1812:
1327:
41:
493:, there could be no question of modifying, for technical reasons, the ancestral form of the pieces. However, a square hole must be oriented, which ordinary machines are reluctant to do." Because of the unusual process of minting cash coins compared to more conventional coins Mercier sought to reduce the production process to a simpler and cheaper operation. The special tool used to mint these cash coins was developed by the firm Aviat. This tool operates automatically on a strip of brass 85 mm wide, in a single stroke of the pendulum: five strikes, five square openings, one spacing and five cutouts giving five finished pieces. The strip is pushed by hand by the coin mechanism and driven mechanically by two guide knives. The yield quickly reached 100,000 pieces per day, per press. A total of 6
1591:
1585:
1321:
1597:
1805:
485:(4 August 1933) Mercier had the enormous advantage of allowing an excellent execution of the production process with the minimum expenditure on material and handling. It was all the more important to seek to bring together all of these conditions, since in any case the new piece reaches its face value almost by the sole price of the material from which it is made, the brass. 12 years after the fact René Mercier commented on the matter: "It is, in fact, common to strike coins with a circular central hole. But to the Annamese the square hole in the cash coin represents the
189:
164:
142:
599:
1229:
30:
613:
585:
1798:
403:(Annam) the exchange rate between copper-alloy cash coins and the piastre was fixed at a rate of 4 strings of cash coins for 1 French Indochinese piastre, replacing the earlier Decree Number 1 of 21 February 1934 which fixed it at 6 strings of 50 cash coins. This decree applied to any cash coin bearing a reign era of the Nguyễn dynasty, with the definition of 4 strings of cash coins consisting of either 400
564:
of Bảo Đại Thông Bảo cash coins, these figures include 49,000 strings of 100 « an sau » cash coins and 49,000 strings of 60 « an muoi » cash coins. This meant that a total of 4,900,000 « an sau » cash coins and 2,940,000 « an muoi » cash coins were produced as
512:
The machine-struck variants had a diameter 18 millimeters and a thickness of 7/10 of a millimeter. To have reached the ceiling of 100 million emissions, the production process had to last around 15 months at a rate of 7 to 10 million pieces per month. There were two variants of this cash coins, one
310:
to start producing zinc Bảo Đại Thông Bảo cash coins to counter the scarcity of low denomination currencies, at this time zinc cash coins were still circulating in Annam while very few of them were left in Tonkin. During this period people were often unwilling to spend money because of the monetary
504:
and the French colonial authorities did not accept these coins for any payment to the government such as taxes or levies. By 30 September 1933 approximately 30 million of these cash coins were introduced to the public for general circulation. While the machine-struck cash coins were successful in
276:
until 1933 when he ordered the production of new coins with his reign name, which was normal as previous
Vietnamese emperors also kept producing cash coins with the inscription of their predecessors for a period of time. The cast smaller Bảo Đại Thông Bảo cash coins with blank reverses were only
516:
According to J. de Monty the total volume of issue was around 100 million coins, i.e. 160,000 piastres of nominal value in round figures with an expenditure of 120,000 piastres for the purchase of brass, 36,000 piastres for costs manufacturing and handling, and 4,000 piastres for transport from
428:
568:
There were a total of 98,000,000 machine-struck Bảo Đại Thông Bảo sapèques produced by the government of the French protectorate of Tonkin. The production of these machine-struck cash coins started in 1933 and ended in 1934 and they all entered general circulation on 30 April 1935.
547:
to replace these coins as the copper was being used for the production of
Japanese weaponry and other military equipment, though the coins from Osaka didn't make it to the Vietnamese market as the shipping of war supplies was deemed more important by the Japanese government.
395:
The reason why these exchange rates were unstable was because cash coins remained independent of the piastre, despite their fixed exchange rates. Machine-struck cash coins tended to circulate more in Tonkin, while cast cash coins circulated more in rural Annam.
963:
530:
After the
Japanese had taken over the country, they forced the production of Bảo Đại Thông Bảo cash coins to stop because they were commandeering all copper in Vietnam. The Japanese created new sapèque-like coins that were made from
959:
572:
In total, using the rate of 7 strings for one piastre, the rate of exchange valid at the end of 1933, the number of cash coins manufactured between 1921 and 1936 had a value of approximately 1,315,000 piastres.
439:, with the same inscription as the cast Bảo Đại Thông Bảo cash coins, with production officially starting in June 1933. These machine-struck cash coins weighed 1.36 grams and had an official exchange rate of
473:
wasn't producing enough cast cash coins to satisfy the demands of the
Vietnamese markets for these low value coins for every day exchange. The machine-struck Bảo Đại Thông Bảo cash coins were designed by
728:"Sapèques frappées de Bảo Đại 保大 - Struck cash coins of Bảo Đại - Bảo Đại thông bảo 保大通寳, «monnaie courante de [l'ère] Bảo Đại». Cuivre, Ø 18,3, 1,39 g. - La frappe des Bảo Đại thông bảo 保大通寳"
392:
per piastre while in some rural areas the price of the piastre went down as much as 3 strings per piastre. The deflation of cash coins proved to be very detrimental to the economy and local trade.
2031:
2888:
1666:
1018:
BELAUBRE Jean, "Un technicien méconnu du monnayage : René Mercier et la sapèque Bảo Đại, 1933". Bulletin de la Société Française de
Numismatique, avril 1980, n°4, pp. 685-687. (in
2008:
1811:
962:(in Vietnamese). Trung tâm Lưu trữ quốc gia I (National Archives Nr. 1, Hanoi) - Cục Văn thư và Lưu trữ nhà nước (State Records And Archives Management Department Of Việt Nam).
509:" over the modernised cash coins. The reluctance to accept the machine-struck cash coins in rural Annam contributed to the deflation that cash coins were experiencing there.
475:
2297:
2292:
2931:
2231:
1496:
376:), which sought to stabilise the exchange rate between cash coins and the piastre at 360:1. During this period there was a market liquidity crisis worsened by the
311:
scarcity of the time, economic policy advisors predicted that producing more cash coins would lower the cost of living for the population of the Nguyễn dynasty.
3156:
761:
731:
1326:
517:
Haiphong (the place of mintage). Meaning that under the supervision of
Mercier the production cost of these cash coins broke even with their nominal value (
188:
163:
141:
799:
914:
1744:
1145:
1105:
399:
On Decree Number 55 dated 02-07-Bảo Đại 16 (24 August 1941) the Bảo Đại
Emperor issued an ordonnance which states that within the entire territory of
1868:
505:
Tonkin, they were less welcomed by the rural
Annamite population who preferred the cast variant and even millennium old cast cash coins from "the
821:
3141:
1283:
1993:
2924:
1489:
3136:
976:
Ví dụ: Năm 1934 một đồng bạc Đông Dương được ấn định tương đương 650 đồng kẽm; đến năm 1941 một đồng Đông Dương tương đương 400 đồng kẽm.
1873:
856:
2602:
2567:
2190:
2271:
1482:
345:
2873:
1950:
1737:
2883:
2216:
1138:
690:
2530:
3110:
1945:
1935:
3212:
3007:
2976:
2898:
2185:
2022:
1574:
1547:
1409:
1374:
1335:
1249:
1211:
561:
557:
389:
307:
266:
2451:
3207:
2542:
1940:
2577:
2195:
1101:
795:
697:
By Sema (Art-Hanoi) Cash coins of Bao Dai were the last cash-style coins produced in the world. Retrieved: 04 March 2018
3217:
2510:
1730:
1276:
2760:
788:"L'Éveil économique de l'Indochine : bulletin hebdomadaire / directeur : H. Cucherousset, rédacteur en chef"
2966:
1856:
1537:
1362:
1184:
1131:
1073:
1031:ĐẶNG Ngọc Oanh, "Les distinctions honorifiques annamites", Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Huê, 1915-IV, pp. 391-406. (in
960:"Tiền và hoạt động tiền tệ tại Việt Nam trước năm 1945 (Kỳ 2: Quản lý tiền tệ và hoạt động ngân hàng trước năm 1945)"
711:
636:
2997:
1662:
1564:
1397:
1241:
757:
753:
727:
723:
59:
2557:
2537:
2165:
2138:
2133:
1977:
513:
had a large version of the
Chinese character "大" (Đại) on its obverse, while the other variant had a smaller "大".
2003:
1584:
1320:
469:) because the French had cut the funding for producing cast cash coins at the Thanh Hòa Mint which meant that the
2777:
2243:
1768:
2878:
2705:
2381:
2376:
787:
314:
The Bảo Đại Thông Bảo were probably cast into 1941 or 1942 and the production was stopped because the occupying
3202:
894:
3151:
1532:
1309:
250:
2607:
2562:
2491:
2266:
2175:
2153:
1269:
2971:
1542:
1368:
1190:
641:
2767:
2148:
1778:
1093:
902:
299:
2848:
330:
318:
forces wanted the copper and were acquiring all of the cash coins they could find and stockpiling them in
2634:
2486:
2351:
1905:
1774:
1701:
1590:
470:
295:
3146:
2639:
1091:
3028:
2735:
2725:
2597:
2547:
2481:
2446:
2431:
2411:
2143:
1960:
1900:
1618:
449:
63:
2843:
2592:
2456:
2441:
2914:
2710:
2649:
2316:
1998:
1965:
2838:
2715:
2391:
2361:
3088:
3082:
3070:
2810:
2720:
2396:
2226:
1910:
466:
2664:
2366:
3076:
3064:
2815:
2787:
2654:
2436:
2386:
2371:
2326:
2221:
364:
reported that the governments of French
Indochina and the Nguyễn dynasty pursued a policy called
2476:
2471:
2416:
1596:
3181:
2685:
2644:
2572:
2461:
2346:
1880:
2700:
2200:
1804:
2690:
2308:
1652:
1636:
848:
294:("The Economic Awakening of Indochina") that cash coins were increasingly becoming scarce in
3161:
2336:
2919:
2612:
2582:
2258:
486:
377:
3166:
2105:
951:
270:
8:
3131:
3002:
2659:
2587:
2552:
2421:
2276:
2170:
2087:
1955:
1613:
1569:
1403:
1245:
1092:
Indochine française. Direction des affaires économiques. Auteur du texte (1 March 1936).
1049:
785:
781:
779:
626:
273:
249:
and the world, this ended a long series of cast Vietnamese coinage that started with the
2695:
2466:
2321:
2941:
2730:
2622:
2406:
2401:
2331:
1753:
1713:
1514:
1354:
1261:
1158:
906:
604:
234:
33:
2936:
2426:
2111:
2063:
1925:
776:
388:
policy in 1937, by 1939 the exchange rate between the piastre and cash coins was at 5
262:
2772:
2669:
2525:
2248:
2051:
1930:
1863:
1784:
1445:
1069:
815:
707:
2341:
2057:
687:
3105:
2833:
2496:
2238:
1915:
1890:
1841:
1605:
1123:
910:
501:
373:
238:
46:
2075:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
2958:
2627:
2617:
2093:
1846:
1685:
1522:
1292:
1228:
1154:
1066:
The Catalog and Guidebook of Southeast Asian Coins and Currency. Volume I: France
1032:
1019:
945:
897:(in French). l'Effort Indochinois (Journal Autonomiste Paraissant la Vendredi) -
694:
631:
315:
242:
222:
3171:
2893:
2069:
1301:
2160:
1343:
871:
618:
74:
3048:
2356:
218:
3196:
3176:
2045:
1970:
1656:
1628:
849:"Sapeque and Sapeque-Like Coins in Cochinchina and Indochina (交趾支那和印度支那穿孔錢幣)"
786:
Cucherousset, Henri (1879-1936). Directeur de publication (6 November 1932).
506:
494:
326:
265:
who ascended the throne in 1926 but continued the production of the earlier
1920:
1851:
1456:
853:
Howard A. Daniel III (The Journal of East Asian Numismatics – Second issue)
590:
435:
The French simultaneously began minting brass machine-struck cash coins in
230:
79:
29:
3115:
254:
2868:
2782:
1527:
1428:
2081:
1722:
540:
380:
of low denomination cash coins by the general populace causing massive
369:
346:
Vietnamese cash § Scarcity of cash coins during the Bảo Đại period
2099:
1474:
2180:
2128:
381:
329:
until 1948 with an official exchange rate set of 20 cash coins for 1
936:
934:
932:
3012:
2039:
1559:
1450:
716:
706:
Dr. R. Allan Barker. (2004) The historical Cash Coins of Viet Nam.
319:
2009:
Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1797:
1677:
1505:
1462:
1097:
929:
791:
752:
746:
722:
427:
246:
261:
by the colonial French government. These coins bear the name of
2755:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
351:
92:
422:
1869:
Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century
898:
560:
started manufacturing in 1933 and produced a total of 98,000
544:
536:
436:
357:
258:
96:
1078:
944:, Publication date : 1941-10-01. Pages: 2757-2758. (in
372:
cash coins which only had a slightly higher intrinsic value
532:
490:
465:
These coins were minted at the Hanoi Mint (operated by the
322:
for shipment to Japan for the production of war materials.
257:
Mint, while the machine-struck variants were produced in
1291:
497:
were produced for the machine-struck Bảo Đại Thông Bảo.
253:
in 970. The cast Bảo Đại Thông Bảo were produced at the
3157:
Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
500:
The French authorities purely produced these coins for
2239:
Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam)
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
415:
cash coins consisted of 100 coins, while 1 string of
325:
Cash coins would continue to circulate officially in
1153:
895:"Contre la thésaurisation des pièces divisionnaires"
580:
489:, surmounted by a round tabernacle representing the
981:
3194:
758:"Sapèques de Bảo Đại 保大 - Cash coins of Bảo Đại"
957:
3142:Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth
411:(10 văn) cash coins. Meaning that 1 string of
2925:Confucian court examination system in Vietnam
1738:
1490:
1277:
1139:
431:A machine-struck Bảo Đại Thông Bảo cash coin.
820:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
423:Machine-struck Bảo Đại Thông Bảo cash coins
2166:House of People's Representatives of Annam
1745:
1731:
1497:
1483:
1284:
1270:
1146:
1132:
1064:Howard A. Daniel, III (3rd edition, 2018)
187:
162:
140:
2932:Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted
1752:
1060:
1058:
892:
3137:Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884
1994:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
426:
368:(the introduction of large denomination
233:coin with a square hole produced by the
2937:Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin
1504:
1046:Tiền cổ Việt Nam, Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục
3195:
2889:Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục
1055:
3111:Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam
1946:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League
1936:History of Vietnam during World War I
1726:
1478:
1265:
1127:
828:
1094:"Bulletin économique de l'Indochine"
917:from the original on 19 January 2022
859:from the original on 26 January 2022
802:from the original on 19 January 2022
384:of cash coins. Despite starting the
940:Protectorate government of Annam -
661:
452:, but were probably only valued at
374:to drive out lower value cash coins
13:
2603:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)
2568:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)
1108:from the original on 25 April 2023
1044:Lục Đức Thuận, Võ Quốc Ky (2009),
551:
419:cash coins consisted of 60 coins.
327:the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
14:
3229:
2665:Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets
2563:Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam
1857:Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam
958:Nguyễn Thu Hoài (30 March 2023).
942:Bulletin administratif de l'Annam
764:from the original on 25 June 2008
734:from the original on 25 June 2008
336:
304:L'Éveil économique de l'Indochine
292:L'Éveil économique de l'Indochine
2899:Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty
2538:Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia
2139:Court of Imperial Entertainments
1978:French Indochina in World War II
1810:
1803:
1796:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1325:
1319:
1227:
1102:Bibliothèque nationale de France
966:from the original on 19 May 2023
796:Bibliothèque nationale de France
611:
597:
583:
558:government of the Nguyễn dynasty
308:government of the Nguyễn dynasty
39:
28:
3099:Orders, decorations, and medals
2543:Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)
2531:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
1038:
1025:
893:Xuân TIÊU (29 September 1939).
688:保大 Bảo Đại 1926-1945 cash coins
2749:Special administrative regions
700:
681:
654:
1:
2608:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
2176:Imperial Household Department
2154:Office of the National Altars
1874:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution
1775:French protectorates of Annam
674:
2679:Prominent military personnel
2635:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương
2149:Court of Imperial Sacrifices
481:According to J. de Monty in
16:Obsolete currency of Vietnam
7:
3213:Economic history of Vietnam
2761:Principality of Thuận Thành
2244:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty
1702:Vietnamese numismatic charm
1205:Thành Thái Thông Bảo (成泰通寶)
1202:Đồng Khánh Thông Bảo (同慶通寶)
756:(蒂埃里) (14 September 2015).
754:François Thierry de Crussol
726:(蒂埃里) (14 September 2015).
724:François Thierry de Crussol
576:
290:In 1932 it was reported by
10:
3234:
3208:Modern obsolete currencies
3029:French Indochinese piastre
2598:Cambodian rebellion (1840)
2548:Cambodian rebellion (1820)
2144:Court of the Imperial Stud
1961:Communist Party of Vietnam
1901:French conquest of Vietnam
1792:
1619:French Indochinese piastre
1196:Kiến Phúc Thông Bảo (建福通寶)
1181:Thiệu Trị Thông Bảo (紹治通寶)
1178:Minh Mạng Thông Bảo (明命通寶)
760:(in French). TransAsiart.
730:(in French). TransAsiart.
407:(6 văn) cash coins or 240
349:
343:
64:French Indochinese piastre
3218:Cash coins by inscription
3124:
3098:
3057:
3041:
3021:
2990:
2957:
2950:
2907:
2861:
2826:
2803:
2796:
2748:
2678:
2518:
2509:
2306:
2285:
2259:Provincial administration
2257:
2209:
2122:Ministries & agencies
2121:
2030:
2021:
1999:Vietnamese famine of 1945
1986:
1889:
1826:
1819:
1761:
1710:
1694:
1676:
1645:
1627:
1604:
1581:
1513:
1438:
1419:
1390:
1353:
1336:Fourth Chinese domination
1334:
1317:
1300:
1236:
1225:
1199:Hàm Nghi Thông Bảo (咸宜通寶)
1172:Gia Long Thông Bảo (嘉隆通寶)
1169:Gia Hưng Thông Bảo (嘉興通寶)
1165:
356:On 29 September 1939 the
195:
186:
170:
161:
156:
148:
139:
134:
126:
103:
88:
70:
54:
26:
2797:Palaces & mausoleums
2578:Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion
2558:Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion
2134:Court of Judicial Review
1911:Great Hanoi Rat Massacre
1208:Duy Tân Thông Bảo (維新通寶)
647:
152:保大通寶 (Bảo Đại Thông Bảo)
84:cast, 10 văn 4.01 g
3152:Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi
2884:Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí
2768:Principality of Hà Tiên
2327:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
1941:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
3182:Vietnamese nationalism
2874:Đại Nam nhất thống chí
2645:Pacification of Tonkin
2573:Nduai Kabait rebellion
1951:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
1891:French protectorate(s)
1175:Gia Long Cự Bảo (嘉隆巨寶)
432:
3203:Currencies of Vietnam
2915:Imperial Academy, Huế
2862:Society & culture
2286:French administration
2191:Ministry of Education
2004:Abdication of Bảo Đại
1653:South Vietnamese dong
1637:North Vietnamese dong
471:Protectorate of Annam
467:Banque de l'Indochine
430:
344:Further information:
3147:House of Nguyễn Phúc
2920:Imperial examination
2811:Imperial City of Huế
2655:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
2650:Thái Nguyên uprising
2640:Yên Thế Insurrection
2613:Cochinchina campaign
1295:coins by inscription
362:l'Effort Indochinois
3132:Domain of the Crown
3022:Colonial currencies
2977:Khải Định Thông Bảo
2834:Thien Tho Mausoleum
2588:Ja Thak Wa uprising
2583:Katip Sumat's Jihad
2553:Ja Lidong rebellion
2171:Imperial Clan Court
1956:Le Travail movement
1827:Sovereign Việt Nam
1629:Democratic Republic
1614:Cochinchina piastre
1548:Khải Định Thông Bảo
1375:Khải Định Thông Bảo
1212:Khải Định Thông Bảo
1048:. Pages 93–94. (in
627:Cash (Chinese coin)
267:Khải Định Thông Bảo
23:
2942:Tonkin Free School
2778:Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá
2623:Garnier Expedition
2593:Lê Văn Khôi revolt
2352:Michael Hồ Đình Hy
2332:Jean Marie Despiau
1714:Economy of Vietnam
1678:Socialist Republic
1533:Thái Bình Hưng Bảo
1410:mân / cưỡng / quán
1344:Vĩnh Lạc Thông Bảo
1310:Thái Bình Hưng Bảo
693:2017-12-02 at the
605:Numismatics portal
491:firmament (heaven)
487:(concept of) earth
433:
251:Thái Bình Hưng Bảo
19:
3190:
3189:
3037:
3036:
2982:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
2857:
2856:
2773:Sip Song Chau Tai
2744:
2743:
2736:Trương Minh Giảng
2726:Nguyễn Tri Phương
2670:August Revolution
2505:
2504:
2482:Trương Minh Giảng
2432:Nguyễn Tri Phương
2249:Vietnamese dragon
2017:
2016:
1931:Hanoi Poison Plot
1881:Văn Thân movement
1864:Citadel of Saigon
1785:Empire of Vietnam
1720:
1719:
1553:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
1472:
1471:
1446:Cash coins in art
1420:Manufacturing and
1381:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
1259:
1258:
1218:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
855:. 20 April 2016.
269:(啓定通寶) that bore
245:produced both in
241:and was the last
239:French protection
215:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
211:
210:
207:
182:
20:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
3225:
2967:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
2955:
2954:
2879:Đại Nam thực lục
2801:
2800:
2711:Nguyễn Văn Thành
2706:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
2519:Battles and wars
2516:
2515:
2497:Philippe Vannier
2492:Nguyễn Văn Tường
2382:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
2377:Nguyễn Trường Tộ
2317:Bạch Xuân Nguyên
2293:Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ
2232:Provincial flags
2028:
2027:
1916:Hanoi Exhibition
1894:(Pháp thuộc, 法屬)
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1606:Colonial Vietnam
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1538:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
1515:Imperial Vietnam
1499:
1492:
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1476:
1475:
1363:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
1329:
1323:
1286:
1279:
1272:
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1262:
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1231:
1185:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
1148:
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1134:
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1118:
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911:French Indochina
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47:French Indochina
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24:
18:
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2822:
2792:
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2721:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
2701:Nguyễn Cư Trinh
2674:
2628:Sino-French War
2618:Tonkin campaign
2501:
2457:Tôn Thất Thuyết
2442:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
2427:Phan Thanh Liêm
2422:Phan Thanh Giản
2417:Phan Đình Phùng
2397:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
2302:
2298:Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ
2281:
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1982:
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227:Sapèque Bao-Daï
200:
175:
118:
116:
110:
108:
83:
82:, 6 văn 3.31 g,
78:
50:
40:
38:
36:
21:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
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3162:Thoại Hà Canal
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2462:Trần Trọng Kim
2459:
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2437:Thân Văn Nhiếp
2434:
2429:
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2412:Phạm Thận Duật
2409:
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2399:
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2392:Nguyễn Văn Tồn
2389:
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2384:
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2146:
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2136:
2131:
2125:
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2119:
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2103:
2097:
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1833:thời độc lập,
1821:
1817:
1816:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1788:
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1772:
1765:
1763:
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1754:Nguyễn dynasty
1750:
1749:
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1711:
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1698:
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1494:
1487:
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1457:Hoa xuyên tiền
1454:
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1436:
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1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1369:Tự Đức Bảo Sao
1366:
1359:
1357:
1355:Nguyễn dynasty
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1197:
1194:
1191:Tự Đức Bảo Sao
1188:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:Nguyễn dynasty
1151:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1077:
1054:
1037:
1024:
980:
950:
928:
907:Nguyễn dynasty
870:
827:
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715:
699:
679:
678:
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673:
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669:
652:
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642:Tự Đức Bảo Sao
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619:Vietnam portal
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421:
341:
335:
235:Nguyễn dynasty
229:) was a round
209:
208:
197:
193:
192:
184:
183:
172:
168:
167:
159:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
137:
136:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
105:
101:
100:
90:
86:
85:
75:machine-struck
72:
68:
67:
56:
52:
51:
34:Nguyễn dynasty
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3230:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Vĩnh Tế Canal
3165:
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3143:
3140:
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3112:
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2849:Ứng Mausoleum
2847:
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2816:Meridian Gate
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2686:Hoàng Kế Viêm
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2450:
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2402:Phan Văn Thúy
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2372:Ngô Đình Khôi
2370:
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2362:Ngô Đình Diệm
2360:
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2222:Đăng đàn cung
2220:
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1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:South Vietnam
1644:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
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1598:
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1568:
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1536:
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1521:
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1512:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1486:
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1480:
1477:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1412:(緡 / 繦/鏹 / 貫)
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:(in French).
1095:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1075:
1074:0-931960-01-0
1071:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
977:
965:
961:
954:
947:
943:
937:
935:
933:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
858:
854:
850:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
823:
817:
801:
797:
793:
790:(in French).
789:
782:
780:
763:
759:
755:
749:
733:
729:
725:
719:
713:
712:981-05-2300-9
709:
703:
696:
692:
689:
684:
680:
666:
664:
657:
653:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
609:
606:
595:
592:
581:
574:
570:
566:
563:
559:
549:
546:
542:
538:
534:
528:
514:
510:
508:
507:good old days
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
472:
468:
463:
451:
438:
429:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
353:
347:
339:
334:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
312:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
205:
199:十文 (thập văn)
198:
194:
190:
185:
180:
173:
169:
165:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
133:
129:
125:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
81:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
35:
31:
25:
3125:Other topics
2981:
2844:An Mausoleum
2691:Lê Văn Duyệt
2526:Tây Sơn wars
2472:Đặng Huy Trứ
2467:Trần Cao Vân
2367:Ngô Đình Khả
2322:Cao Xuân Dục
2217:Coat of arms
2181:Quốc Tử Giám
2161:Hàn lâm viện
1966:Phú Riềng Đỏ
1842:Nguyễn lords
1831:(Nhà Nguyễn
1552:
1380:
1302:Đinh dynasty
1217:
1110:. Retrieved
1065:
1045:
1040:
1027:
975:
968:. Retrieved
953:
941:
919:. Retrieved
861:. Retrieved
852:
804:. Retrieved
766:. Retrieved
748:
736:. Retrieved
718:
702:
683:
662:
656:
591:Money portal
571:
567:
555:
529:
515:
511:
499:
495:coin presses
482:
480:
476:René Mercier
464:
434:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
398:
394:
385:
365:
361:
355:
337:
324:
313:
306:advised the
303:
291:
289:
271:his father's
231:Copper-alloy
226:
214:
212:
203:
178:
2696:Lê Văn Khôi
2477:Trương Định
2201:Viện cơ mật
2114:(1925–1945)
2108:(1916–1925)
2102:(1907–1916)
2096:(1889–1907)
2090:(1885–1889)
2084:(1884–1885)
2078:(1883–1884)
2060:(1847–1883)
2054:(1841–1847)
2048:(1820–1841)
2042:(1802–1820)
1926:Duy Tân Hội
1781:(1883–1945)
1771:(1802–1883)
1528:Mother coin
1429:Mother coin
539:and by the
527:piastre).
127:Circulation
89:Composition
3197:Categories
2959:Cash coins
2407:Phạm Quỳnh
2342:Hoàng Diệu
2307:Prominent
2094:Thành Thái
2088:Đồng Khánh
2023:Government
1847:Đàng Trong
1712:See also:
1523:Cash coins
1506:Vietnamese
1463:Thiết tiền
1451:Duyên tiền
1155:Cash coins
1050:Vietnamese
921:20 January
806:19 January
675:References
565:of 1936.
541:Japan Mint
462:piastre.
360:newspaper
350:See also:
277:valued at
62:, 10 văn (
3177:Việt gian
3116:Kim Khánh
3049:Hương ước
2908:Education
2783:Trấn Ninh
2309:mandarins
2277:Tổng Trấn
2129:Censorate
2106:Khải Định
2076:Kiến Phúc
2052:Thiệu Trị
2046:Minh Mạng
1971:Việt Minh
1906:Cần Vương
1829:/ Đại Nam
1248:(陌), and
382:deflation
287:piastre.
255:Thanh Hóa
243:cash coin
130:1933–1948
3172:Tôn Thất
3058:Treaties
2951:Currency
2894:Khăn vấn
2511:Military
2272:Tuần phủ
2082:Hàm Nghi
2070:Hiệp Hòa
2040:Gia Long
2032:Emperors
1852:Nam tiến
1762:Overview
1695:Exonumia
1657:Republic
1508:currency
1439:Concepts
1112:25 April
1106:Archived
1068:. p. 97
964:Archived
915:Archived
857:Archived
816:cite web
800:Archived
768:24 April
762:Archived
738:24 April
732:Archived
691:Archived
577:See also
401:Trung Kỳ
378:hoarding
320:Haiphong
316:Japanese
274:era name
221:: 保大通寶;
202:10 văn (
2804:Palaces
2357:Lê Chất
2210:Symbols
2196:Nội các
2112:Bảo Đại
2100:Duy Tân
2064:Dục Đức
1921:Đông Du
1835:茹阮𥱯獨立)
1820:History
1157:of the
1098:Gallica
863:4 March
792:Gallica
663:An muoi
562:strings
522:⁄
483:Volonté
457:⁄
450:piastre
444:⁄
417:an-muoi
409:an-muoi
390:strings
386:an muoi
370:debased
366:an muoi
358:Hanoian
338:An muoi
282:⁄
247:Vietnam
219:chữ Hán
204:an-muoi
177:6 văn (
157:Reverse
135:Obverse
117: (
109: (
77:1.40 g,
3091:(1884)
3085:(1883)
3079:(1874)
3077:Saigon
3073:(1863)
3067:(1862)
3065:Saigon
2869:Áo dài
2756:Champa
2267:Đề Đốc
2186:Lục bộ
2072:(1883)
2066:(1883)
2058:Tự Đức
1787:(1945)
1779:Tonkin
1756:topics
1383:(保大通寶)
1377:(啓定通寶)
1371:(嗣德寶鈔)
1365:(嗣德通寶)
1346:(永樂通寶)
1312:(太平興寶)
1220:(保大通寶)
1214:(啓定通寶)
1193:(嗣德寶鈔)
1187:(嗣德通寶)
1072:
1033:French
1020:French
970:19 May
946:French
903:Tonkin
710:
665:policy
413:an-sau
405:an-sau
352:Daqian
340:policy
302:, the
300:Tonkin
237:under
223:French
196:Design
179:an-sau
171:Design
149:Design
93:Copper
44:
22:(保大通寶)
2827:Tombs
2227:Flags
1459:(花穿錢)
1244:(文),
899:Hanoï
648:Notes
545:Osaka
537:Hanoi
437:Hanoi
296:Annam
259:Hanoi
174:Blank
115:–1940
97:Brass
55:Value
3042:Laws
3013:Tiền
3008:Quán
3003:Mạch
1777:and
1686:dong
1575:quán
1570:mạch
1560:Tiền
1465:(鐵錢)
1453:(鉛錢)
1431:(母錢)
1404:mạch
1250:quán
1246:mạch
1114:2023
1070:ISBN
972:2023
923:2022
865:2018
822:link
808:2022
770:2020
740:2020
708:ISBN
660:See
556:The
533:zinc
459:1000
331:đồng
298:and
213:The
119:1940
111:1933
107:1933
80:cast
71:Mass
3106:Bai
3089:Huế
3083:Huế
3071:Huế
2998:Văn
1667:PRG
1565:văn
1406:(陌)
1400:(文)
1398:văn
1252:(貫)
1242:văn
1104:).
798:).
543:in
535:in
524:600
478:.
446:600
284:600
60:văn
3199::
1080:^
1057:^
1052:).
1035:).
1022:).
983:^
974:.
948:).
931:^
913:.
909:,
905:,
901:,
873:^
851:.
830:^
818:}}
814:{{
778:^
333:.
225::
58:6
1746:e
1739:t
1732:v
1669:)
1665:(
1659:)
1655:(
1498:e
1491:t
1484:v
1285:e
1278:t
1271:v
1147:e
1140:t
1133:v
1116:.
1100:(
925:.
867:.
824:)
810:.
794:(
772:.
742:.
667:.
520:1
455:1
442:1
280:1
217:(
206:)
181:)
121:)
113:)
99:)
95:(
66:)
49:)
37:(
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