409:(1957), and Canadian Steel Improvement. By 1958, A. V. Roe Canada Ltd. was an industrial giant with over 50,000 employees in a far-flung empire of 44 companies involved in coal mining, steel making, railway rolling stock, aircraft and aero-engine manufacturing, as well as computers and electronics. In 1956 the companies generated 45% of the revenue of the Hawker Siddeley Group. In 1958, annual sales revenue was approximately $ 450 million, ranking A.V. Roe Canada as the third largest corporation in Canada by capitalization. By the time of the cancellation of the Arrow and Iroquois, aircraft-related production amounted to approximately 40% of the company's activities with 60% industrial and commercial.
768:. Performance requirements were for a range of 1,000 miles, Mach 3, and combat altitude of 60,000 feet. In September 1957, Avro's Project Studies PS-1 and PS-2 were released. PS-1 included addition of wingtip-mounted ramjets to supplement the main engines and a canard mounted above and behind the cockpit. PS-2 included wing extensions, an extended nose with retractable canard, two additional vertical stabilizers mounted on the wings, and four large ramjets. Estimated performance included sustained speeds of Mach 3 at 95,000 feet and vertical climb rate above 40,000 feet of Mach 2.5. The thrust-to-weight ratio would have been double the F-108 and over double the SR-71.
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25 March 1958. A total of five Mark 1 aircraft were completed with several of the 29 Mark 2 models (with more powerful
Iroquois engines) on the production line nearing completion. The sudden cancellation of the Arrow project by the Canadian government on 20 February 1959 led to a massive corporate downsizing and an attempt to further diversify. Many Avro Aircraft engineers who remained were reassigned to marine, truck and automobile projects. Numerous engineering and technical staff left Avro Canada primarily for the United Kingdom and the United States in a rapid "
609:: the single engine C104/4 and twin-engined C104/2. The designs were otherwise similar, using a low-mounted delta-wing; the primary advantages of the C104/2 were a larger overall size which offered a much larger internal weapons bay and gave twin-engine reliability. Subsequent discussions between the RCAF and Avro examined a wide range of alternatives for a supersonic interceptor, culminating in RCAF "Specification AIR 7-3" in April 1953. Avro's response became the CF-105.
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586:, it offered transonic performance with supersonic abilities in a dive. However, the basic CF-100 continued to improve through this period, and the advantages of the new design were greatly eroded. It was considered an interim aircraft between the CF-100 and the more advanced C-104 project, and as such development did not progress beyond creation of a full-size wooden mock-up and separate cockpit.
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861:. The concept developed was for a circular-winged, supersonic aircraft. Over 1,000 hours of wind-tunnel testing were performed. Drawings developed by Avro show an aircraft that appears to be a merging of flying saucer with more conventional fuselage shapes, in other words a tailless aircraft with circular wings (when viewed from above or below).
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in particular
Commonwealth nations, the U.S. would buy weapons from an ally if they were the best available and the Arrow seemed to fit this description. Shortly in advance of the USAF visiting Avro in 1955 to review the Arrow's development, a contract was granted to North American Aviation for design studies for the LRIX, designated the
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Developed by the
Advanced Projects Group, a June 1958 report by Avro's Engineering Department described a Space Threshold Vehicle intended to "get a man into the threshold of space and recover him, flying back through the corridor", where winged flight was possible between maximum altitude that could
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to take over the
Victory Aircraft plant in 1945 with Frederick T. Smye hired by HSG's Roy Dobson as its first employee. Smye, born in Hamilton, Ontario, had risen through the ranks of the government's departments overseeing wartime aircraft production, to Assistant General Manager of Federal Aircraft
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In early 1957, studies began on how the Arrow Mk.2 might be developed into a "Long Range Arrow" to meet the requirements for the USAF's Long Range
Interceptor Experimental (LRIX) program. This was thought to be suitable as under the terms of various agreements, statements, and promises to Allied and
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engine. The weapons were stored in an interchangeable pod in the internal weapons bay, allowing for ease of re-arming and switching from missiles to other kinds of weapons. Only the Mark 1 model (with lower-powered
American engines) flew, including one that reached Mach 1.98. The first flight was on
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DOSCO was one of the largest private employers in Canada when it was purchased as a subsidiary of A.V. Roe Canada. The company was dissolved in 1968 after the majority of its coal mining and steel mill industrial assets in
Industrial Cape Breton were expropriated and nationalized by the federal and
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In 1954, the
Canadian government decided to sell the plant and Avro Canada agreed to purchase it to maintain production of the Orenda and Iroquois engines. The company employed over 400 in the production of precision forgings, blades, jet engine components, close-tolerance forging, and operation of
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The
Avrocar, also called the Avro 'flying saucer' or Avro disc, was proposed to the U.S. Army as a type of "flying Jeep" that could also serve as a proof-of-concept test vehicle for a later supersonic flying saucer designs, PV-704 and Weapon System 606A. Two Avrocars were built, one for wind-tunnel
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In mid-1954, Frost proposed "Project Y-2: Flat
Vertical Take-Off Gyroplane" in response to requests by the US Air Force and US Navy for "vertical rising point-defense fighters". In late 1954, the USAF purchased the development rights to this saucer-shaped VTOL vehicle powered by more conventional
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In 1956, 500,000 shares were issued to the public at a total value of $ 8 million. By 1958, 48% of the shares of A.V. Roe Canada were publicly traded on the stock exchange. Although controlled and largely owned by UK-based Hawker Siddeley Group, all profits from A.V. Roe Canada were retained within
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By the late 1990s, Hawker Siddeley Canada had been diminished into a holding company after divesting itself of almost everything other than its pension fund. One of Hawkery Siddeley Canada's last aerospace concerns the aircraft gas turbine repair and overhaul company Standard Aero of Winnipeg was
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of the U.S. Army Transportation Museum stated in 2008 that it would take between US$ 500,000 and US$ 600,000 to entirely restore it. Furthermore, because it is at a federal (military) installation, the work must be done by contractors, rather than volunteers. A grant of US$ 80,000 was received to
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turbojet engines, a very large centre rotor/impeller with Lundstrom compressor turbines, with the cockpit mounted in the top/centre. Control was achieved through eight small exhausts at the outer edge, directed either through the top or bottom, in addition to the main turbine exhaust through the
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programs. The engine was to be the Iroquois Mk.3, which Orenda estimated would provide 40,000 lbs of wet thrust (with afterburner). Images of the design show revised engine intakes projecting out from the fuselage to swallow the supersonic shock wave to reduce drag and increase thrust. Also
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In 1951, Canadian Steel Improvement. was established. When the Korean War broke out in 1950, the Canadian Defense Production Ministry initiated establishment of a turbine and compressor blade production forge plant, with The Steel Improvement and Forge Company being the successful bidder. Plant
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into orbit, heralding the dawn of the space age and potentially the end of the Arrow's main target, the long-range bomber. The design was a development of the C104, but with the delta wing raised to the top of the fuselage allowing for simplified structure, easier access to the engines and the
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and stabilizing the vehicle by having the large engine rotor act as a gyroscope. The aircraft was designed for vertical take-off and landing which was thought to be hazardous and required an electronic flight-stabilization system, then not-yet available. Financed largely by Avro, the Canadian
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Even before the Arrow first flew, Avro was designing a future version, the Mark 3. Originally designed for Mach 2.5, later revised to an estimated Mach 3 with a combat ceiling of 70,500 feet, it carried more fuel, weighed over 25% more than the Mk.2, and made greater use of CNC machining and
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bottom/centre of the craft. A multi-engine test rig was built and tested in 1956, resulting in powerful thrust and a great deal of noise, and vibration. One Special Projects Group member reported that the prototype was secretly removed by the US Navy for further testing in California.
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Design reports from early 1952 outlined key features of a new gas turbine propelled engine and disc-shaped vehicle: an inner disc with central eye intake with an outer, counter-rotating disc, with rear-directed thrust nozzles, later refined to include controlling the aeroplane by
479:, was largely complete by the next year, the factory was not tooled for production until late 1948 due to ongoing repair and maintenance contracts. The CF-100 would have a long gestation period before finally entering RCAF service in 1952, initially with the Mk 2 and Mk 3 variants.
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demanded the project be stopped to increase production of the CF-100, so the second C-102 prototype was scrapped in the plant in 1951, with the first relegated to photographic duties in the Flight Test Department. After a lengthy career as a camera platform and company "hack,"
429:). When Hawker Siddeley purchased Victory Aircraft in 1945, Smye became the first employee of A.V. Roe Canada and later that year he became assistant general manager of Avro Aircraft. He later served as president of Canadian Applied Research and Canadian Steel Improvement.
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The Malton plant, which had comprised several very large buildings and hangar-like structures, was demolished in progressive stages from 2004 onwards. The approximate 113 acres (46 ha) of land that the plant resided on at the time of its closure was sold to the
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sustain lift from a winged vehicle and maximum tolerable structural temperature. This was estimated to be an altitude of between 150,000 and 200,000 feet. The STV would have had capability for in-flight refueling, and an expected speed of 6,000 mph (Mach 8.5+).
839:. Through 1958, Avro spent $ 2.5 million and the USAF $ 5.4 million funding the project. Numerous models were constructed and wind-tunnel testing was undertaken at MIT and Wright Patterson Air Force Base (where Roswell UFO studies were reportedly undertaken).
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In 1946, A.V. Roe Canada's next design, the Avro XC-100, Canada's first jet fighter, started at the end of the era of propeller-driven aircraft and the beginning of the jet age. Although the design of the large, jet-powered all-weather interceptor, renamed the
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construction and operation started in 1951 in Etobicoke, a Toronto suburb near Malton, Ontario. Steel Improvement provided the necessary technical and management expertise and the Canadian government funded construction of the plant, which was leased to
394:, which began operating under these names on 1 January 1955. Each company's facilities were located across from each other in a complex at the perimeter of Malton Airport. The total labour force of both aviation companies reached 15,000 in 1958.
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government deemed these problems too expensive to finance beyond an initial funding of $ 400,000. A USAF-led delegation to Avro in December 1953 gave Avro the opportunity to discuss their projects, but Y-1 was not deemed worthy of financing.
792:. In its intense exploration of radical aeronautical design ideas and development of new technology, as well as security, the SPG resembled Lockheed's "Skunk Works". Initial projects included research and development work on a series of "
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company. It was founded in 1945 as an aircraft plant and within 13 years became the third-largest company in Canada, one of the largest 100 companies in the world, and directly employing over 50,000. Avro Canada was best known for the
929:'s), varying engine nacelle positions, titanium skin, and first flight of a research vehicle in 1962. Many engineers involved in this and similar Avro designs were later heavily involved in NASA Projects Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo.
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Some of the brickwork of the site's historic main "C" assembly building, next to the high-bay doors that the Arrow, Jetliner, CF-100 and thousands of other aircraft and major assemblies emerged from, was retained by the former
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Avro's computer capacities provided capability in developing theories and methods similar to modern three-dimensional modeling of fluid dynamics. Avro envisioned a delta-shaped vehicle with downward winglets (similar to the
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bombers. The aircraft was very advanced, powerful, and broke numerous records. Many "firsts" were included, such as fly-by-wire technology, and simultaneous development of a new weapons fire control system and the advanced
370:. Avro Canada began operations in the former Victory plant. Avro Aircraft (Canada), their first (and, at the time, only) division, turned to the repair and servicing of a number of World War II era aircraft, including
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The need for a newer and much more powerful interceptor aircraft was clear even before the CF-100 entered service. The CF-105 Arrow was rolled out on 4 October 1957, coincidentally the very same day the USSR launched
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to protect airspace from Soviet threats such as nuclear-armed bombers during all weather and day/night conditions. Although not designed for speeds over Mach 0.85, it was taken supersonic during a dive by test pilot
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in 1944 to express the "utmost importance to Canada" of the establishment of a Canadian aircraft industry, and UK-based Avro also established in 1944 a company searching for post-war opportunities. Bob Leckie of the
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A small number of CF-100s served with the RCAF until 1981 in reconnaissance, training and electronic warfare (ECM) roles. In its lifetime, a total of 692 CF-100s of different variants, including 53 aircraft for the
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In 1957, A.V. Roe Canada acquired PSC Applied Research, a manufacturer of flight navigation computers, and renamed it Canadian Applied Research. It was later divested by Hawker Siddeley Canada and merged with
854:, which proposed no central impeller or exhaust, but rather a large spinning turbo-disc directing all thrust to the outer rim. Funding enabled continued development but was insufficient for a prototype.
529:. The Jetliner represented a new type of regional jet airliner that would not see comparable designs until the late 1950s. An aggressive marketing campaign was directed at U.S. airlines and the USAF.
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bombers. From the outset, the company invested in research and development and embarked on an ambitious design program with a jet engine and a jet-powered fighter and airliner on the drawing boards.
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At the request of USAF Chief Scientist, a less radical modification of the Arrow than the PS-2 was pursued which became the Mark 4. The revised intakes of the Mark 3 were retained, but with smaller
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spun off to British Tire and Rubber at the time (it is now part of Dubai Aerospace Enterprises, an international corporation with interests in aircraft leasing, MRO and aviation IT solutions).
1632:, as part of the Magellan Aerospace Corporation, is the only remaining original company from the A.V. Roe empire, although greatly diminished in both the size and scope of its operations.
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In 1944, an Advisory Committee on Aircraft Manufacture was established by the Canadian government, the Canadian Director of Aircraft Production wrote to Minister of Munitions and Supply
899:, Virginia. The latter Avrocar was dismantled and put into storage c. 2002, due to increasing deterioration (it was displayed outside, and the museum is very close to the ocean).
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ramjets, without the canards and nose extension, and with a titanium skin instead of a heat shield. Performance was reduced to Mach 3 and maximum combat altitude of 80,000 feet.
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engine between 1953 and 1954. The Iroquois program was cancelled, along with the Arrow, on 20 February 1959. The company continued building jet engines, under licence, for the
1039:, the first Canadian-designed jet engine. In 1948, Turbo Research was sold to A.V. Roe Canada. and merged with its Gas Turbine Division. The Chinook was developed into the TR.5
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during the World War II. Initial studies were undertaken into centrifugal-flow engine design, which later were eclipsed by a new axial-flow design, the TR.4, later known as the
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left the Department of Defence Production in 1951 to take over as President and General Manager of A. V. Roe Canada to assist with problems in development and production of the
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Hydrofoil Warships: When the Arrow and related programs were terminated, 12 key engineers from this team departed for De Havilland Aircraft of Canada. to work on what became
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high-temperature aluminium alloys. Also proposed was a heat shield forming an ablative insulation made from carbon fibre or fibreglass in a honeycomb matrix, later used on
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Referring to the article's last paragraph: "Note: ... On August 12, 2005 the last few CAW Local 1967 represented employees, walked out the plant gates for the last time."
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The company was still attempting to get the CF-100 into production at the time and, consequently, the Canadian government cancelled any further work on the C102 due to
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In 1954 Avro Canada was re-organized and the Gas Turbine Division became Orenda Engines. To power the CF-105 Arrow supersonic interceptor, Orenda developed the PS.13
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was a strong advocate over many years, for a wholly domestic "end-to-end" industry, that would design and build aircraft (and their engines) in Canada. However, the
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544:. The sales prospects of the Jetliner floundered after the launch customer TCA withdrew from consideration of the four-engine variant. The American industrialist
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By 1950, several design proposals for a supersonic interceptor were explored which included versions with swept wings, a tail-less delta wing (similar to the
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278:, the concern had been one of a number of "shadow factories" set up in Canada to produce British aircraft designs in safety. National Steel Car had produced
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351:, according to Avro's Roy Dobson, gave "a cold reception" to doing any more than the fabrication and assembly of aircraft and engines under licence.
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In 1951, during production of the CF-100 Canuck, a design was explored for a revised version with swept wings and tail modifications. Known as the
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888:. When the Avrocar prototypes failed to perform at heights above three feet off the ground, the U.S. Army and USAF cancelled the project, in 1961.
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testing at NASA Ames and the other for flight testing. The designs were underpowered and only operated in a ground-cushion effect, much like a
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1622:. CC&F closed its operations and the plants demolished. CC&F's Thunder Bay plant, after several changes of ownership, is now part of
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525:. It nearly became the first jet transport in the world when it first flew in August 1949, a mere 13 days following the first flight of the
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796:"-like vehicles. The only design that materialized beyond mock-up was the VZ-9-AV Avrocar, funded entirely by the U.S. military from 1956.
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in 1942 when the Canadian government took over ownership and management of the main plant. During World War II, Victory Aircraft built
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proposed was capability for "probe and drogue" aerial refuelling made possible by the Arrow's revolutionary flight stability systems.
1083:. In its first year, the plant produced more than a million precision forged turbine and compressor blades for Avro's Orenda engine.
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Howe, as Minister of Reconstruction and Minister of Munitions and Supply (later Reconstruction and Supply), brokered the deal with
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engines of higher weight and lower performance. The resulting design could no longer meet the operating range requirement of
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served as director of Canadian Aircraft Production during World War II, in 1944 joined Federal Aircraft in Montreal (later
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Limited, the Crown Corporation managing production of the Avro Anson at the National Steel Car/Victory Aircraft plant.
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Both Avrocars were on public display, one in Building 22 of the Smithsonian Paul E. Garber facility, the other at the
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In 1957, the USAF provided additional funding to extend the project, by then highly classified and designated as
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A.V. Roe Canada was restructured in 1954 as a holding company with two aviation subsidiaries: Avro Aircraft. and
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AJ-65 engine was withdrawn from foreign markets by the British government, the design was modified to take four
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2117:"Press Release: Historic Significance of Boeing Lands adjacent to Toronto Pearson Airport to be Commemorated."
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begin restoration, however this amount was only enough to restore one piece approximately five ft by five ft.
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1222:. It is today a part of MacDonald Dettwiler as MD Robotics, a subsidiary of its MDA Space Missions division.
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In 1952, Avro Chief Designer John Frost selected a group of eight engineers and draftsmen to create the Avro
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the company to fund development and growth. Management of the Canadian companies remained in Canadian hands.
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army cooperation aircraft. National Steel Car Corporation of Malton, Ontario was formed in 1938 and renamed
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Avro also decided to internally fund development of a radial-flow gas turbine engine vehicle, designated
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In 1945, the UK-based Hawker Siddeley purchased Victory Aircraft from the Canadian government, creating
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Turbo Research, it was established to conduct research and cold-weather testing of jet engines for the
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Hawker Siddeley Canada, at that time, among its diverse holdings, included major manufacturing units:
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In 1955, Canadian Car and Foundry was purchased by A.V. Roe Canada. In 1957, its foundry division was
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dissolved A.V. Roe Canada and transferred all A.V. Roe Canada assets to its newly formed subsidiary
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of Canada (1963–1967): manufacturer of the aircraft wings and tail sections (empennage) for the
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engines than, and designed to avoid many of the problems with, the Y-1. The USAF designated it
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In 1952, two versions of a design for a delta-wing fighter known as C104 were submitted to the
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Work was also underway on a jet-powered civilian short- to medium-range transport known as the
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and continued as a major repair and overhaul business. In the 1980s Orenda was purchased by
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2085:"News Release: Boeing Announces Sale of Surplus Property Near Toronto, Ontario, Canada."
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This group of vehicle designs were variations on what later became known as hovercraft.
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as the wholly owned Canadian branch of its aircraft manufacturing subsidiary, UK-based
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Following the cancellation of the CF-105 Arrow the company ceased operations in 1962.
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Storms of Controversy: The Secret Avro Arrow Files Revealed, Third Paperback Edition.
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329:(L–R) Sir Roy Dobson and Crawford Gordon Jr. Note: Avro Arrow in background, c. 1957
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Canada (1967–1997): manufacturer of aircraft wings and related components for the
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Arrow Through the Heart: The Life and Times of Crawford Gordon and the Avro Arrow.
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designed for the CF-100 Canuck, but was also installed in several variants of the
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XA-20 and XA-92 Bobcat, similar to designs for later armoured tracked vehicles.
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Avrocar: Canada's Flying Saucer: The Story of Avro Canada's Secret Projects
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Shutting Down the National Dream: A.V. Roe and the Tragedy of the Avro Arrow.
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Avro Arrow: The Story of the Avro Arrow from its Evolution to its Extinction.
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Page, Ron, Richard Organ, Don Watson and Les Wilkinson (The "Arrowheads").
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weapons bay in the belly, as well as a weapons bay larger than that of the
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In mid-2005, with the completion of the last shipset of Boeing 717 wings,
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as president, A.V. Roe Canada purchased a number of companies, including
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2070:"History: The Life and Near–Death of the Aircraft Industry in Malton."
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Canadian Steel Wheel (Associated Company), existed from 1957 to 1975
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602:), turbine engines and rocket engines, and combinations of several.
598:), side-body engine intakes, in-nose engine intakes (similar to the
3748:
3682:
3278:
3273:
3130:
2995:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2826:
2569:
2541:
2471:
2218:
Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills Press, 1979, reprinted Stoddart, 2004.
1215:
1149:
1141:
1059:
181:
177:
35:
1117:
for most large Canadian cities as well as the Brazilian cities of
612:
1744:(online), Volume 4, Issue 2, June 2005. Retrieved: 15 April 2009.
1551:
in 1974), was subsequently owned and operated by several others:
903:
462:
136:
132:
2751:
1587:
599:
184:
142:
453:
1543:
in the same year. This facility located on the north end of
1166:
Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation § DOSCO subsidiaries
1001:, possibly the world's fastest warship to present day (2011).
926:
663:
Additional developments of the Arrow were explored by Avro's
483:
457:
A CF-100 Mk 3 painted as the CF-100 prototype, on display at
2442:
810:
Project Y mock-up in the Experimental Flight Hangar c. 1954.
2683:
2453:
2430:
2101:"Avro Arrow fans lose fight to save final historic hangar."
1114:
1016:
983:
Orenda OT-4 turbine powered M-84 Patton tank. The American
677:
564:
was broken up in 1956. The nose section now resides in the
367:
299:
206:
2327:
Cold War Tech War. The Politics Of America's Air Defense.
1214:(Special Products and Applied Research), developer of the
875:
2525:
2448:
1234:, minority ownership, acquired in 1957, divested in 1958.
1129:
2201:
Arrows to the Moon: Avro's Engineers and the Space Race.
2152:
Requiem for a Giant: A.V. Roe Canada and the Avro Arrow.
2122:, Mississauga, ON Canada. Retrieved: 16 September 2009.
1977:
1975:
2745:
Certified/factory-built aircraft manufactured in Canada
1841:
National Treasure: The History of Trans Canada Airlines
1539:
The former Avro aircraft factory in Malton was sold to
1639:
discontinued its operations at the former Avro plant.
2173:
Toronto: James Lorimer and Company Publishers, 1979.
1972:
658:
2021:"Canadian Aviation and the Avro Arrow by Fred Smye."
1240:
Canadian Thermo Control Co existed from 1957 to 1983
1440:Five Mk 1 flown, (29 Mk 2 airframes in production)
2418:
2265:Toronto: Steel Rail Educational Publishing, 1979.
1897:Page et al. 2004, pp. 115–118 (Pilot flight logs).
1739:"Toronto's Long History of Aerospace Achievement."
2468:– home of the remaining pieces of the Avro Arrow
2004:Steel Improvement and Forge Company, online book,
1547:(the village of Malton was incorporated into the
991:in production (1980) powered by a turbine engine.
3864:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1697:
1695:
1196:, an historic railway in Cape Breton Island, NS.
963:, A Mach-2 VTOL fighter proposed to the US Navy.
548:even offered to start production under license.
385:
2393:Kingston, Ontario: Arrow Alliance Press, 2002.
2378:Kingston, Ontario: Arrow Alliance Press, 1999.
3913:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1962
2363:. Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills Press, 2001.
2730:
2617:
2511:
1960:The Ottawa Journal, October 29, 1959, page 3.
1884:
1882:
1747:
1692:
1495:Two prototypes (second prototype test flown)
1090:
1073:
1062:in the 1960s. In 1962, it was transferred to
620:
2235:Toronto: James Lorimer & Company, 1973.
2188:. Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills Press, 1986.
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1200:
3893:Manufacturing companies established in 1938
2346:The Avro Arrow Story: The Impossible Dream.
2075:, 12 August 2005. Retrieved: 15 April 2009.
1820:
1818:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1614:DOSCO's assets were nationalized to become
1425:Delta-wing supersonic interceptor aircraft
731:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2737:
2723:
2624:
2610:
2518:
2504:
2492:– McGill University Library & Archives
2106:24 May 2003. Retrieved: 16 September 2009.
1879:
915:
34:
2314:St. Catharine's, Ontario: Vanwell, 2002.
969:Turbine-powered trucks, monorail transit.
751:Learn how and when to remove this message
102:Aircraft divested, remainder restructured
3888:Manufacturing companies based in Toronto
3873:Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Canada
2631:
2090:, 30 May 2006. Retrieved: 15 April 2009.
1989:
1987:
1815:
1704:
1015:
874:
805:
611:
589:
506:
452:
324:
2490:A. V. Roe Canada Ltd. Corporate Reports
2419:Aerospace Heritage Foundation of Canada
1863:
1580:wings, empennage and cabin floors, and
835:and studies of the Avro saucer designs
783:
667:under the leadership of Mario Pesando.
443:
3923:Canadian companies established in 1938
3865:
1492:Cancelled while in test phase in 1961
950:Avro P470 Mobile Ground Effect Vehicle
16:Defunct Canadian aircraft manufacturer
2718:
2605:
2499:
2445:– the longest running Avro Arrow page
1984:
1545:Toronto Pearson International Airport
1225:
1210:'s Special Products division to form
3417:DH.82C Tiger Moth & Menasco Moth
2348:Calgary: Altitude Publishing, 2006.
2312:Avro Aircraft and Cold War Aviation.
2299:Toronto: McGraw-Hill-Ryerson, 1991.
2250:Toronto: Stoddart Publishing, 1987.
1994:"Steel Improvement and Forge Group."
1358:One flying prototype, one broken up
1343:Prototype medium-range jet airliner
729:adding citations to reliable sources
696:
2203:Burlington, Ontario: Apogee, 2001.
2043:The Changing Navigation Picture ...
1876:106 (3), September 1956, pp. 89–94.
1528:Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation
1501:
1189:Cumberland Railway and Coal Company
1162:Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation
692:
403:Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation
13:
3883:Former defence companies of Canada
2078:
1737:Lombardi, Mike and Larry Merritt.
1645:Greater Toronto Airports Authority
1386:Only a wooden mock-up constructed
1218:remote manipulator system for the
1087:aluminum and magnesium foundries.
910:
659:Avro aircraft experimental designs
416:
248:
14:
3934:
3918:1962 disestablishments in Ontario
2406:
2120:Greater Toronto Airport Authority
1005:
482:The CF-100 Canuck operated under
1437:Cancelled during production run
1315:Twin-engined navigation trainer
1109:. The company produced rail car
954:
701:
502:
448:
2481:– home of an Avro Arrow replica
2128:
2109:
2093:
2062:
2053:
2036:
2013:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1854:
1833:
1673:
1582:McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
893:U.S. Army Transportation Museum
3908:1938 establishments in Ontario
3708:Ontario Provincial Air Service
2088:Boeing Shared Services website
1871:"Era of the Flying Triangles."
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1649:environmental soil remediation
1590:(1997–2005): manufacturer of
1194:Sydney & Louisburg Railway
932:
349:Department of National Defence
333:
1:
2472:Canadian Air and Space Museum
2186:The Avro Canada C102 Jetliner
1657:Canadian Air and Space Museum
1412:Not built after C-105 chosen
1304:692 from Mk 1 to Mk 5 series
976:7000 transport truck with an
771:
670:
397:During the same period, with
386:Expansion and diversification
3209:Hurricane Mk.X, XI & XII
3146:Canadian Associated Aircraft
2229:Park, Libby and Frank Park.
1686:
1514:. Avro Aircraft was closed.
1171:provincial governments (see
1020:Orenda engine on display at
972:Orenda OT-4 turbine powered
766:North American XF-108 Rapier
376:North American B-25 Mitchell
7:
2010:. Retrieved: 24 April 2011.
1906:Whitcomb 2008, pp. 205–207.
1843:, Harbour Publishing, 2001
1830:. Retrieved: 15 April 2009.
1244:
511:Model of the C102 Jetliner.
86:; 62 years ago
68:; 79 years ago
10:
3939:
3903:Aviation history of Canada
3629:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm
3111:Toronto Curtiss Aeroplanes
3081:Canadian Aerodrome Company
2026:Retrieved: 24 April 2011.
1825:"The Avro C.102 Jetliner."
1159:
1094:
1091:Canadian Car & Foundry
1074:Canadian Steel Improvement
1009:
868:
864:
842:The design included eight
624:
621:CF-105 Arrow Mk.1 and Mk.2
575:
514:
467:
253:
20:
3834:
3801:
3778:
3757:
3724:
3706:
3681:
3663:
3647:National Research Council
3645:
3627:
3599:
3549:
3533:
3463:
3440:
3360:
3327:
3227:
3162:
3144:
3107:
3079:
2994:
2978:Bristol/McDonald Brothers
2976:
2915:
2877:Boeing Aircraft of Canada
2875:
2817:
2784:
2768:
2750:
2676:
2640:
2586:
2568:
2540:
2263:There Never was an Arrow.
2139:Toronto: Stoddart, 1998.
1742:Boeing Frontiers Magazine
1355:Never entered production
1250:Product list and details
1201:Canadian Applied Research
879:The Avro VZ-9-AV Avrocar.
571:
517:Avro Canada C102 Jetliner
470:Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck
437:Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck
212:
200:
190:
173:
149:
127:
106:
98:
80:
62:
52:
42:
33:
3164:Canadian Car and Foundry
2477:27 February 2009 at the
2232:Anatomy of Big Business.
2030:October 2, 2012, at the
1888:Page et al. 2004, p. 12.
1666:
1522:Canadian Car and Foundry
1397:All-weather interceptor
1173:Sydney Steel Corporation
1155:
1140:, a supplier of railway
1138:Canadian General Transit
1107:Canadian Steel Foundries
1097:Canadian Car and Foundry
1056:Royal Canadian Air Force
1033:Royal Canadian Air Force
871:Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar
844:Armstrong Siddeley Viper
801:Project Y1: "the Spade"
627:Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow
607:Royal Canadian Air Force
459:The Hangar Flight Museum
407:Canadian Car and Foundry
345:Royal Canadian Air Force
223:Canadian Car and Foundry
3726:Ottawa Car and Aircraft
3219:Harvard Mk.IIB and Mk.4
3214:Norseman Mk.V & VII
2464:10 January 2011 at the
2436:2 November 2011 at the
1869:Stimson, Thomas E. Jr.
1584:side panels and pylons;
1125:, and the Canadian Car-
916:Space Threshold Vehicle
616:CF-105 Mk 1 interceptor
3849:CL-515 First Responder
3179:Anson Mk.II & Mk.V
2694:Hawker Siddeley Canada
2593:Hawker Siddeley Canada
2459:Canada Aviation Museum
2431:Arrow Digital Archives
2073:CAW Local 1967 website
2050:12 April 1957 page 480
1981:Whitcomb 2002, p. 241.
1969:Whitcomb 2002, p. 236.
1951:Whitcomb 2002, p. 104.
1942:Whitcomb 2002, p. 100.
1915:Whitcomb 2002, p. 157.
1512:Hawker Siddeley Canada
1064:Hawker Siddeley Canada
1024:
880:
811:
790:Special Projects Group
665:Project Research Group
617:
566:Canada Aviation Museum
512:
465:
330:
235:aircraft manufacturing
114:Hawker Siddeley Canada
3172:Maple Leaf Trainer II
2329:Burlington, Ontario:
1803:Whitcomb 2008, p. 89.
1794:Campagna 1998, p. 63.
1785:Campagna 1998, p. 62.
1776:Whitcomb 2002, p. 13.
1767:Whitcomb 2002, p. 61.
1758:Whitcomb 2008, p. 34.
1701:Whitcomb 2008, p. 13.
1594:wings, parts for the
1136:. It also controlled
1019:
878:
809:
615:
590:C104 Advanced Fighter
542:Trans-Canada Airlines
510:
456:
328:
302:(UK) aircraft: 3,197
23:Avro (disambiguation)
3109:Canadian Aeroplanes/
3034:CL-415 Super Scooper
2443:Avro Arrow Home Page
2424:23 June 2011 at the
2376:The Arrow Scrapbook.
1933:Zuk 2001, pp. 41–43.
1812:Floyd 1986, pp. 3–4.
1624:Bombardier Aerospace
1476:Avro VZ-9-AV Avrocar
1289:Fighter interceptor
784:Supersonic Avrodynes
725:improve this section
444:Avro Canada aircraft
368:A.V. Roe and Company
364:A.V. Roe Canada Ltd.
284:Handley Page Hampden
21:For other uses, see
3362:de Havilland Canada
2325:Whitcomb, Randall.
2310:Whitcomb, Randall.
2282:McGraw-Hill-Ryerson
2150:Campagna, Palmiro.
2135:Campagna, Palmiro.
2024:Randy Smye website.
1549:City of Mississauga
1541:de Havilland Canada
1251:
1208:de Havilland Canada
1027:Founded in 1944 as
1022:Carleton University
987:would be the first
192:Number of employees
156:Crawford Gordon Jr.
30:
3665:National Steel Car
3029:CL-215 Waterbomber
2059:Park 1973, p. 109.
1999:2005-02-13 at the
1874:Popular Mechanics,
1860:Floyd 1986, p. 45.
1661:Downsview, Toronto
1637:The Boeing Company
1602:transport and the
1480:Experimental VTOL
1448:Avro Canada TS-140
1383:Cancelled in 1951
1371:Transonic fighter
1339:Avro C102 Jetliner
1330:Abandoned project
1285:Avro CF-100 Canuck
1249:
1226:Other subsidiaries
1068:Magellan Aerospace
1025:
961:Avro Canada TS-140
881:
859:Weapon System 606A
837:Project Silver Bug
812:
618:
596:Dassault Mirage IV
578:Avro Canada CF-103
527:de Havilland Comet
513:
491:in December 1952.
466:
331:
272:National Steel Car
28:
3857:
3856:
3758:Reid/Curtiss-Reid
3099:Hubbard Monoplane
3039:CL-600 Challenger
2885:C-204 Thunderbird
2712:
2711:
2599:
2598:
2485:Fred Smye website
2391:Iroquois Rollout.
2248:Fall of an Arrow.
2241:978-0-88862-040-8
1566:McDonnell-Douglas
1499:
1498:
1421:Avro CF-105 Arrow
1184:Halifax Shipyards
1081:Steel Improvement
1029:crown corporation
761:
760:
753:
499:, were produced.
497:Belgian Air Force
489:Janusz Żurakowski
292:Westland Lysander
228:
227:
168:Janusz Żurakowski
3930:
3844:DHC-6 Twin Otter
3826:York C.1 Special
3803:Victory Aircraft
3534:Federal Aircraft
3442:Diamond Aircraft
3412:DH.60 Gipsy Moth
3395:DHC-6 Twin Otter
3284:CH-300 Pacemaker
3229:Canadian Vickers
3189:CBY-3 Loadmaster
2862:505 Jet Ranger X
2857:429 GlobalRanger
2769:Avian Industries
2739:
2732:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2704:Victory Aircraft
2626:
2619:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2534:aircraft engines
2520:
2513:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2389:Zuuring, Peter.
2374:Zuuring, Peter.
2295:Stewart, Greig.
2276:Stewart, Greig.
2123:
2113:
2107:
2097:
2091:
2082:
2076:
2066:
2060:
2057:
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2017:
2011:
1991:
1982:
1979:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1924:Zuk 2001, p. 41.
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1677:
1630:Orenda Aerospace
1556:Douglas Aircraft
1502:Corporate demise
1252:
1248:
989:main battle tank
817:thrust vectoring
756:
749:
745:
742:
736:
705:
697:
693:Long Range Arrow
534:Rolls-Royce Avon
427:Victory Aircraft
296:Victory Aircraft
288:Hawker Hurricane
264:Victory Aircraft
94:
92:
87:
76:
74:
69:
38:
31:
27:
3938:
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3878:Hawker Siddeley
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3853:
3830:
3797:
3774:
3753:
3720:
3702:
3677:
3659:
3655:tailless glider
3641:
3623:
3595:
3545:
3529:
3459:
3436:
3422:DH.83C Fox Moth
3356:
3352:J-5 Cub Cruiser
3323:
3304:Super Universal
3223:
3158:
3140:
3110:
3103:
3075:
3056:Freedom Fighter
3004:CL-4 North Star
2990:
2972:
2911:
2871:
2813:
2780:
2776:2/180 Gyroplane
2764:
2746:
2743:
2713:
2708:
2689:Hawker Siddeley
2672:
2641:A.V. Roe Canada
2636:
2630:
2600:
2595:
2582:
2564:
2536:
2524:
2479:Wayback Machine
2466:Wayback Machine
2438:Wayback Machine
2426:Wayback Machine
2409:
2404:
2339:978-1894959-759
2246:Peden, Murray.
2199:Gainor, Chris.
2131:
2126:
2114:
2110:
2098:
2094:
2083:
2079:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2041:
2037:
2032:Wayback Machine
2018:
2014:
2001:Wayback Machine
1992:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
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1851:, pages 241–242
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1508:Hawker Siddeley
1504:
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1168:
1160:Main articles:
1158:
1099:
1093:
1076:
1014:
1008:
957:
935:
918:
913:
911:Avro STAT (SST)
873:
867:
833:Project MX-1794
786:
774:
757:
746:
740:
737:
722:
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695:
673:
661:
648:Orenda Iroquois
629:
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519:
505:
472:
451:
446:
433:Crawford Gordon
419:
417:Management team
399:Crawford Gordon
388:
372:Hawker Sea Fury
356:Hawker Siddeley
336:
318:bomber and one
268:Malton, Ontario
256:
251:
249:A.V. Roe Canada
233:was a Canadian
221:
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3811:Lancaster Mk.X
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3619:Centennial 100
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3559:1,2,5 & 21
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3427:DH.98 Mosquito
3424:
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3397:
3392:
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3370:DHC-1 Chipmunk
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3036:
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3024:CL-84 Dynavert
3021:
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2992:
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2989:
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2982:
2980:
2974:
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2955:Challenger 300
2951:
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2934:Global Express
2931:
2925:CRJ100/200/440
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2799:C-102 Jetliner
2796:
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2699:Orenda Engines
2696:
2691:
2686:
2677:
2674:
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2648:C 102 Jetliner
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2560:PS.13 Iroquois
2557:
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2408:
2407:External links
2405:
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2125:
2124:
2115:Gregg, Peter.
2108:
2099:Taylor, Bill.
2092:
2077:
2068:Bedel, Glenn.
2061:
2052:
2035:
2012:
1983:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
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1588:Boeing Toronto
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1534:Orenda Engines
1531:
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1212:SPAR Aerospace
1202:
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1119:Rio de Janeiro
1095:Main article:
1092:
1089:
1075:
1072:
1058:from Avro and
1045:Canadair Sabre
1012:Orenda Engines
1010:Main article:
1007:
1006:Orenda Engines
1004:
1003:
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639:B-24 Liberator
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468:Main article:
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2794:CF-100 Canuck
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2454:AvroArrow.net
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2415:— BAE Systems
2414:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2399:1-55056-906-6
2396:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2384:1-55056-690-3
2381:
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2370:
2369:1-55046-359-4
2366:
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2354:1-55439-703-0
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2320:1-55125-082-9
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2302:
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2290:0-07-560102-8
2287:
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2272:
2271:0-88791-025-4
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2256:0-7737-5105-X
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2224:1-55046-047-1
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2209:1-896522-83-1
2206:
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2198:
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2194:0-919783-66-X
2191:
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2180:
2179:0-88862-282-1
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:1-55002-438-8
2161:
2157:
2156:Dundurn Press
2153:
2149:
2146:
2145:0-7737-5990-5
2142:
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2104:Toronto Star,
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2019:Smye. Randy.
2016:
2009:
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1273:1st delivery
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1220:Space Shuttle
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955:Other designs
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794:flying saucer
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741:February 2017
734:
730:
726:
720:
719:
715:
710:This section
708:
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546:Howard Hughes
543:
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530:
528:
524:
523:C102 Jetliner
518:
509:
503:C102 Jetliner
500:
498:
492:
490:
485:
480:
478:
477:CF-100 Canuck
471:
464:
460:
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449:CF-100 Canuck
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340:Clarence Howe
327:
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310:bombers, six
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290:fighters and
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97:
83:
79:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
37:
32:
24:
19:
3898:De Havilland
3859:
3574:50 Freighter
3478:45-80 Sekani
3432:CS2F Tracker
3375:DHC-2 Beaver
3329:Cub Aircraft
3184:T-34A Mentor
3119:JN-4C Canuck
3046:Cosmopolitan
2929:700/900/1000
2819:Bell Textron
2809:VZ-9 Avrocar
2804:CF-105 Arrow
2785:
2680:
2668:VZ-9 Avrocar
2663:CF-105 Arrow
2632:
2588:
2550:TR.4 Chinook
2526:
2390:
2375:
2360:
2359:Zuk, Bill.
2345:
2331:Apogee Books
2326:
2311:
2296:
2277:
2262:
2247:
2231:
2215:
2200:
2185:
2184:Floyd, Jim.
2170:
2169:Dow, James.
2151:
2136:
2129:Bibliography
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2055:
2045:
2038:
2023:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1873:
1865:
1856:
1840:
1835:
1827:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1741:
1675:
1653:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1613:
1609:
1596:Delta rocket
1560:Douglas DC-9
1538:
1516:
1505:
1267:Launch date
1261:Description
1232:Algoma Steel
1204:
1169:
1100:
1085:
1077:
1049:
1026:
997:
941:Avrocruisier
936:
923:
919:
901:
890:
882:
858:
856:
851:
849:
841:
836:
832:
829:
824:
813:
800:
789:
787:
775:
762:
747:
738:
723:Please help
711:
674:
664:
662:
630:
604:
593:
581:
561:
555:priorities:
550:
531:
520:
493:
481:
473:
411:
396:
389:
363:
361:
353:
337:
260:World War II
257:
244:
240:CF-105 Arrow
230:
229:
214:Subsidiaries
128:Headquarters
43:Company type
18:
3816:Lancastrian
3541:Anson Mk.II
3515:Bolingbroke
3380:DHC-3 Otter
3289:PBV-1 Canso
3071:Starfighter
3066:Silver Star
3019:CL-44 Yukon
3014:CL-41 Tutor
3009:CL-28 Argus
2890:A-213 Totem
2786:Avro Canada
2633:Avro Canada
2555:TR.5 Orenda
2527:Avro Canada
2413:Avro Canada
2344:Zuk, Bill.
2261:Shaw, E.K.
1600:Boeing C-17
1367:Avro CF-103
1276:Production
1270:1st flight
1152:transport.
947:Avroflivver
933:Avroskimmer
897:Fort Eustis
653:brain drain
568:in Ottawa.
334:Avro Canada
322:transport.
312:Lancastrian
231:Avro Canada
29:Avro Canada
3867:Categories
3836:Viking Air
3483:F-11 Husky
3124:C-1 Canada
2986:Anson Mk.V
2917:Bombardier
2171:The Arrow.
1604:Boeing 737
1592:Boeing 717
1524:(CC&F)
1115:streetcars
886:hovercraft
825:Project Y2
772:Arrow Mk.4
671:Arrow Mk.3
557:C. D. Howe
553:Korean War
374:fighters,
282:trainers,
280:Avro Anson
164:Jack Frost
151:Key people
47:Subsidiary
3584:80 Canuck
3465:Fairchild
3319:Viking IV
3314:Stranraer
3274:Avro 504N
3237:Vancouver
2948:CS100/300
2681:See also:
2570:V engines
2542:Turbojets
2280:Toronto:
2154:Toronto:
1687:Citations
1606:jetliner.
1506:In 1962,
1264:Capacity
1258:Aircraft
1146:petroleum
1142:tank cars
1123:SĂŁo Paulo
998:Bras d'Or
985:M1 Abrams
944:Avrowagon
712:does not
643:Lancaster
634:Sputnik 1
532:When the
423:Fred Smye
308:Lancaster
286:bombers,
107:Successor
57:Aerospace
3780:Saunders
3691:Norseman
3683:Noorduyn
3673:Lysander
3569:16 Finch
3488:Super 71
3279:Avro 552
3131:Avro 504
2996:Canadair
2635:aircraft
2589:See also
2475:Archived
2462:Archived
2449:AvroLand
2434:Archived
2422:Archived
2333:, 2008.
2284:, 1998.
2158:, 2003.
2028:Archived
1997:Archived
1828:Avroland
1472:Model 1
1455:1 pilot
1452:Fighter
1245:Aircraft
1216:Canadarm
1150:chemical
1134:trolleys
1103:spun off
1060:Canadair
1052:Iroquois
562:CF-EJD-X
276:Hamilton
182:Turbojet
178:Aircraft
174:Products
53:Industry
3770:Rambler
3765:Courier
3749:Prefect
3591:Cornell
3579:60 Fort
3505:Cornell
3342:J-3 Cub
3337:J-2 Cub
3252:Vedette
3242:Vanessa
3154:Hampden
1530:(DOSCO)
1292:2 crew
1037:Chinook
980:engine.
978:Allison
904:curator
865:Avrocar
733:removed
718:sources
682:Mercury
538:Derwent
463:Calgary
316:Lincoln
258:During
254:Origins
185:engines
137:Ontario
133:Toronto
89: (
81:Defunct
71: (
63:Founded
3739:Siskin
3637:Bo 105
3564:7 Fawn
3405:Dash 8
3400:Dash 7
3247:Varuna
2968:Dash 8
2938:Global
2658:CF-103
2531:Orenda
2397:
2382:
2367:
2352:
2337:
2318:
2303:
2288:
2269:
2254:
2239:
2222:
2207:
2192:
2177:
2162:
2143:
2047:Flight
1847:
1598:, the
1486:1950s
1431:1950s
1417:C-105
1403:1950s
1391:C-104
1363:C-103
1335:C-102
1309:C-101
1281:C-100
1041:Orenda
852:PV-704
686:Gemini
600:MiG-21
584:CF-103
572:CF-103
314:, one
202:Parent
143:Canada
3793:ST-28
3788:ST-27
3744:Tutor
3734:Atlas
3614:FBA-2
3609:FBA-1
3601:Found
3551:Fleet
3520:HS-2L
3473:34-42
3309:Delta
3294:HS-3L
3267:Vista
3262:Vigil
3257:Velos
3199:FDB-1
3061:Sabre
3051:Canso
2902:Shark
2897:40H-4
2832:214ST
2578:OE600
2008:SIFCO
1667:Notes
1620:SYSCO
1616:DEVCO
1578:MD-80
1574:MD-11
1570:KC-10
1489:1959
1434:1958
1352:1949
1349:1946
1301:1952
1298:1950
1295:1946
1255:Type
1177:DEVCO
1156:DOSCO
1130:buses
1127:Brill
996:HMCS
974:White
927:TSR-2
484:NORAD
304:Anson
3510:FC-2
3450:DA20
3299:FC-2
2943:Q400
2760:A220
2684:Avro
2395:ISBN
2380:ISBN
2365:ISBN
2350:ISBN
2335:ISBN
2316:ISBN
2301:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2252:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2220:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2190:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2141:ISBN
2006:via
1845:ISBN
1618:and
1572:and
1467:n/a
1464:n/a
1461:n/a
1458:n/a
1380:n/a
1377:n/a
1175:and
1164:and
1148:and
1144:for
1132:and
1121:and
902:The
716:any
714:cite
684:and
678:NASA
378:and
320:York
300:Avro
207:Avro
99:Fate
91:1962
84:1962
73:1945
66:1945
3136:F5L
2963:850
2959:600
2852:427
2847:412
2842:407
2837:230
2827:212
1659:in
1105:as
727:by
680:'s
655:".
641:or
274:of
266:in
3869::
3500:71
3495:51
2591::
2529:/
1986:^
1974:^
1881:^
1817:^
1749:^
1706:^
1694:^
1651:.
1626:.
1576:,
1483:2
1428:2
1409:-
1406:-
1400:2
1394:-
1374:2
1327:-
1324:-
1321:-
1318:-
1312:-
1113:,
1047:.
895:,
461:,
405:,
262:,
180:,
140:,
135:,
2961:/
2957:/
2936:/
2927:/
2738:e
2731:t
2724:v
2625:e
2618:t
2611:v
2519:e
2512:t
2505:v
2401:.
2386:.
2371:.
2356:.
2341:.
2322:.
2307:.
2292:.
2273:.
2258:.
2243:.
2226:.
2211:.
2196:.
2181:.
2166:.
2147:.
1562:;
754:)
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743:)
739:(
735:.
721:.
93:)
75:)
25:.
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