. 3669: 3664: 3658:, p. 31. 3657: 3652: 3646:, p. 72. 3645: 3644:MacEvitt 2010 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3626: 3625:Asbridge 2004 3621: 3615:, p. 45. 3614: 3609: 3603:, p. 46. 3602: 3597: 3591:, p. 50. 3590: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3558:, p. 18. 3557: 3552: 3546:, p. 64. 3545: 3544:MacEvitt 2010 3540: 3538: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3492: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3428:, p. 79. 3427: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3397:, p. 68. 3396: 3395:MacEvitt 2010 3391: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3369: 3364: 3358:, p. 69. 3357: 3356:MacEvitt 2010 3352: 3350: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3302: 3301:Asbridge 2004 3297: 3295: 3293: 3286:, p. 41. 3285: 3280: 3274:, p. 67. 3273: 3272:MacEvitt 2010 3268: 3266: 3259:, p. 30. 3258: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3241: 3240:Asbridge 2004 3236: 3230:, p. 23. 3229: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3212: 3207: 3201:, p. 39. 3200: 3195: 3193: 3186:, p. 35. 3185: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3159:, p. 65. 3158: 3157:MacEvitt 2010 3153: 3146: 3145:Asbridge 2004 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3128:, p. 61. 3127: 3126:MacEvitt 2010 3122: 3120: 3118: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3091: 3090:Asbridge 2004 3086: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3053:, p. 22. 3052: 3047: 3045: 3037: 3036:Asbridge 2004 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3019:, p. 57. 3018: 3017:MacEvitt 2010 3013: 3011: 3009: 3001: 2996: 2989: 2988:Asbridge 2004 2984: 2982: 2980: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2946:, p. 29. 2945: 2940: 2938: 2930: 2929:Asbridge 2004 2925: 2923: 2921: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2885:Asbridge 2004 2881: 2879: 2877: 2869: 2868:Asbridge 2004 2864: 2857: 2856:Asbridge 2004 2852: 2850: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2819:, p. 75. 2818: 2813: 2811: 2804:, p. 16. 2803: 2802:Phillips 2010 2798: 2796: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2771: 2766: 2760:, p. 13. 2759: 2754: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2723: 2718: 2712:, p. 63. 2711: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2670: 2664:, p. 53. 2663: 2658: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2615: 2614:Asbridge 2004 2610: 2604:, p. 63. 2603: 2598: 2591: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2568:, p. 95. 2567: 2566:Asbridge 2004 2562: 2555: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2532:, p. 52. 2531: 2526: 2524: 2516: 2511: 2505:, p. 85. 2504: 2499: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2478:, p. 35. 2477: 2472: 2470: 2462: 2457: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2427:, p. 20. 2426: 2421: 2419: 2411: 2406: 2400:, p. 84. 2399: 2394: 2392: 2385:, p. 45. 2384: 2379: 2372: 2367: 2361:, p. 32. 2360: 2355: 2353: 2345: 2340: 2333: 2328: 2322:, p. 14. 2321: 2316: 2309: 2304: 2298:, p. 30. 2297: 2292: 2285: 2280: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2258: 2253: 2246: 2241: 2235:, p. 41. 2234: 2229: 2225: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1877: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1628: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1575: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1485:siege to Tyre 1481: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1411:Mount Pilgrim 1408: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1390: 1389:Mount Pilgrim 1386: 1382: 1379: 1378:Oultrejordain 1375: 1364: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1320: 1313: 1312:besieged Acre 1309: 1304: 1302: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1204: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1140: 1139:lawful heir. 1137: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1058: 1044: 1042: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 997: 995: 991: 988:, the Seljuk 987: 979: 971: 967: 958: 956: 951: 945: 943: 939: 931: 927: 923: 919: 918: 909: 904: 900: 898: 894: 890: 885: 879:Consolidation 876: 874: 868: 866: 862: 861: 852: 848: 844: 840: 831: 824: 817: 812: 809: 808:Albert of Aix 805: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 777:Establishment 769: 763: 759: 755: 747: 742: 740: 736: 727: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 696: 692: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 668: 663: 661: 657: 653: 650: 642: 634: 633: 628: 623: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 566: 562: 561:First Crusade 558: 557:Pope Urban II 553: 552:First Crusade 546:First Crusade 543: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 463: 462:First Crusade 459: 454: 445: 443: 439: 438:Oultrejordain 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 408:, to capture 407: 402: 400: 396: 393:in 1105, the 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 369:in 1110, and 368: 364: 360: 356: 348: 344: 340: 336: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 268: 266: 265:First Crusade 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 226: 223: 219: 216: 213: 209: 206: 203: 201: 197: 191: 188: 186: 183: 180: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 154: 150: 145: 141: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 107: 103: 100: 97: 93: 89: 86: 82: 78: 76: 72: 68: 64: 61: 57: 52: 46: 41: 36: 33: 19: 6642:1060s births 6479: 6470: 6410: 6403: 6402: 6376: 6372:New creation 6371: 6325: 6298: 6258: 6235: 6216: 6186: 6156: 6132: 6112: 6093: 6066: 6043: 6024: 5996:The Crusades 5995: 5976: 5946: 5926: 5907: 5877: 5841: 5827: 5823: 5798: 5754: 5742: 5711: 5699: 5687: 5675: 5663: 5651: 5622: 5617: 5590: 5581: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5538:Maalouf 1984 5523:Tyerman 2006 5518: 5506: 5499:Tyerman 2006 5462: 5431: 5404: 5397:Maalouf 1984 5392: 5340: 5328: 5316: 5254:Maalouf 1984 5239:Tyerman 2006 5217: 5205: 5193: 5181: 5139: 5085:Maalouf 1984 5063: 5034: 5003: 4991: 4984:Maalouf 1984 4935:Maalouf 1984 4930: 4903: 4842: 4809: 4797: 4749: 4708:Maalouf 1984 4703: 4691: 4684:Maalouf 1984 4679: 4667: 4623: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4512: 4500: 4488: 4476: 4464: 4418: 4385: 4373: 4346: 4326:(ch. vii.61) 4323: 4319: 4315: 4291:(ch. vii.60) 4288: 4284: 4280: 4268: 4256: 4244: 4162: 4150: 4102: 4090: 4078: 3987: 3980:Maalouf 1984 3965:Maalouf 1984 3960: 3953:Tyerman 2006 3948: 3936: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3663: 3656:Maalouf 1984 3651: 3620: 3608: 3596: 3584: 3551: 3486: 3479:Tyerman 2006 3474: 3462: 3450: 3421: 3414:Tyerman 2006 3390: 3363: 3336: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3279: 3257:Maalouf 1984 3235: 3206: 3179: 3152: 3085: 3073: 2995: 2966: 2912:Tyerman 2006 2892: 2863: 2836: 2824: 2787:Tyerman 2006 2770:Tyerman 2006 2765: 2753: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2657: 2633:Tyerman 2006 2609: 2597: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2554:Tyerman 2006 2549: 2544:, p. 7. 2537: 2510: 2498: 2493:, p. 5. 2456: 2444: 2439:, p. 4. 2432: 2405: 2378: 2366: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2310:, p. 2. 2303: 2291: 2279: 2252: 2247:, p. 1. 2240: 2233:Jaspert 2006 2228: 2202: 2190: 2175: 2170: 2151: 1928: 1674: 1665:Amin Maalouf 1654: 1636: 1600: 1580: 1553:, Eilat and 1535: 1508: 1476: 1445: 1435: 1419: 1397: 1370: 1321: 1308:Mount Carmel 1305: 1297: 1258: 1248: 1240: 1224: 1192: 1161: 1146: 1129: 1125:River Jordan 1098: 1074: 1063: 1021: 998: 959: 946: 915: 913: 886: 882: 869: 858: 836: 822: 814: 792: 780: 743: 739:Berdan River 719: 687:Kilij Arslan 684: 664: 638: 630: 597: 555: 505: 469:liberal arts 466: 442:Jordan River 403: 332: 269: 232: 231: 146:2 April 1118 32: 6647:1118 deaths 6621:Catholicism 6609:Family tree 6560:Isabella II 6500:Baldwin III 5759:Barber 2012 5747:Murray 2000 5735:Barber 2012 5716:Barber 2012 5656:Barber 2012 5644:Murray 2000 5574:Murray 2000 5562:Murray 2000 5482:Barber 2012 5467:Murray 2000 5455:Murray 2000 5409:Murray 2000 5385:Barber 2012 5368:Barber 2012 5345:Tibble 1989 5309:Barber 2012 4950:Barber 2012 4908:Tibble 1989 4896:Barber 2012 4879:Barber 2012 4847:Barber 2012 4835:Barber 2012 4802:Tibble 1989 4742:Barber 2012 4696:Barber 2012 4628:Barber 2012 4589:Murray 2000 4457:Barber 2012 4423:Barber 2012 4411:Barber 2012 4261:Barber 2012 4249:Barber 2012 4186:Barber 2012 4128:Barber 2012 4107:Barber 2012 4095:Murray 2000 4083:Murray 2000 4054:Barber 2012 4039:Murray 2000 4007:Murray 2000 3929:Barber 2012 3870:Barber 2012 3851:Murray 2000 3779:Murray 2000 3556:France 1994 3529:Murray 2000 3455:France 1994 3443:France 1994 3329:Murray 2000 3211:France 1994 2971:France 1994 2817:Barber 2012 2710:Murray 2000 2698:Barber 2012 2662:Murray 2000 2578:France 1994 2530:Murray 2000 2503:Tanner 2003 2476:Murray 2000 2449:Murray 2000 2437:Barber 2012 2410:Murray 2000 2398:Tanner 2003 2383:France 1994 2371:Murray 2000 2359:Murray 2000 2344:Murray 2000 2320:France 1994 2296:Murray 2000 2284:Murray 2000 2257:Murray 2000 1616:Palm Sunday 1250:Roger Borsa 893:Belek Ghazi 843:Monophysite 627:H. G. Wells 84:Predecessor 6636:Categories 6570:Conrad III 6530:Isabella I 6510:Baldwin IV 6485:Baldwin II 6416:1100–1118 6388:Baldwin II 6382:1098–1100 5174:Lilie 1993 5039:Lilie 1993 4565:Lilie 1993 3426:Lilie 1993 2602:Lilie 1993 2221:References 1588:Nile Delta 1353:True Cross 1198:fell on 17 1109:Mount Zion 1052:Coronation 1025:chronicler 680:Asia Minor 448:Early life 418:suzerainty 414:Latin East 272:Asia Minor 123:Baldwin II 99:Baldwin II 75:Coronation 6565:Conrad II 6515:Baldwin V 6490:Melisende 6480:Baldwin I 6404:as prince 6185:(1989) . 6154:(1989) . 5609:763182492 5269:Lock 2006 5008:Lock 2006 4864:Lock 2006 4660:Lock 2006 4438:Lock 2006 3731:Lock 2006 3228:Lock 2006 3051:Lock 2006 2425:Lock 2006 2171:"familia" 1669:Holy Land 1561:, at the 1367:Expansion 1336:Toghtekin 1294:(in 1105) 1246:Ascalon. 1136:Bethlehem 1121:Egyptians 1105:monastery 1035:around 15 966:Buluniyas 955:Ablgharib 950:mutilated 788:Turbessel 768:October. 762:Euphrates 693:, in the 676:Nicomedia 672:Chalcedon 493:benefices 471:and held 395:Egyptians 365:in 1104, 361:in 1101, 347:Bethlehem 292:Armenians 288:Euphrates 233:Baldwin I 168:Jerusalem 120:Successor 115:1098–1100 95:Successor 69:1100–1118 38:Baldwin I 6585:Henry II 6535:Conrad I 6453:Monarchs 6296:(2000). 6256:(2006). 6070:. SAQI. 6064:(1984). 6023:(1993). 5975:(2000). 5906:(2012). 5875:(2004). 5589:(2011). 2198:bigamous 1677:chancery 1650:Ifriqiya 1603:Al-Arish 1551:Montreal 1539:Montreal 1527:Assassin 1523:Tiberias 1363:August. 1180:Caesarea 1033:Melitene 926:Kerbogha 917:usufruct 819:— 804:Samosata 784:Ravendel 746:Mamistra 707:Heraclea 667:Pecheneg 616:Belgrade 512:Normandy 473:prebends 379:Venetian 359:Caesarea 335:Daimbert 324:Kerbogha 149:Al-Arish 6540:Henry I 6520:Sibylla 6505:Amalric 6468:Godfrey 6455:of the 6398:Godfrey 5812:Sources 2103:7. Doda 1586:on the 1547:Red Sea 1545:on the 1499:Shoubak 1393:Tripoli 1344:Sunnite 1301:Evremar 1195:Genoese 1172:bezants 1153:Galilee 1117:Ascalon 1090:Tripoli 1041:Gabriel 994:Baalbek 922:Antioch 889:Artuqid 711:Cilicia 703:Tancred 563:at the 516:England 477:Cambrai 410:Tripoli 383:Ascalon 375:Genoese 304:Seljuks 280:Cilicia 276:Tancred 6575:Hugh I 6545:Aimery 6332: 6306: 6266: 6242: 6223: 6193: 6164: 6140: 6119: 6100: 6074: 6050: 6031: 6002: 5983: 5954: 5933: 5914: 5885: 5848: 5834: 5607: 5597: 2158: 1695:Family 1687:. The 1622:Legacy 1608: 1584:Farama 1503:Jordan 1472:Berber 1468:dinars 1463: 1437:Mawdud 1431: 1426: 1374:Hebron 1361: 1348:Shiite 1340:Irtash 1332:regent 1328:atabeg 1324: 1316: 1281: 1277:Godric 1243: 1227:vizier 1219:, and 1200: 1168: 1101: 1084:. The 1077: 1037: 1001: 982: 974: 962: 934: 891:emir, 855: 795:Thoros 766: 758:Marash 750: 730: 726:Tarsus 722: 715:Bagrat 699: 689:, the 645: 600: 569: 532:Stenay 526:, and 508:family 481:Rheims 434:Mawdud 426:fealty 367:Beirut 351: 337:, the 312: 300:Edessa 284:Tarsus 253:Norman 247:, and 221:Mother 211:Father 175:Spouse 159:Burial 2216:Notes 2206:flesh 1681:Pagan 1596:Cairo 1569:Death 1555:Graye 1543:Akaba 1519:Roger 1359:on 27 1357:Ramla 1235:Ramla 1176:Arsuf 1149:Haifa 986:Duqaq 930:Mosul 897:Saruj 643:on 23 614:near 567:on 27 530:, at 485:Liège 371:Sidon 355:Arsuf 349:on 25 328:Mosul 310:on 10 200:House 112:Reign 66:Reign 6550:Mary 6495:Fulk 6471:(as 6330:ISBN 6304:ISBN 6264:ISBN 6240:ISBN 6221:ISBN 6191:ISBN 6162:ISBN 6138:ISBN 6117:ISBN 6098:ISBN 6072:ISBN 6048:ISBN 6029:ISBN 6000:ISBN 5981:ISBN 5952:ISBN 5931:ISBN 5912:ISBN 5883:ISBN 5846:ISBN 5832:ISBN 5605:OCLC 5595:ISBN 2178:Arda 1965:12. 1901:11. 1846:10. 1517:and 1515:Pons 1497:(at 1330:(or 1290:The 1188:Tyre 1186:and 1184:Acre 1086:qadi 1015:and 860:doux 786:and 697:on 1 674:and 514:and 483:and 387:Tyre 385:and 377:and 363:Acre 357:and 316:Arda 185:Arda 143:Died 138:1060 132:Born 6525:Guy 2045:3. 1991:6. 1927:1. 1810:2. 1784:9. 1752:4. 1726:8. 1501:in 1391:at 1155:to 1134:in 1107:on 1088:of 887:An 678:in 6638:: 5852:. 5781:^ 5766:^ 5723:^ 5632:^ 5603:. 5530:^ 5489:^ 5474:^ 5443:^ 5416:^ 5375:^ 5352:^ 5295:^ 5276:^ 5261:^ 5246:^ 5229:^ 5166:^ 5151:^ 5122:^ 5107:^ 5092:^ 5075:^ 5046:^ 5015:^ 4976:^ 4957:^ 4942:^ 4915:^ 4886:^ 4871:^ 4854:^ 4821:^ 4778:^ 4761:^ 4732:^ 4715:^ 4652:^ 4635:^ 4608:^ 4445:^ 4430:^ 4397:^ 4358:^ 4331:^ 4296:^ 4225:^ 4210:^ 4193:^ 4174:^ 4135:^ 4114:^ 4061:^ 4046:^ 4029:^ 4014:^ 3999:^ 3972:^ 3911:^ 3894:^ 3877:^ 3858:^ 3815:^ 3798:^ 3715:^ 3700:^ 3675:^ 3632:^ 3563:^ 3536:^ 3513:^ 3498:^ 3433:^ 3402:^ 3375:^ 3348:^ 3291:^ 3264:^ 3247:^ 3218:^ 3191:^ 3164:^ 3133:^ 3116:^ 3097:^ 3058:^ 3043:^ 3024:^ 3007:^ 2978:^ 2951:^ 2936:^ 2919:^ 2904:^ 2875:^ 2848:^ 2809:^ 2794:^ 2777:^ 2640:^ 2621:^ 2522:^ 2483:^ 2468:^ 2417:^ 2390:^ 2351:^ 2264:^ 1618:. 1457:, 1334:) 1262:, 1252:, 1229:, 1215:, 1182:, 1178:, 1159:. 867:. 717:. 629:' 542:. 499:, 479:, 401:. 294:. 267:. 166:, 151:, 136:c. 6475:) 6445:e 6438:t 6431:v 6338:. 6319:) 6315:( 6312:. 6279:) 6275:( 6272:. 6248:. 6229:. 6206:) 6202:( 6199:. 6177:) 6173:( 6170:. 6146:. 6125:. 6106:. 6087:) 6083:( 6080:. 6056:. 6037:. 6008:. 5989:. 5967:) 5963:( 5960:. 5939:. 5920:. 5898:) 5894:( 5891:. 5858:) 5854:( 5838:. 5611:. 1505:) 635:) 53:) 20:)

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Knowledge

Baldwin I of Jerusalem

Index