666:
702:
926:
507:
737:
722:
628:
852:
597:
686:
834:
843:
807:
825:
44:
936:
816:
609:
529:
1006:, Australia. 2 guns dating from 1911. Decommissioned in 1965 and placed in a nearby park. Moved back to their original mounts in 1978 after the Fort became a museum. Both were restored in 1992 by the Fort Scratchley Historical Society and are capable of being fired on special occasions for ceremonial and saluting purposes.
1300:
2,525 ft/s firing a 100 lb (45 kg) projectile using 23 lb (10 kg) Cordite MD size-16 propellant; 2,775 ft/s using 28 pounds 10 ounces (13.0 kg) Cordite MD size 26 was the standard naval loading in WWI. Twin mounts and unstrengthened P IV mounts were restricted to
1131:
Lonehort Fort, Bere Island, County Cork, Ireland- Two 6-inch BL guns are extant- Breech blocks are missing and the guns themselves somewhat rusty, but otherwise appear to be in good condition. The fort was open to the public on 14 and 15 March 2014 for an underground art experience titled "Nest",
647:, provided the main coast defence throughout the British Empire, from the early 1900s until the abolition of coast artillery in the 1950s. Many guns were specially built for army coast defence use, and following the decommissioning of many obsolete cruisers and battleships after
665:
651:, their 6-inch Mk VII guns were also recycled for coast defence. During World War I, 103 of these guns were in service in coastal defences around the UK. Some of these, together with others at ports around the wider British Empire, played an important defence role in
563:. It was a successful carriage, except that it limited the elevation and hence the range. A better carriage which allowed elevation to 22°, the MK II, was introduced early in 1916. This was followed by Mk III, V and VI carriages. The gun was operated by the
1030:. Two Mk. VII, built by Vickers, on central pivot Mk II mounts. (This is an active military base, and the battery is not accessible by the public. The barrels have reportedly been removed, recently, for remounting on the bastions of the Keep, at the
701:
582:(a new fuze which reliably burst instantly above ground on even slight contact, instead of forming craters)". They were also effective for long-range fire against "targets in depth". The Mk VII was superseded by the lighter and longer-range
422:
inserted and fired as quickly as a QF six-inch gun. Cordite charges in silk bags stored for a BL gun were also considered to represent a considerable saving in weight and magazine space compared to the bulky brass QF cartridge cases.
1360:
to denote Marks (models) of ordnance until after World War II. Mark VIII's breech opened to the left and Mark VII's opened to the right, allowing for paired mounts. Guns mounted singly were all the right-opening Mark
1202:, on 24 July 1944, causing extensive casualties and damage to both vessels. This surviving weapon bears two distinct gouges on its barrel from American return fire that knocked it out, but is otherwise intact.
658:
A number of new similar guns with stronger barrels which allowed more powerful cordite charges to be used were manufactured for coast defence during World War II, and were designated 6-inch BL Mark XXIV.
794:(8.2 in (210 mm)), firing 112 rounds and scoring seven hits. The battlecruisers fired a total of 1,150 rounds at the town and the batteries, causing 112 civilians and seven military killed.
608:
946:
506:
1844:
1270:
Shell weights given are filled and fuzed i.e. as fired. 100 lb (45 kg) was standard shell weight in WWI. Some earlier shells had slightly higher weights e.g. Mk IV
2308:
952:
1527:
461:
The Mk VIII in naval service was identical to the Mk VII, except that the breech opened to the left instead of to the right, for use as the left gun in twin turrets.
1119:
528:
3297:
1725:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2242:
1799:
3282:
418:
Mk VII returned to loading charges in silk bags after it was determined that with new single-action breech mechanisms a six-inch BL gun could be loaded, a
2247:
736:
551:
The Mk VII gun was first used as a field gun in France in 1915. It was initially mounted on an improvised rectangular-frame field carriage designed by
414:
technology (i.e. loading propellant charges in brass cartridge cases) for all classes of guns up to 6 in (150 mm) to increase rates of fire.
721:
2357:
1128:, Ireland, 2 Mk VII Guns in casemates on central pivot Mk II mounts in good condition and in the process of being restored to full working condition.
2418:
1899:
971:
2476:
2303:
2868:
2252:
1609:
685:
578:, the role of the gun was defined as counter-battery fire. They "were most effective for neutralising defences and for wire cutting with
2446:
1498:
757:
17:
3292:
2525:
2481:
1792:
3163:
2759:
1994:
2049:
1271:
893:
884:
875:
2350:
1697:
1675:
1653:
1619:
1061:
596:
1582:
1531:
1308:) The original loading was 20 lb (9.1 kg) of the more powerful cordite Mk I size 20, but Mk I caused greater wear.
2701:
2137:
2090:
1999:
1919:
1909:
1884:
1829:
1785:
1100:
619:
3214:
3048:
2797:
2581:
2571:
2555:
2505:
2111:
2054:
1963:
1839:
1135:
708:
644:
556:
2787:
2080:
2004:
3250:
2729:
627:
2861:
1184:
One Mk VII taken from
Singapore and moved to Tinian as part of a battery of three such weapons, now sits outside the
1181:
Two Mk VII at Banana, on the
Atlantic coast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. They are out of use since 1960.
2343:
2095:
1934:
1914:
1889:
1740:
1067:
1057:
2802:
1052:. Two Mk VII (L/1029 and RGF) on central pivot Mk II, at Bastions C and D of the Keep (fortress) which houses the
373:
3148:
2550:
2224:
2219:
1013:
989:
961:
761:
419:
1101:
Barrel 1489 which fired the first
Australian shot of WWI, and 1317 which fired the first Australian shot of WWII
925:
3189:
2782:
2075:
1989:
1071:
993:
520:
1389:"British 6"/45 (15.2 cm) BL Mark VII 6"/45 (15.2 cm) BL Mark VIII 6"/45 (15.2 cm) BL Mark XXIV"
247:
3079:
2634:
1834:
1045:
1031:
672:
495:
476:
3168:
3013:
2990:
2854:
2400:
1929:
1894:
1849:
1185:
1132:
which took place in the shell rooms below the guns. The shell rooms and hoists are also in good condition.
3307:
3255:
3245:
3219:
3209:
3204:
3194:
2918:
2830:
2734:
2085:
1968:
1924:
867:
494:, which similarly sacrificed herself to save her convoy from the 11 in (280 mm)-gunned cruiser
482:
432:
2928:
3312:
2933:
2744:
2739:
2619:
2116:
2044:
2024:
2009:
1958:
1475:
1229:
1003:
1777:
3302:
3287:
3224:
3028:
2629:
2624:
2614:
2591:
2545:
2540:
2381:
2132:
2039:
2019:
1939:
1904:
1865:
1860:
1595:
1125:
1090:
2764:
2662:
2165:
2014:
564:
333:
Naval: 14,600 yd (13,400 m) (light charge); 15,800 yd (14,400 m) (heavy charge)
2335:
910:
415:
411:
251:
220:
3240:
3184:
2877:
2846:
2820:
2441:
2436:
2324:
2214:
1086:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1035:
1023:
676:
278:
49:
3143:
3023:
2985:
2980:
2959:
2923:
2835:
2825:
2724:
2677:
2395:
2196:
2186:
2155:
1854:
1625:
1019:
712:
3128:
2954:
2949:
2908:
2898:
2711:
2652:
2147:
1325:, p. 130) quotes 12,000 yd (11,000 m) – this is possibly on the Mk I carriage.
1235:
273:
1238:– contemporary US Navy weapon, used on ships circa 1900 and as coast defence in World War II
615:
3053:
3043:
3033:
2995:
2719:
2672:
2667:
2576:
2535:
2515:
2486:
2410:
2390:
2191:
1668:
History of the Royal
Regiment of Artillery. The Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base, 1914–18
1189:
1175:
1154:
583:
451:
1160:
at
Canopus Hill near Stanley Airport, the Falkland Islands, they were refurbished in 2003.
1076:
8:
2749:
2596:
2586:
2181:
2029:
1755:
1399:
586:
which was introduced from
October 1916, but the Mk VII remained in service to the end of
575:
407:
1553:
851:
3158:
3107:
3058:
2510:
2461:
1217:
1212:
1164:
1110:
1082:
1009:
535:
241:
1719:. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1911 – via State Library of Victoria.
3018:
2913:
2903:
2774:
2520:
2471:
2466:
2456:
2451:
1820:
1693:
1671:
1649:
1615:
1121:
Momi, Vuda, Batteries, Viti Levu, Fiji
Islands. One of the barrels is #1266 from 1900
765:
465:
447:
72:
1388:
833:
3153:
3102:
2754:
2696:
2160:
1949:
1241:
1196:
743:
1285:
842:
3097:
3089:
3038:
2975:
2644:
2497:
2428:
1663:
1641:
999:
965:
560:
513:
391:
383:
305:
2366:
1808:
1357:
1244:– contemporary US Army coast defence weapon, used as a field gun in World War I
983:
902:
806:
488:
469:
395:
386:
dating from 1899, which was mounted on a heavy travelling carriage in 1915 for
359:
255:
789:
475:, which briefly fought the German 11 in (280 mm)-gunned battleships
3276:
3138:
3133:
3074:
2657:
1980:
1440:. Vol. 4 – Artillery in Offensive Operations. War Office. February 1917.
769:
728:
1764:
1714:
1321:, p. 23) quotes 13,700 yd (12,500 m) on the Mk II carriage; (
438:
battleships of 1898 (commissioned
September 1901) and went on to equip many
2884:
2606:
1875:
1168:
979:
824:
777:
652:
579:
455:
439:
387:
295:
131:
1334:
All figures for 100 lb (45 kg) shell, which was standard in WWI.
2812:
2373:
1812:
1751:
1685:
1261:
7 tons, 10 cwt, 2 qtrs. 19 lbs with breech fitting, including shot guide.
1104:
975:
692:
648:
587:
568:
552:
126:
43:
935:
815:
2234:
1807:
1143:
783:
773:
394:, and also served as one of the main coast defence guns throughout the
213:
3123:
2880:
2369:
2064:
1114:
1016:
6-inch BL gun Mk VII, built by
Vickers, on central pivot Mk II mount.
77:
67:
1716:
Handbook for the 6-inch B. L. guns, marks VII and VII (land service)
2365:
1554:"The defence of Trincomalee and the 6 inch battery at Hood's Tower"
996:. Two Mk VII RBLs, built by Vickers, on central pivot Mk II mounts.
2876:
1646:
History of the Royal
Regiment of Artillery. Western Front, 1914–18
1496:
1223:
1139:
956:
2206:
1147:
1094:
1027:
863:
443:
410:
of the 1890s, a period during which the Royal Navy had evaluated
347:
263:
149:
1530:. Stanley, Falkland Islands: Stanley Service Ltd. Archived from
1456:
464:
In World War II the gun was used to arm British troop ships and
555:. The carriage was based on a design he had improvised for the
353:
285:
1483:
1283:
8 rounds per minute is the figure given by Vickers. Quoted in
1499:"Other Surviving North American Seacoast Artillery Weapons"
1414:
567:
in batteries of four, as were all the larger field guns in
390:
service to become one of the main heavy field guns in the
1497:
C.L. Kimbell; R.D. Zink; T.C. McGovern (February 2014).
772:(two guns) and Lighthouse (one gun) batteries defending
760:
on 16 December 1914, a notable action was fought by the
1760:. London: John Murray – via The Internet Archive.
1444:
1232:: German naval gun deployed as field gun in World War I
1594:
1405:
1302:
330:
Field carriage Mk. II: 13,700 yd (12,500 m)
1690:
British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914–1918
1584:
Handbook for The 6-Inch Breech Loading Mark XII Gun
962:
A gun mounted on the 1904 coast defence emplacement
1163:Three Mk VII (dating 1904, 1914 and 1918) of the
194:16,875 lb (7,654 kg) (gun & breech)
3274:
2419:1.59-inch breech-loading Vickers Q.F. gun, Mk II
1356:Mk VII = Mark 7, Mk VIII = Mark 8. Britain used
3298:World War I naval weapons of the United Kingdom
1590:. Admiralty, Gunnery Branch, G. 21117/17. 1917.
1224:Weapons of comparable role, performance and era
1726:"Twentieth Century British Coast Defence Guns"
947:At the Royal Artillery Museum Woolwich, London
776:. They duelled with the German battlecruisers
2862:
2351:
1793:
1769:
1528:"Stanley Services Refurbish Naval 6inch Guns"
1506:American Seacoast Defenses: A Reference Guide
316:2,775 ft/s (846 m/s) (heavy charge)
313:2,525 ft/s (770 m/s) (light charge)
1684:
1611:British Artillery 1914–1919. Heavy Artillery
1420:
1344:
1097:during restoration of the site in the 1980s.
3283:World War I artillery of the United Kingdom
1382:
1380:
1378:
2869:
2855:
2358:
2344:
1800:
1786:
1174:Three Mk VII of the Modara battery at the
1150:harbour with 3 guns decommissioned in 1998
758:raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby
618:, cutting wire for the Australian advance
797:
655:and remained in service until the 1950s.
643:The 6-inch Mk VII gun, together with the
574:Following a successful deployment in the
1662:
1640:
1462:
1450:
1432:
1375:
1322:
940:7th Coastal Artillery Battery (Portugal)
934:
924:
727:Mk VII gun on typical coast mounting at
546:
1670:. London: Royal Artillery Institution.
1648:. London: Royal Artillery Institution.
14:
3275:
1723:
1607:
1318:
1274:shell weighed 101 pounds (46 kg).
2850:
2339:
1781:
1768:
1750:
1386:
930:At the Royal Artillery Museum, London
920:
2702:Livens Large Gallery Flame Projector
788:(11 in (280 mm) guns) and
671:Bastions C and D of the Keep at the
638:
356:: 8 lb 14 oz (4.0 kg)
350:: 13 lb 5 oz (6.0 kg)
1188:. This gun fired on the battleship
1072:The Front Museum, Lappohja, Finland
742:A Mk XXIV gun at Half Moon Battery
707:One of two 6-inch Mk VIIs, and two
602:Original Percy Scott field carriage
24:
1603:(10th ed.). War Office. 1915.
1153:Two guns dated 1900 and 1902 from
850:
841:
832:
823:
814:
805:
751:
25:
3324:
1707:
1169:Royal Naval Dockyard, Trincomalee
1077:Fort Ogilvie, Point Pleasant Park
219:269.5 inches (6.85 m) (44.9
3293:Naval guns of the United Kingdom
3246:BL 12-inch Mk V railway howitzer
1614:. Oxford UK: Osprey Publishing.
735:
720:
700:
684:
664:
626:
607:
595:
527:
505:
454:gunboat which served throughout
450:, and smaller ships such as the
178:Mk VII, Mk VII, Mk VIII, Mk XXIV
42:
3241:BL 9.2-inch Mk XIII railway gun
2798:BL 9.2-inch Mk IX – X naval gun
2556:BL 8-inch howitzer Mk VI – VIII
1575:
1546:
1520:
1490:
1468:
1426:
862:Mk III 23 lb (10 kg)
762:Durham Royal Garrison Artillery
691:Mk VII with a concrete hood at
197:25 tons (gun on field carriage)
3200:BL 6-inch Mk VII & Mk XXIV
2788:QF 4-inch naval gun Mk I – III
1995:QF 14-pounder Maxim-Nordenfelt
1350:
1337:
1328:
1311:
1294:
1277:
1264:
1255:
521:Battle of the Falkland Islands
519:showing shell damage from the
431:The gun was introduced on the
324:Maximum firing range
164:
13:
1:
3251:BL 13.5-inch Mk V railway gun
2635:QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer
1757:Fifty Years in the Royal Navy
1688:& Thurston, L.F. (1972).
1368:
896:naval shell with night tracer
401:
3014:BL 4.5-inch medium field gun
2725:QF 2-pounder "pom-pom" Mk II
2572:BL 7.5-inch Mk III naval gun
2156:QF 2-pounder "pom-pom" Mk II
1186:Tinian International airport
1014:St. George's Island, Bermuda
534:Gun drill on the troop ship
426:
7:
3256:BL 18-inch railway howitzer
2831:BL 12-inch railway howitzer
2551:BL 8-inch howitzer Mk I – V
2000:QF 14-pounder Mk I & II
1915:EOC 12-inch 45 cal. Mk XIII
1343:Figures for WWI field gun.(
1206:
1142:, Portugal on the mouth of
1083:VSM gun No. 1553 dated 1901
994:St. David's Island, Bermuda
620:Second Battle of Bullecourt
106:1901–1972 (Fort Scratchley)
10:
3329:
3080:3.7-inch mountain howitzer
2793:BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun
2687:Smoke and chemical weapons
2620:BL 10-pounder mountain gun
2582:BL 9.2-inch Mk X naval gun
2243:Spherical Mk I, II and III
2076:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt Mk II
1910:BL 12-inch Mk XI & XII
1230:15 cm L/40 Feldkanone i.R.
1004:Newcastle, New South Wales
633:Night firing at Vimy Ridge
290:16.5 in (419 mm)
208:279.2 inches (7.09 m)
18:BL 6 inch Mk VII naval gun
3233:
3177:
3116:
3088:
3067:
3004:
2968:
2942:
2891:
2811:
2773:
2710:
2686:
2643:
2630:QF 2.95-inch mountain gun
2625:BL 2.75-inch mountain gun
2615:RML 2.5-inch mountain gun
2605:
2592:BL 12-inch Mk X naval gun
2564:
2546:BL 6-inch 30 cwt howitzer
2541:BL 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer
2495:
2427:
2409:
2380:
2317:
2261:
2233:
2205:
2174:
2146:
2125:
2104:
2063:
1977:
1948:
1874:
1819:
1775:
1770:Links to related articles
1136:Coastal Artillery Battery
1091:Albany, Western Australia
972:2 coast defence Mk 7 guns
957:Newhaven Fort, Sussex, UK
340:
323:
304:
294:
284:
272:
262:
240:
235:
227:
212:
204:
187:
182:
174:
163:
155:
145:
140:
119:
99:
94:
87:Place of origin
86:
60:
41:
34:
27:Naval and Heavy Field Gun
2969:Field guns and howitzers
2663:Vickers 1.57-inch mortar
2182:.303 Vickers machine gun
2055:BL 7.5-inch Mk II – Mk V
1935:EOC 14-inch 45 cal. Mk I
1465:, pp. 368–369, 401.
1421:Hogg & Thurston 1972
1345:Hogg & Thurston 1972
1248:
565:Royal Garrison Artillery
258:100 lb (45 kg)
2986:25-pounder Gun-Howitzer
2821:BL 9.2-inch railway gun
2050:BL 6-inch Mk XIII-XVIII
1885:Vickers 10-inch 45 cal.
1480:Bermuda Maritime Museum
1435:, p. 158, quoting
1087:Princess Royal Fortress
1068:A gun on field carriage
1054:Bermuda Maritime Museum
1050:Ireland Island, Bermuda
1040:Bermuda Maritime Museum
677:Ireland Island, Bermuda
466:armed merchant cruisers
406:The gun superseded the
279:Welin interrupted screw
268:6 in (152 mm)
3144:QF 2-pounder naval gun
3024:BL 5.5-inch medium gun
2934:QF 95 mm howitzer
2836:BL 14-inch railway gun
2826:BL 12-inch railway gun
2678:9.45-inch Heavy Mortar
2396:QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss
2262:Anti-submarine weapons
2197:QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss
2187:QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss
2105:Merchant ship armament
2069:small cruiser armament
1978:Secondary armament and
1920:BL 13.5-inch Mk I – IV
1724:Gander, Terry (2011).
1597:Treatise on Ammunition
1407:Treatise on Ammunition
1304:Treatise on Ammunition
1287:Brassey's Naval Annual
1113:at Ile aux Aigrettes,
1079:, Halifax, Nova Scotia
942:
932:
855:
846:
837:
828:
819:
810:
798:World War I ammunition
487:in November 1939, and
296:Rate of fire
3117:Anti-aircraft weapons
3075:75mm Pack howitzer M1
2653:Garland trench mortar
2112:QF 4.7-inch Mk I – IV
1811:naval weapons of the
1692:. London: Ian Allan.
1608:Clarke, Dale (2005).
1236:6-inch/50-caliber gun
1111:Mk VII gun dated 1902
938:
928:
854:
845:
836:
827:
818:
809:
679:, with 6-inch Mk VIIs
547:World War I field gun
112:1901–1959 (naval use)
109:1915–1918 (field use)
36:BL 6-inch gun Mk VII
3139:QF 1½-pounder Mk III
3054:BL 9.2-inch howitzer
3044:BL 7.2-inch howitzer
3034:BL 6-inch gun Mk XIX
2996:QF 4.5-inch howitzer
2878:British Commonwealth
2783:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt
2735:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt
2720:QF 1-pounder pom-pom
2693:4-inch Stokes Mortar
2673:Newton 6-inch mortar
2668:2-inch medium mortar
2658:3-inch Stokes mortar
2577:BL 9.2-inch howitzer
2536:BL 6-inch gun Mk XIX
2531:BL 6-inch gun Mk VII
2526:BLC 6-inch siege gun
2516:BL 5.4-inch howitzer
2487:QF 4.5-inch howitzer
2482:BL 4-inch gun Mk VII
2477:QF 4-inch gun Mk III
2447:QF 12-pounder 18 cwt
2391:QF 3-pounder Vickers
2192:QF 3-pounder Vickers
2030:QF 6-inch Mk I – III
1990:QF 12-pounder 18 cwt
1558:victorianforts.co.uk
1290:. 1901. p. 453.
1176:Rock House Army Camp
1046:Royal Naval Dockyard
1032:Royal Naval Dockyard
992:, St. David's Head,
673:Royal Naval Dockyard
584:BL 6-inch gun Mk XIX
306:Muzzle velocity
3195:QF 4.7-inch Mk I–IV
3185:QF 6-pounder 10 cwt
2750:QF 13-pounder 9 cwt
2745:QF 13-pounder Mk IV
2740:QF 13-pounder 6 cwt
2597:BL 15-inch howitzer
2587:BL 12-inch howitzer
2442:QF 12-pounder 8 cwt
2437:BL 12-pounder 6 cwt
2325:QF 12-pounder 8 cwt
2299:Type G Depth charge
2294:Type F Depth charge
2289:Type E Depth charge
2284:Type D Depth charge
2279:Type C Depth charge
2274:Type B Depth charge
2269:Type A Depth charge
2215:18-inch Mk V – VIII
1890:EOC 10-inch 45 cal.
1835:BL 9.2-inch Mk VIII
1486:on 3 February 2007.
1062:BL 6-inch gun Mk IV
1058:BL 6-inch gun Mk II
1056:(there is also one
1038:, which houses the
990:St. David's Battery
953:A coast defence gun
713:St. David's Battery
576:Battle of the Somme
553:Admiral Percy Scott
541:during World War II
376:6-inch gun Mark VII
362:: 874 balls @ 27/lb
341:Filling weight
73:Coastal defence gun
3308:Vickers naval guns
3169:QF 5.25-inch Mk II
3108:ML 4.2-inch mortar
3098:SBML 2-inch mortar
3059:240 mm howitzer M1
3049:BL 8-inch howitzer
3029:BL 6-inch howitzer
3007:guns and howitzers
2919:QF 3-inch howitzer
2712:Anti-aircraft guns
2607:Mountain artillery
2511:BL 5-inch howitzer
2401:QF 6-pounder 6 cwt
2148:Anti-aircraft guns
1930:BL 13.5-inch Mk VI
1895:BL 12-inch Mk VIII
1850:BL 12-inch Mk VIII
1845:BL 9.2-inch Mk XII
1628:on 21 October 2006
1534:on 16 October 2017
1476:"Virtual site map"
1301:the light charge.(
1218:List of naval guns
1213:List of field guns
1146:river, protecting
1010:Fort St. Catherine
943:
933:
921:Surviving examples
856:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
715:, Bermuda, in 2011
616:Beaumetz-lès-Loges
500:in November 1940.
141:Production history
3313:Coastal artillery
3270:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3234:Railway artillery
3220:BL 14-inch Mk VII
3210:BL 8-inch Mk VIII
3205:BL 7.5-inch Mk VI
3164:QF 4.5-inch Mk II
3019:BL 60-pounder gun
3005:Medium and heavy
2844:
2843:
2775:Coastal artillery
2521:BL 60-pounder gun
2333:
2332:
2309:7.5-inch howitzer
2248:Vickers Elia mine
2117:QF 4.7-inch Mk V*
2086:BL 4-inch Mk VIII
1969:BL 9.2-inch Mk XI
1925:BL 13.5-inch Mk V
1830:BL 9.2-inch Mk VI
1746:on 14 April 2014.
1699:978-0-7110-0381-1
1677:978-1-870114-05-9
1655:978-1-870114-00-4
1621:978-1-84176-788-8
1387:DiGiulian, Tony.
1165:Ostenburg battery
918:
917:
766:Territorial Force
645:9.2-inch Mk X gun
639:Coast defence gun
512:Casemate guns on
398:until the 1950s.
378:(and the related
369:
368:
16:(Redirected from
3320:
3303:152 mm artillery
3288:World War I guns
3215:BL 9.2-inch Mk X
3103:ML 3-inch mortar
2991:25-pounder Short
2871:
2864:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2755:QF 3-inch 20 cwt
2697:Livens Projector
2382:Armoured vehicle
2360:
2353:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2161:QF 3-inch 20 cwt
2138:QF 4-inch Mk XII
2096:BL 4.7-inch Mk I
2081:QF 4-inch Mk III
2045:BL 6-inch Mk XII
2035:BL 6-inch Mk VII
2025:BL 5.5-inch Mk I
2010:BL 4-inch Mk VII
2005:QF 4-inch Mk III
1964:BL 9.2-inch Mk X
1959:BL 7.5-inch Mk I
1950:Armoured cruiser
1900:BL 12-inch Mk IX
1855:BL 14-inch Mk II
1840:BL 9.2-inch Mk X
1802:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1747:
1745:
1739:. Archived from
1730:
1720:
1703:
1681:
1664:Farndale, Martin
1659:
1642:Farndale, Martin
1637:
1635:
1633:
1624:. Archived from
1604:
1602:
1591:
1589:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1482:. Archived from
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1384:
1362:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1315:
1309:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1242:6-inch gun M1897
1093:. Obtained from
1064:, at Bastion E).
802:
801:
744:Pendennis Castle
739:
724:
704:
688:
668:
630:
611:
599:
531:
509:
382:) was a British
166:
46:
37:
32:
31:
21:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3229:
3225:BL 15-inch Mk I
3173:
3112:
3084:
3063:
3039:155 mm Long Tom
3006:
3000:
2976:75 mm Gun M1917
2964:
2938:
2887:
2875:
2845:
2840:
2807:
2769:
2706:
2682:
2639:
2601:
2565:Siege artillery
2560:
2506:QF 4.7-inch gun
2498:heavy artillery
2491:
2429:Field artillery
2423:
2405:
2376:
2374:First World War
2364:
2334:
2329:
2313:
2257:
2229:
2201:
2170:
2142:
2133:BL 4-inch Mk XI
2121:
2100:
2091:QF 4-inch Mk IV
2068:
2059:
2040:BL 6-inch Mk XI
2020:BL 4-inch Mk IX
1979:
1973:
1944:
1940:BL 15-inch Mk I
1905:BL 12-inch Mk X
1870:
1866:BL 18-inch Mk I
1861:BL 15-inch Mk I
1815:
1813:First World War
1806:
1771:
1743:
1728:
1713:
1710:
1700:
1678:
1656:
1631:
1629:
1622:
1600:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1438:Artillery Notes
1436:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1404:
1400:
1385:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1316:
1312:
1299:
1295:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1226:
1209:
1124:Fort Mitchell,
1000:Fort Scratchley
968:, Gravesend, UK
966:New Tavern Fort
941:
931:
923:
914:
905:
897:
888:
879:
870:
800:
754:
752:Notable actions
747:
740:
731:
725:
716:
705:
696:
689:
680:
669:
641:
634:
631:
622:
612:
603:
600:
561:Second Boer War
549:
542:
532:
523:
510:
429:
408:QF six-inch gun
404:
392:First World War
365:
336:
319:
236:
200:
136:
115:
100:In service
95:Service history
82:
78:Heavy field gun
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3326:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3129:20 mm Oerlikon
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2943:Anti-tank guns
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2765:QF 4-inch Mk V
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2462:BLC 15-pounder
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2378:
2377:
2367:British Empire
2363:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2166:QF 4-inch Mk V
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2126:Submarine guns
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:QF 4-inch Mk V
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1817:
1816:
1809:British Empire
1805:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1748:
1721:
1709:
1708:External links
1706:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1682:
1676:
1660:
1654:
1638:
1620:
1605:
1592:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1545:
1519:
1489:
1467:
1455:
1453:, p. 404.
1443:
1425:
1423:, p. 144.
1413:
1411:, p. 393.
1398:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1358:Roman numerals
1349:
1347:, p. 243)
1336:
1327:
1310:
1293:
1276:
1272:common lyddite
1263:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1195:and destroyer
1182:
1179:
1172:
1161:
1151:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1108:
1098:
1080:
1074:
1065:
1043:
1036:Ireland Island
1017:
1007:
997:
987:
984:County Donegal
969:
959:
950:
939:
929:
922:
919:
916:
915:
908:
906:
903:Shrapnel shell
900:
898:
894:Common lyddite
891:
889:
885:Common lyddite
882:
880:
876:Common lyddite
873:
871:
861:
858:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
799:
796:
756:In the German
753:
750:
749:
748:
741:
734:
732:
726:
719:
717:
709:9.2-inch Mk Xs
706:
699:
697:
690:
683:
681:
670:
663:
640:
637:
636:
635:
632:
625:
623:
613:
606:
604:
601:
594:
548:
545:
544:
543:
533:
526:
524:
511:
504:
497:Admiral Scheer
428:
425:
403:
400:
396:British Empire
367:
366:
364:
363:
357:
351:
344:
342:
338:
337:
335:
334:
331:
327:
325:
321:
320:
318:
317:
314:
310:
308:
302:
301:
298:
292:
291:
288:
282:
281:
276:
270:
269:
266:
260:
259:
245:
238:
237:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
217:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
199:
198:
195:
191:
189:
185:
184:
183:Specifications
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
168:
161:
160:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
138:
137:
135:
134:
129:
123:
121:
117:
116:
114:
113:
110:
107:
103:
101:
97:
96:
92:
91:
90:United Kingdom
88:
84:
83:
81:
80:
75:
70:
64:
62:
58:
57:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3325:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:QF 12-pounder
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:Coast defence
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:20 mm Polsten
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:Mountain guns
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:QF 18-pounder
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2960:QF 17-pounder
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2924:QF 17-pounder
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:QF 18-pounder
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2496:Medium &
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:QF 18-pounder
2470:
2468:
2467:QF 15-pounder
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:BL 15-pounder
2455:
2453:
2452:QF 13-pounder
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2411:Infantry guns
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2225:21-inch Mk IV
2223:
2221:
2220:21-inch Mk II
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:Light weapons
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
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2056:
2053:
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2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:main armament
1982:
1981:light cruiser
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:main armament
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:main armament
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
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1825:
1822:
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1814:
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1803:
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1759:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1742:
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1734:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1695:
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1657:
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1627:
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1613:
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1606:
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1593:
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1559:
1555:
1549:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1508:. p. 242
1507:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1463:Farndale 1988
1459:
1452:
1451:Farndale 1988
1447:
1439:
1434:
1433:Farndale 1986
1429:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1331:
1324:
1323:Farndale 1986
1320:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1243:
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1234:
1231:
1228:
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1216:
1214:
1211:
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1201:
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1194:
1193:
1187:
1183:
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1177:
1173:
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1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1118:
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1112:
1109:
1106:
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1099:
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1066:
1063:
1059:
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1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
991:
988:
985:
981:
977:
973:
970:
967:
963:
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951:
948:
945:
944:
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927:
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904:
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860:
859:
853:
849:
844:
840:
835:
831:
826:
822:
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813:
808:
804:
803:
795:
793:
792:
787:
786:
781:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
745:
738:
733:
730:
729:Newhaven Fort
723:
718:
714:
710:
703:
698:
694:
687:
682:
678:
674:
667:
662:
661:
660:
656:
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629:
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591:
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493:
492:
486:
485:
480:
479:
474:
473:
467:
462:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:capital ships
437:
435:
424:
421:
417:
413:
409:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
375:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
345:
343:
339:
332:
329:
328:
326:
322:
315:
312:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
297:
293:
289:
287:
283:
280:
277:
275:
271:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
246:
243:
239:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
196:
193:
192:
190:
186:
181:
177:
173:
169:
162:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
139:
133:
130:
128:
125:
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122:
118:
111:
108:
105:
104:
102:
98:
93:
89:
85:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
63:
59:
54:
53:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3199:
3149:Bofors 40 mm
2955:QF 6-pounder
2950:QF 2-pounder
2909:QF 6-pounder
2904:QF 3-pounder
2899:QF 2-pounder
2885:World War II
2813:Railway guns
2792:
2730:75 mm AA gun
2530:
2318:Landing guns
2304:Cruiser Mine
2034:
1876:Capital ship
1756:
1752:Scott, Percy
1741:the original
1736:
1732:
1715:
1689:
1667:
1645:
1632:26 September
1630:. Retrieved
1626:the original
1610:
1596:
1583:
1576:Bibliography
1561:. Retrieved
1557:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1532:the original
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1505:
1492:
1484:the original
1479:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1416:
1406:
1401:
1392:
1352:
1339:
1330:
1313:
1303:
1296:
1286:
1279:
1266:
1257:
1199:Norman Scott
1198:
1191:
1156:
1126:Spike Island
1020:Warwick Camp
980:Lough Swilly
892:MK XIIA QNT
790:
784:
778:
755:
657:
653:World War II
642:
614:Firing near
573:
557:4.7-inch gun
550:
537:
515:
496:
490:
483:
477:
471:
468:, including
463:
460:
456:World War II
452:Insect-class
433:
430:
405:
388:British Army
379:
372:
370:
216: length
132:World War II
52:Prince David
51:
29:
3159:QF 3.7-inch
2253:Type H mine
1563:22 November
1319:Clarke 2005
1105:Fort Nepean
976:Fort Dunree
887:naval shell
693:Fort Nepean
649:World War I
588:World War I
569:World War I
478:Scharnhorst
167: built
127:World War I
3277:Categories
2803:RML 9-inch
1857:(US built)
1686:Hogg, I.V.
1538:15 October
1369:References
1107:, Victoria
774:Hartlepool
491:Jervis Bay
472:Rawalpindi
434:Formidable
402:Background
55:circa 1941
3154:QF 3-inch
3124:Z Battery
2892:Tank guns
2881:artillery
2370:artillery
2207:Torpedoes
2065:Destroyer
1197:USS
1190:USS
1157:Lancaster
1155:HMS
1115:Mauritius
986:, Ireland
868:Cartridge
536:RMS
514:HMS
489:HMS
484:Gneisenau
470:HMS
427:Naval gun
420:vent tube
384:naval gun
68:Naval gun
2929:77 mm HV
2914:QF 75 mm
1754:(1919).
1666:(1988).
1644:(1986).
1393:NavWeaps
1207:See also
1192:Colorado
1060:and one
883:Mk VIIA
779:Seydlitz
580:fuze 106
448:monitors
444:cruisers
360:Shrapnel
256:Shrapnel
175:Variants
156:Designed
146:Designer
3090:Mortars
2645:Mortars
2372:of the
1821:Monitor
1733:Fortlet
1512:22 June
1167:at the
1148:Setubal
1095:Bermuda
1028:Bermuda
1024:Warwick
909:Mk XVI
864:Cordite
791:Blücher
764:of the
695:in 1943
559:in the
538:Laconia
380:Mk VIII
348:Lyddite
264:Calibre
248:Lyddite
150:Vickers
48:Aboard
1696:
1674:
1652:
1618:
901:Mk IX
874:Mk IV
785:Moltke
436:-class
354:Amatol
286:Recoil
274:Breech
244:weight
214:Barrel
205:Length
2235:Mines
1744:(PDF)
1729:(PDF)
1601:(PDF)
1588:(PDF)
1502:(PDF)
1249:Notes
1140:Outão
1034:, on
982:, in
913:shell
878:shell
770:Heugh
711:, at
300:8 rpm
242:Shell
50:HMCS
2384:guns
1823:guns
1694:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1634:2007
1616:ISBN
1565:2020
1540:2017
1514:2018
1409:1915
1306:1915
1144:Sado
1012:'s,
782:and
516:Kent
481:and
371:The
228:Crew
188:Mass
159:1899
120:Wars
61:Type
2883:of
2067:and
1361:VII
1138:at
1103:at
1085:at
1070:at
974:at
964:at
955:at
866:MD
768:at
746:.
675:on
221:cal
170:898
165:No.
3279::
1735:.
1731:.
1556:.
1504:.
1478:.
1391:.
1377:^
1089:,
1048:,
1026:,
1022:,
1002:,
978:,
911:HE
590:.
571:.
458:.
446:,
442:,
416:BL
412:QF
374:BL
254:,
252:HE
250:,
2870:e
2863:t
2856:v
2359:e
2352:t
2345:v
1801:e
1794:t
1787:v
1737:2
1702:.
1680:.
1658:.
1636:.
1567:.
1542:.
1516:.
1395:.
1317:(
1178:.
1171:.
1042:.
949:.
231:9
223:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
