943:
811:
719:). Maurice planned to repopulate the devastated lands which the Byzantines had recovered by settling Armenian peasants, whose homeland was the eastern part opposite to the Western Balkan part in the Empire -It was a deliberately enforced imperial strategy in order to prevent ethnic/tribal consolidation as the independent rebellious forces-, as well as Romanizing the Slavic settlers already in the area. Maurice also planned to lead further campaigns against the Avar Khaganate, so as to either destroy them or force them into submission. However, Maurice was overthrown in 602 by
882:
607:. After this, the Avars shifted their focus to Dalmatia, where they sacked several fortresses, and avoided confronting Priscus directly. Priscus was not particularly concerned about the Avar incursion, as Dalmatia was a remote and poor province; he sent only a small force to check their invasion, keeping the main body of his forces near the Danube. The small force was able to hamper the Avar advance, and even recovered a part of the loot taken by the Avars, better than expected.
33:
477:
488:, which left the Byzantine garrisons on the Danube frontier under-manned and underpaid. Because of this, the Avars and Slavs were able to raid without resistance, with the Byzantines only being able to harass raiding columns and set small ambushes, rather than forcing a decisive victory or launching a counteroffensive. The Avars took the cities of Augustae,
792:. In 623 the Byzantine emperor Heraclius journeyed into Thrace in an attempt to agree peace with the Avar Khagan face to face. Instead the Byzantines were ambushed, with Heraclius narrowly escaping and most of his bodyguard and retainers being killed or captured. The Avar raids continued, culminating in the
925:
had decisively defeated Shahin arrived, leading the Avars to retreat to the Balkan hinterland within two days. They would never seriously threaten
Constantinople again. Even though the Persian army of Shahrbaraz still remained at Chalcedon, the threat to Constantinople was over, as the Persians could
869:
controlled the
Bosporus strait, the Persians could not send troops to the European side to aid the Avars, which cut off the Persian access to the Avars with the Persian expertise in siege warfare. Byzantine naval superiority also made communication between the two forces difficult. Constantinople's
678:
Ignoring the peace treaty, the
Byzantines made preparations to invade the Avars' land. Priscus set up expeditionary camp near Singidunum and wintered there in 598/599. In 599 Priscus and Comentiolus led their troops downstream to Viminacium, and crossed the Danube. Once on the north bank, they
671:. Maurice then paid off the Avars for a temporary truce, spending the rest of 598 in reorganizing his forces and analyzing how to improve the Byzantines' strategy. In the same year, the Byzantines concluded a peace treaty with the Avars, which allowed the Byzantines to send expeditions into
894:(Slavs whose land was controlled by the Avars). Because the Persian base in Chalcedon had been established for many years, it was not immediately obvious that a siege would take place. It only became obvious to the Byzantines after the Avars began to move heavy siege equipment towards the
343:
in the East. As a result, they often raided without resistance for long periods of time, before
Byzantine troops could be freed from other fronts to be sent on punitive expeditions. This happened during the 580s and 590s, where Byzantium was initially distracted in the
707:
After being beaten back by the
Byzantines under Maurice, the Avars shifted their focus to Italy, establishing diplomatic contact in 603, and attempting an invasion of North Italy in 610. The Balkan frontier was largely pacified, for the first time since the reign of
695:, which had not been used by the Byzantines for decades. In 601 Peter led troops to the banks of the Tisza, to defend the Danube cataracts, which were vital to the Byzantine Danube fleet's access to the cities of Sirmium and Singidunum. The next year, in 602, the
547:
After the peace treaty with the
Persians and subsequent Roman refocusing on the Balkans as mentioned above, Maurice deployed veteran troops to the Balkans, allowing the Byzantines to shift from a reactive strategy to a pre-emptive one. The general
496:
in 583, and a further eight cities by siege in 586. Many of these sieges relied upon the Avars utilizing both surprise and speed, advantages which they lost after they moved further inland in 587. Nevertheless, they destroyed many cities in
921:, while the Avars attacked the land walls. However, the Sclaveni boats were rammed and destroyed by the galleys of Bonus, and the Avar land assaults on August 6 and 7 were repelled. At around this point, the news that the Emperor's brother
468:, or possibly 582. After the capture of Sirmium, the Avars demanded 100,000 solidi a year. Refused, they began pillaging the northern and eastern Balkans, which only ended after the Avars were pushed back by the Byzantines from 597 to 602.
648:, however he was routed by the Avars, and his troops had to fight their way back over the Haemus. The Avars took advantage of this victory and advanced to Drizipera, near Constantinople. At Drizipera the Avar forces were struck by a
683:. This battle was significant, as it was the first time the Avars suffered a major defeat in their home territory, and also led to the deaths of several more of Bayan's sons. After the battle, Priscus led his forces north into the
627:
Emboldened by the plunder from the Franks, the Avars resumed their raids across the Danube in autumn of 597, catching the
Byzantines by surprise. The Avars even caught Priscus' army while it was still in its camp in
898:. Although the walls had been continuously bombarded for a month, high morale had been maintained in the city; Patriarch Sergius bolstered morale by leading processions along the tops of the walls, carrying the
730:. There is no archaeological evidence of Slavic or Avar incursions during this time. While the lack of Byzantine action or presence may have encouraged the Avars, they did not attack Byzantine territory until
889:
On 29 June 626, the Avars and
Persians began a coordinated assault upon the walls. The Byzantine defenders had 12,000 well-trained cavalry troops, who were likely dismounted, facing roughly 80,000 Avars and
331:
from
Byzantium, which had previously retaken it from the Gepids. Most subsequent conflicts came as a result of raids by the Avars, or their subject Slavs, into the Balkan provinces of the Byzantine Empire.
533:. The Avars and Slavs continued to raid with little resistance until 591, when Emperor Maurice made a ceasefire treaty with the Sassanids in a fairly favorable terms, and shifted his focus to the Balkans.
603:, preventing the Slavs and Avars from preparing new pillaging campaigns. Priscus, who had been given command of another army, prevented the Avars from besieging Singidunum in 595, in combination with the
913:
On August 7, a fleet of
Persian rafts ferrying troops across the Bosporus to the European side were surrounded and destroyed by the Byzantine fleet. The Sclaveni then attempted to attack the
760:, it became clear to the Avars and their Slav subjects that retaliation from the Byzantines was extremely unlikely. Chronicles of the 610s record wholesale pillaging, with cities such as
269:
756:
The Avars, who were likely encouraged by their successful campaigns against the Lombards in 610 and the Franks in 611, resumed their incursions some time after 612. By 614, with the
726:
Phocas maintained the security of the Balkans during his reign from 602 to 610, although he did withdraw some forces from the Balkans in 605, in order to use them in the ongoing
552:
was tasked with stopping the Slavs from crossing the Danube in spring 593. He routed several raiding parties, before he crossed the Danube and fought the Slavs in what is now
615:
After their invasion of Dalmatia had been blocked, the Avars were discouraged by their lack of success against the Byzantines, and thus began to make their raids against the
781:
445:
The Avars almost immediately launched an attack on Sirmium in 568, but were repulsed. The Avars withdrew their troops back to their own territory, but allegedly sent 10,000
240:
619:, who they saw as being easier to attack, launching major raids against them in 596. Due to the shift in focus, there was little activity in the Balkans from 595 to 597.
950:
After failing to capture Constantinople, the Avars rapidly began to decline before disintegrating entirely, due to both internal power struggles, and conflicts with the
926:
not use artillery from their side of the Bosporus. In thanks for the lifting of the siege and the supposed divine protection granted by the Virgin Mary, the celebrated
687:, engaging and defeating the Avars deep within their heartland. Comentiolus meanwhile remained near the Danube, to guard it. Priscus devastated the lands east of the
699:
began to invade the Avars' land, who were already on the brink of collapse due to the uprisings of several Avar tribes, one of whom even defected to the Byzantines.
691:, inflicting heavy casualties on the Avars and Gepids, and defeating them in two further battles on the banks of the Tisza. In autumn 599, Comentiolus reopened the
457:
a year. Except for a raid on Sirmium in 574, they did not threaten Byzantine territory until 579, after Tiberius II stopped the payments. The Avars retaliated with
776:
were captured in 615, and the cities of Novae and Justiniana Prima were destroyed in 613 and 615, respectively. The Slavs also raided in the Aegean, as far as
402:, which had been recently reconquered by the Byzantines from the Gepids, and would serve as the first cause of conflict between the Avars and the Byzantines.
644:, only 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Tomis. For unknown reasons, Priscus did not join Comentiolus when he pursued the Avars. Comentiolus made camp at
583:. Due to his inexperience, Peter suffered initial failures, but eventually managed to repulse the tide of Slav and Avar incursions. He set up base at
233:
521:. In 588, they abandoned the siege of Singidunum after only seven days, in exchange for a meagre ransom. After this they succeeded at the siege of
429:
in sieges. In every documented use of siege engines by the Avars, the Avars depended upon subject peoples who had knowledge of them, usually the
2045:
2040:
2035:
226:
858:
of the Avars to allow for a coordinated attack on Constantinople, the Persians on the Asiatic side, and the Avars from the European side.
596:
906:. The peasantry around Constantinople were rallied by this religious zeal, especially because both forces attacking Constantinople were
641:
485:
345:
834:, after suffering reverses through Heraclius' campaigns in the Persian rear, resolved to launch a decisive strike. While general
565:
484:
After capturing Sirmium, the Avars began to rapidly encroach into the Balkans. Their rapid spread was facilitated by the ongoing
449:, a people who like the Avars had been forced into the Carpathians by the Turkic Khaganate, to invade the Byzantine province of
417:
and the Huns, had long traditions of engineering and craftsmanship, such as the building of boats and bridges, and the use of
1850:
1721:
Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern Influences on Rome and the Papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, AD 590–752
727:
394:, allowing the Avars to take both the lands of the Gepids and the former lands of the Lombards for themselves, creating the
1901:
1874:
1814:
1747:
1728:
1709:
556:
until autumn. Maurice ordered him to make camp on the northern bank of the Danube, however Priscus instead retired to
2001:
1980:
1959:
1940:
1790:
1771:
1690:
1671:
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991:
632:, and laid siege to it. However, they lifted the siege on 30 March 598, at the approach of a Byzantine army led by
525:, with the support of a fleet manned by Slavic auxiliaries, they then started and quickly abandoned the sieges of
2050:
922:
660:
190:
178:
942:
2030:
2025:
43:
showing Emperor Heraclius attacking a Persian fort, while the Persians and Avars besiege Constantinople in 626.
805:
793:
542:
349:
289:
274:
1933:
Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400-800 AD) Byzantium, the West and Islam
335:
The Avars usually raided the Balkans when the Byzantine Empire was distracted elsewhere, typically in its
914:
871:
789:
785:
336:
284:
182:
1911:
1783:
The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies
549:
166:
748:) withdrew his troops stationed in the Balkans in order to fend off the Persian advance in the East.
723:, as his army rebelled against the endless Balkan campaigning. Phocas promptly scrapped those plans.
510:
1923:
1006:
986:
757:
998:
453:. They then began a period of consolidation, during which the Byzantines paid them 80,000 gold
379:
819:
1757:
680:
405:
The Avars were heavily dependent upon the skills and labor of their subject peoples for both
279:
398:. The Avars then claimed all former territory of both as their own territory. This included
1993:
The Emperor Maurice and his Historian – Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare
842:
was given command of a smaller army and ordered to slip by Heraclius' flank, and march for
835:
709:
211:
91:; collapse of Byzantine authority in the interior of the peninsula, leading to large-scale
8:
1860:
580:
170:
780:, in 623. During this time period, there were three separate sieges of Thessalonica: in
600:
1888:
1014:
659:
Due to the threat posed by the Avar forces at Drizipera, Comentiolus was replaced with
39:
1683:
The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c.500–700
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1702:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars: AD 363-630: a Narrative Sourcebook
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Mary and the Fathers of the Church: The Blessed Virgin Mary in Patristic Thought
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2014:
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over various tribal peoples collapsed, their land was further reduced by the
927:
584:
502:
418:
406:
1884:
1800:
810:
664:
663:, and recalled to Constantinople. Maurice assembled a force made up of the
652:, leading to the death of a large portion of their army, and seven sons of
518:
430:
122:
881:
629:
967:
918:
903:
637:
633:
414:
174:
92:
32:
1833:
963:
839:
831:
560:. Priscus' retreat allowed for a new Slav incursion in late 593/594 in
493:
489:
327:
as their own. This led to an unsuccessful attempt to seize the city of
207:
203:
1478:
861:
The Avar army approached Constantinople from Thrace and destroyed the
476:
218:
843:
738:
672:
592:
553:
530:
526:
446:
434:
410:
162:
142:
126:
1700:
Dodgeon, Michael H.; Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002).
645:
437:, or Slavs. Avar military tactics also relied upon speed and shock.
1761:
955:
907:
891:
847:
649:
450:
383:
324:
316:
199:
134:
315:. The conflicts were initiated in 568, after the Avars arrived in
1664:
The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam
1645:
A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century
959:
951:
823:
773:
769:
653:
573:
522:
514:
399:
328:
195:
138:
84:
930:
was written by an unknown author, possibly Patriarch Sergius or
1766:. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei.
855:
815:
765:
720:
616:
561:
506:
498:
387:
320:
158:
1896:. Periods of European History. Vol. Period I. Macmillan.
777:
688:
569:
391:
130:
1763:
Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes
1611:
1609:
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1045:
471:
390:. However, during this process, the Lombards retreated to
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1197:
1134:
1132:
1119:
1117:
1115:
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1111:
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1072:
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1033:
1031:
1952:
The Avars: a Steppe People in Central Europe, 567-822 AD
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579:
In 594 Maurice replaced Priscus with his own brother,
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1329:
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1248:
1209:
1185:
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595:. In late August of 594, he crossed the Danube near
440:
1699:
1502:
1484:
1439:
1397:
1314:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1236:
814:The Siege of Constantinople in 626 depicted on the
536:
751:
480:A map of the Northern Balkans in the 6th century.
382:. They quickly entered into an alliance with the
2012:
799:
796:in 626, where the Avars were finally defeated.
870:defenders were under the command of Patriarch
702:
234:
1972:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1826:Fischer World Histories Volume 13: Byzantium
838:was sent to stop Heraclius with 50,000 men,
610:
95:occupation and settlement across the region
622:
241:
227:
31:
1968:
1742:. Translated by Thomas Buffer. Ignatius.
1460:
937:
319:, and claimed all the former land of the
1930:
1840:
1780:
1718:
1661:
1642:
1627:
1615:
1600:
1588:
1564:
1418:
1347:
1155:
1138:
1123:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1051:
1039:
941:
880:
854:. Khosrau II also made contact with the
809:
640:and was marching along the Danube up to
475:
1859:
1737:
1576:
1528:
1433:
966:which remained until their conquest by
472:Avar offensive in the Balkans (582–591)
307:were a series of conflicts between the
248:
2013:
1989:
1756:
1376:
1359:
1335:
1308:
1257:
1230:
1218:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1063:
1010:, by John, Archbishop of Thessalonica.
1823:
1799:
1680:
1552:
1540:
1496:
1472:
1406:
1391:
970:, starting in 790 and ending in 803.
222:
1949:
1883:
1511:
1448:
1323:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1242:
509:though they failed in the sieges of
2046:Wars involving the Byzantine Empire
2041:7th century in the Byzantine Empire
2036:6th century in the Byzantine Empire
1843:A History of the Later Roman Empire
885:A map of the environs of the siege.
587:, and patrolled the Danube between
87:disputed between the Avars and the
13:
1647:. University of California Press.
978:
946:Reduction of Avar lands by Bulgars
14:
2062:
1485:Dodgeon, Greatrex & Lieu 2002
728:Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628
667:and his bodyguards to defend the
564:and Macedonia, with the towns of
486:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591
441:Avar attacks on Sirmium (568–582)
346:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591
1931:Petersen, Leif Inge Ree (2013).
1002:, attributed to Emperor Maurice.
992:Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos
537:Roman counteroffensive (591–595)
1887:(1893) . Arthur Hassall (ed.).
1806:Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium
1636:
743:
714:
413:. Subject peoples, such as the
1893:Heraclius and Mohammed 610–641
1685:. Cambridge University Press.
990:, by the 10th-century emperor
752:Renewed Avar attacks (612–626)
350:series of successful campaigns
16:Series of conflicts in 568–626
1:
1975:. Stanford University Press.
973:
962:around 680, leaving behind a
806:Siege of Constantinople (626)
800:Siege of Constantinople (626)
731:
462:
355:
1866:A Short History of Byzantium
1781:Hupchick, Dennis P. (2017).
1723:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1719:Ekonomou, Andrew J. (2008).
1666:. Pen & Sword Military.
1022:
846:, a Persian base across the
758:Persian capture of Jerusalem
352:that pushed the Avars back.
348:, but then followed up by a
7:
1996:. Oxford University Press.
1824:Maier, Franz Georg (1973).
10:
2067:
1969:Treadgold, Warren (1997).
1841:Mitchell, Stephen (2007).
954:and Sclaveni. After their
803:
703:Second interlude (602–612)
679:defeated the Avars in the
599:and fought his way to the
543:Maurice's Balkan campaigns
540:
359:
1828:(in German). Fischer TB.
1643:Chaliand, Gérard (2014).
636:, which had just crossed
611:First interlude (595–597)
386:to seize the land of the
378:in 568, fleeing from the
260:
148:
103:
47:
30:
25:
1990:Whitby, Michael (1998).
1845:. Blackwell Publishing.
1662:Crawford, Peter (2013).
1007:Miracula Sancti Demetrii
987:De Administrando Imperio
459:another siege of Sirmium
1738:Gambero, Luigi (1999).
1013:Surviving fragments of
794:Siege of Constantinople
623:Avar invasion (597–602)
2051:Sieges of Thessaloniki
1681:Curta, Florin (2001).
947:
938:Avar decline (626–822)
886:
827:
768:fallen. The cities of
605:Byzantine Danube fleet
481:
380:First Turkic Khaganate
149:Commanders and leaders
2031:7th-century conflicts
2026:6th-century conflicts
1950:Pohl, Walter (2002).
945:
884:
813:
681:Battles of Viminacium
479:
275:Warfare under Maurice
1861:Norwich, John Julius
1475:, pp. 133, 140.
836:Shahin Vahmanzadegan
212:Shahin Vahmanzadegan
2021:Avar–Byzantine wars
1954:(in German). Beck.
1487:, pp. 179–181.
1233:, pp. 162–163.
1206:, pp. 161–162.
1093:, pp. 378–379.
1054:, pp. 379–382.
820:Moldovița Monastery
656:, the Avar Khagan.
461:. The city fell in
423:tortoise formations
305:Avar–Byzantine wars
252:Avar–Byzantine wars
37:Miniature from the
26:Avar–Byzantine wars
1801:Kaegi, Walter Emil
1015:Menander Protector
948:
887:
874:and the patrician
863:Aqueduct of Valens
828:
482:
40:Manasses Chronicle
1912:cite encyclopedia
1852:978-1-4051-0856-0
932:George of Pisidia
830:The Persian king
576:being destroyed.
501:in 587 including
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73:Byzantine victory
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762:Justiniana Prima
747:
745:
736:
733:
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511:Diocletianopolis
467:
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376:Carpathian Basin
309:Byzantine Empire
285:2nd Thessalonica
270:1st Thessalonica
255:
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110:Byzantine Empire
89:Byzantine Empire
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1425:
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1375:
1366:
1362:, p. 184f.
1358:
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1186:
1182:, p. 160f.
1178:
1174:
1170:, p. 159f.
1166:
1162:
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1038:
1029:
1025:
1020:
981:
979:Primary sources
976:
940:
808:
802:
754:
742:
737:, when Emperor
734:
713:
705:
693:Gates of Trajan
685:Pannonian plain
669:Anastasian Wall
665:Circus Factions
625:
613:
601:Helibacia river
545:
539:
474:
465:
443:
374:arrived in the
368:
362:Pannonian Avars
360:Main articles:
358:
341:Sassanid Empire
301:
300:
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256:
251:
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210:
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79:
65:
64:Balkans, Greece
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2064:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1987:
1981:
1966:
1960:
1947:
1941:
1928:
1903:978-1272944186
1902:
1881:
1876:978-0679450887
1875:
1857:
1851:
1838:
1821:
1816:978-0521814591
1815:
1797:
1791:
1778:
1772:
1754:
1749:978-0898706864
1748:
1735:
1730:978-0739119778
1729:
1716:
1711:978-0415146876
1710:
1697:
1691:
1678:
1672:
1659:
1653:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1630:, p. 383.
1620:
1618:, p. 380.
1605:
1593:
1581:
1579:, p. 338.
1569:
1567:, p. 285.
1557:
1555:, p. 137.
1545:
1543:, p. 136.
1533:
1516:
1514:, p. 211.
1501:
1499:, p. 134.
1489:
1477:
1465:
1463:, p. 297.
1461:Treadgold 1997
1453:
1451:, p. 210.
1438:
1423:
1421:, p. 413.
1411:
1396:
1394:, p. 189.
1381:
1379:, p. 187.
1364:
1352:
1350:, p. 408.
1340:
1338:, p. 165.
1328:
1326:, p. 158.
1313:
1311:, p. 164.
1298:
1296:, p. 157.
1286:
1284:, p. 156.
1274:
1272:, p. 154.
1262:
1260:, p. 163.
1247:
1245:, p. 153.
1235:
1223:
1221:, p. 162.
1208:
1196:
1194:, p. 161.
1184:
1172:
1160:
1143:
1141:, p. 381.
1128:
1126:, p. 379.
1107:
1105:, p. 406.
1095:
1083:
1081:, p. 405.
1068:
1066:, p. 140.
1056:
1044:
1042:, p. 378.
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1003:
995:
982:
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908:non-Christians
900:Blachernitissa
867:Byzantine navy
865:. Because the
852:Constantinople
804:Main article:
801:
798:
753:
750:
746: 610–641
717: 491–518
704:
701:
624:
621:
612:
609:
541:Main article:
538:
535:
473:
470:
442:
439:
396:Avar Khaganate
366:Avar Khaganate
357:
354:
313:Avar Khaganate
296:
295:
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290:Constantinople
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2019:
2018:
2016:
2005:
2003:0-19-822945-3
1999:
1995:
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1982:0-8047-2630-2
1978:
1974:
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1961:9783406489693
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1942:9789004254466
1938:
1934:
1929:
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1885:Oman, Charles
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1704:. Routledge.
1703:
1698:
1694:
1692:9781139428880
1688:
1684:
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1673:9781848846128
1669:
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1656:
1654:9780520959439
1650:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1629:
1628:Petersen 2013
1624:
1617:
1616:Petersen 2013
1612:
1610:
1603:, p. 81.
1602:
1601:Chaliand 2014
1597:
1591:, p. 48.
1590:
1589:Hupchick 2017
1585:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1565:Ekonomou 2008
1561:
1554:
1549:
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1531:, p. 93.
1530:
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1498:
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1469:
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1445:
1443:
1436:, p. 92.
1435:
1430:
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1420:
1419:Mitchell 2007
1415:
1409:, p. 81.
1408:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1388:
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1373:
1371:
1369:
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1356:
1349:
1348:Mitchell 2007
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1193:
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1164:
1158:, p. 25.
1157:
1156:Crawford 2013
1152:
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1140:
1139:Petersen 2013
1135:
1133:
1125:
1124:Petersen 2013
1120:
1118:
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1103:Mitchell 2007
1099:
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1091:Petersen 2013
1087:
1080:
1079:Mitchell 2007
1075:
1073:
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1053:
1052:Petersen 2013
1048:
1041:
1040:Petersen 2013
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953:
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929:
928:Akathist Hymn
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447:Kotrigur Huns
438:
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407:siege warfare
403:
401:
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337:frequent wars
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1992:
1971:
1951:
1932:
1890:
1889:
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1842:
1825:
1805:
1785:. Springer.
1782:
1762:
1739:
1720:
1701:
1682:
1663:
1644:
1637:Bibliography
1623:
1596:
1584:
1577:Gambero 1999
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1529:Norwich 1997
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1434:Norwich 1997
1414:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1289:
1277:
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1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
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1059:
1047:
1005:
997:
985:
949:
912:
902:icon of the
888:
860:
829:
755:
725:
710:Anastasius I
706:
677:
658:
638:Mount Haemus
626:
614:
578:
546:
483:
444:
404:
369:
334:
304:
302:
250:
104:Belligerents
83:Much of the
38:
18:
1920:|work=
1377:Whitby 1998
1360:Whitby 1998
1336:Whitby 1998
1309:Whitby 1998
1258:Whitby 1998
1231:Whitby 1998
1219:Whitby 1998
1204:Whitby 1998
1192:Whitby 1998
1180:Whitby 1998
1168:Whitby 1998
1064:Golden 2011
999:Strategikon
968:Charlemagne
919:Golden Horn
904:Virgin Mary
661:Philippicus
634:Comentiolus
415:early Slavs
179:Philippicus
175:Comentiolus
78:Territorial
2015:Categories
1834:B007E1L89K
1553:Kaegi 2003
1541:Kaegi 2003
1497:Kaegi 2003
1473:Kaegi 2003
1407:Maier 1973
1392:Curta 2001
974:References
964:rump state
840:Shahrbaraz
832:Khosrau II
735: 615
494:Viminacium
490:Singidunum
466: 581
356:Background
280:Viminacium
208:Shahrbaraz
204:Khosrow II
1935:. BRILL.
1922:ignored (
1869:. Knopf.
1512:Oman 1893
1449:Oman 1893
1324:Pohl 2002
1294:Pohl 2002
1282:Pohl 2002
1270:Pohl 2002
1243:Pohl 2002
1023:Citations
915:Sea Walls
844:Chalcedon
739:Heraclius
673:Wallachia
597:Securisca
593:Black Sea
554:Wallachia
531:Tzurullon
527:Drizipera
523:Anchialos
435:Kutrigurs
427:artillery
411:logistics
339:with the
163:Heraclius
143:Sassanids
127:Kutrigurs
1863:(1997).
1803:(2003).
1760:(2011).
956:hegemony
923:Theodore
892:Sclaveni
848:Bosporus
642:Zikidiba
591:and the
451:Dalmatia
384:Lombards
325:Lombards
317:Pannonia
311:and the
200:Bayan II
191:Theodore
135:Sclaveni
60:Location
1809:. CUP.
960:Bulgars
952:Bulgars
872:Sergius
824:Romania
818:of the
774:Serdica
770:Naissus
574:Zaldapa
558:Odessos
550:Priscus
400:Sirmium
329:Sirmium
265:Sirmium
196:Bayan I
183:Sergius
167:Priscus
155:Maurice
139:Bulgars
85:Balkans
80:changes
55:568–626
2000:
1979:
1958:
1939:
1900:
1873:
1849:
1832:
1813:
1789:
1770:
1746:
1727:
1708:
1689:
1670:
1651:
856:Khagan
816:murals
788:, and
766:Salona
721:Phocas
650:plague
646:Iatrus
617:Franks
562:Moesia
517:, and
507:Cabyle
499:Moesia
492:, and
455:solidi
431:Sabirs
425:, and
388:Gepids
321:Gepids
159:Phocas
123:Sabirs
93:Slavic
70:Result
876:Bonus
850:from
778:Crete
697:Antes
689:Tisza
654:Bayan
630:Tomis
589:Novae
581:Peter
570:Scupi
566:Aquis
519:Beroe
392:Italy
372:Avars
187:Bonus
171:Peter
131:Slavs
114:Antes
1998:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1924:help
1898:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1830:ASIN
1811:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1744:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1649:ISBN
772:and
764:and
572:and
529:and
505:and
419:rams
409:and
370:The
364:and
323:and
303:The
52:Date
1891:XII
790:617
786:615
782:604
2017::
1916::
1914:}}
1910:{{
1608:^
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934:.
910:.
878:.
822:,
784:,
744:r.
732:c.
715:r.
675:.
568:,
513:,
463:c.
433:,
421:,
2006:.
1985:.
1964:.
1945:.
1926:)
1906:.
1879:.
1855:.
1836:.
1819:.
1795:.
1776:.
1752:.
1733:.
1714:.
1695:.
1676:.
1657:.
1017:.
994:.
826:.
741:(
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235:t
228:v
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