843:), is a European Commission funded project investigating implementation of platooning on unmodified European motorways. The project begun in September 2009, and vehicle platooning, as envisaged by the SARTRE project, is a convoy of vehicles in which a professional driver in a lead vehicle heads a line of closely following vehicles. Each following vehicle autonomously measures the distance, speed and direction and adjusts to the vehicle in front. Once in the platoon, drivers can do other things while the platoon proceeds towards its long-haul destination. All vehicles are detached and can leave the procession at any time.
31:
2347:
392:
59:
786:. However, despite the technical success of the program, investment has moved more toward autonomous intelligent vehicles rather than building specialized infrastructure. The AHS system places sensory technology in cars that can read passive road markings, and use radar and inter-car communications to make the cars organize themselves without the intervention of drivers. Such an
764:
led by Robert E. Fenton, based on funding from the U.S. Federal
Highway Administration. Their first automated vehicle was built in 1962, and is believed to be the first land vehicle to contain a computer. Steering, braking and speed were controlled through the onboard electronics, which filled the
929:
In
November 2019, Hyundai Motor Group successfully conducted its first platooning of trucks on a highway for the first time in Korea. Demonstrations of platooning, cut-in/cut-out of other vehicles, simultaneous emergency braking, and V2V communication technology were conducted.
341:
Interactions between platooning and non-platooning vehicles in real-life situations may be difficult, due to differing requirements for headway and reaction time, different driving styles, and the possibility of a platoon blocking lane changes and merging
921:(MLIT) successfully achieved traveling of trucks on part of the Shin-Tomei Expressway in a platoon in which no drivers were present in either the second or the following trucks, with staff in only the passenger seat for security purposes.
738:
The cars organize themselves into platoons of 8 to 25 cars. The cars within a platoon drive themselves a meter apart, so that air resistance is minimized. The distance between platoons is the conventional
728:. Furthermore, the spikes can have either magnetic north or magnetic south facing up. The roadway thus provides small amounts of digital data describing interchanges and recommended speeds.
1567:
1143:
Carl
Bergenhem, Henrik Pettersson, Erik Coelingh, Cristofer Englund, Steven Shladover, Sadayuki Tsugawa, "Overview of Platooning Systems", ITS World Congress, Vienna, 22–26 October 2012,
724:
In one scheme, the roadway has magnetized stainless-steel spikes driven one meter apart in its center. The car senses the spikes to measure its speed and locate the center of the
207:
338:
Platooning is only possible when enough vehicles with the same software are driving together, and could be difficult in real-life situations with a mixture of vehicle types.
809:
The
Federal Highway Administration in 2013 funded two research projects in heavy truck platooning (without steering automation). One is led by Auburn University with
279:
could automatically join and leave platoons. The automated highway system is a proposal for one such system, where cars organise themselves into platoons of 8 to 25.
1560:
1288:
2618:
356:
The close spacing of platooning vehicles may serve to further normalize tailgating among drivers of non-platooning vehicles, increasing dangerous driving behavior.
1191:
918:
1493:
1553:
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Platooning of trucks has been proposed as a concept to reduce the energy consumption of semi-trucks and improve the feasibility of electric semi-trucks.
636:
269:. Drivers would probably need a special license endorsement on account of the new skills required and the added responsibility when driving in the lead.
874:
During its
Presidency of the European Union in 2016, the Netherlands organised a European Truck Platooning Challenge. Six brands of automated trucks –
332:
Drivers may be less attentive than usual, and they may not be able to react as quickly to adverse situations if the software or hardware were to fail.
765:
trunk, back seat and most of the front of the passenger side of the car. Research continued at OSU until federal funding was cut in the early 1980s.
656:
1045:
716:
relief, on the grounds that it would drastically reduce following distances and headway, thus allowing a given stretch of road to carry more cars.
1158:"Evaluating the Potential of Platooning in Lowering the Required Performance Metrics of Li-Ion Batteries to Enable Practical Electric Semi-Trucks"
858:
at speeds of up to 90 km/h (56 mph) with a gap between of at most 6 m (20 ft). The companies that participated in SARTRE were
2139:
2076:
818:
250:
Platoons decrease the distances between cars or trucks using electronic, and possibly mechanical, coupling. This capability would allow many
2434:
2066:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1337:
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214:
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The USDOT-sponsored
National Automated Highway System Consortium (NAHSC) project, a prototype automated highway system, was tested in
84:
17:
2385:
1398:
914:
1505:
2601:
1366:"World's First Test of Expressway Traveling of CACC - mounted Trucks Platooning with Drivers in the Following Trucks Launched"
846:
In
January 2011, SARTRE made the first successful demonstration of its platooning technology at the Volvo Proving Ground near
104:
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1985:
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In
January 2018, trucks from different manufacturers were successfully driven by platooning for the first time on the
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1884:
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1603:
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705:
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The close spacing would not give drivers enough time to react to hazards if the software or hardware were to fail.
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Drivers would be less in control of their own driving, being at the hands of computer software or the lead driver.
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2005:
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1921:
1662:
1261:"EU SARTRE road platooning project moving to testing phase; firsts tests of two-vehicle train by end of year"
1062:
On the
Technical Feasibility of Vehicle to Vehicle Charging for Electric Vehicles via Platooning on Freeways
2041:
2010:
1916:
1745:
1704:
1593:
1499:
1059:
Rostami-shahrbabaki, Majid; Haghbayan, Seyed Arman; Akbarzadeh, Meisam; Bogenberger, Klaus (13 July 2022).
779:
641:
89:
74:
1352:"What is the European Truck Platooning Challenge? – ACEA – European Automobile Manufacturers' Association"
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94:
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1939:
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1511:
Simulation of
Cooperative Automated Driving by Bidirectional Coupling of Vehicle and Network Simulators
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601:
350:
142:
41:
1095:
850:, in which a lead truck was followed by a car. In January 2012, SARTRE made a second demonstration in
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1970:
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200:
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and the other is led by California Department of Transportation, with UC Berkeley and Volvo Trucks.
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and by reducing the need for acceleration, deceleration, and stopping to maintain traffic flow.
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Platoon capability might require buying new vehicles, or it may be something that can be
1114:"Commercial Vehicle Hacking: The New Hacking Frontier? - Kodsi Forensic Engineering Inc"
2673:
2474:
1879:
1874:
1802:
1709:
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1421:
1289:"SARTRE project completes first successful on-road demo of multiple vehicle platooning"
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537:
300:
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On longer highway trips, vehicles could be mostly unattended whilst in following mode.
254:
or trucks to accelerate or brake simultaneously. This system also allows for a closer
30:
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1667:
1331:
1039:
1023:
611:
346:
127:
79:
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743:. If anything goes wrong, the maximum number of harmed cars should be one platoon.
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1209:"Auburn engineers collaborate with industry partners on truck platooning project"
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Guttenberg, Matthew; Sripad, Shashank; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian (2017).
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https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/174621/local_174621.pdf
1027:
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1911:
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859:
266:
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2117:
747:
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2195:
964:
954:
898:– ran on public roads from several European cities to the Netherlands.
875:
799:
712:
on specific right-of ways. It is most often recommended as a means of
579:
399:
251:
243:
a group of vehicles together. It is meant to increase the capacity of
2265:
1394:"Successful Autonomous Driving Technology Tests for Truck Platooning"
1316:
891:
810:
1528:
1997 demo of autonomous cars platooning on I-5 San Diego, California
2693:
2309:
2269:
2215:
2205:
2172:
1863:
1848:
854:, in which a lead truck was followed by three cars driven entirely
506:
149:
1542:(a lead truck followed by three cars driven entirely autonomously)
735:
and automatic speed controls, which are controlled by a computer.
2429:
2424:
959:
391:
255:
240:
2274:
2056:
1514:
1447:"S. Korea to demonstrate first truck platooning on public road"
1013:
803:
530:
1065:. European control conference. London: IEEE. pp. 503–537.
58:
1995:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1796:
939:
883:
510:
349:
with the lead vehicle, the entire platoon may be caught in a
27:
Group of vehicles travelling separately but following another
2046:
1772:
1155:
725:
244:
1096:"Security experts hack into moving car and seize control"
1078:"Hackers Hijack a Big Rig Truck's Accelerator and Brakes"
795:
1517:
done in the context of the AutoNet2030 European project.
746:
An overview of platooning systems is given in Bergenhem
2393:
1482:
919:
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
322:
Some systems have failed in traffic, as they have been
760:
The origin of research on AHS was done by a team from
326:
by remote computers, creating a hazardous situation.
1579:, self-driving vehicles and enabling technologies
2757:
1502:Forecast for the future of urban transportation.
2077:IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society
1506:Safe Road Trains for the Enivironment (SARTRE)
1399:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)
1282:
1280:
2379:
2133:
1561:
677:
208:
2435:List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications
2067:VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge
1534:2011 SARTRE Project demo, Gothenburg, Sweden
1044:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2555:Remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV)
1277:
1226:
360:
2386:
2372:
2346:
2140:
2126:
1568:
1554:
1540:2012 SARTRE Project demo, Barcelona, Spain
1536:(a lead truck with a single following car)
1198:. Memagazine.org. Retrieved on 2013-09-04.
684:
670:
390:
316:
215:
201:
2147:
1513:: An example of platooning simulation in
1494:Vehicle Platooning and Automated Highways
1286:
1258:
1236:. The SARTRE Project. n.d. Archived from
1173:
1016:"The Aerodynamic Performance of Platoons"
1496:Description of the San Diego experiment.
29:
915:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
14:
2758:
1336:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1252:
2367:
2121:
1549:
1500:Underground Automated Highway Systems
1075:
1014:Zabat, Stabile, Frascaroll, Browand,
306:Shorter commutes during peak periods.
282:
105:Pedestrian crash avoidance mitigation
1986:Dedicated short-range communications
1483:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
970:Safe Road Trains for the Environment
841:Safe Road Trains for the Environment
835:Safe Road Trains for the Environment
755:
2545:Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)
708:technology designed to provide for
353:due to the reduced vehicle spacing.
24:
2418:Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV)
1673:Automated emergency braking system
985:Vehicle Infrastructure Integration
652:IEEE Robotics and Automation Award
110:Vehicle infrastructure integration
25:
2782:
2540:Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV)
1695:Advanced driver-assistance system
1604:Intelligent transportation system
1475:Fleet Test and Evaluation Project
1468:
706:intelligent transportation system
247:via an automated highway system.
2345:
1917:Safe speed automotive common law
788:autonomous cruise control system
773:
258:between vehicles by eliminating
57:
2513:Automatic train operation (ATO)
2300:Vehicular communication systems
1609:Context-aware pervasive systems
1439:
1414:
1386:
1358:
1344:
1305:
1201:
2576:Unmanned surface vehicle (USV)
2503:Automated guided vehicle (AGV)
2006:Radio-frequency identification
1730:Automated Lane Keeping Systems
1189:Engineering Newsletters - ASME
1182:
1149:
1137:
1120:
1106:
1088:
1069:
1052:
1007:
924:
815:American Trucking Associations
768:
13:
1:
2498:Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV)
2413:Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
1922:Automated lane keeping system
1663:Lane departure warning system
1175:10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01022
1000:
870:EU Truck Platooning Challenge
2042:American Center for Mobility
2011:Automotive navigation system
1799:, formerly Google Car (2012)
1746:Automotive navigation system
1705:Intelligent speed adaptation
1594:History of self-driving cars
780:San Diego County, California
719:
312:Vehicle to vehicle charging
75:Assured clear distance ahead
7:
2323:Automated vacuum collection
1700:Driver drowsiness detection
1599:Impact of self-driving cars
933:
262:needed for human reaction.
52:& self-driving vehicles
10:
2787:
1940:Self-driving car liability
1844:Automated guideway transit
1678:Collision avoidance system
1234:"About the SARTRE project"
832:
602:Technological unemployment
364:
351:multiple-vehicle collision
2732:
2641:
2584:
2568:
2532:
2490:
2455:
2448:
2405:
2341:
2308:
2234:
2171:
2162:
2155:
2085:
2072:Eureka Prometheus Project
2052:European Land-Robot Trial
2030:
2019:
1971:Artificial neural network
1946:
1934:
1927:Regulation (EU) 2019/2144
1897:
1834:
1765:
1758:
1718:
1651:
1642:
1619:Smart, connected products
1584:
828:
178:Automatic train operation
2550:Intervention AUV (I-AUV)
2249:Alternative fuel vehicle
1991:Real-time Control System
1870:Freightliner Inspiration
1735:Vehicular ad hoc network
1479:Truck Platooning Testing
1287:GCC staff (2012-01-24).
1259:GCC staff (2010-12-11).
901:
698:automated highway system
361:Automated highway system
183:Unmanned surface vehicle
18:Automated highway system
2771:Automotive technologies
2619:spaceflights to the ISS
2211:Pulse detonation engine
2181:Adaptive compliant wing
1819:Yandex self-driving car
1721:the driving environment
1688:Adaptive cruise control
1654:the driving environment
950:Drafting (aerodynamics)
317:Potential disadvantages
277:artificial intelligence
2719:Remote control vehicle
2714:Radio-controlled model
2280:Personal rapid transit
2201:High-altitude platform
1976:Computer stereo vision
1924:(unece regulation 157)
1652:Human driver monitors
790:is being developed by
628:Trade shows and awards
294:reduced air resistance
34:
2724:Remote control animal
2149:Emerging technologies
2062:DARPA Grand Challenge
1885:Mobility as a service
1835:Buses and commercial
1422:"WHAT IS PLATOONING?"
908:Shin-Tomei Expressway
864:Volvo Car Corporation
762:Ohio State University
400:Automation in general
33:
2709:Autonomous logistics
2295:Transit Elevated Bus
2226:Supersonic transport
1629:Ambient intelligence
1624:Ubiquitous computing
1020:Path Research Report
839:The SARTRE Project (
571:Impact of automation
188:Vehicular automation
2592:Uncrewed spacecraft
2318:Pneumatic transport
2261:Ground-effect train
2186:Backpack helicopter
2103:Anthony Levandowski
1785:General Motors EN-V
1240:on 15 November 2010
995:Wardrop equilibrium
990:Virginia Smart Road
913:In February, 2021,
888:MAN Truck & Bus
1880:Self-driving truck
1875:Driverless tractor
1710:Blind spot monitor
1634:Internet of things
1293:Green Car Congress
1265:Green Car Congress
1194:2010-07-05 at the
1162:ACS Energy Letters
1116:. 4 November 2015.
980:Traffic assignment
848:Gothenburg, Sweden
823:Peloton Technology
714:traffic congestion
345:In the event of a
283:Potential benefits
155:Self-driving truck
35:
2766:Self-driving cars
2753:
2752:
2745:Unmanned vehicles
2560:Underwater glider
2528:
2527:
2399:uncrewed vehicles
2361:
2360:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
1981:Image recognition
1893:
1892:
1754:
1753:
1668:Automatic parking
1577:Self-driving cars
1374:. 12 January 2018
1168:(11): 2642–2646.
1128:Truck RPM Control
1076:Greenberg, Andy.
756:Early development
694:
693:
612:Post-work society
597:Self-driving cars
347:traffic collision
260:reacting distance
225:
224:
128:Automatic parking
80:Autonomous racing
50:Self-driving cars
16:(Redirected from
2778:
2704:Autonomous robot
2699:Robot locomotion
2614:Cargo spacecraft
2607:list of orbiters
2508:Self-driving car
2453:
2452:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2349:
2348:
2290:Self-driving car
2254:Hydrogen vehicle
2169:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2028:
2027:
1779:Spirit of Berlin
1763:
1762:
1719:System monitors
1649:
1648:
1614:Mobile computing
1570:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1426:《Stock Logistic》
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1354:. 10 March 2016.
1348:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1315:. Archived from
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1256:
1250:
1249:
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1177:
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1103:
1092:
1086:
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1073:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1035:
1030:, archived from
1011:
852:Barcelona, Spain
741:braking distance
704:, is a proposed
686:
679:
672:
607:Jobless recovery
394:
371:
370:
239:is a method for
217:
210:
203:
61:
37:
36:
21:
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2785:
2781:
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2779:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2728:
2637:
2626:Space telescope
2602:list by program
2580:
2564:
2524:
2486:
2444:
2401:
2392:
2362:
2357:
2329:
2304:
2230:
2151:
2146:
2116:
2107:
2081:
2034:
2032:
2031:Organizations,
2023:
2022:Projects &
2021:
2020:Organizations,
2015:
1948:
1942:
1930:
1889:
1836:
1830:
1813:LUTZ Pathfinder
1750:
1722:
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1653:
1638:
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1580:
1574:
1471:
1466:
1465:
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1377:
1375:
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1363:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1313:"Archived copy"
1311:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1285:
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1257:
1253:
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1202:
1196:Wayback Machine
1187:
1183:
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1150:
1142:
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1127:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1102:. 21 July 2015.
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1089:
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1036:
1012:
1008:
1003:
936:
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904:
837:
831:
776:
771:
758:
722:
710:driverless cars
690:
661:
623:
566:
501:
497:Vending machine
467:Semi-automation
369:
363:
319:
285:
221:
192:
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114:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2635:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:list of probes
2588:
2586:
2582:
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1656:(Levels 0,1,2)
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1469:External links
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1402:. 5 March 2021
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880:Daimler Trucks
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833:Main article:
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782:in 1997 along
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733:power steering
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1585:Overview and
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19:
2689:Nanorobotics
2674:Agricultural
2350:
2284:
2275:Maglev train
2244:Airless tire
2001:Eye tracking
1949:technologies
1912:IEEE 802.11p
1825:Honda Legend
1804:
1456:November 26,
1454:. Retrieved
1451:《Pulse News》
1450:
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1397:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1369:
1360:
1346:
1321:. Retrieved
1317:the original
1307:
1296:. Retrieved
1268:. Retrieved
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:the original
1228:
1217:. Retrieved
1215:. 2013-12-12
1212:
1203:
1184:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1139:
1122:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1054:
1032:the original
1019:
1009:
928:
912:
905:
896:Volvo Trucks
873:
860:Volvo Trucks
856:autonomously
845:
838:
808:
777:
759:
751:
745:
737:
730:
723:
701:
697:
695:
452:Pool cleaner
290:fuel economy
271:
264:
249:
236:
232:
226:
132:
2684:Microbotics
2440:Ornithopter
1907:Legislation
1854:ParkShuttle
925:South Korea
917:(METI) and
769:Deployments
480:Switchboard
267:retrofitted
2760:Categories
2736:Categories
2669:Disability
2533:Underwater
2221:Spaceplane
2196:Flying car
2035:and events
1899:Regulation
1644:SAE Levels
1323:2017-01-15
1298:2013-11-25
1270:2013-11-25
1244:18 January
1219:2023-08-09
1001:References
965:Road train
955:Green wave
910:in Japan.
876:DAF Trucks
800:Volkswagen
702:smart road
700:(AHS), or
580:Manumation
550:Industrial
538:Lawn mower
471:Telephone
432:Laboratory
384:Automation
365:See also:
301:congestion
273:Smart cars
233:platooning
138:Regulation
2266:Hyperloop
2164:Transport
2033:projects
1947:Enabling
1935:Liability
1807:Autopilot
1028:1055-1425
892:Scania AB
811:Peterbilt
720:Principle
492:Vehicular
475:Attendant
462:Reasoning
457:Pop music
442:Broadcast
143:Liability
2694:Robotics
2654:Military
2649:Domestic
2465:Humanoid
2310:Pipeline
2270:Vactrain
2216:Scramjet
2206:Jet pack
1864:NuTonomy
1849:CAVForth
1837:vehicles
1759:Vehicles
1431:June 27,
1406:28 April
1378:28 April
1332:cite web
1192:Archived
1040:citation
934:See also
521:Domestic
507:Robotics
415:Building
376:a series
374:Part of
342:traffic.
299:Reduced
288:Greater
237:flocking
150:Robotaxi
85:Datasets
66:Enablers
42:a series
40:Part of
2664:Medical
2569:Surface
2475:Hexapod
2470:Android
2457:Walking
2430:Helicam
2425:Aerobot
2285:Platoon
1587:context
1530:(NAHSC)
1133:YouTube
1100:Reuters
960:Peloton
637:ASP-DAC
437:Library
410:Banking
292:due to
256:headway
241:driving
133:Platoon
90:History
2659:Rescue
2449:Ground
2406:Aerial
2173:Aerial
2156:Fields
2086:People
2057:Navlab
2024:People
1827:(2021)
1821:(2017)
1815:(2015)
1809:(2015)
1793:(2011)
1787:(2010)
1781:(2007)
1775:(1994)
1522:Videos
1515:Webots
1026:
829:SARTRE
821:, and
804:Toyota
748:et al.
619:Threat
531:Roomba
511:robots
324:hacked
119:Topics
95:Impact
2642:Other
2585:Space
2491:Other
1996:rFpro
1966:LIDAR
1961:Laser
1956:Radar
1797:Waymo
1737:(V2V)
1082:Wired
940:Train
902:Japan
884:Iveco
657:ICCAD
555:Paint
275:with
245:roads
2631:list
2518:list
2480:list
2397:and
2352:List
2236:Land
2047:DAVI
1866:taxi
1805:with
1773:VaMP
1766:Cars
1458:2020
1433:2019
1408:2022
1380:2022
1338:link
1246:2011
1046:link
1024:ISSN
894:and
862:and
802:and
726:lane
647:DATE
590:Bias
509:and
420:Home
252:cars
1170:doi
1131:on
796:BMW
696:An
642:DAC
585:OOL
562:ODD
447:Mix
235:or
227:In
2762::
2268:/
1477:–
1449:.
1424:.
1396:.
1368:.
1334:}}
1330:{{
1291:.
1279:^
1263:.
1211:.
1164:.
1160:.
1098:.
1080:.
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