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the solar panels may be supplemented by a wind turbine to provide power during periods of poor sunlight, or by direct connection to the local electrical grid. Most automated airport weather stations are connected to the commercial power grid due to the higher power needs of the ceilometer and present weather sensors, which are active sensors and emit energy directly into the environment.
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and one or more rechargeable batteries. As a rule of thumb, solar output is at its optimum for only 5 hours each day. As such, mounting angle and position are vital. In the
Northern Hemisphere, the solar panel would be mounted facing south and vice versa for the Southern Hemisphere. The output from
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patches, remain unobserved. The change from manual observations to automatic weather stations is a major non-climatic change in the climate record. The change in instrumentation, enclosure and location can lead to a jump in, for example, the measured temperature or precipitation values, which can
253:
In high quality weather stations, the data-logger may be designed by the supplier to be the perfect solution for a particular meteorological client. Indeed, usually data-loggers found in the market don't fit the requirement in terms of power consumption, inputs, communication, protection against
97:
One of the main advantages of an automatic weather station is that it can provide accurate and reliable weather data in remote, inaccessible or hazardous locations. The AWS can be programmed to alert authorities in case of severe weather events.
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The 10-meter (33 ft) mast is used for the measurement of parameters without interference from objects such as trees, buildings or other obstructions. Typically the most important weather parameter measured at this height is wind speed and
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The standard mast heights used with automatic weather stations are 2, 3, 10 and 30 meters. Other sizes are available, but typically these sizes have been used as standards for differing applications.
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The main power source for an automatic weather station depends on its usage. Many stations with lower power equipment usually use one or more solar panels connected in parallel with a
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The 30-meter (98 ft) mast is used for the measurement of parameters over stratified distances for the purposes of data modelling. A common application is to take measurements of
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The 3-meter (9.8 ft) mast is used for the measurement of parameters that affect crops (such as wheat, sugar cane etc.) The mast height is referenced to crop top.
563:
Begert, M., Schlegel, T., and
Kirchhofer, W.: Homogeneous temperature and precipitation series of Switzerland from 1864 to 2000. Int. J. Climatol., 25, 65–80, 2005.
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43:, either to save human labor or to enable measurements from remote areas. An AWS will typically consist of a weather-proof enclosure containing the
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The 2-meter (6.6 ft) mast is used for the measurement of parameters that affect a human subject. The mast height is referenced to head height.
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technology have made it possible to have wireless stations that are not connected to the electrical grid or hardline telecommunications network.
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and mounted upon a mast. The specific configuration may vary due to the purpose of the system. The system may report in near real time via the
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Communication: the data-logger manages the communication protocols with the remote server. The different communication protocols are usually
24:
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226:, as the gauge must empty itself between observations. For present weather, all phenomena that do not touch the sensor, such as
434:
325:, With ABS being the cheapest, cast aluminium paint or stainless steel the most durable and fiberglass being a compromise.
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Power supply: the data-logger manages the power supply of the
Automatic Weather Station, using a solar panel for instance.
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lead to erroneous estimates of climate trends. This change, and related non-climatic changes, have to be removed by
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Calculation: the data-logger processes most of the meteorological data for the users (avg, min, max...).
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Data storage: the data-logger saves all the data either on its own memory or on uSD memory card.
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Research Moored Array for
African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA)
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Measurement: the data-logger collects the information from every sensor and archives it.
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at 30, 10, and 2 meters. Other sensors are mounted around the 2 meter or lower height.
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Enclosures used with automatic weather stations are typically weather proof
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Binary
Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR)
462:. The National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs. Archived from
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In the past, automatic weather stations were often placed where
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The data-logger is the heart of the
Automatic Weather Station.
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Prediction and
Research Moored Array in the Atlantic (PIRATA)
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Enclosure with solar panel for data-logger of weather station
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Tropospheric
Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR)
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animals (ants, rats, etc.), humidity, salty air, sand, etc.
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55:(optional) and the meteorological sensors with an attached
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Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART)
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and communication lines were available. Nowadays, the
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Ultrasonic snow depth sensor for measuring depth of
631:Earth-based meteorological observation systems and
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785:Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project (TAO/TRITON)
616:
515:"Automatic Weather Stations for Agricultural"
456:"About the Automatic Weather Station project"
39:) is an automated version of the traditional
865:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
25:Antarctic Automatic Weather Stations Project
222:measurements are difficult, especially for
740:Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR)
623:
609:
770:Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS)
256:The main functions of a data-logger are:
247:Data-logger for automatic weather station
811:Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN)
304:
242:
105:
75:, or save the data for later recovery.
18:
826:Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS)
806:Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP)
690:Meteorological Aerodrome Report (METAR)
857:
831:Road Weather Information System (RWIS)
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214:cannot report the class and amount of
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118:Most automatic weather stations have
517:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
574:"AWS with cast aluminium enclosure"
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212:automated airport weather stations
14:
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660:Automated airport weather station
521:from the original on May 31, 2009
485:"ADDI Automatic weather stations"
460:Automatic Weather Station project
790:Voluntary observing ship program
437:from the original on 22 May 2009
428:
210:Unlike manual weather stations,
188:for measuring liquid-equivalent
73:Global Telecommunications System
665:Automatic weather station (AWS)
328:
238:
178:Present weather sensor and/or
1:
765:Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)
717:
404:
300:
431:"Automatic Weather Stations"
168:Some stations can also have
7:
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540:"North Hants Weather - AWS"
382:
10:
881:
345:
175:for measuring cloud height
101:
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760:FluxNet Project (FluxNet)
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33:automatic weather station
16:Meteorological instrument
389:Personal weather station
821:Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL)
655:Aircraft report (AIREP)
341:
487:. ADDI. Archived from
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28:
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246:
109:
22:
695:Pilot report (PIREP)
399:Cooperative Observer
163:atmospheric pressure
49:rechargeable battery
466:on February 4, 2009
348:Meteorological mast
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680:Hurricane Hunters
27:AWS in Antarctica
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633:weather stations
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579:. Archived from
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542:. Archived from
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41:weather station
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346:Main article:
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233:homogenization
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161:for measuring
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152:for measuring
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145:wind direction
143:for measuring
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134:for measuring
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125:for measuring
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799:United States
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586:on 2016-03-04
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491:on 2009-03-26
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816:NEXRAD radar
700:Weather ship
664:
588:. Retrieved
581:the original
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548:. Retrieved
544:the original
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523:. Retrieved
493:. Retrieved
489:the original
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468:. Retrieved
464:the original
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439:. Retrieved
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329:Power supply
312:
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209:
167:
117:
96:
92:mobile phone
88:wind turbine
77:
65:Argos System
61:wind turbine
36:
32:
30:
376:temperature
239:Data-logger
201:Pyranometer
127:temperature
123:Thermometer
84:solar panel
80:electricity
57:solar panel
45:data logger
590:2013-12-16
550:2009-04-15
525:2009-04-15
495:2009-04-15
470:2009-04-15
441:2009-04-15
405:References
363:direction.
315:fiberglass
301:Enclosures
186:Rain gauge
180:visibility
173:Ceilometer
150:Hygrometer
136:wind speed
132:Anemometer
728:Worldwide
718:By region
675:Dropsonde
335:regulator
159:Barometer
141:Wind vane
53:telemetry
859:Category
519:Archived
435:Archived
383:See also
372:humidity
218:. Also,
154:humidity
71:and the
685:Mesonet
645:General
394:Mesonet
114:station
102:Sensors
294:RS-232
292:, and
216:clouds
182:sensor
584:(PDF)
577:(PDF)
745:Argo
374:and
368:wind
342:Mast
286:WiFi
278:GPRS
224:snow
196:snow
112:RWIS
90:and
69:LoRa
321:or
319:ABS
290:uSD
282:RTC
274:GSM
228:fog
110:An
59:or
37:AWS
31:An
23:An
861::
504:^
458:.
433:.
413:^
370:,
317:,
288:,
284:,
280:,
276:,
235:.
86:,
67:,
51:,
47:,
624:e
617:t
610:v
593:.
553:.
528:.
498:.
473:.
444:.
296:.
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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