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2583:(PLCs) use a processing system which allows for variation of controls of inputs and outputs using simple programming. PLCs make use of programmable memory, storing instructions and functions like logic, sequencing, timing, counting, etc. Using a logic-based language, a PLC can receive a variety of inputs and return a variety of logical outputs, the input devices being sensors and output devices being motors, valves, etc. PLCs are similar to computers, however, while computers are optimized for calculations, PLCs are optimized for control tasks and use in industrial environments. They are built so that only basic logic-based programming knowledge is needed and to handle vibrations, high temperatures, humidity, and noise. The greatest advantage PLCs offer is their flexibility. With the same basic controllers, a PLC can operate a range of different control systems. PLCs make it unnecessary to rewire a system to change the control system. This flexibility leads to a cost-effective system for complex and varied control systems.
1462:, and new industries forming (i.e., robotics industries, computer industries, design industries). These new industries provide many high salary skill-based jobs to the economy. By 2030, between 3 and 14 percent of the global workforce will be forced to switch job categories due to automation eliminating jobs in an entire sector. While the number of jobs lost to automation is often offset by jobs gained from technological advances, the same type of job loss is not the same one replaced and that leading to increasing unemployment in the lower-middle class. This occurs largely in the US and developed countries where technological advances contribute to higher demand for highly skilled labor but demand for middle-wage labor continues to fall. Economists call this trend "income polarization" where unskilled labor wages are driven down and skilled labor is driven up and it is predicted to continue in developed economies.
2949:) a motor is started by pushing a "Start" or "Run" button that activates a pair of electrical relays. The "lock-in" relay locks in contacts that keep the control circuit energized when the push-button is released. (The start button is a normally open contact and the stop button is a normally closed contact.) Another relay energizes a switch that powers the device that throws the motor starter switch (three sets of contacts for three-phase industrial power) in the main power circuit. Large motors use high voltage and experience high in-rush current, making speed important in making and breaking contact. This can be dangerous for personnel and property with manual switches. The "lock-in" contacts in the start circuit and the main power contacts for the motor are held engaged by their respective electromagnets until a "stop" or "off" button is pressed, which de-energizes the lock in relay.
741:, which underwent rapid adaption from 1900 through the 1920s. Central electric power stations were also undergoing rapid growth and the operation of new high-pressure boilers, steam turbines and electrical substations created a large demand for instruments and controls. Central control rooms became common in the 1920s, but as late as the early 1930s, most process controls were on-off. Operators typically monitored charts drawn by recorders that plotted data from instruments. To make corrections, operators manually opened or closed valves or turned switches on or off. Control rooms also used color-coded lights to send signals to workers in the plant to manually make certain changes.
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1470:(UBI) program. UBI would be a guaranteed, non-taxed income of around 1000 dollars per month, paid to all U.S. citizens over the age of 21. UBI would help those who are displaced take on jobs that pay less money and still afford to get by. It would also give those that are employed with jobs that are likely to be replaced by automation and technology extra money to spend on education and training on new demanding employment skills. UBI, however, should be seen as a short-term solution as it doesn't fully address the issue of income inequality which will be exacerbated by job displacement.
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temperature, cleanliness, and power quality. To meet these challenges, the PLC was developed with several key attributes. It would tolerate the shop-floor environment, it would support discrete (bit-form) input and output in an easily extensible manner, it would not require years of training to use, and it would permit its operation to be monitored. Since many industrial processes have timescales easily addressed by millisecond response times, modern (fast, small, reliable) electronics greatly facilitate building reliable controllers, and performance could be traded off for reliability.
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precision, accuracy and speed that far exceed any human performance. The birth of industrial robots came shortly after World War II as the U.S. saw the need for a quicker way to produce industrial and consumer goods. Servos, digital logic and solid-state electronics allowed engineers to build better and faster systems and over time these systems were improved and revised to the point where a single robot is capable of running 24 hours a day with little or no maintenance. In 1997, there were 700,000 industrial robots in use, the number has risen to 1.8M in 2017 In recent years, AI with
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spacing and higher speeds, which could enhance traffic capacity in places where additional road building is physically impossible, politically unacceptable, or prohibitively expensive. Automated controls also might enhance road safety by reducing the opportunity for driver error, which causes a large share of motor vehicle crashes. Other potential benefits include improved air quality (as a result of more-efficient traffic flows), increased fuel economy, and spin-off technologies generated during research and development related to automated highway systems.
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ability to monitor and adjust consumption levels would reduce unnecessary energy usage. However, some research suggests that smart homes might not be as efficient as non-automated homes. A more recent study has indicated that, while monitoring and adjusting consumption levels do decrease unnecessary energy use, this process requires monitoring systems that also consume an amount of energy. The energy required to run these systems sometimes negates their benefits, resulting in little to no ecological benefit.
2404:) designates an emerging practice of increased automation of household appliances and features in residential dwellings, particularly through electronic means that allow for things impracticable, overly expensive or simply not possible in recent past decades. The rise in the usage of home automation solutions has taken a turn reflecting the increased dependency of people on such automation solutions. However, the increased comfort that gets added through these automation solutions is remarkable.
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assembly, aircraft production, glass manufacturing, natural gas separation plants, food and beverage processing, canning and bottling and manufacture of various kinds of parts. Robots are especially useful in hazardous applications like automobile spray painting. Robots are also used to assemble electronic circuit boards. Automotive welding is done with robots and automatic welders are used in applications like pipelines.
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successively faster speeds. In paper making paper, the sheet shrinks as it passes around steam-heated drying arranged in groups, which must run at successively slower speeds. The first application of a sectional electric drive was on a paper machine in 1919. One of the most important developments in the steel industry during the 20th century was continuous wide strip rolling, developed by Armco in 1928.
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abilities to offer, because computers, robots, and other digital technologies are acquiring these skills and abilities at an extraordinary rate." As the example of Sweden suggests, however, the transition to a more automated future need not inspire panic, if there is sufficient political will to promote the retraining of workers whose positions are being rendered obsolete.
1830:, are usually employed to communicate with PLCs and other computers. Service personnel who monitor and control through HMIs can be called by different names. In the industrial process and manufacturing environments, they are called operators or something similar. In boiler houses and central utility departments, they are called
603:. The design of feedback control systems up through the Industrial Revolution was by trial-and-error, together with a great deal of engineering intuition. It was not until the mid-19th century that the stability of feedback control systems was analyzed using mathematics, the formal language of automatic control theory.
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reduced by 0.25–0.5 percentage points. During the time period studied, the US did not have many robots in the economy which restricts the impact of automation. However, automation is expected to triple (conservative estimate) or quadruple (a generous estimate) leading these numbers to become substantially higher.
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2542:) add enhancements and improve manufacturing processes. Being able to create smarter, safer, and more advanced manufacturing is now possible with these new technologies. It opens up a manufacturing platform that is more reliable, consistent, and efficient than before. Implementation of systems such as
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States refer to the various conditions that can occur in a use or sequence scenario of the system. An example is an elevator, which uses logic based on the system state to perform certain actions in response to its state and operator input. For example, if the operator presses the floor n button, the
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is a seamless integration of diverse physical objects in the
Internet through a virtual representation." These new revolutionary advancements have drawn attention to the world of automation in an entirely new light and shown ways for it to grow to increase productivity and efficiency in machinery and
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Automation is essential for many scientific and clinical applications. Therefore, automation has been extensively employed in laboratories. From as early as 1980 fully automated laboratories have already been working. However, automation has not become widespread in laboratories due to its high cost.
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Full automation commonly defined as requiring no control or very limited control by the driver; such automation would be accomplished through a combination of sensor, computer, and communications systems in vehicles and along the roadway. Fully automated driving would, in theory, allow closer vehicle
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system. Automated video surveillance monitors people and vehicles in real-time within a busy environment. Existing automated surveillance systems are based on the environment they are primarily designed to observe, i.e., indoor, outdoor or airborne, the number of sensors that the automated system can
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to improve their diagnosis, decision-making and/or performing. Agricultural automation can relieve the drudgery of agricultural work, improve the timeliness and precision of agricultural operations, raise productivity and resource-use efficiency, build resilience, and improve food quality and safety.
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Unemployment is becoming a problem in the U.S. due to the exponential growth rate of automation and technology. According to Kim, Kim, and Lee (2017:1), " seminal study by Frey and
Osborne in 2013 predicted that 47% of the 702 examined occupations in the U.S. faced a high risk of decreased employment
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study of automation in the U.S. from 1990 to 2007 found that there may be a negative impact on employment and wages when robots are introduced to an industry. When one robot is added per one thousand workers, the employment to population ratio decreases between 0.18 and 0.34 percentages and wages are
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Many operations using automation have large amounts of invested capital and produce high volumes of products, making malfunctions extremely costly and potentially hazardous. Therefore, some personnel is needed to ensure that the entire system functions properly and that safety and product quality are
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Human adaptiveness is often poorly understood by automation initiators. It is often difficult to anticipate every contingency and develop fully preplanned automated responses for every situation. The discoveries inherent in automating processes can require unanticipated iterations to resolve, causing
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is a sub-branch in industrial automation that aids in various manufacturing processes. Such manufacturing processes include machining, welding, painting, assembling and material handling to name a few. Industrial robots use various mechanical, electrical as well as software systems to allow for high
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system, with the share of online retail accounting jumping from 5.1% in 2011 to 8.3% in 2016. However, two-thirds of books, music, and films are now purchased online. In addition, automation and online shopping could reduce demands for shopping malls, and retail property, which in the United States
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The logic performed by telephone switching relays was the inspiration for the digital computer. The first commercially successful glass bottle-blowing machine was an automatic model introduced in 1905. The machine, operated by a two-man crew working 12-hour shifts, could produce 17,280 bottles in 24
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controlling a boiler to a large industrial control system with tens of thousands of input measurements and output control signals. Automation has also found a home in the banking industry. It can range from simple on-off control to multi-variable high-level algorithms in terms of control complexity.
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that replaced many hardware components such as timers and drum sequencers used in relay logic–type systems. General-purpose process control computers have increasingly replaced stand-alone controllers, with a single computer able to perform the operations of hundreds of controllers. Process control
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In closed loop control, the control action from the controller is dependent on the process output. In the case of the boiler analogy this would include a thermostat to monitor the building temperature, and thereby feed back a signal to ensure the controller maintains the building at the temperature
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Erik
Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue that "...there's never been a better time to be a worker with special skills or the right education, because these people can use technology to create and capture value. However, there's never been a worse time to be a worker with only 'ordinary' skills and
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Moreover, some studies seem to indicate that industrial automation could impose ill effects beyond operational concerns, including worker displacement due to systemic loss of employment and compounded environmental damage; however, these findings are both convoluted and controversial in nature, and
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With the advent of the space age in 1957, controls design, particularly in the United States, turned away from the frequency-domain techniques of classical control theory and backed into the differential equation techniques of the late 19th century, which were couched in the time domain. During the
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The development of the electronic amplifier during the 1920s, which was important for long-distance telephony, required a higher signal-to-noise ratio, which was solved by negative feedback noise cancellation. This and other telephony applications contributed to the control theory. In the 1940s and
3028:(ATM) is an example of an interactive process in which a computer will perform a logic-derived response to a user selection based on information retrieved from a networked database. The ATM process has similarities with other online transaction processes. The different logical responses are called
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are added to a control circuit. Suppose that the motor in the example is powering machinery that has a critical need for lubrication. In this case, an interlock could be added to ensure that the oil pump is running before the motor starts. Timers, limit switches, and electric eyes are other common
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Factory productivity was greatly increased by electrification in the 1920s. U.S. manufacturing productivity growth fell from 5.2%/yr 1919–29 to 2.76%/yr 1929–41. Alexander Field notes that spending on non-medical instruments increased significantly from 1929 to 1933 and remained strong thereafter.
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Controllers, which were able to make calculated changes in response to deviations from a set point rather than on-off control, began being introduced in the 1930s. Controllers allowed manufacturing to continue showing productivity gains to offset the declining influence of factory electrification.
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Several improvements to the governor, plus improvements to valve cut-off timing on the steam engine, made the engine suitable for most industrial uses before the end of the 19th century. Advances in the steam engine stayed well ahead of science, both thermodynamics and control theory. The governor
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Automation primarily describes machines replacing human action, but it is also loosely associated with mechanization, machines replacing human labor. Coupled with mechanization, extending human capabilities in terms of size, strength, speed, endurance, visual range & acuity, hearing frequency
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or that are otherwise beyond human capabilities can be done by machines, as machines can operate even under extreme temperatures or in atmospheres that are radioactive or toxic. They can also be maintained with simple quality checks. However, at the time being, not all tasks can be automated, and
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Sectional electric drives were developed using control theory. Sectional electric drives are used on different sections of a machine where a precise differential must be maintained between the sections. In steel rolling, the metal elongates as it passes through pairs of rollers, which must run at
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In open-loop control, the control action from the controller is independent of the "process output" (or "controlled process variable"). A good example of this is a central heating boiler controlled only by a timer, so that heat is applied for a constant time, regardless of the temperature of the
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shall develop an automated highway and vehicle prototype from which future fully automated intelligent vehicle-highway systems can be developed. Such development shall include research in human factors to ensure the success of the man-machine relationship. The goal of this program is to have the
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was introduced in 1892 along with dial telephones. By 1929, 31.9% of the Bell system was automatic. Automatic telephone switching originally used vacuum tube amplifiers and electro-mechanical switches, which consumed a large amount of electricity. Call volume eventually grew so fast that it was
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could reduce energy consumption by monitoring levels of consumption in different areas of the home and adjusting consumption to reduce energy leaks (e.g. automatically reducing consumption during the nighttime when activity is low). This study, along with others, indicated that the smart home's
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Today extensive automation is practiced in practically every type of manufacturing and assembly process. Some of the larger processes include electrical power generation, oil refining, chemicals, steel mills, plastics, cement plants, fertilizer plants, pulp and paper mills, automobile and truck
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Agent-assisted automation refers to automation used by call center agents to handle customer inquiries. The key benefit of agent-assisted automation is compliance and error-proofing. Agents are sometimes not fully trained or they forget or ignore key steps in the process. The use of automation
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Automation technologies are increasingly used for managing livestock, though evidence on adoption is lacking. Global automatic milking system sales have increased over recent years, but adoption is likely mostly in
Northern Europe, and likely almost absent in low- and middle-income countries.
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The technological evolution in agriculture has resulted in progressive shifts to digital equipment and robotics. Motorized mechanization using engine power automates the performance of agricultural operations such as ploughing and milking. With digital automation technologies, it also becomes
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of the McKinsey study has been heavily criticized for being intransparent and relying on subjective assessments. The methodology of Frey and
Osborne has been subjected to criticism, as lacking evidence, historical awareness, or credible methodology. Additionally, the Organisation for Economic
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were building. The governor could not actually hold a set speed; the engine would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes. The governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler. Also, there was a tendency for oscillation
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When digital computers became available, being general-purpose programmable devices, they were soon applied to control sequential and combinatorial logic in industrial processes. However, these early computers required specialist programmers and stringent operating environmental control for
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describes a wide range of technologies that reduce human intervention in processes, mainly by predetermining decision criteria, subprocess relationships, and related actions, as well as embodying those predeterminations in machines. Automation has been achieved by various means including
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set on the thermostat. A closed loop controller therefore has a feedback loop which ensures the controller exerts a control action to give a process output the same as the "reference input" or "set point". For this reason, closed loop controllers are also called feedback controllers.
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has gained much of the growth in recent years for online shopping, accounting for half of the growth in online retail in 2016. Other forms of automation can also be an integral part of online shopping, for example, the deployment of automated warehouse robotics such as that applied by
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handle and the mobility of sensors, i.e., stationary camera vs. mobile camera. The purpose of a surveillance system is to record properties and trajectories of objects in a given area, generate warnings or notify the designated authorities in case of occurrence of particular events.
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and reduce emissions. Despite this, some researchers theorize that an increase in the production of self-driving cars could lead to a boom in vehicle ownership and usage, which could potentially negate any environmental benefits of self-driving cars if they are used more frequently.
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possible to automate diagnosis and decision-making of agricultural operations. For example, autonomous crop robots can harvest and seed crops, while drones can gather information to help automate input application. Precision agriculture often employs such automation technologies
485:, a controller compares a measured value of a process with a desired set value and processes the resulting error signal to change some input to the process, in such a way that the process stays at its set point despite disturbances. This closed-loop control is an application of
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is an example of software that takes place in
Industrial Automation today. SCADA is a supervisory data collection software, just one of the many used in Industrial Automation. Industry 4.0 vastly covers many areas in manufacturing and will continue to do so as time goes on.
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The costs of automation to the environment are different depending on the technology, product or engine automated. There are automated engines that consume more energy resources from the Earth in comparison with previous engines and vice versa. Hazardous operations, such as
1164:, a cognitive psychologist, identified these issues notably in her widely cited paper "Ironies of Automation." If an automated system has an error, it will multiply that error until it is fixed or shut down. This is where human operators come in. A fatal example of this was
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systems reducing the need for employing checkout workers. In the U.S., the retail industry employs 15.9 million people as of 2017 (around 1 in 9 Americans in the workforce). Globally, an estimated 192 million workers could be affected by automation according to research by
2927:. More complicated examples involved maintaining safe sequences for devices such as swing bridge controls, where a lock bolt needed to be disengaged before the bridge could be moved, and the lock bolt could not be released until the safety gates had already been closed.
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engage electrical contacts which either start or interrupt power to a device. Relays were first used in telegraph networks before being developed for controlling other devices, such as when starting and stopping industrial-sized electric motors or opening and closing
3905:"A course of lectures on the Steam Engine, delivered before the Members of the London Mechanics' Institution ... To which is subjoined, a copy of the rare ... work on Steam Navigation, originally published by J. Hulls in 1737. Illustrated by ... engravings"
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Lights out manufacturing grew in popularity in the U.S. when
General Motors in 1982 implemented humans "hands-off" manufacturing to "replace risk-averse bureaucracy with automation and robots". However, the factory never reached full "lights out" status.
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control. An example is a thermostat used on household appliances which either open or close an electrical contact. (Thermostats were originally developed as true feedback-control mechanisms rather than the on-off common household appliance thermostat.)
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building. The control action is the switching on/off of the boiler, but the controlled variable should be the building temperature, but is not because this is open-loop control of the boiler, which does not give closed-loop control of the temperature.
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The theoretical understanding and application date from the 1920s, and they are implemented in nearly all analog control systems; originally in mechanical controllers, and then using discrete electronics and latterly in industrial process computers.
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Perhaps the most cited advantage of automation in industry is that it is associated with faster production and cheaper labor costs. Another benefit could be that it replaces hard, physical, or monotonous work. Additionally, tasks that take place in
579:, a device not unlike the ball and cock in a modern flush toilet. This was the earliest feedback-controlled mechanism. The appearance of the mechanical clock in the 14th century made the water clock and its feedback control system obsolete.
1285:). Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory data, such as scents and sounds, as well as high-level tasks such as strategic planning, currently require human expertise. In many cases, the use of humans is more
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Automation in construction is the combination of methods, processes, and systems that allow for greater machine autonomy in construction activities. Construction automation may have multiple goals, including but not limited to, reducing
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Sequential control may be either to a fixed sequence or to a logical one that will perform different actions depending on various system states. An example of an adjustable but otherwise fixed sequence is a timer on a lawn sprinkler.
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As more and more processes become automated, there are fewer remaining non-automated processes. This is an example of the exhaustion of opportunities. New technological paradigms may, however, set new limits that surpass the previous
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hours, compared to 2,880 bottles made by a crew of six men and boys working in a shop for a day. The cost of making bottles by machine was 10 to 12 cents per gross compared to $ 1.80 per gross by the manual glassblowers and helpers.
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As demands for safety and mobility have grown and technological possibilities have multiplied, interest in automation has grown. Seeking to accelerate the development and introduction of fully automated vehicles and highways, the
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is "a control system possessing monitoring feedback, the deviation signal formed as a result of this feedback being used to control the action of a final control element in such a way as to tend to reduce the deviation to zero."
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PLCs can range from small "building brick" devices with tens of I/O in a housing integral with the processor, to large rack-mounted modular devices with a count of thousands of I/O, and which are often networked to other PLC and
1603:) would not be required for self-driving versions. Removal of these safety features reduces the weight of the vehicle, and coupled with more precise acceleration and braking, as well as fuel-efficient route mapping, can increase
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argued that employees engaged in "tasks following well-defined procedures that can easily be performed by sophisticated algorithms" are at risk of displacement, and 47% of jobs in the US were at risk. The study, released as a
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on the factory floor is pushing these trends still further, enabling manufacturing plants to be integrated more tightly within the enterprise, via the internet if necessary. Global competition has also increased demand for
2923:. Using relays for control purposes allowed event-driven control, where actions could be triggered out of sequence, in response to external events. These were more flexible in their response than the rigid single-sequence
6995:
BORRIE, JOHN. "Cold War
Lessons for Automation in Nuclear Weapon Systems." The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Strategic Stability and Nuclear Risk: Volume I Euro-Atlantic Perspectives, edited by VINCENT BOULANIN,
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plants adopted these technologies fast. The more conservative process industries with their longer plant life cycles have been slower to adopt and analog-based measurement and control still dominate. The growing use of
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TYSON, LAURA D., and
Christine Lagarde. "Trade and Policy Adjustment to Automation Challenges." Meeting Globalization's Challenges: Policies to Make Trade Work for All, edited by LUÍS A. V. CATÃO and MAURICE OBSTFELD,
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and monitoring (VSAM) program, between 1997 and 1999, and airborne video surveillance (AVS) programs, from 1998 to 2002. Currently, there is a major effort underway in the vision community to develop a fully-automated
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ATANASOSKI, NEDA, and KALINDI VORA. "Automation and the
Invisible Service Function: Toward an 'Artificial Artificial Intelligence.'" Surrogate Humanity: Race, Robots, and the Politics of Technological Futures,
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HOLZER, HARRY J. "Automation, Jobs, and Wages: Should Workers Fear the New Automation?" Shifting Paradigms: Growth, Finance, Jobs, and Inequality in the Digital Economy, edited by ZIA QURESHI and CHEONSIK WOO,
2507:, and computers. Industrial automation is to replace the human action and manual command-response activities with the use of mechanized equipment and logical programming commands. One trend is increased use of
1897:(HSS) is a commonly used testing tool that is used to test the equipment software. HSS is used to test equipment performance concerning factory automation standards (timeouts, response time, processing time).
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in 2013 and published in 2017, predicted that automation would put low-paid physical occupations most at risk, by surveying a group of colleagues on their opinions. However, according to a study published in
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some tasks are more expensive to automate than others. Initial costs of installing the machinery in factory settings are high, and failure to maintain a system could result in the loss of the product itself.
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is an early example of a feedback control system. An increase in speed would make the counterweights move outward, sliding a linkage that tended to close the valve supplying steam, and so slowing the engine.
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rate within the next 10–25 years as a result of computerization." As many jobs are becoming obsolete, which is causing job displacement, one possible solution would be for the government to assist with a
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and Michael Osborne. Furthermore, wages and educational attainment appear to be strongly negatively correlated with an occupation's risk of being automated. Even highly skilled professional jobs like a
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computers can process data from a network of PLCs, instruments, and controllers to implement typical (such as PID) control of many individual variables or, in some cases, to implement complex control
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It was from the automotive industry in the United States that the PLC was born. Before the PLC, control, sequencing, and safety interlock logic for manufacturing automobiles was mainly composed of
4019:(timers, amplifiers, etc.) units. There would seem to be a good case here for the various manufacturers to standardise practical details such as mounting, connections and power supplies so that a
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1458:, the demand for unskilled human capital declines at a slower rate than the demand for skilled human capital increases. In the long run and for society as a whole it has led to cheaper products,
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of automation says that the more efficient the automated system, the more crucial the human contribution of the operators. Humans are less involved, but their involvement becomes more critical.
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using multiple inputs and mathematical manipulations. They can also analyze data and create real-time graphical displays for operators and run reports for operators, engineers, and management.
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The automation of vehicles could prove to have a substantial impact on the environment, although the nature of this impact could be beneficial or harmful depending on several factors. Because
1403:, automation has robust negative effects on employment and wages: "One more robot per thousand workers reduces the employment-to-population ratio by 0.2 percentage points and wages by 0.42%."
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Before automation, many chemicals were made in batches. In 1930, with the widespread use of instruments and the emerging use of controllers, the founder of Dow Chemical Co. was advocating
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Wolf-Meyer, Matthew J. "The Revolutionary Horizons of Labor and Automation: Blue Collar and Player Piano." Theory for the World to Come: Speculative Fiction and Apocalyptic Anthropology,
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is a system which tends to maintain a prescribed relationship of one system variable to another by comparing functions of these variables and using the difference as a means of control."
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pointed out that every 3 months "about 6 percent of jobs in the economy are destroyed by shrinking or closing businesses, while a slightly larger percentage of jobs are added." A recent
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Motorized mechanization has generally increased in recent years. Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region where the adoption of motorized mechanization has stalled over the past decades.
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first fully automated highway roadway or an automated test track in operation by 1997. This system shall accommodate the installation of equipment in new and existing motor vehicles.
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2386:(RPA; or RPAAI for self-guided RPA 2.0) is an emerging field within BPA and uses AI. BPAs can be implemented in a number of business areas including marketing, sales and workflow.
2382:, improve service delivery or contain costs. BPA consists of integrating applications, restructuring labor resources and using software applications throughout the organization.
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as the digital rationalization of human labor instead of its substitution has emerged as an alternative technological strategy. Overcoming these obstacles is a theorized path to
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is also used in creating an automatic labeling solution, using robotic arms as the automatic label applicator, and AI for learning and detecting the products to be labelled.
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2529:", which is better known now as Industry 4.0. Originating from Germany, Industry 4.0 encompasses numerous devices, concepts, and machines, as well as the advancement of the
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to provide automatic inspection and robot guidance functions, another is a continuing increase in the use of robots. Industrial automation is simply required in industries.
2193:" to make the ordering process more efficient by customers ordering and paying on their device. Some restaurants have automated food delivery to tables of customers using a
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whenever there was a speed change. As a consequence, engines equipped with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed, such as cotton spinning.
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FREY, CARL BENEDIKT. "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE." The Technology Trap: Capital, Labor, and Power in the Age of Automation, Princeton University Press, 2019, pp. 301–41,
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1704:. Manufacturers are increasingly demanding the ability to easily switch from manufacturing Product A to manufacturing Product B without having to completely rebuild the
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Acemoglu, Daron, and Pascual Restrepo. "Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor." The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 33, no. 2,
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revolution which provided a networked (i.e. a single cable) means of communicating between control systems and field-level instrumentation, eliminating hard-wiring.
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2621:, and dedicated closed-loop controllers. Since these could number in the hundreds or even thousands, the process for updating such facilities for the yearly model
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Shiller, Robert J. "Automation and Artificial Intelligence Replace Almost All Jobs." Narrative Economics: How Stories Go Viral and Drive Major Economic Events,
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Diakopoulos, Nicholas. "HYBRIDIZATION: COMBINING ALGORITHMS, AUTOMATION, AND PEOPLE IN NEWSWORK." Automating the News: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Media,
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3040:, which guide the writing of the software code. The earliest feedback control mechanism was the water clock invented by Greek engineer Ctesibius (285–222 BC).
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Increased automation often causes workers to feel anxious about losing their jobs as technology renders their skills or experience unnecessary. Early in the
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ensures that what is supposed to happen on the call actually does, every time. There are two basic types: desktop automation and automated voice solutions.
1385:
Prospects are particularly bleak for occupations that do not presently require a university degree, such as truck driving. Even in high-tech corridors like
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Automation of homes and home appliances is also thought to impact the environment. A study of energy consumption of automated homes in Finland showed that
5489:
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of 2019 shows evidence that the new industries and jobs in the technology sector outweigh the economic effects of workers being displaced by automation.
322:
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Automated feeding machines for both cows and poultry also exist, but data and evidence regarding their adoption trends and drivers is likewise scarce.
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system will respond depending on whether the elevator is stopped or moving, going up or down, or if the door is open or closed, and other conditions.
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in 2015 the impact of computerization in most cases is not the replacement of employees but the automation of portions of the tasks they perform. The
1250:
As a process becomes increasingly automated, there is less and less labor to be saved or quality improvement to be gained. This is an example of both
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Very few occupations will be automated in their entirety in the near or medium term. Rather, certain activities are more likely to be automated....
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It was a preoccupation of the Greeks and Arabs (in the period between about 300 BC and about 1200 AD) to keep accurate track of time. In
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operations is performed, often based on system logic that involves system states. An elevator control system is an example of sequence control.
426:, and ships typically use combinations of all of these techniques. The benefit of automation includes labor savings, reducing waste, savings in
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Computers can perform both sequential control and feedback control, and typically a single computer will do both in an industrial application.
881:
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McAfee, Andrew, and Erik Brynjolfsson. "Human Work in the Robotic Future: Policy for the Age of Automation." Foreign Affairs, vol. 95, no. 4,
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Automated waste collection trucks prevent the need for as many workers as well as easing the level of labor required to provide the service.
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People anticipating employment income may be seriously disrupted by others deploying automation where no similar income is readily available.
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is currently estimated to account for 31% of all commercial property or around 7 billion square feet (650 million square metres).
1140:
Scaled-up capacities can mean scaled-up problems when systems fail — releasing dangerous toxins, forces, energies, etc., at scaled-up rates.
6282:
Jung, Markus; Reinisch, Christian; Kastner, Wolfgang (2012). "Integrating Building Automation Systems and IPv6 in the Internet of Things".
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1763:(or CAx) now serve as the basis for mathematical and organizational tools used to create complex systems. Notable examples of CAx include
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4333:"The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Designates the Owens "AR" Bottle Machine as an International Historic Engineering Landmark"
1940:, cognitive automation enables the replication of human tasks and judgment "at rapid speeds and considerable scale." Such tasks include:
4040:
1389:, concern is spreading about a future in which a sizable percentage of adults have little chance of sustaining gainful employment. "In
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has introduced touch screen ordering and payment systems in many of its restaurants, reducing the need for as many cashier employees.
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Faster production without human intervention can mean faster unchecked production of defects where automated processes are defective.
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Economics of adoption for digital automated technologies in agriculture. Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2022
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An electromechanical timer, normally used for open-loop control based purely on a timing sequence, with no feedback from the process
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In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 – Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems
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Self-acting machine tools that displaced hand dexterity so they could be operated by boys and unskilled laborers were developed by
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are much less likely to get into accidents compared to human-driven vehicles, some precautions built into current models (such as
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devices. Another control mechanism was used to tent the sails of windmills. It was patented by Edmund Lee in 1745. Also in 1745,
5322:
Werner Dankwort, C; Weidlich, Roland; Guenther, Birgit; Blaurock, Joerg E (2004). "Engineers' CAx education—it's not only CAD".
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McGaughey, Ewan (10 January 2018). "Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy".
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technology-driven automation will affect almost every occupation and can change work, according to new research from McKinsey
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2602:, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed-up or
6858:
Danaher, John. "The Case for Technological Unemployment." Automation and Utopia: Human Flourishing in a World without Work,
6000:
Automated Garbage Trucks Hitting Cedar Rapids Streets | KCRG-TV9 | Cedar Rapids, Iowa News, Sports, and Weather | Local News
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1771:(CAM software). The improved design, analysis, and manufacture of products enabled by CAx has been beneficial for industry.
1719:
was replaced by digital equivalents which can be more accurate and flexible, and offer greater scope for more sophisticated
1361:
In the U.S., 47% of all current jobs have the potential to be fully automated by 2033, according to the research of experts
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4153:
1793:(PLC). PLCs are specialized hardened computers which are frequently used to synchronize the flow of inputs from (physical)
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indicated that 72% of Americans are worried about increasing automation in the workplace, 80% of Swedes see automation and
369:
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In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022. Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems
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From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States
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Required work in development, deployment, maintenance, and operation of automated processes — often structured as "jobs"
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337:
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4259:
1279:, and language production ability are well beyond the capabilities of modern mechanical and computer systems (but see
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6499:
5263:"Environmental Impacts and Benefits of Smart Home Automation: Life Cycle Assessment of Home Energy Management System"
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2186:
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595:(850 AD), described a number of automatic controls. Two-step level controls for fluids, a form of discontinuous
17:
6510:"Feedback and control systems" - JJ Di Steffano, AR Stubberud, IJ Williams. Schaums outline series, McGraw-Hill 1967
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Minimum human intervention is required to control many large facilities, such as this electrical generating station.
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manufacturing facilities. Industry 4.0 works with the IIoT and software/hardware to connect in a way that (through
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The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present
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The total number of relays and cam timers can number into the hundreds or even thousands in some factories. Early
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has introduced fully automated cafe retail locations. Some Cafes and restaurants have utilized mobile and tablet "
6677:
E. McGaughey, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy' (2018)
4667:
Gamez-Djokic, Monica; Waytz, Adam (2020). "Concerns About Automation and Negative Sentiment Toward Immigration".
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The relative anxiety about automation reflected in opinion polls seems to correlate closely with the strength of
6934:
Restrepo, Pascual (2024). "Automation: Theory, Evidence, and Outlook". Annual Review of Economics. 16 (1): 1–25.
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Removing humans from dangerous environments (e.g. fire, space, volcanoes, nuclear facilities, underwater, etc.)
535:
4579:"COVID-19, economic crises and digitalisation: How algorithmic management became an alternative to automation"
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4183:(revised 2nd ed.). B.H. Newnes / Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. / Reed International Books. pp. 45–46.
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were later designed to replace these collections of hardware with a single, more easily re-programmed unit.
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over automated devices. The result has been a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities.
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6954:
5568:
The State of Food and Agriculture 2022.Leveraging agricultural automation for transforming agrifood systems
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4443:
Arnzt, Melanie (14 May 2016). "The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS".
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327:
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Transactions of the Society Instituted at London for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce
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The Weaver's Knot: The Contradictions of Class Struggle and Family Solidarity in Western France, 1750–1914
2079:
Increased productivity can free up labour, allowing agricultural households to spend more time elsewhere.
729:
published a paper that established the beginning of a theoretical basis for understanding control theory.
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Bartelt, Terry. Industrial Automated Systems: Instrumentation and Motion Control. Cengage Learning, 2010.
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972:(NC) using punched paper tape in the 1950s. This soon evolved into computerized numerical control (CNC).
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4254:(PhD thesis). Department of Communication and Systems Faculty of Mathematics, Computing and Technology:
2938:, where diagrams of the interconnected relays resembled the rungs of a ladder. Special computers called
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Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation. Human-level
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developed the theory of discontinuous automatic controls, which found military applications during the
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2012 Sixth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing
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Kamarul Bahrin, Mohd Aiman; Othman, Mohd Fauzi; Nor Azli, Nor Hayati; Talib, Muhamad Farihin (2016).
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3478:"The lesson of Trump and Brexit: a society too complex for its people risks everything | John Harris"
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This may change with the ability of integrating low-cost devices with standard laboratory equipment.
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is currently in the transition towards automation. Currently, it can still require a large amount of
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established an automation department. It was during this time that the industry was rapidly adopting
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could be considered a form of automated retail as the payment and checkout are through an automated
1909:. Its primary concern is the automation of clerical tasks and workflows that consist of structuring
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where labor costs are low so there is less incentive for increasing efficiency through automation.
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1168:, where a failure of automation put the pilots into a manual situation they were not prepared for.
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909:. Conversion of factories to digital control began to spread rapidly in the 1970s as the price of
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3354:
Lamb, Frank. Industrial Automation: Hands On (English Edition). NC, McGraw-Hill Education, 2013.
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1966:
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1785:, can assist in the design, implementation, and monitoring of control systems. One example of an
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Lights-out manufacturing is a production system with no human workers, to eliminate labor costs.
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than mechanical approaches even where the automation of industrial tasks is possible. Therefore,
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invented the first fully automated spinning mill driven by water power, known at the time as the
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Industrial automation incorporates programmable logic controllers in the manufacturing process.
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Agriculture 4.0 – Agricultural robotics and automated equipment for sustainable crop production
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techniques and languages were needed to make such systems manageable, one of the first being
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5490:"Slash CAD model build times with new AI-driven part creation methodology | GlobalSpec"
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1354:(AI) as a good thing, due to the country's still-powerful unions and a more robust national
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5704:"Global milking robots market size by type, by herd size, by geographic scope and forecast"
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The second machine age: work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies
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The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era
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8:
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Digital Journalism, Drones, and Automation: The Language and Abstractions behind the News
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3505:"Will robots and AI take your job? The economic and political consequences of automation"
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Executive Office of the President, Artificial Intelligence, Automation and the Economy (
6195:
Pearce, Joshua M. (1 January 2014). "Introduction to Open-Source Hardware for Science".
5663:
5648:"Agricultural mechanization in Africa: Myths, realities and an emerging research agenda"
5262:
3624:
3582:
Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering
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costs, savings in material costs, and improvements to quality, accuracy, and precision.
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Cognitive automation, as a subset of AI, is an emerging genus of automation enabled by
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were making some job categories expendable, workers forcefully resisted these changes.
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for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt's partner Boulton saw one at a flour mill
654:
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508:
411:
223:
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6709:(2nd ed.), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: International Society of Automation,
6654:. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd. On behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers.
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needed to individually rewire the relays to change their operational characteristics.
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Agrawal, Ajay; Gans, Joshua S.; Goldfarb, Avi (2023). "Do we want less automation?".
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developed the theory of discontinuous automatic control, which became widely used in
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777:
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681:
650:
531:
486:
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454:
395:
297:
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4366:. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 475.
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3337:
Lyshevski, S.E. Electromechanical Systems and Devices 1st Edition. CRC Press, 2008.
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1111:& precision, electromagnetic sensing & effecting, etc., advantages include:
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A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements That Transformed Our Lives
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A centrifugal governor was used by Mr. Bunce of England in 1784 as part of a model
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6605:"Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation"
6048:
5020:"Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation"
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Business process automation (BPA) is the technology-enabled automation of complex
2181:
The food retail industry has started to apply automation to the ordering process;
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Automation and Technological Change: Report of the Twenty-first American Assembly
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blamed on automation have been cited as one of many factors in the resurgence of
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5244:"Self-Driving Cars Could Help Save the Environment—Or Ruin It. It Depends on Us"
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1339:, in protest over the cars' perceived threat to human safety and job prospects.
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feared the telephone system would consume all electricity production, prompting
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Wheelie: Toshiba's new robot is cute, autonomous and maybe even useful (video)
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The Programmable Logic Controller: its prehistory, emergence and application
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1005:. Through Flugge-Lotz and others, the modern era saw time-domain design for
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Louis, Jean-Nicolas; Calo, Antonio; Leiviskä, Kauko; Pongrácz, Eva (2015).
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can be used for designing a door system that can only be opened and closed.
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641:, or self-driven machines advanced grain mills, furnaces, boilers, and the
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4821:"Silicon Valley luminaries are busily preparing for when robots take over"
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politics in the US, UK and France, among other countries since the 2010s.
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2002:
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modules for hard-wired programmed logic controllers (the predecessors of
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was begun in the 18th century and advanced rapidly in the 20th. The term
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4933:"The Future of Employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?"
4872:
4785:"Technology Will Replace Many Doctors, Lawyers, and Other Professionals"
4767:"THE FUTURE OF EMPLOYMENT: HOW SUSCEPTIBLE ARE JOBS TO COMPUTERISATION?"
4130:
Klingelnberg, W. Ferdinand (2013) . Pohl, Fritz; Reindl, Rudolf (eds.).
2499:
processes. General-purpose controllers for industrial processes include
2251:
1708:. Flexibility and distributed processes have led to the introduction of
6621:
5788:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2022.
5570:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2022.
5525:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2022.
5321:
5039:
4594:
4072:
4036:
4008:
3280:
Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and Systems
2869:
2622:
2190:
2049:
1969:
1612:
1435:) found that across the 21 OECD countries, 9% of jobs are automatable.
1379:
1079:
1010:
931:
827:
772:
The First and Second World Wars saw major advancements in the field of
713:
646:
633:
promoted automation through the need to control engine speed and power.
519:
474:
407:
265:
6729:
5441:"Cognitive automation: Streamlining knowledge processes | Deloitte US"
5155:
Innovation and Inequality: How Does Technical Progress Affect Workers?
4563:
Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and Their Impact on the Workplace
3979:"INTERKAMA 1960 – Dusseldorf Exhibition of Automation and Instruments"
3520:"'People are lost': Voters in France's 'Trumplands' look to far right"
2001:(CAD) can use text-to-3D, image-to-3D, and video-to-3D to automate in
894:, Krone Mibakron, Bistat, Datapac, Norlog, SSR, or Procontic systems.
692:
in 1785, making it the first completely automated industrial process.
7640:
7534:
7233:
6538:
6520:
5848:"McDonald's automation a sign of declining service sector employment"
5794:
5576:
5531:
5379:
5181:
Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: Workforce Transitions in a Time of Automation
4544:"Children of the Magenta (Automation Paradox, pt. 1) – 99% Invisible"
4106:
Estacord – Das universelle Bausteinsystem für kontaktlose Steuerungen
3655:
3647:
3533:
Guarnieri, M. (2010). "The Roots of Automation Before Mechatronics".
3230:
3037:
3018:
2924:
2614:
2594:
They can be designed for multiple arrangements of digital and analog
2454:
2450:
2041:
2017:
2013:
1944:
1697:
1362:
927:
615:
572:
503:
442:
438:
403:
399:
49:
6576:
6555:
The elevator example is commonly used in programming texts, such as
5730:"Robotic milking: Technology, farm design, and effects on work flow"
2802:
A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller) is a
1635:
1547:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1181:
7680:
7630:
7105:
6772:
4891:
3051:
3033:
2981:
2865:
2568:
2520:
2224:
injuries, decreasing activity completion times, and assisting with
1937:
1887:
1728:
1375:
1320:
858:
543:
466:
458:
423:
415:
192:
7066:
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3065:
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created a new requirement for automatic control systems including
599:, were developed by the Banu Musa brothers. They also described a
7610:
7191:
6248:
4930:
4044:
4032:
4024:
4020:
2221:
2021:
1157:
877:
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845:
841:
838:
473:
with reduced human intervention. Examples range from a household
470:
419:
77:
6095:
Boyd, James (18 January 2002). "Robotic Laboratory Automation".
5607:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
4163:
3882:
2736:
The definition of a closed loop control system according to the
7665:
7216:
7211:
6148:"Integration of Analytical Instruments with Computer Scripting"
4729:"Wielding Rocks and Knives, Arizonans Attack Self-Driving Cars"
4290:
Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research
4206:"4.1. Grundschaltungen mit Bipolar- und Feldeffekttransistoren"
3952:
A Great Leap Forward: 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth
2945:
In a typical hard-wired motor start and stop circuit (called a
2892:
Sequential control and logical sequence or system state control
2374:. It can help to streamline a business for simplicity, achieve
2247:
2198:
1794:
1367:
1243:
Current technology is unable to automate all the desired tasks.
898:
638:
614:
in the seventeenth century, and used to adjust the gap between
446:
216:
6720:
5823:"The decline of established American retailing threatens jobs"
5504:"The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the CAD Industry"
4953:
Chui, Michael; James Manyika; Mehdi Miremadi (November 2015).
4489:
Bainbridge, Lisanne (November 1983). "Ironies of automation".
3996:
Another point noticed was the widespread use of small-package
2246:
Automated mining involves the removal of human labor from the
1696:
Another major shift in automation is the increased demand for
418:, usually in combination. Complicated systems, such as modern
7635:
7183:
6251:"Industry 4.0: A Review on Industrial Automation and Robotic"
3183:
Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work
2997:
2989:
2610:
2588:
2555:
2543:
2487:
Industrial automation deals primarily with the automation of
2271:
1797:
and events with the flow of outputs to actuators and events.
1040:
196:
6197:
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Open-Source Hardware for Science
5977:
National Automated Highway System Research Program: A Review
5906:"The impact and opportunities of automation in construction"
4136:(in German) (softcover reprint of 15th hardcover ed.).
1346:
in that region or nation. For example, while a study by the
7670:
7074:
5622:"FAOSTAT: Discontinued archives and data series: Machinery"
5600:
5298:"Essential Guide to Modern Factory Automation | Smartsheet"
4212:. Springer-Lehrbuch (in German) (reprint of 2nd ed.).
3000:, raising heavy press-rolls, applying pressure to presses.
2525:
The rise of industrial automation is directly tied to the "
2418:
2274:) started the research and development of automated visual
2171:
1432:
450:
4842:. Andrew McAfee (First ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.
3599:
621:
30:
For a hierarchical presentation of automation topics, see
5869:
Automation Comes To The Coffeehouse With Robotic Baristas
5260:
5177:
5081:
Arntzi, Melanie; Terry Gregoryi; Ulrich Zierahni (2016).
3459:"Robots for Trump: Did automation swing the US election?"
2820:
In a PID loop, the controller continuously calculates an
2782:
2514:
2453:
operations. Typically this refers to operations within a
867:
5895:. TechCrunch (12 March 2010). Retrieved on 12 July 2013.
4306:
3834:
3032:. Such processes are typically designed with the aid of
5881:
New Pizza Express app lets diners pay bill using iPhone
4783:
Susskind, Richard; Susskind, Daniel (11 October 2016).
3436:"How Robots Caused Brexit and the Rise of Donald Trump"
1913:. Cognitive automation relies on multiple disciplines:
1119:(e.g., fewer strained backs from lifting heavy objects)
818:) emerged to replace electro-mechanical relay logic in
6463:"AI Automatic Label Applicator & Labelling System"
6072:
Practical Laboratory Automation: Made Easy with AutoIt
4931:
Carl Benedikt Frey; Michael Osborne (September 2013).
3973:
3971:
3670:, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East",
2307:
authorized more than $ 650 million over six years for
725:
received relatively little scientific attention until
27:
Use of various control systems for operating equipment
3403:
3401:
2829:
2794:) is the desired process value or "set point", and y(
1619:
1331:
by destroying them. More recently, some residents of
433:
Automation includes the use of various equipment and
6688:, Ann Arbor, MI, USA: Ann Arbor Science Publishers,
6325:"Los sistemas SCADA en la automatización industrial"
5952:. City of Publication: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
5472:"10 Best Artificial Intelligence (AI) 3D Generators"
5196:"Lights out manufacturing and its impact on society"
5087:
OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers
4029:
Ateliers des Constructions Electronique de Charleroi
3047:
2764:
Sequence control, in which a programmed sequence of
2705:
Fundamentally, there are two types of control loop:
2449:
or automated machinery to improve the efficiency of
1715:
Digital electronics helped too. Former analog-based
1491:
The expansion of lights out manufacturing requires:
6281:
6045:"Smart & Intelligent Home Automation Solutions"
6020:"Business Process Automation – Gartner IT Glossary"
5114:
Artificial Intelligence, Automation and the Economy
5083:"The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries"
4403:
Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution
3968:
3292:
1981:
1300:
780:. Other key advances in automatic controls include
6504:
6435:
5883:. Bighospitality.co.uk. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.
4400:
3803:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3733:. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd. pp. 47, 266.
3398:
3373:
2844:
2431:are common devices used in laboratory automation.
5646:Daum, Thomas; Birner, Regina (1 September 2020).
5188:
5128:"Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets"
4983:"Automation Will Change Jobs More Than Kill Them"
4873:"Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets"
4666:
4123:
2574:
1100:Relieving humans of monotonously repetitive work
7788:
6998:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
5963:Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
5423:"What is Cognitive Automation – An Introduction"
4870:
4782:
4765:Frey, C. B.; Osborne, M.A. (17 September 2013).
4204:Weißel, Ralph; Schubert, Franz (7 March 2013) .
4108:(Catalog) (in German). Herxheim/Pfalz, Germany:
4060:
3903:Partington, Charles Frederick (1 January 1826).
2884:) which give their name to the controller type.
2790:of a PID controller in a feedback loop, where r(
2598:(I/O), extended temperature ranges, immunity to
2314:Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
2108:and even smaller stores are rapidly introducing
2074:Many agricultural operations are automated with
1115:Relieving humans of dangerous work stresses and
669:invented the first automated loom. Around 1800,
4180:Logic Designer's Handbook: Circuits and Systems
4098:
3918:"A Catalogue of the Models, Machine, &c.".
3841:. New York, NY: Philosophical Library. p.
3747:
2270:The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (
2028:are used as tools to help streamline workflow.
1588:, were always early contenders for automation.
41:"Automate" redirects here. For other uses, see
6229:"What is machine vision, and how can it help?"
5350:"Automation - Definitions from Dictionary.com"
4398:
4203:
3835:Jacobson, Howard B.; Joseph S. Roueek (1959).
7090:
5871:. Singularity Hub. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.
5342:
5003:Arntz er al (Summer 2017). "Future of work".
4463:"Process automation, retrieved on 20.02.2010"
3945:
3943:
3685:"Charting the Globe and Tracking the Heavens"
2311:(ITS) and demonstration projects in the 1991
2031:
1727:, and operation. This was accompanied by the
1088:Reduced direct human labor costs and expenses
363:
7015:Automation Anxiety: Why and How to Save Work
6763: This article incorporates text from a
6355:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
5982:Transportation Research Board Special Report
5125:
4837:
4197:
4129:
4027:," say, is directly interchangeable with an
3954:. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.
3602:"Soft variable-structure controls: a survey"
3600:J. Adamy & A. Flemming (November 2004),
3502:
2910:Early development of sequential control was
2751:
2691:
2636:
7011:
6706:A Guide to the Automation Body of Knowledge
6673:, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall.
6322:
6244:
6242:
5376:"Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators"
5178:McKinsey Global Institute (December 2017).
5002:
4955:"Four fundamentals of workplace automation"
4871:Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual (2020).
4764:
4748:"The Robots are Coming, and Sweden is Fine"
4307:Constable, George; Somerville, Bob (1964).
4280:
4238:
3517:
2445:Logistics automation is the application of
2317:(ISTEA). Congress legislated in ISTEA that:
1837:Different types of automation tools exist:
1664:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1473:
1210:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
916:
807:Starting in 1958, various systems based on
688:. An automatic flour mill was developed by
7097:
7083:
6731:Levels of Automation in Production Systems
6652:A History of Control Engineering 1930-1955
6569:"MOTOR STARTERS START STOPS HAND OFF AUTO"
6545:. Clinton, MA US: The Colonial Press, Inc.
6527:. Clinton, MA US: The Colonial Press, Inc.
5645:
5152:
4980:
4526:"Paradox of Automation – The Personal MBA"
4488:
3940:
3902:
3731:A History of Control Engineering 1800–1930
3365:
2625:was very time-consuming and expensive, as
2177:being used at a bakery for food production
2063:
1106:Increased human freedom to do other things
1041:Advantages, disadvantages, and limitations
712:. The centrifugal governor was adopted by
370:
356:
76:
6829:Learn how and when to remove this message
6702:
6683:
6620:
6340:
6266:
6163:
5793:
5745:
5727:
5671:
5575:
5530:
5469:
5281:
5094:
5061:
5038:
4899:
4610:
4170:
3855:
3771:
3705:Adaptive Control Processes: A Guided Tour
3554:
3532:
3433:
1684:Learn how and when to remove this message
1563:Learn how and when to remove this message
1508:
1335:, have slashed tires and pelted rocks at
1230:Learn how and when to remove this message
507:), was not widely used before 1947, when
7044:
6239:
6145:
6069:
5214:"Checklist for Lights-Out Manufacturing"
5184:. Mckinsey & Company. pp. 1–20.
4974:
3456:
2951:
2781:
2756:One of the simplest types of control is
2719:
2699:Control loop § Open-loop and closed-loop
2554:
2472:
2417:
2338:
2166:
2128:in Japan, an example of automated retail
2119:
1867:Supervisory control and data acquisition
1799:
1151:
944:
737:Relay logic was introduced with factory
694:
625:
558:
381:
6649:
6484:
6402:
4946:
4745:
4633:
4576:
4386:
4349:
3934:
3760:
3728:
3702:Bellman, Richard E. (8 December 2015).
3701:
3407:
3277:
2872:terms, respectively (sometimes denoted
2670:This section may need to be cleaned up.
2434:
1900:
905:became the first chemical plant to use
622:Industrial Revolution in Western Europe
489:to a system. The mathematical basis of
14:
7789:
6668:
6475:
6194:
6146:Carvalho, Matheus C. (1 August 2013).
6009:. Kcrg.com. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.
5601:Santos Valle, S.; Kienzle, J. (2020).
4924:
4746:Goodman, Peter S. (27 December 2017).
4726:
4361:
4286:
4275:
4245:Walker, Mark John (8 September 2012).
4244:
3571:
3475:
3371:
3093:Automated storage and retrieval system
2550:
2515:Industrial Automation and Industry 4.0
1266:
1082:(consistency), of processes or product
985:1940s and 1950s, German mathematician
563:Ctesibius's clepsydra (3rd century BC)
515:, which were introduced in the 1930s.
7504:Simultaneous localization and mapping
7078:
6734:, Chalmers University of Technology,
6727:
6602:
6369:
5817:
5815:
5616:
5614:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5470:Abdullahi, Aminu (17 November 2023).
5017:
4442:
3949:
3012:(PLCs) are a type of special-purpose
2265:
979:
481:In the simplest type of an automatic
6785:
6767:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (
6537:
6519:
6094:
5126:Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual.
4660:
4427:
4176:
3810:. Cornell University Press. p.
3661:
3641:
3380:. Putnam Publishing Group. pp.
2852:as the difference between a desired
2655:
1745:Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
1662:adding citations to reliable sources
1629:
1512:
1208:adding citations to reliable sources
1175:
1066:Increased throughput or productivity
6199:. Boston: Elsevier. pp. 1–11.
5950:Automated multi-camera surveillance
5854:. 19 September 2013. Archived from
5153:Saint-Paul, Gilles (21 July 2008).
4583:New Technology, Work and Employment
4523:
3801:
3434:Dashevsky, Evan (8 November 2017).
3214:Productivity improving technologies
3003:
2972:Solenoid valves are widely used on
2461:, with broader tasks undertaken by
2359:
2334:
1974:Manual activities and verifications
1750:
1055:could potentially be circumvented.
24:
6781:
6703:Trevathan, Vernon L., ed. (2006),
6205:10.1016/b978-0-12-410462-4.00001-9
5998:Hepker, Aaron. (27 November 2012)
5812:
5611:
5594:
5549:
5510:
5356:from the original on 29 April 2008
5220:. 4 September 2017. Archived from
4727:Romero, Simon (31 December 2018).
4265:from the original on 20 June 2018.
4080:from the original on 18 June 2018.
3781:. London: BBC Books. p. 265.
2860:and applies a correction based on
2287:
1977:Follow-up and email communications
1952:and document synthesis / reporting
1712:with Natural Features Navigation.
1620:Convertibility and turnaround time
1327:who protested the introduction of
575:described a float regulator for a
338:IEEE Robotics and Automation Award
25:
7808:
6374:Handbook of Industrial Automation
5948:Javed, O, & Shah, M. (2008).
5110:Executive Office of the President
4636:Automation and the future of work
3476:Harris, John (29 December 2016).
2771:
2201:is sometimes employed to replace
2187:The University of Texas at Austin
2156:
1397:According to a 2020 study in the
949:Automated pharmacology production
7768:
7757:
7756:
7173:
6790:
6758:
6609:Journal of Economic Perspectives
6561:
6549:
6531:
6513:
6469:
6455:
6429:
6411:. Taylor & Francis. p.
6407:Robotics and Automation Handbook
6396:
6378:. Taylor & Francis. p.
6363:
6316:
6275:
6221:
6188:
6152:Journal of Laboratory Automation
6139:
6088:
6063:
6037:
6012:
5992:
5969:
5955:
5942:
5923:
5898:
5886:
5874:
5862:
5027:Journal of Economic Perspectives
3621:10.1016/j.automatica.2004.05.017
3149:Fully Automated Luxury Communism
3064:
3050:
2697:This section is an excerpt from
2660:
2060:—can automate power production.
1982:Recent and emerging applications
1634:
1517:
1301:Societal impact and unemployment
1180:
826:and automation, including early
554:
7769:
6543:The Origins of Feedback Control
6525:The Origins of Feedback Control
6465:. Milliontech. 18 January 2018.
5975:Menzies, Thomas R., ed. 1998. "
5840:
5778:
5721:
5696:
5639:
5496:
5482:
5463:
5433:
5415:
5394:
5368:
5315:
5290:
5254:
5236:
5206:
5171:
5146:
5119:
5103:
5074:
5055:
5011:
4996:
4864:
4831:
4813:
4803:"Death of the American Trucker"
4795:
4776:
4758:
4739:
4720:
4695:
4627:
4570:
4554:
4536:
4517:
4482:
4473:
4455:
4436:
4430:Industrial Automation: Hands on
4421:
4407:. University of Toronto Press.
4392:
4380:
4355:
4343:
4325:
4300:
4269:
3928:
3911:
3896:
3849:
3828:
3795:
3765:
3722:
3695:
3677:
3652:The Origins of Feedback Control
3593:
3526:
3518:Clare Byrne (7 December 2016).
3511:
3496:
3469:
3457:Torrance, Jack (25 July 2017).
3423:(Report). The World Bank. 2019.
2798:) is the measured process value
2422:Automated laboratory instrument
2352:Automated side loader operation
2208:
1498:Long-term mechanic capabilities
1144:unanticipated costs and delays.
1085:Increased consistency of output
732:
497:, inspired by the earlier word
6686:Automation Impacts on Industry
6494:, Industrial Press Inc., 1999
6478:Programmable Logic Controllers
5157:. Princeton University Press.
4981:Steve Lohr (6 November 2015).
4577:Schaupp, Simon (23 May 2022).
3994:(12): 588–589. December 1960.
3865:Johns Hopkins University Press
3708:. Princeton University Press.
3503:Darrell West (18 April 2018).
3450:
3427:
3413:
3348:
3331:
3286:
3271:
3138:Dirty, dangerous and demeaning
3010:Programmable logic controllers
2992:are used to supply continuous
2969:elements in control circuits.
2940:programmable logic controllers
2839:
2833:
2581:Programmable logic controllers
2575:Programmable Logic Controllers
2501:programmable logic controllers
2009:could also be developed using
1501:Planned preventive maintenance
1431:Co-operation and Development (
1171:
816:programmable logic controllers
13:
1:
6890:University of Minnesota Press
6845:American Economic Association
6813:and help improve the section.
6669:Dunlop, John T., ed. (1962),
6323:Pérez-López, Esteban (2015).
6047:. 15 May 2018. Archived from
5966:1991, part B, Section 6054(b)
5931:Rio to trial automated mining
4076:(in French). September 1962.
4068:"les relais statiques Norbit"
3259:
3161:The Human Use of Human Beings
2956:This state diagram shows how
2898:Programmable logic controller
2738:British Standards Institution
2531:industrial internet of things
2407:
2400:Home automation (also called
2309:intelligent transport systems
2137:online transaction processing
1873:Programmable logic controller
1791:programmable logic controller
1323:, for instance, were English
7104:
6955:Council on Foreign Relations
6769:license statement/permission
6329:Revista Tecnología en Marcha
6109:10.1126/science.295.5554.517
5402:"Effective host stimulation"
5352:. dictionary.reference.com.
5283:10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.05.158
4880:Journal of Political Economy
4503:10.1016/0005-1098(83)90046-8
3950:Field, Alexander J. (2011).
3264:
2527:Fourth Industrial Revolution
2467:enterprise resource planning
1769:computer-aided manufacturing
1400:Journal of Political Economy
745:1950s, German mathematician
7:
7514:Vision-guided robot systems
7051:. Oxford University Press.
6921:Brookings Institution Press
6492:Industrial Control Handbook
4838:Brynjolfsson, Erik (2014).
3421:The Changing Nature of Work
3043:
2366:Business process automation
2323:Secretary of Transportation
1923:machine learning algorithms
1915:natural language processing
1761:Computer-aided technologies
1543:the claims made and adding
1410:and Michael Osborne of the
1382:are at risk of automation.
1315:, when inventions like the
597:variable structure controls
469:and other applications and
36:Automation (disambiguation)
10:
7813:
7734:Technological unemployment
6940:Princeton University Press
6877:, 2019, pp. 196–211,
6875:Princeton University Press
6684:Ouellette, Robert (1983),
6595:
6480:(5th ed.). p. 3.
6438:"Managing man and machine"
6070:Carvalho, Matheus (2017).
4362:Landes, David. S. (1969).
4258:. pp. 223, 269, 308.
4210:Digitale Schaltungstechnik
3246:Technological unemployment
3236:Robotic process automation
3133:Data-driven control system
2895:
2815:industrial control systems
2775:
2696:
2684:
2651:
2640:
2559:Automated milling machines
2540:communication technologies
2518:
2476:
2438:
2411:
2393:
2384:Robotic process automation
2363:
2291:
2239:
2215:Automation in construction
2212:
2160:
2097:
2067:
2032:Automated power production
1985:
1861:Robotic process automation
1849:Distributed control system
1814:human–computer interaction
1806:automated online assistant
1623:
1480:Lights out (manufacturing)
1477:
1307:Technological unemployment
1304:
991:hysteresis control systems
820:industrial control systems
549:
288:Technological unemployment
47:
40:
29:
7752:
7722:Workplace robotics safety
7704:
7598:
7522:
7485:
7440:
7338:
7182:
7171:
7112:
6957:, 2016, pp. 139–50,
6942:, 2019, pp. 229–36,
6923:, 2022, pp. 123–50,
6557:Unified Modeling Language
5673:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100393
5336:10.1016/j.cad.2004.02.011
4399:Musson; Robinson (1969).
4222:10.1007/978-3-642-78387-6
4177:Parr, E. Andrew (1993) .
4146:10.1007/978-3-642-88367-5
2752:Discrete control (on/off)
2692:Open-loop and closed-loop
2643:Agent-assisted automation
2637:Agent-assisted automation
2294:Automated highway systems
2235:
2093:
1997:Artificially intelligent
1992:
1843:Artificial neural network
1826:(CHI), formerly known as
1824:computer human interfaces
1787:industrial control system
1710:Automated Guided Vehicles
1504:Commitment from the staff
930:to begin research on the
794:frequency domain analysis
592:Book of Ingenious Devices
43:Automate (disambiguation)
7000:, 2019, pp. 41–52,
6907:, 2019, pp. 13–40,
6905:Harvard University Press
6892:, 2019, pp. 41–50,
6862:, 2019, pp. 25–52,
6860:Harvard University Press
6603:Autor, David H. (2015).
6476:Bolten, William (2009).
6436:PricewaterhouseCoopers.
6403:Kurfess, Thomas (2005).
6345:(inactive 28 July 2024).
6165:10.1177/2211068213476288
5734:Journal of Dairy Science
5728:Rodenburg, Jack (2017).
5708:Verified Market Research
5018:Autor, David H. (2015).
4681:10.1177/0956797620929977
3924:. Vol. XXXXI. 1813.
3587:18 February 2008 at the
3507:. Brookings Institution.
3278:Groover, Mikell (2014).
3252:The War on Normal People
3026:automated teller machine
2672:It has been merged from
2463:supply chain engineering
1965:Customer, employee, and
1820:Human-machine interfaces
1495:Reliability of equipment
1474:Lights-out manufacturing
1460:lower average work hours
1023:nonlinear control theory
917:Significant applications
524:World Development Report
48:Not to be confused with
7570:Human–robot interaction
7020:Oxford University Press
6847:, 2019, pp. 3–30,
6370:Shell, Richard (2000).
6005:16 January 2013 at the
5985:253. Washington, D.C.:
5096:10.1787/5jlz9h56dvq7-en
4789:Harvard Business Review
4707:Encyclopedia Britannica
4634:Benanav, Aaron (2020).
3863:, Baltimore, Maryland:
3802:Liu, Tessie P. (1994).
3547:10.1109/MIE.2010.936772
3372:Rifkin, Jeremy (1995).
3317:10.1126/science.adh9429
3081:Artificial Intelligence
2745:Feedback Control System
2505:stand-alone I/O modules
2389:
2076:machinery and equipment
2064:Agricultural production
1961:Natural language search
1931:evidence-based learning
1855:Human machine interface
1755:Engineers can now have
1702:manufacturing processes
1580:, the manufacturing of
1391:The Second Machine Age,
1352:artificial intelligence
649:(invented in 1624; see
6990:10.2307/j.ctv1198x3v.7
6974:10.2307/j.ctvc77cz1.21
6948:10.2307/j.ctvh1dr13.22
6929:10.7864/j.ctv13xpqtd.9
6883:10.2307/j.ctvdf0jm5.19
6728:Frohm, Jorgen (2008),
6342:10.18845/tm.v28i4.2438
5987:National Academy Press
5910:McKinsey & Company
5747:10.3168/jds.2016-11715
5445:Deloitte United States
4548:99percentinvisible.org
4335:. 1983. Archived from
4311:. Joseph Henry Press.
4287:Jerome, Harry (1934).
3838:Automation and Society
3177:Intelligent automation
3098:Automation engineering
2961:
2846:
2799:
2725:
2560:
2423:
2376:digital transformation
2353:
2328:
2258:, particularly in the
2178:
2129:
2048:sources—together with
1828:man-machine interfaces
1816:
1808:on a website, with an
1775:Information technology
1735:Discrete manufacturing
1700:and convertibility in
1509:Health and environment
1468:universal basic income
1450:Based on a formula by
1291:algorithmic management
1277:language comprehension
1048:hazardous environments
950:
782:differential equations
705:
647:temperature regulators
634:
564:
463:stabilization of ships
387:
314:Trade shows and awards
34:. For other uses, see
7676:Starship Technologies
6982:Duke University Press
6898:10.5749/j.ctvdtphr3.6
6868:10.2307/j.ctvn5txpc.4
6292:10.1109/IMIS.2012.134
5858:on 19 September 2013.
5324:Computer-Aided Design
4669:Psychological Science
4133:Technisches Hilfsbuch
3674:, May 1991, p. 64-69.
3668:Donald Routledge Hill
3535:IEEE Ind. Electron. M
3167:Industrial Revolution
3108:Automation technician
2955:
2847:
2785:
2723:
2558:
2483:Laboratory automation
2473:Industrial automation
2421:
2414:Laboratory automation
2351:
2319:
2281:tracking surveillance
2170:
2123:
1999:computer-aided design
1988:Emerging technologies
1803:
1765:computer-aided design
1456:Toulouse 1 University
1313:Industrial Revolution
1166:Air France Flight 447
1152:Paradox of automation
1117:occupational injuries
955:continuous production
948:
923:telephone switchboard
698:
671:Joseph Marie Jacquard
629:
571:, about 270 BC,
562:
385:
86:Automation in general
32:Outline of automation
7626:Energid Technologies
7012:Estlund, C. (2021).
6984:, 2019, pp. 87–107,
6650:Bennett, S. (1993).
6286:. pp. 683–688.
6268:10.11113/jt.v78.9285
6051:on 19 September 2018
5652:Global Food Security
4967:on 7 November 2015.
4940:Oxford Martin School
4428:Lamb, Frank (2013).
3729:Bennett, S. (1979).
3220:The Right to Be Lazy
2845:{\displaystyle e(t)}
2827:
2441:Logistics automation
2435:Logistics automation
2298:Vehicular automation
2195:Conveyor belt system
2163:Automated restaurant
1901:Cognitive automation
1832:stationary engineers
1779:industrial machinery
1658:improve this section
1582:industrial chemicals
1440:Obama administration
1412:Oxford Martin School
1204:improve this section
999:fire-control systems
968:were automated with
903:Port Arthur Refinery
755:fire control systems
667:Jacques de Vaucanson
637:The introduction of
608:centrifugal governor
513:feedback controllers
449:, and heat-treating
257:Impact of automation
7717:Powered exoskeleton
6771:). Text taken from
6637:on 1 September 2022
6233:Control Engineering
5664:2020GlFS...2600393D
5270:IFAC-Papers on Line
5224:on 28 February 2018
4389:, pp. 65Note 1
4339:on 18 October 2017.
4256:The Open University
3857:Hounshell, David A.
3672:Scientific American
3446:on 8 November 2017.
3309:2023Sci...381..155A
3143:Feedforward control
3118:Control engineering
3113:Cognitive computing
2714:closed-loop control
2711:(feedforward), and
2604:non-volatile memory
2564:Industrial robotics
2551:Industrial robotics
2479:Building automation
2459:distribution center
1956:Contract management
1919:real-time computing
1907:cognitive computing
1895:simulation software
1767:(CAD software) and
1740:Industrial Ethernet
1584:, and all forms of
1348:Pew Research Center
1273:pattern recognition
1267:Current limitations
1252:diminishing returns
1130:of automation are:
1062:of automation are:
987:Irmgard Flugge-Lotz
802:stochastic analysis
747:Irmgard Flügge-Lotz
727:James Clerk Maxwell
675:a punch-card system
655:pressure regulators
601:feedback controller
589:brothers, in their
7686:Universal Robotics
7661:Intuitive Surgical
7651:Harvest Automation
7616:Barrett Technology
7398:Robotic spacecraft
7244:Audio-Animatronics
6622:10.1257/jep.29.3.3
6235:. 6 December 2018.
5382:on 30 January 2012
5302:www.smartsheet.com
5112:. December 2016. "
5040:10.1257/jep.29.3.3
4987:The New York Times
4960:McKinsey Quarterly
4752:The New York Times
4733:The New York Times
4595:10.1111/ntwe.12246
3199:Multi-agent system
3194:Mobile manipulator
3189:Machine to machine
3058:Electronics portal
2988:components. While
2962:
2842:
2807:feedback mechanism
2800:
2726:
2596:inputs and outputs
2561:
2535:Internet of Things
2424:
2372:business processes
2354:
2266:Video surveillance
2179:
2130:
2036:Technologies like
1945:Document redaction
1927:big data analytics
1817:
1593:automated vehicles
1528:possibly contains
1454:, an economist at
1423:McKinsey Quarterly
1408:Carl Benedikt Frey
1363:Carl Benedikt Frey
1162:Lisanne Bainbridge
1097:Increased accuracy
995:navigation systems
980:Space/computer age
951:
774:mass communication
759:navigation systems
718:Boulton & Watt
706:
677:to program looms.
635:
612:Christiaan Huygens
565:
455:telephone networks
412:electronic devices
388:
7784:
7783:
7727:Robotic tech vest
7656:Honeybee Robotics
7472:Electric unicycle
7425:remotely-operated
7058:978-0-190-65589-1
7045:Dowd, C. (2020).
7029:978-0-197-56610-7
6839:
6838:
6831:
6741:978-91-7385-055-1
6716:978-1-55617-984-6
6695:978-0-250-40609-8
6661:978-0-86341-280-6
6422:978-0-8493-1804-7
6389:978-0-8247-0373-8
6301:978-1-4673-1328-5
6214:978-0-12-410462-4
6103:(5554): 517–518.
6081:978-3-527-34158-0
5805:978-92-5-137080-3
5587:978-92-5-136043-9
5542:978-92-5-137005-6
5429:. 19 August 2019.
5218:CNC machine tools
5202:. 10 August 2016.
5200:RCR Wireless News
5164:978-0-691-12830-6
4849:978-0-393-23935-5
4809:. 2 January 2018.
4645:978-1-83976-129-4
4638:. London: Verso.
4414:978-0-8020-1637-9
4373:978-0-521-09418-4
4318:978-0-309-08908-1
4231:978-3-540-57012-7
4190:978-0-7506-0535-9
4110:Akkord-Radio GmbH
3961:978-0-300-15109-1
3874:978-0-8018-2975-8
3821:978-0-8014-8019-5
3788:978-0-563-20900-3
3778:The Ascent of Man
3740:978-0-86341-047-5
3715:978-1-4008-7466-8
3615:(11): 1821–1844,
3391:978-0-87477-779-6
3360:978-0-071-81645-8
3303:(6654): 155–158.
3204:Post-work society
3103:Automation Master
3072:Technology portal
2916:electrical relays
2813:) widely used in
2708:open-loop control
2683:
2682:
2675:Automatic control
2497:material handling
2447:computer software
2349:
2230:quality assurance
2175:industrial robots
1911:unstructured data
1757:numerical control
1694:
1693:
1686:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1530:original research
1452:Gilles Saint-Paul
1333:Chandler, Arizona
1256:logistic function
1240:
1239:
1232:
1134:High initial cost
1035:personal computer
1019:estimation theory
1007:nonlinear systems
970:Numerical control
911:computer hardware
778:signal processing
682:Richard Arkwright
651:Cornelius Drebbel
532:downward mobility
487:negative feedback
380:
379:
298:Post-work society
283:Self-driving cars
18:Automatic machine
16:(Redirected from
7804:
7772:
7771:
7760:
7759:
7744:Fictional robots
7712:Critique of work
7361:Unmanned vehicle
7177:
7099:
7092:
7085:
7076:
7075:
7070:
7041:
6834:
6827:
6823:
6820:
6814:
6809:Please read the
6805:may need cleanup
6794:
6793:
6786:
6762:
6745:
6724:
6719:, archived from
6699:
6674:
6665:
6646:
6644:
6642:
6633:. Archived from
6624:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6584:
6579:on 13 April 2014
6575:. Archived from
6565:
6559:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6517:
6511:
6508:
6502:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6410:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6377:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6354:
6346:
6344:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6279:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6255:Jurnal Teknologi
6246:
6237:
6236:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6167:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6016:
6010:
5996:
5990:
5973:
5967:
5959:
5953:
5946:
5940:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5902:
5896:
5890:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5819:
5810:
5809:
5797:
5795:10.4060/cc2624en
5782:
5776:
5775:
5749:
5740:(9): 7729–7738.
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5675:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5618:
5609:
5608:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5579:
5577:10.4060/cb9479en
5564:
5547:
5546:
5534:
5532:10.4060/cc2459en
5519:
5508:
5507:
5506:. 22 March 2023.
5500:
5494:
5493:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5447:. Archived from
5437:
5431:
5430:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5406:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5378:. Archived from
5372:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5267:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5130:. Archived from
5123:
5117:
5116:." Pp. 2, 13–19.
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5042:
5024:
5015:
5009:
5008:
5005:Economic Lettets
5000:
4994:
4993:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4963:. Archived from
4950:
4944:
4943:
4937:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4903:
4886:(6): 2188–2244.
4877:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4827:. 6 August 2017.
4817:
4811:
4810:
4807:Rollingstone.com
4799:
4793:
4792:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4614:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4465:. Archived from
4459:
4453:
4452:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4406:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4284:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4253:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4155:978-3-64288368-2
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4102:
4096:
4081:
4064:
4058:
4057:
3983:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3947:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3809:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3773:Bronowski, Jacob
3769:
3763:
3758:
3745:
3744:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3681:
3675:
3665:
3659:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3623:, archived from
3606:
3597:
3591:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3463:Management Today
3454:
3448:
3447:
3442:. Archived from
3431:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3379:
3369:
3363:
3352:
3346:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3275:
3123:Critique of work
3074:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3004:Computer control
2858:process variable
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2600:electrical noise
2360:Business process
2350:
2335:Waste management
2242:Automated mining
2100:Automated retail
2046:renewable energy
1777:, together with
1751:Automation tools
1706:production lines
1689:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1638:
1630:
1597:anti-lock brakes
1568:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:inline citations
1521:
1520:
1513:
1337:self-driving car
1329:weaving machines
1235:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1184:
1176:
1069:Improved quality
1033:(1974), and the
1031:filtering theory
890:
862:
786:stability theory
751:Second World War
701:flyball governor
659:float regulators
610:was invented by
372:
365:
358:
293:Jobless recovery
80:
57:
56:
21:
7812:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7801:
7787:
7786:
7785:
7780:
7748:
7700:
7621:Boston Dynamics
7606:Amazon Robotics
7594:
7518:
7509:Visual odometry
7499:Motion planning
7481:
7436:
7356:Continuum robot
7339:Classifications
7334:
7197:Anthropomorphic
7178:
7169:
7165:AI competitions
7108:
7103:
7073:
7059:
7030:
6835:
6824:
6818:
6815:
6808:
6801:Further reading
6795:
6791:
6784:
6782:Further reading
6755:
6742:
6723:on 4 July 2008.
6717:
6696:
6679:SSRN, part 2(3)
6662:
6640:
6638:
6598:
6593:
6592:
6582:
6580:
6567:
6566:
6562:
6554:
6550:
6536:
6532:
6518:
6514:
6509:
6505:
6489:
6485:
6474:
6470:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6446:
6444:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6401:
6397:
6390:
6368:
6364:
6348:
6347:
6321:
6317:
6302:
6280:
6276:
6247:
6240:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6215:
6193:
6189:
6144:
6140:
6093:
6089:
6082:
6068:
6064:
6054:
6052:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6028:
6026:
6018:
6017:
6013:
6007:Wayback Machine
5997:
5993:
5974:
5970:
5960:
5956:
5947:
5943:
5928:
5924:
5914:
5912:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5891:
5887:
5879:
5875:
5867:
5863:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5831:
5829:
5821:
5820:
5813:
5806:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5726:
5722:
5712:
5710:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5644:
5640:
5630:
5628:
5620:
5619:
5612:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5566:
5565:
5550:
5543:
5521:
5520:
5511:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5468:
5464:
5454:
5452:
5451:on 30 July 2017
5439:
5438:
5434:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5409:www.hcltech.com
5404:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5385:
5383:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5359:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5343:
5320:
5316:
5306:
5304:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5265:
5259:
5255:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5227:
5225:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5151:
5147:
5137:
5135:
5134:on 3 April 2018
5124:
5120:
5108:
5104:
5079:
5075:
5060:
5056:
5022:
5016:
5012:
5001:
4997:
4979:
4975:
4951:
4947:
4935:
4929:
4925:
4875:
4869:
4865:
4850:
4836:
4832:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4781:
4777:
4769:
4763:
4759:
4744:
4740:
4725:
4721:
4711:
4709:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4675:(8): 987–1000.
4665:
4661:
4646:
4632:
4628:
4575:
4571:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4550:. 23 June 2015.
4542:
4541:
4537:
4530:Personalmba.com
4524:Kaufman, Josh.
4522:
4518:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4469:on 17 May 2013.
4461:
4460:
4456:
4441:
4437:
4432:. pp. 1–4.
4426:
4422:
4415:
4397:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4360:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4305:
4301:
4293:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4270:
4262:
4251:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4216:. p. 116.
4214:Springer-Verlag
4202:
4198:
4191:
4175:
4171:
4156:
4140:. p. 135.
4138:Springer-Verlag
4128:
4124:
4112:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4017:instrumentation
3981:
3977:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3948:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3901:
3897:
3875:
3854:
3850:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3748:
3741:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3700:
3696:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3666:
3662:
3646:
3642:
3633:
3631:
3630:on 8 March 2021
3627:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3589:Wayback Machine
3576:
3572:
3531:
3527:
3522:. The Local.fr.
3516:
3512:
3501:
3497:
3474:
3470:
3455:
3451:
3432:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3370:
3366:
3353:
3349:
3336:
3332:
3291:
3287:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3241:Semi-automation
3226:Right to repair
3209:Process control
3155:Futures studies
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3006:
2978:hydraulic fluid
2947:control circuit
2921:solenoid valves
2900:
2894:
2856:and a measured
2828:
2825:
2824:
2780:
2774:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2679:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2645:
2639:
2619:drum sequencers
2577:
2553:
2523:
2517:
2493:quality control
2485:
2475:
2443:
2437:
2416:
2410:
2398:
2396:Home automation
2392:
2380:service quality
2368:
2362:
2339:
2337:
2300:
2292:Main articles:
2290:
2288:Highway systems
2268:
2252:mining industry
2244:
2238:
2226:quality control
2217:
2211:
2165:
2159:
2133:Online shopping
2126:vending machine
2102:
2096:
2072:
2066:
2058:battery storage
2034:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1950:Data extraction
1903:
1878:Instrumentation
1753:
1725:parametrization
1717:instrumentation
1690:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1655:
1639:
1628:
1626:Turnaround time
1622:
1601:laminated glass
1569:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1534:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1482:
1476:
1344:organized labor
1325:textile workers
1309:
1303:
1282:Watson computer
1269:
1236:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1201:
1185:
1174:
1154:
1043:
1027:digital control
1015:optimal control
982:
919:
907:digital control
884:
856:
824:process control
739:electrification
735:
624:
569:Ptolemaic Egypt
557:
552:
453:, switching on
441:, processes in
435:control systems
376:
347:
309:
252:
187:
183:Vending machine
153:Semi-automation
53:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7810:
7800:
7799:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7778:
7766:
7753:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7746:
7741:
7739:Terrainability
7736:
7731:
7730:
7729:
7719:
7714:
7708:
7706:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7602:
7600:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7526:
7524:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7495:
7493:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7452:
7446:
7444:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7358:
7353:
7351:Cloud robotics
7348:
7342:
7340:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7266:
7265:
7255:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7246:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7194:
7188:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7102:
7101:
7094:
7087:
7079:
7072:
7071:
7057:
7042:
7028:
7009:
7006:resrep24525.11
6993:
6977:
6966:
6951:
6935:
6932:
6916:
6913:j.ctv24w634d.4
6901:
6886:
6871:
6856:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6798:
6796:
6789:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6754:
6753:
6746:
6740:
6725:
6715:
6700:
6694:
6681:
6675:
6666:
6660:
6647:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6560:
6548:
6530:
6512:
6503:
6483:
6468:
6454:
6428:
6421:
6395:
6388:
6362:
6315:
6300:
6274:
6238:
6220:
6213:
6187:
6158:(4): 328–333.
6138:
6087:
6080:
6062:
6036:
6011:
5991:
5968:
5954:
5941:
5936:The Australian
5922:
5897:
5885:
5873:
5861:
5839:
5811:
5804:
5777:
5720:
5695:
5638:
5610:
5593:
5586:
5548:
5541:
5509:
5495:
5481:
5462:
5432:
5414:
5393:
5367:
5341:
5314:
5289:
5253:
5235:
5205:
5187:
5170:
5163:
5145:
5118:
5102:
5073:
5054:
5010:
4995:
4973:
4945:
4923:
4892:10.1086/705716
4863:
4848:
4830:
4812:
4794:
4775:
4757:
4738:
4719:
4694:
4659:
4644:
4626:
4589:(2): 311–329.
4569:
4553:
4535:
4516:
4497:(6): 775–779.
4481:
4472:
4454:
4435:
4420:
4413:
4391:
4379:
4372:
4354:
4342:
4324:
4317:
4299:
4279:
4268:
4237:
4230:
4196:
4189:
4169:
4154:
4122:
4097:
4059:
3987:Wireless World
3967:
3960:
3939:
3927:
3910:
3895:
3873:
3848:
3827:
3820:
3794:
3787:
3764:
3746:
3739:
3721:
3714:
3694:
3676:
3660:
3640:
3592:
3578:Ahmad Y Hassan
3570:
3525:
3510:
3495:
3468:
3449:
3426:
3412:
3397:
3390:
3364:
3347:
3330:
3285:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3061:
3045:
3042:
3024:Control of an
3014:microprocessor
3005:
3002:
2974:compressed air
2896:Main article:
2893:
2890:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2778:PID controller
2776:Main article:
2773:
2772:PID controller
2770:
2753:
2750:
2703:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:Control system
2685:Main article:
2681:
2680:
2668:
2666:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2641:Main article:
2638:
2635:
2576:
2573:
2552:
2549:
2516:
2513:
2509:machine vision
2474:
2471:
2439:Main article:
2436:
2433:
2412:Main article:
2409:
2406:
2394:Main article:
2391:
2388:
2364:Main article:
2361:
2358:
2336:
2333:
2289:
2286:
2267:
2264:
2240:Main article:
2237:
2234:
2213:Main article:
2210:
2207:
2161:Main article:
2158:
2157:Food and drink
2155:
2098:Main article:
2095:
2092:
2068:Main article:
2065:
2062:
2033:
2030:
1994:
1991:
1986:Main article:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1902:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1883:Motion control
1880:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1752:
1749:
1692:
1691:
1642:
1640:
1633:
1624:Main article:
1621:
1618:
1571:
1570:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1478:Main article:
1475:
1472:
1387:Silicon Valley
1305:Main article:
1302:
1299:
1287:cost-effective
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1188:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1076:
1074:predictability
1070:
1067:
1042:
1039:
981:
978:
964:in the 1840s.
921:The automatic
918:
915:
734:
731:
623:
620:
556:
553:
551:
548:
491:control theory
378:
377:
375:
374:
367:
360:
352:
349:
348:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
319:
316:
315:
311:
310:
308:
307:
302:
301:
300:
295:
285:
280:
279:
278:
268:
262:
259:
258:
254:
253:
251:
250:
245:
244:
243:
233:
231:Guided vehicle
228:
227:
226:
221:
220:
219:
212:Vacuum cleaner
203:
200:
199:
189:
188:
186:
185:
180:
175:
173:Teller machine
170:
169:
168:
163:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
113:Highway system
110:
109:
108:
98:
92:
89:
88:
82:
81:
73:
72:
66:
65:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7809:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7777:
7776:
7767:
7765:
7764:
7755:
7754:
7751:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7703:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7691:Wolf Robotics
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7646:Foster-Miller
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7597:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7565:Developmental
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7521:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7439:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7337:
7331:
7330:Soft robotics
7328:
7326:
7325:BEAM robotics
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7280:Entertainment
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7181:
7176:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7113:Main articles
7111:
7107:
7100:
7095:
7093:
7088:
7086:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7054:
7050:
7049:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7016:
7010:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6994:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6978:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6917:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6833:
6830:
6822:
6812:
6811:editing guide
6806:
6802:
6797:
6788:
6787:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6757:
6756:
6751:
6750:December 2016
6747:
6743:
6737:
6733:
6732:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6687:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6653:
6648:
6636:
6632:
6631:1721.1/109476
6628:
6623:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6601:
6600:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6558:
6552:
6544:
6540:
6534:
6526:
6522:
6516:
6507:
6501:
6500:0-8311-3085-7
6497:
6493:
6487:
6479:
6472:
6464:
6458:
6443:
6439:
6432:
6424:
6418:
6414:
6409:
6408:
6399:
6391:
6385:
6381:
6376:
6375:
6366:
6358:
6352:
6343:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6319:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6278:
6269:
6264:
6260:
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6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6091:
6083:
6077:
6074:. Wiley VCH.
6073:
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5827:The Economist
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4936:(publication)
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4283:
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4186:
4182:
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4107:
4101:
4095:
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4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4079:
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4069:
4063:
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4053:Combi-element
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
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3999:
3993:
3989:
3988:
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3974:
3972:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3937:, pp. 31
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3690:
3689:Princeton.edu
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3556:11577/2424833
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3318:
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3310:
3306:
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3298:
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3289:
3281:
3274:
3270:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
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3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
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3162:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3087:Automate This
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3048:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:rotary motion
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:for powering
2979:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2836:
2830:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2788:block diagram
2784:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2746:
2743:Likewise; "A
2742:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2700:
2688:
2677:
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2658:
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2649:
2644:
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2630:
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2624:
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2607:
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2601:
2597:
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2582:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2557:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2489:manufacturing
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2420:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2357:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2305:U.S. Congress
2299:
2295:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:human capital
2253:
2250:process. The
2249:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2203:waiting staff
2200:
2197:. The use of
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:A soft drink
2122:
2118:
2116:
2115:Eurasia Group
2111:
2110:self-checkout
2107:
2101:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:wind turbines
2039:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2007:CAD libraries
2004:
2000:
1989:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1936:According to
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:for enhanced
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:configuration
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1688:
1685:
1677:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1643:This section
1641:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1586:metal working
1583:
1579:
1567:
1564:
1556:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1526:This section
1524:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1444:MIT economics
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1417:working paper
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1295:post-scarcity
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1223:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1189:This section
1187:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:disadvantages
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
977:
973:
971:
967:
966:Machine tools
963:
962:James Nasmyth
958:
956:
947:
943:
939:
935:
933:
929:
924:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
888:
883:
879:
876:
872:
869:
865:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
840:
836:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:digital logic
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:system theory
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
766:
762:
760:
757:and aircraft
756:
752:
748:
742:
740:
730:
728:
722:
719:
715:
711:
702:
697:
693:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:speed control
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
632:
631:Steam engines
628:
619:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
593:
588:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
561:
555:Early history
547:
545:
541:
540:protectionist
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
505:
501:(coming from
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
384:
373:
368:
366:
361:
359:
354:
353:
351:
350:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
318:
317:
313:
312:
306:
303:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
286:
284:
281:
277:
274:
273:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
261:
260:
256:
255:
249:
246:
242:
239:
238:
237:
234:
232:
229:
225:
222:
218:
215:
214:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
204:
202:
201:
198:
194:
191:
190:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
91:
90:
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
74:
71:
68:
67:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
44:
37:
33:
19:
7773:
7761:
7530:Evolutionary
7477:Robotic fins
7430:Robotic fish
7415:Telerobotics
7388:Nanorobotics
7378:Mobile robot
7315:Food service
7310:Agricultural
7160:Competitions
7145:Hall of Fame
7047:
7014:
6825:
6816:
6804:
6777:, FAO, FAO.
6773:
6765:free content
6730:
6721:the original
6705:
6685:
6670:
6651:
6639:. Retrieved
6635:the original
6612:
6608:
6583:14 September
6581:. Retrieved
6577:the original
6572:
6563:
6551:
6542:
6533:
6524:
6515:
6506:
6491:
6490:E. A. Parr,
6486:
6477:
6471:
6457:
6445:. Retrieved
6441:
6431:
6406:
6398:
6373:
6365:
6351:cite journal
6332:
6328:
6318:
6283:
6277:
6258:
6254:
6232:
6223:
6196:
6190:
6155:
6151:
6141:
6100:
6096:
6090:
6071:
6065:
6055:19 September
6053:. Retrieved
6049:the original
6039:
6027:. Retrieved
6023:
6014:
5994:
5981:
5971:
5961:
5957:
5944:
5934:
5925:
5913:. Retrieved
5909:
5900:
5888:
5876:
5864:
5856:the original
5851:
5842:
5830:. Retrieved
5826:
5785:
5780:
5737:
5733:
5723:
5711:. Retrieved
5707:
5698:
5655:
5651:
5641:
5629:. Retrieved
5625:
5603:
5596:
5567:
5522:
5498:
5484:
5475:
5465:
5453:. Retrieved
5449:the original
5444:
5435:
5426:
5417:
5408:
5396:
5384:. Retrieved
5380:the original
5370:
5358:. Retrieved
5344:
5330:(14): 1439.
5327:
5323:
5317:
5305:. Retrieved
5301:
5292:
5273:
5269:
5256:
5247:
5238:
5226:. Retrieved
5222:the original
5217:
5208:
5199:
5190:
5180:
5173:
5154:
5148:
5136:. Retrieved
5132:the original
5121:
5105:
5086:
5076:
5057:
5030:
5026:
5013:
5004:
4998:
4990:
4986:
4976:
4968:
4965:the original
4958:
4948:
4926:
4883:
4879:
4866:
4839:
4833:
4825:Mashable.com
4824:
4815:
4806:
4797:
4788:
4778:
4760:
4751:
4741:
4732:
4722:
4710:. Retrieved
4706:
4697:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4635:
4629:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4562:
4556:
4547:
4538:
4529:
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4494:
4490:
4484:
4475:
4467:the original
4457:
4438:
4429:
4423:
4402:
4394:
4387:Bennett 1993
4382:
4363:
4357:
4352:, pp. 7
4350:Bennett 1993
4345:
4337:the original
4327:
4308:
4302:
4289:
4282:
4271:
4247:
4240:
4209:
4199:
4179:
4172:
4132:
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4105:
4100:
4071:
4062:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3951:
3935:Bennett 1993
3930:
3920:
3913:
3898:
3860:
3851:
3837:
3830:
3805:
3797:
3777:
3767:
3761:Bennett 1979
3730:
3724:
3704:
3697:
3688:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3651:
3643:
3632:, retrieved
3625:the original
3612:
3608:
3595:
3573:
3541:(2): 42–43.
3538:
3534:
3528:
3513:
3498:
3482:The Guardian
3481:
3471:
3462:
3452:
3444:the original
3439:
3429:
3415:
3408:Bennett 1993
3375:
3367:
3350:
3333:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3279:
3273:
3250:
3218:
3181:
3172:Industry 4.0
3159:
3147:
3085:
3029:
3023:
3007:
2971:
2963:
2946:
2944:
2936:ladder logic
2929:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2862:proportional
2821:
2819:
2804:control loop
2801:
2795:
2791:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2744:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2717:(feedback).
2712:
2706:
2704:
2673:
2669:
2646:
2631:
2627:electricians
2608:
2593:
2585:
2578:
2562:
2533:(IIoT). An "
2524:
2486:
2465:systems and
2444:
2429:Autosamplers
2425:
2401:
2399:
2369:
2355:
2329:
2320:
2312:
2301:
2276:surveillance
2269:
2245:
2218:
2209:Construction
2180:
2151:Kiva Systems
2131:
2106:supermarkets
2103:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2044:, and other
2038:solar panels
2035:
1996:
1935:
1904:
1892:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1818:
1773:
1754:
1733:
1714:
1695:
1680:
1671:
1656:Please help
1644:
1610:
1605:fuel economy
1590:
1578:oil refining
1574:
1559:
1550:
1527:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1464:
1449:
1437:
1421:
1406:Research by
1405:
1398:
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1360:
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1317:steam engine
1310:
1280:
1270:
1226:
1217:
1202:Please help
1190:
1155:
1127:
1125:
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1057:
1053:
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959:
952:
940:
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800:(1950), and
798:ship control
771:
767:
763:
743:
736:
733:20th century
723:
707:
690:Oliver Evans
679:
643:steam engine
639:prime movers
636:
605:
590:
581:
566:
517:
502:
498:
494:
483:control loop
480:
432:
390:
389:
138:Pool cleaner
85:
54:
7550:Open-source
7403:Space probe
7393:Necrobotics
7383:Microbotics
7346:Biorobotics
7275:Educational
7258:Articulated
7239:Animatronic
7224:Claytronics
6024:Gartner.com
5989:. pp. 2–50.
5915:13 November
5852:IT Business
5307:19 December
5228:28 February
5138:20 February
5033:(3): 3–30.
4712:28 December
4276:Rifkin 1995
4113: [
3998:solid-state
3440:PC Magazine
3128:Cybernetics
2932:programming
2914:, by which
2912:relay logic
2822:error value
2623:change-over
2378:, increase
2260:third world
2070:Agriculture
2054:micro-grids
2050:smart grids
2003:3D modeling
1967:stakeholder
1698:flexibility
1613:smart homes
1428:methodology
1297:economics.
1247:maintained.
1172:Limitations
1003:electronics
885: [
871:Sigmatronic
857: [
809:solid-state
710:steam crane
686:water frame
661:(1700) and
577:water clock
536:nationalist
428:electricity
166:Switchboard
7797:Automation
7590:Ubiquitous
7580:Perceptual
7487:Navigation
7442:Locomotion
7420:Underwater
7305:Disability
7253:Industrial
7067:2019036451
7038:2021011887
6819:March 2023
6803:" section
6641:16 January
6539:Mayr, Otto
6521:Mayr, Otto
6447:4 December
6029:20 January
5658:: 100393.
5631:1 December
4654:1147891672
4491:Automatica
4449:1790436902
4073:Revue MBLE
4037:Telefunken
4003:(such as "
3891:1104810110
3609:Automatica
3343:1420069721
3260:References
3038:flowcharts
3019:algorithms
2986:mechanical
2966:interlocks
2925:cam timers
2870:derivative
2811:controller
2615:cam timers
2519:See also:
2477:See also:
2408:Laboratory
2183:McDonald's
2026:assistants
2024:. Ai CAD
2018:schematics
1970:onboarding
1553:March 2018
1537:improve it
1380:journalist
1356:safety net
1093:cycle time
1080:robustness
1072:Increased
1060:advantages
1011:navigation
932:transistor
828:Telefunken
714:James Watt
616:millstones
528:Job losses
520:World Bank
495:automation
475:thermostat
408:electrical
396:mechanical
391:Automation
266:Manumation
236:Industrial
224:Lawn mower
157:Telephone
118:Laboratory
70:Automation
7641:Figure AI
7599:Companies
7575:Paradigms
7560:Adaptable
7540:Simulator
7234:Automaton
7229:Companion
7140:Geography
6573:Exman.com
6174:2211-0682
6133:108766687
6117:0036-8075
5756:0022-0302
5690:225280050
5682:2211-9124
5386:2 January
4918:201370532
4910:0022-3808
4858:867423744
4703:"Luddite"
4689:0956-7976
4603:0268-1072
3775:(1990) .
3656:MIT Press
3648:Otto Mayr
3490:0261-3077
3265:Citations
3231:Robot tax
3034:use cases
3030:scenarios
2982:actuators
2964:Commonly
2591:systems.
2469:systems.
2455:warehouse
2451:logistics
2014:open data
1822:(HMI) or
1783:processes
1645:does not
1541:verifying
1191:does not
1126:The main
1078:Improved
1058:The main
928:Bell Labs
587:Banū Mūsā
573:Ctesibius
504:automaton
499:automatic
443:factories
439:machinery
424:airplanes
420:factories
416:computers
404:pneumatic
400:hydraulic
178:Vehicular
161:Attendant
148:Reasoning
143:Pop music
128:Broadcast
50:Automaton
7791:Category
7763:Category
7681:Symbotic
7631:FarmWise
7585:Situated
7555:Software
7523:Research
7467:Climbing
7290:Military
7285:Juggling
7270:Domestic
7202:Humanoid
7125:Glossary
7106:Robotics
6963:43946940
6853:26621237
6615:(3): 3.
6541:(1969).
6523:(1970).
6335:(4): 3.
6310:11670295
6261:(6–13).
6182:23413273
6125:11799250
6003:Archived
5772:11934286
5764:28711263
5360:22 April
5354:Archived
4621:35936383
4511:12667742
4445:ProQuest
4260:Archived
4164:67-23459
4078:Archived
4043:," or a
4041:Logistat
3883:83016269
3859:(1984),
3650:(1970).
3585:Archived
3565:24885437
3325:37440634
3044:See also
2866:integral
2854:setpoint
2766:discrete
2569:robotics
2521:Work 4.0
2402:domotics
2022:diagrams
1938:Deloitte
1888:Robotics
1865:SCADA –
1729:fieldbus
1674:May 2019
1376:engineer
1321:Luddites
1254:and the
1220:May 2019
1091:Reduced
1037:(1983).
1025:(1969),
1021:(1962),
1013:(1960),
1009:(1961),
993:such as
897:In 1959
892:Estacord
835:Logistat
804:(1941).
796:(1940),
792:(1938),
680:In 1771
673:created
657:(1681),
544:populist
471:vehicles
467:aircraft
459:steering
437:such as
207:Domestic
193:Robotics
101:Building
62:a series
60:Part of
7775:Outline
7705:Related
7696:Yaskawa
7611:Anybots
7491:mapping
7460:Hexapod
7455:Walking
7300:Service
7295:Medical
7207:Android
7192:Aerobot
7135:History
7120:Outline
6596:Sources
6097:Science
5713:24 July
5660:Bibcode
5455:30 July
5276:: 880.
5089:(189).
5068:3044448
4612:9347406
4166:. 0512.
4045:Mullard
4033:Logacec
4025:Simatic
4021:Siemens
4015:") and
3634:12 July
3305:Bibcode
3296:Science
2652:Control
2222:jobsite
1795:sensors
1666:removed
1651:sources
1535:Please
1262:limits.
1212:removed
1197:sources
1158:paradox
878:Logacec
850:Mullard
846:Philips
842:Simatic
839:Siemens
584:Persian
550:History
447:boilers
323:ASP-DAC
123:Library
96:Banking
7666:IRobot
7450:Tracks
7371:ground
7366:aerial
7320:Retail
7217:Gynoid
7212:Cyborg
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2248:mining
2236:Mining
2199:robots
2149:using
2147:Amazon
2142:Amazon
2094:Retail
2011:linked
2005:. Ai
1993:CAD AI
1929:, and
1871:PLC –
1859:RPA –
1853:HMI –
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1841:ANN –
1810:avatar
1372:doctor
1368:lawyer
1001:, and
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882:Akkord
864:Norbit
414:, and
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7636:FANUC
7545:Suite
7410:Swarm
7184:Types
7130:Index
7002:JSTOR
6959:JSTOR
6925:JSTOR
6909:JSTOR
6849:JSTOR
6306:S2CID
6129:S2CID
5768:S2CID
5686:S2CID
5476:eWEEK
5427:10xDS
5405:(PDF)
5266:(PDF)
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5388:2006
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