Automation - Knowledge

2121: 2583:(PLCs) use a processing system which allows for variation of controls of inputs and outputs using simple programming. PLCs make use of programmable memory, storing instructions and functions like logic, sequencing, timing, counting, etc. Using a logic-based language, a PLC can receive a variety of inputs and return a variety of logical outputs, the input devices being sensors and output devices being motors, valves, etc. PLCs are similar to computers, however, while computers are optimized for calculations, PLCs are optimized for control tasks and use in industrial environments. They are built so that only basic logic-based programming knowledge is needed and to handle vibrations, high temperatures, humidity, and noise. The greatest advantage PLCs offer is their flexibility. With the same basic controllers, a PLC can operate a range of different control systems. PLCs make it unnecessary to rewire a system to change the control system. This flexibility leads to a cost-effective system for complex and varied control systems. 1462:, and new industries forming (i.e., robotics industries, computer industries, design industries). These new industries provide many high salary skill-based jobs to the economy. By 2030, between 3 and 14 percent of the global workforce will be forced to switch job categories due to automation eliminating jobs in an entire sector. While the number of jobs lost to automation is often offset by jobs gained from technological advances, the same type of job loss is not the same one replaced and that leading to increasing unemployment in the lower-middle class. This occurs largely in the US and developed countries where technological advances contribute to higher demand for highly skilled labor but demand for middle-wage labor continues to fall. Economists call this trend "income polarization" where unskilled labor wages are driven down and skilled labor is driven up and it is predicted to continue in developed economies. 2949:) a motor is started by pushing a "Start" or "Run" button that activates a pair of electrical relays. The "lock-in" relay locks in contacts that keep the control circuit energized when the push-button is released. (The start button is a normally open contact and the stop button is a normally closed contact.) Another relay energizes a switch that powers the device that throws the motor starter switch (three sets of contacts for three-phase industrial power) in the main power circuit. Large motors use high voltage and experience high in-rush current, making speed important in making and breaking contact. This can be dangerous for personnel and property with manual switches. The "lock-in" contacts in the start circuit and the main power contacts for the motor are held engaged by their respective electromagnets until a "stop" or "off" button is pressed, which de-energizes the lock in relay. 741:, which underwent rapid adaption from 1900 through the 1920s. Central electric power stations were also undergoing rapid growth and the operation of new high-pressure boilers, steam turbines and electrical substations created a large demand for instruments and controls. Central control rooms became common in the 1920s, but as late as the early 1930s, most process controls were on-off. Operators typically monitored charts drawn by recorders that plotted data from instruments. To make corrections, operators manually opened or closed valves or turned switches on or off. Control rooms also used color-coded lights to send signals to workers in the plant to manually make certain changes. 696: 6760: 2168: 2953: 1470:(UBI) program. UBI would be a guaranteed, non-taxed income of around 1000 dollars per month, paid to all U.S. citizens over the age of 21. UBI would help those who are displaced take on jobs that pay less money and still afford to get by. It would also give those that are employed with jobs that are likely to be replaced by automation and technology extra money to spend on education and training on new demanding employment skills. UBI, however, should be seen as a short-term solution as it doesn't fully address the issue of income inequality which will be exacerbated by job displacement. 2633:

temperature, cleanliness, and power quality. To meet these challenges, the PLC was developed with several key attributes. It would tolerate the shop-floor environment, it would support discrete (bit-form) input and output in an easily extensible manner, it would not require years of training to use, and it would permit its operation to be monitored. Since many industrial processes have timescales easily addressed by millisecond response times, modern (fast, small, reliable) electronics greatly facilitate building reliable controllers, and performance could be traded off for reliability.

2567:

precision, accuracy and speed that far exceed any human performance. The birth of industrial robots came shortly after World War II as the U.S. saw the need for a quicker way to produce industrial and consumer goods. Servos, digital logic and solid-state electronics allowed engineers to build better and faster systems and over time these systems were improved and revised to the point where a single robot is capable of running 24 hours a day with little or no maintenance. In 1997, there were 700,000 industrial robots in use, the number has risen to 1.8M in 2017 In recent years, AI with

2331:

spacing and higher speeds, which could enhance traffic capacity in places where additional road building is physically impossible, politically unacceptable, or prohibitively expensive. Automated controls also might enhance road safety by reducing the opportunity for driver error, which causes a large share of motor vehicle crashes. Other potential benefits include improved air quality (as a result of more-efficient traffic flows), increased fuel economy, and spin-off technologies generated during research and development related to automated highway systems.

1616:

ability to monitor and adjust consumption levels would reduce unnecessary energy usage. However, some research suggests that smart homes might not be as efficient as non-automated homes. A more recent study has indicated that, while monitoring and adjusting consumption levels do decrease unnecessary energy use, this process requires monitoring systems that also consume an amount of energy. The energy required to run these systems sometimes negates their benefits, resulting in little to no ecological benefit.

2404:) designates an emerging practice of increased automation of household appliances and features in residential dwellings, particularly through electronic means that allow for things impracticable, overly expensive or simply not possible in recent past decades. The rise in the usage of home automation solutions has taken a turn reflecting the increased dependency of people on such automation solutions. However, the increased comfort that gets added through these automation solutions is remarkable. 946: 627: 560: 2556: 7175: 383: 2721: 7758: 1801: 3066: 7770: 3052: 1636: 1182: 78: 976:

assembly, aircraft production, glass manufacturing, natural gas separation plants, food and beverage processing, canning and bottling and manufacture of various kinds of parts. Robots are especially useful in hazardous applications like automobile spray painting. Robots are also used to assemble electronic circuit boards. Automotive welding is done with robots and automatic welders are used in applications like pipelines.

1519: 2662: 2340: 942:

successively faster speeds. In paper making paper, the sheet shrinks as it passes around steam-heated drying arranged in groups, which must run at successively slower speeds. The first application of a sectional electric drive was on a paper machine in 1919. One of the most important developments in the steel industry during the 20th century was continuous wide strip rolling, developed by Armco in 1928.

6792: 2783: 1394:

abilities to offer, because computers, robots, and other digital technologies are acquiring these skills and abilities at an extraordinary rate." As the example of Sweden suggests, however, the transition to a more automated future need not inspire panic, if there is sufficient political will to promote the retraining of workers whose positions are being rendered obsolete.

1830:, are usually employed to communicate with PLCs and other computers. Service personnel who monitor and control through HMIs can be called by different names. In the industrial process and manufacturing environments, they are called operators or something similar. In boiler houses and central utility departments, they are called 603:. The design of feedback control systems up through the Industrial Revolution was by trial-and-error, together with a great deal of engineering intuition. It was not until the mid-19th century that the stability of feedback control systems was analyzed using mathematics, the formal language of automatic control theory. 1447:

reduced by 0.25–0.5 percentage points. During the time period studied, the US did not have many robots in the economy which restricts the impact of automation. However, automation is expected to triple (conservative estimate) or quadruple (a generous estimate) leading these numbers to become substantially higher.

2419: 2542:) add enhancements and improve manufacturing processes. Being able to create smarter, safer, and more advanced manufacturing is now possible with these new technologies. It opens up a manufacturing platform that is more reliable, consistent, and efficient than before. Implementation of systems such as 2906:

States refer to the various conditions that can occur in a use or sequence scenario of the system. An example is an elevator, which uses logic based on the system state to perform certain actions in response to its state and operator input. For example, if the operator presses the floor n button, the

2537:

is a seamless integration of diverse physical objects in the Internet through a virtual representation." These new revolutionary advancements have drawn attention to the world of automation in an entirely new light and shown ways for it to grow to increase productivity and efficiency in machinery and

2426:

Automation is essential for many scientific and clinical applications. Therefore, automation has been extensively employed in laboratories. From as early as 1980 fully automated laboratories have already been working. However, automation has not become widespread in laboratories due to its high cost.

2330:

Full automation commonly defined as requiring no control or very limited control by the driver; such automation would be accomplished through a combination of sensor, computer, and communications systems in vehicles and along the roadway. Fully automated driving would, in theory, allow closer vehicle

2283:

system. Automated video surveillance monitors people and vehicles in real-time within a busy environment. Existing automated surveillance systems are based on the environment they are primarily designed to observe, i.e., indoor, outdoor or airborne, the number of sensors that the automated system can

2078:

to improve their diagnosis, decision-making and/or performing. Agricultural automation can relieve the drudgery of agricultural work, improve the timeliness and precision of agricultural operations, raise productivity and resource-use efficiency, build resilience, and improve food quality and safety.

1465:

Unemployment is becoming a problem in the U.S. due to the exponential growth rate of automation and technology. According to Kim, Kim, and Lee (2017:1), " seminal study by Frey and Osborne in 2013 predicted that 47% of the 702 examined occupations in the U.S. faced a high risk of decreased employment

1446:

study of automation in the U.S. from 1990 to 2007 found that there may be a negative impact on employment and wages when robots are introduced to an industry. When one robot is added per one thousand workers, the employment to population ratio decreases between 0.18 and 0.34 percentages and wages are

1246:

Many operations using automation have large amounts of invested capital and produce high volumes of products, making malfunctions extremely costly and potentially hazardous. Therefore, some personnel is needed to ensure that the entire system functions properly and that safety and product quality are

1143:

Human adaptiveness is often poorly understood by automation initiators. It is often difficult to anticipate every contingency and develop fully preplanned automated responses for every situation. The discoveries inherent in automating processes can require unanticipated iterations to resolve, causing

2566:

is a sub-branch in industrial automation that aids in various manufacturing processes. Such manufacturing processes include machining, welding, painting, assembling and material handling to name a few. Industrial robots use various mechanical, electrical as well as software systems to allow for high

2139:

system, with the share of online retail accounting jumping from 5.1% in 2011 to 8.3% in 2016. However, two-thirds of books, music, and films are now purchased online. In addition, automation and online shopping could reduce demands for shopping malls, and retail property, which in the United States

937:

The logic performed by telephone switching relays was the inspiration for the digital computer. The first commercially successful glass bottle-blowing machine was an automatic model introduced in 1905. The machine, operated by a two-man crew working 12-hour shifts, could produce 17,280 bottles in 24

477:

controlling a boiler to a large industrial control system with tens of thousands of input measurements and output control signals. Automation has also found a home in the banking industry. It can range from simple on-off control to multi-variable high-level algorithms in terms of control complexity.

3016:

that replaced many hardware components such as timers and drum sequencers used in relay logic–type systems. General-purpose process control computers have increasingly replaced stand-alone controllers, with a single computer able to perform the operations of hundreds of controllers. Process control

2732:

In closed loop control, the control action from the controller is dependent on the process output. In the case of the boiler analogy this would include a thermostat to monitor the building temperature, and thereby feed back a signal to ensure the controller maintains the building at the temperature

1393:

Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue that "...there's never been a better time to be a worker with special skills or the right education, because these people can use technology to create and capture value. However, there's never been a worse time to be a worker with only 'ordinary' skills and

1054:

Moreover, some studies seem to indicate that industrial automation could impose ill effects beyond operational concerns, including worker displacement due to systemic loss of employment and compounded environmental damage; however, these findings are both convoluted and controversial in nature, and

984:

With the advent of the space age in 1957, controls design, particularly in the United States, turned away from the frequency-domain techniques of classical control theory and backed into the differential equation techniques of the late 19th century, which were couched in the time domain. During the

744:

The development of the electronic amplifier during the 1920s, which was important for long-distance telephony, required a higher signal-to-noise ratio, which was solved by negative feedback noise cancellation. This and other telephony applications contributed to the control theory. In the 1940s and

3028:(ATM) is an example of an interactive process in which a computer will perform a logic-derived response to a user selection based on information retrieved from a networked database. The ATM process has similarities with other online transaction processes. The different logical responses are called 2968:

are added to a control circuit. Suppose that the motor in the example is powering machinery that has a critical need for lubrication. In this case, an interlock could be added to ensure that the oil pump is running before the motor starts. Timers, limit switches, and electric eyes are other common

768:

Factory productivity was greatly increased by electrification in the 1920s. U.S. manufacturing productivity growth fell from 5.2%/yr 1919–29 to 2.76%/yr 1929–41. Alexander Field notes that spending on non-medical instruments increased significantly from 1929 to 1933 and remained strong thereafter.

764:

Controllers, which were able to make calculated changes in response to deviations from a set point rather than on-off control, began being introduced in the 1930s. Controllers allowed manufacturing to continue showing productivity gains to offset the declining influence of factory electrification.

724:

Several improvements to the governor, plus improvements to valve cut-off timing on the steam engine, made the engine suitable for most industrial uses before the end of the 19th century. Advances in the steam engine stayed well ahead of science, both thermodynamics and control theory. The governor

1110:

Automation primarily describes machines replacing human action, but it is also loosely associated with mechanization, machines replacing human labor. Coupled with mechanization, extending human capabilities in terms of size, strength, speed, endurance, visual range & acuity, hearing frequency

1050:

or that are otherwise beyond human capabilities can be done by machines, as machines can operate even under extreme temperatures or in atmospheres that are radioactive or toxic. They can also be maintained with simple quality checks. However, at the time being, not all tasks can be automated, and

941:

Sectional electric drives were developed using control theory. Sectional electric drives are used on different sections of a machine where a precise differential must be maintained between the sections. In steel rolling, the metal elongates as it passes through pairs of rollers, which must run at

2728:

In open-loop control, the control action from the controller is independent of the "process output" (or "controlled process variable"). A good example of this is a central heating boiler controlled only by a timer, so that heat is applied for a constant time, regardless of the temperature of the

2325:

shall develop an automated highway and vehicle prototype from which future fully automated intelligent vehicle-highway systems can be developed. Such development shall include research in human factors to ensure the success of the man-machine relationship. The goal of this program is to have the

925:

was introduced in 1892 along with dial telephones. By 1929, 31.9% of the Bell system was automatic. Automatic telephone switching originally used vacuum tube amplifiers and electro-mechanical switches, which consumed a large amount of electricity. Call volume eventually grew so fast that it was

1615:

could reduce energy consumption by monitoring levels of consumption in different areas of the home and adjusting consumption to reduce energy leaks (e.g. automatically reducing consumption during the nighttime when activity is low). This study, along with others, indicated that the smart home's

975:

Today extensive automation is practiced in practically every type of manufacturing and assembly process. Some of the larger processes include electrical power generation, oil refining, chemicals, steel mills, plastics, cement plants, fertilizer plants, pulp and paper mills, automobile and truck

2647:

Agent-assisted automation refers to automation used by call center agents to handle customer inquiries. The key benefit of agent-assisted automation is compliance and error-proofing. Agents are sometimes not fully trained or they forget or ignore key steps in the process. The use of automation

2089:

Automation technologies are increasingly used for managing livestock, though evidence on adoption is lacking. Global automatic milking system sales have increased over recent years, but adoption is likely mostly in Northern Europe, and likely almost absent in low- and middle-income countries.

2082:

The technological evolution in agriculture has resulted in progressive shifts to digital equipment and robotics. Motorized mechanization using engine power automates the performance of agricultural operations such as ploughing and milking. With digital automation technologies, it also becomes

1430:

of the McKinsey study has been heavily criticized for being intransparent and relying on subjective assessments. The methodology of Frey and Osborne has been subjected to criticism, as lacking evidence, historical awareness, or credible methodology. Additionally, the Organisation for Economic

720:

were building. The governor could not actually hold a set speed; the engine would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes. The governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler. Also, there was a tendency for oscillation

2632:

When digital computers became available, being general-purpose programmable devices, they were soon applied to control sequential and combinatorial logic in industrial processes. However, these early computers required specialist programmers and stringent operating environmental control for

2343: 393:

describes a wide range of technologies that reduce human intervention in processes, mainly by predetermining decision criteria, subprocess relationships, and related actions, as well as embodying those predeterminations in machines. Automation has been achieved by various means including

2342: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2733:

set on the thermostat. A closed loop controller therefore has a feedback loop which ensures the controller exerts a control action to give a process output the same as the "reference input" or "set point". For this reason, closed loop controllers are also called feedback controllers.

2144:

has gained much of the growth in recent years for online shopping, accounting for half of the growth in online retail in 2016. Other forms of automation can also be an integral part of online shopping, for example, the deployment of automated warehouse robotics such as that applied by

2284:

handle and the mobility of sensors, i.e., stationary camera vs. mobile camera. The purpose of a surveillance system is to record properties and trajectories of objects in a given area, generate warnings or notify the designated authorities in case of occurrence of particular events.

1607:

and reduce emissions. Despite this, some researchers theorize that an increase in the production of self-driving cars could lead to a boom in vehicle ownership and usage, which could potentially negate any environmental benefits of self-driving cars if they are used more frequently.

2348: 2083:

possible to automate diagnosis and decision-making of agricultural operations. For example, autonomous crop robots can harvest and seed crops, while drones can gather information to help automate input application. Precision agriculture often employs such automation technologies

485:, a controller compares a measured value of a process with a desired set value and processes the resulting error signal to change some input to the process, in such a way that the process stays at its set point despite disturbances. This closed-loop control is an application of 2546:

is an example of software that takes place in Industrial Automation today. SCADA is a supervisory data collection software, just one of the many used in Industrial Automation. Industry 4.0 vastly covers many areas in manufacturing and will continue to do so as time goes on.

1575:

The costs of automation to the environment are different depending on the technology, product or engine automated. There are automated engines that consume more energy resources from the Earth in comparison with previous engines and vice versa. Hazardous operations, such as

1164:, a cognitive psychologist, identified these issues notably in her widely cited paper "Ironies of Automation." If an automated system has an error, it will multiply that error until it is fixed or shut down. This is where human operators come in. A fatal example of this was 2112:

systems reducing the need for employing checkout workers. In the U.S., the retail industry employs 15.9 million people as of 2017 (around 1 in 9 Americans in the workforce). Globally, an estimated 192 million workers could be affected by automation according to research by

2927:. More complicated examples involved maintaining safe sequences for devices such as swing bridge controls, where a lock bolt needed to be disengaged before the bridge could be moved, and the lock bolt could not be released until the safety gates had already been closed. 2918:

engage electrical contacts which either start or interrupt power to a device. Relays were first used in telegraph networks before being developed for controlling other devices, such as when starting and stopping industrial-sized electric motors or opening and closing

3905:"A course of lectures on the Steam Engine, delivered before the Members of the London Mechanics' Institution ... To which is subjoined, a copy of the rare ... work on Steam Navigation, originally published by J. Hulls in 1737. Illustrated by ... engravings" 5179: 1487:

Lights out manufacturing grew in popularity in the U.S. when General Motors in 1982 implemented humans "hands-off" manufacturing to "replace risk-averse bureaucracy with automation and robots". However, the factory never reached full "lights out" status.

2345: 2760:

control. An example is a thermostat used on household appliances which either open or close an electrical contact. (Thermostats were originally developed as true feedback-control mechanisms rather than the on-off common household appliance thermostat.)

2729:

building. The control action is the switching on/off of the boiler, but the controlled variable should be the building temperature, but is not because this is open-loop control of the boiler, which does not give closed-loop control of the temperature.

2887:

The theoretical understanding and application date from the 1920s, and they are implemented in nearly all analog control systems; originally in mechanical controllers, and then using discrete electronics and latterly in industrial process computers.

1045:

Perhaps the most cited advantage of automation in industry is that it is associated with faster production and cheaper labor costs. Another benefit could be that it replaces hard, physical, or monotonous work. Additionally, tasks that take place in

579:, a device not unlike the ball and cock in a modern flush toilet. This was the earliest feedback-controlled mechanism. The appearance of the mechanical clock in the 14th century made the water clock and its feedback control system obsolete. 1285:). Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory data, such as scents and sounds, as well as high-level tasks such as strategic planning, currently require human expertise. In many cases, the use of humans is more 2219:

Automation in construction is the combination of methods, processes, and systems that allow for greater machine autonomy in construction activities. Construction automation may have multiple goals, including but not limited to, reducing

2902:

Sequential control may be either to a fixed sequence or to a logical one that will perform different actions depending on various system states. An example of an adjustable but otherwise fixed sequence is a timer on a lawn sprinkler.

1261:

As more and more processes become automated, there are fewer remaining non-automated processes. This is an example of the exhaustion of opportunities. New technological paradigms may, however, set new limits that surpass the previous

938:

hours, compared to 2,880 bottles made by a crew of six men and boys working in a shop for a day. The cost of making bottles by machine was 10 to 12 cents per gross compared to $ 1.80 per gross by the manual glassblowers and helpers.

2302:

As demands for safety and mobility have grown and technological possibilities have multiplied, interest in automation has grown. Seeking to accelerate the development and introduction of fully automated vehicles and highways, the

2740:

is "a control system possessing monitoring feedback, the deviation signal formed as a result of this feedback being used to control the action of a final control element in such a way as to tend to reduce the deviation to zero."

2586:

PLCs can range from small "building brick" devices with tens of I/O in a housing integral with the processor, to large rack-mounted modular devices with a count of thousands of I/O, and which are often networked to other PLC and

1603:) would not be required for self-driving versions. Removal of these safety features reduces the weight of the vehicle, and coupled with more precise acceleration and braking, as well as fuel-efficient route mapping, can increase 1414:

argued that employees engaged in "tasks following well-defined procedures that can easily be performed by sophisticated algorithms" are at risk of displacement, and 47% of jobs in the US were at risk. The study, released as a

1742:

on the factory floor is pushing these trends still further, enabling manufacturing plants to be integrated more tightly within the enterprise, via the internet if necessary. Global competition has also increased demand for

2923:. Using relays for control purposes allowed event-driven control, where actions could be triggered out of sequence, in response to external events. These were more flexible in their response than the rigid single-sequence 6995:

BORRIE, JOHN. "Cold War Lessons for Automation in Nuclear Weapon Systems." The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Strategic Stability and Nuclear Risk: Volume I Euro-Atlantic Perspectives, edited by VINCENT BOULANIN,

1737:

plants adopted these technologies fast. The more conservative process industries with their longer plant life cycles have been slower to adopt and analog-based measurement and control still dominate. The growing use of

6937:

TYSON, LAURA D., and Christine Lagarde. "Trade and Policy Adjustment to Automation Challenges." Meeting Globalization's Challenges: Policies to Make Trade Work for All, edited by LUÍS A. V. CATÃO and MAURICE OBSTFELD,

2278:

and monitoring (VSAM) program, between 1997 and 1999, and airborne video surveillance (AVS) programs, from 1998 to 2002. Currently, there is a major effort underway in the vision community to develop a fully-automated

6979:

ATANASOSKI, NEDA, and KALINDI VORA. "Automation and the Invisible Service Function: Toward an 'Artificial Artificial Intelligence.'" Surrogate Humanity: Race, Robots, and the Politics of Technological Futures,

6918:

HOLZER, HARRY J. "Automation, Jobs, and Wages: Should Workers Fear the New Automation?" Shifting Paradigms: Growth, Finance, Jobs, and Inequality in the Digital Economy, edited by ZIA QURESHI and CHEONSIK WOO,

2507:, and computers. Industrial automation is to replace the human action and manual command-response activities with the use of mechanized equipment and logical programming commands. One trend is increased use of 1897:(HSS) is a commonly used testing tool that is used to test the equipment software. HSS is used to test equipment performance concerning factory automation standards (timeouts, response time, processing time). 1419:

in 2013 and published in 2017, predicted that automation would put low-paid physical occupations most at risk, by surveying a group of colleagues on their opinions. However, according to a study published in

1051:

some tasks are more expensive to automate than others. Initial costs of installing the machinery in factory settings are high, and failure to maintain a system could result in the loss of the product itself.

703:

is an early example of a feedback control system. An increase in speed would make the counterweights move outward, sliding a linkage that tended to close the valve supplying steam, and so slowing the engine.

1466:

rate within the next 10–25 years as a result of computerization." As many jobs are becoming obsolete, which is causing job displacement, one possible solution would be for the government to assist with a

1365:

and Michael Osborne. Furthermore, wages and educational attainment appear to be strongly negatively correlated with an occupation's risk of being automated. Even highly skilled professional jobs like a

3017:

computers can process data from a network of PLCs, instruments, and controllers to implement typical (such as PID) control of many individual variables or, in some cases, to implement complex control

2120: 2609:

It was from the automotive industry in the United States that the PLC was born. Before the PLC, control, sequencing, and safety interlock logic for manufacturing automobiles was mainly composed of

4019:(timers, amplifiers, etc.) units. There would seem to be a good case here for the various manufacturers to standardise practical details such as mounting, connections and power supplies so that a 2344: 1458:, the demand for unskilled human capital declines at a slower rate than the demand for skilled human capital increases. In the long run and for society as a whole it has led to cheaper products, 1160:

of automation says that the more efficient the automated system, the more crucial the human contribution of the operators. Humans are less involved, but their involvement becomes more critical.

3021:

using multiple inputs and mathematical manipulations. They can also analyze data and create real-time graphical displays for operators and run reports for operators, engineers, and management.

1591:

The automation of vehicles could prove to have a substantial impact on the environment, although the nature of this impact could be beneficial or harmful depending on several factors. Because

1403:, automation has robust negative effects on employment and wages: "One more robot per thousand workers reduces the employment-to-population ratio by 0.2 percentage points and wages by 0.42%." 953:

Before automation, many chemicals were made in batches. In 1930, with the widespread use of instruments and the emerging use of controllers, the founder of Dow Chemical Co. was advocating

6888:

Wolf-Meyer, Matthew J. "The Revolutionary Horizons of Labor and Automation: Blue Collar and Player Piano." Theory for the World to Come: Speculative Fiction and Apocalyptic Anthropology,

2747:

is a system which tends to maintain a prescribed relationship of one system variable to another by comparing functions of these variables and using the difference as a means of control."

1442:

pointed out that every 3 months "about 6 percent of jobs in the economy are destroyed by shrinking or closing businesses, while a slightly larger percentage of jobs are added." A recent

2996:, actuators are typically a better choice for intermittently creating a limited range of movement for a mechanical component, such as moving various mechanical arms, opening or closing 2086:

Motorized mechanization has generally increased in recent years. Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region where the adoption of motorized mechanization has stalled over the past decades.

2326:

first fully automated highway roadway or an automated test track in operation by 1997. This system shall accommodate the installation of equipment in new and existing motor vehicles.

5847: 2386:(RPA; or RPAAI for self-guided RPA 2.0) is an emerging field within BPA and uses AI. BPAs can be implemented in a number of business areas including marketing, sales and workflow. 2382:, improve service delivery or contain costs. BPA consists of integrating applications, restructuring labor resources and using software applications throughout the organization. 1293:

as the digital rationalization of human labor instead of its substitution has emerged as an alternative technological strategy. Overcoming these obstacles is a theorized path to

6002: 4332: 2571:

is also used in creating an automatic labeling solution, using robotic arms as the automatic label applicator, and AI for learning and detecting the products to be labelled.

4954: 3504: 3182: 2529:", which is better known now as Industry 4.0. Originating from Germany, Industry 4.0 encompasses numerous devices, concepts, and machines, as well as the advancement of the 2511:

to provide automatic inspection and robot guidance functions, another is a continuing increase in the use of robots. Industrial automation is simply required in industries.

2193:" to make the ordering process more efficient by customers ordering and paying on their device. Some restaurants have automated food delivery to tables of customers using a 721:

whenever there was a speed change. As a consequence, engines equipped with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed, such as cotton spinning.

6968:

FREY, CARL BENEDIKT. "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE." The Technology Trap: Capital, Labor, and Power in the Age of Automation, Princeton University Press, 2019, pp. 301–41,

3435: 5440: 1704:. Manufacturers are increasingly demanding the ability to easily switch from manufacturing Product A to manufacturing Product B without having to completely rebuild the 6843:

Acemoglu, Daron, and Pascual Restrepo. "Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor." The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 33, no. 2,

1731:

revolution which provided a networked (i.e. a single cable) means of communicating between control systems and field-level instrumentation, eliminating hard-wiring.

2850: 2621:, and dedicated closed-loop controllers. Since these could number in the hundreds or even thousands, the process for updating such facilities for the yearly model 5905: 6873:

Shiller, Robert J. "Automation and Artificial Intelligence Replace Almost All Jobs." Narrative Economics: How Stories Go Viral and Drive Major Economic Events,

6903:

Diakopoulos, Nicholas. "HYBRIDIZATION: COMBINING ALGORITHMS, AUTOMATION, AND PEOPLE IN NEWSWORK." Automating the News: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Media,

5822: 5109: 3040:, which guide the writing of the software code. The earliest feedback control mechanism was the water clock invented by Greek engineer Ctesibius (285–222 BC). 4462: 1311:

Increased automation often causes workers to feel anxious about losing their jobs as technology renders their skills or experience unnecessary. Early in the

2648:

ensures that what is supposed to happen on the call actually does, every time. There are two basic types: desktop automation and automated voice solutions.

1385:

Prospects are particularly bleak for occupations that do not presently require a university degree, such as truck driving. Even in high-tech corridors like

4028: 1611:

Automation of homes and home appliances is also thought to impact the environment. A study of energy consumption of automated homes in Finland showed that

5489: 526:

of 2019 shows evidence that the new industries and jobs in the technology sector outweigh the economic effects of workers being displaced by automation.

322: 7164: 2090:

Automated feeding machines for both cows and poultry also exist, but data and evidence regarding their adoption trends and drivers is likewise scarce.

2907:

system will respond depending on whether the elevator is stopped or moving, going up or down, or if the door is open or closed, and other conditions.

1426:

in 2015 the impact of computerization in most cases is not the replacement of employees but the automation of portions of the tasks they perform. The

1250:

As a process becomes increasingly automated, there is less and less labor to be saved or quality improvement to be gained. This is an example of both

853: 658: 342: 5930: 3519: 6997: 6356: 5962: 5213: 4969:

Very few occupations will be automated in their entirety in the near or medium term. Rather, certain activities are more likely to be automated....

2313: 567:

It was a preoccupation of the Greeks and Arabs (in the period between about 300 BC and about 1200 AD) to keep accurate track of time. In

3584: 3458: 2768:

operations is performed, often based on system logic that involves system states. An elevator control system is an example of sequence control.

426:, and ships typically use combinations of all of these techniques. The benefit of automation includes labor savings, reducing waste, savings in 6749: 5892: 5113: 4109: 3008:

Computers can perform both sequential control and feedback control, and typically a single computer will do both in an industrial application.

881: 6953:

McAfee, Andrew, and Erik Brynjolfsson. "Human Work in the Robotic Future: Policy for the Age of Automation." Foreign Affairs, vol. 95, no. 4,

2356:

Automated waste collection trucks prevent the need for as many workers as well as easing the level of labor required to provide the service.

1147:

People anticipating employment income may be seriously disrupted by others deploying automation where no similar income is readily available.

870: 2140:

is currently estimated to account for 31% of all commercial property or around 7 billion square feet (650 million square metres).

1140:

Scaled-up capacities can mean scaled-up problems when systems fail — releasing dangerous toxins, forces, energies, etc., at scaled-up rates.

6282:

Jung, Markus; Reinisch, Christian; Kastner, Wolfgang (2012). "Integrating Building Automation Systems and IPv6 in the Internet of Things".

4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4077: 1763:(or CAx) now serve as the basis for mathematical and organizational tools used to create complex systems. Notable examples of CAx include 5855: 4333:"The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Designates the Owens "AR" Bottle Machine as an International Historic Engineering Landmark" 1940:, cognitive automation enables the replication of human tasks and judgment "at rapid speeds and considerable scale." Such tasks include: 4040: 1389:, concern is spreading about a future in which a sizable percentage of adults have little chance of sustaining gainful employment. "In 891: 834: 5999: 3477: 2185:

has introduced touch screen ordering and payment systems in many of its restaurants, reducing the need for as many cashier employees.

4336: 2539: 2322: 1137:

Faster production without human intervention can mean faster unchecked production of defects where automated processes are defective.

5786:

Economics of adoption for digital automated technologies in agriculture. Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2022

4820: 2724:

An electromechanical timer, normally used for open-loop control based purely on a timing sequence, with no feedback from the process

6800: 6774:

In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 – Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems

5880: 3601: 1866: 960:

Self-acting machine tools that displaced hand dexterity so they could be operated by boys and unskilled laborers were developed by

5868: 4964: 1595:

are much less likely to get into accidents compared to human-driven vehicles, some precautions built into current models (such as

665:

devices. Another control mechanism was used to tent the sails of windmills. It was patented by Edmund Lee in 1745. Also in 1745,

5322:

Werner Dankwort, C; Weidlich, Roland; Guenther, Birgit; Blaurock, Joerg E (2004). "Engineers' CAx education—it's not only CAD".

5062:

McGaughey, Ewan (10 January 2018). "Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy".

4561: 3443: 5353: 5195: 3092: 2280: 1716: 5448: 7743: 7503: 7056: 7027: 6739: 6714: 6693: 6659: 6462: 6420: 6387: 6299: 6212: 6079: 6044: 5803: 5585: 5540: 5162: 4991:

technology-driven automation will affect almost every occupation and can change work, according to new research from McKinsey

4847: 4643: 4412: 4371: 4316: 4229: 4188: 3978: 3959: 3872: 3819: 3786: 3738: 3713: 3389: 3359: 2602:, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed-up or 6858:

Danaher, John. "The Case for Technological Unemployment." Automation and Utopia: Human Flourishing in a World without Work,

6000:

Automated Garbage Trucks Hitting Cedar Rapids Streets | KCRG-TV9 | Cedar Rapids, Iowa News, Sports, and Weather | Local News

4982: 4747: 1771:(CAM software). The improved design, analysis, and manufacture of products enabled by CAx has been beneficial for industry. 1719:

was replaced by digital equivalents which can be more accurate and flexible, and offer greater scope for more sophisticated

1361:

In the U.S., 47% of all current jobs have the potential to be fully automated by 2033, according to the research of experts

7424: 4153: 1793:(PLC). PLCs are specialized hardened computers which are frequently used to synchronize the flow of inputs from (physical) 1350:

indicated that 72% of Americans are worried about increasing automation in the workplace, 80% of Swedes see automation and

369: 332: 5523:

In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022. Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems

4543: 3213: 1744: 270: 3861:

From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States

1103:

Required work in development, deployment, maintenance, and operation of automated processes — often structured as "jobs"

7096: 4802: 337: 4784: 4259: 1279:, and language production ability are well beyond the capabilities of modern mechanical and computer systems (but see 6828: 6499: 5263:"Environmental Impacts and Benefits of Smart Home Automation: Life Cycle Assessment of Home Energy Management System" 4728: 2186: 1683: 1562: 1229: 595:(850 AD), described a number of automatic controls. Two-step level controls for fluids, a form of discontinuous 17: 6510:"Feedback and control systems" - JJ Di Steffano, AR Stubberud, IJ Williams. Schaums outline series, McGraw-Hill 1967 1665: 1544: 1211: 386:

Minimum human intervention is required to control many large facilities, such as this electrical generating station.

5127: 4766: 4466: 3148: 2538:

manufacturing facilities. Industry 4.0 works with the IIoT and software/hardware to connect in a way that (through

6604: 6228: 4364:

The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present

2930:

The total number of relays and cam timers can number into the hundreds or even thousands in some factories. Early

2189:

has introduced fully automated cafe retail locations. Some Cafes and restaurants have utilized mobile and tablet "

6677:

E. McGaughey, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy' (2018)

4667:

Gamez-Djokic, Monica; Waytz, Adam (2020). "Concerns About Automation and Negative Sentiment Toward Immigration".

1342:

The relative anxiety about automation reflected in opinion polls seems to correlate closely with the strength of

6934:

Restrepo, Pascual (2024). "Automation: Theory, Evidence, and Outlook". Annual Review of Economics. 16 (1): 1–25.

5375: 6568: 5019: 3864: 3342: 3137: 2939: 1823: 1813: 1661: 1529: 1455: 1207: 1122:

Removing humans from dangerous environments (e.g. fire, space, volcanoes, nuclear facilities, underwater, etc.)

535: 4579:"COVID-19, economic crises and digitalisation: How algorithmic management became an alternative to automation" 7419: 6889: 6844: 6324: 5980: 4183:(revised 2nd ed.). B.H. Newnes / Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. / Reed International Books. pp. 45–46. 3160: 3009: 2897: 2737: 2580: 2530: 2500: 2136: 1872: 1790: 815: 6768: 2942:

were later designed to replace these collections of hardware with a single, more easily re-programmed unit.

1759:

over automated devices. The result has been a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities.

7695: 6954: 5568:

The State of Food and Agriculture 2022.Leveraging agricultural automation for transforming agrifood systems

5401: 4443:

Arnzt, Melanie (14 May 2016). "The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS".

2526: 2466: 2308: 1768: 1399: 695: 327: 3921:

Transactions of the Society Instituted at London for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce

3806:

The Weaver's Knot: The Contradictions of Class Struggle and Family Solidarity in Western France, 1750–1914

2079:

Increased productivity can free up labour, allowing agricultural households to spend more time elsewhere.

729:

published a paper that established the beginning of a theoretical basis for understanding control theory.

7569: 7513: 6920: 4479:

Bartelt, Terry. Industrial Automated Systems: Instrumentation and Motion Control. Cengage Learning, 2010.

2810: 2618: 2365: 1922: 1914: 1760: 1657: 1604: 1443: 1203: 972:(NC) using punched paper tape in the 1950s. This soon evolved into computerized numerical control (CNC). 282: 35: 6704: 5703: 5221: 4254:(PhD thesis). Department of Communication and Systems Faculty of Mathematics, Computing and Technology: 2938:, where diagrams of the interconnected relays resembled the rungs of a ladder. Special computers called 1271:

Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation. Human-level

7733: 7129: 6939: 6874: 5471: 3581: 3245: 3235: 3132: 2383: 2214: 1860: 1848: 1819: 1805: 1786: 1724: 1479: 1306: 749:

developed the theory of discontinuous automatic controls, which found military applications during the

596: 527: 287: 6284:

2012 Sixth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing

6019: 7721: 6810: 6556: 6437: 6249:

Kamarul Bahrin, Mohd Aiman; Othman, Mohd Fauzi; Nor Azli, Nor Hayati; Talib, Muhamad Farihin (2016).

3997: 3478:"The lesson of Trump and Brexit: a society too complex for its people risks everything | John Harris" 2957: 2853: 2814: 2698: 2642: 2427:

This may change with the ability of integrating low-cost devices with standard laboratory equipment.

2293: 2254:

is currently in the transition towards automation. Currently, it can still require a large amount of

2006: 1842: 819: 808: 591: 511:

established an automation department. It was during this time that the industry was rapidly adopting

247: 122: 42: 2135:

could be considered a form of automated retail as the payment and checkout are through an automated

1909:. Its primary concern is the automation of clerical tasks and workflows that consist of structuring 6904: 6859: 6379: 3251: 3025: 2504: 2462: 2262:

where labor costs are low so there is less incentive for increasing efficiency through automation.

1720: 1709: 1646: 1192: 1168:, where a failure of automation put the pilots into a manual situation they were not prepared for. 1030: 1022: 523: 362: 230: 172: 112: 6412: 909:. Conversion of factories to digital control began to spread rapidly in the 1970s as the price of 7370: 7365: 7019: 3904: 3354:

Lamb, Frank. Industrial Automation: Hands On (English Edition). NC, McGraw-Hill Education, 2013.

3080: 2965: 1966: 1960: 1930: 1854: 1785:, can assist in the design, implementation, and monitoring of control systems. One example of an 1701: 1650: 1540: 1484:

Lights-out manufacturing is a production system with no human workers, to eliminate labor costs.

1351: 1289:

than mechanical approaches even where the automation of industrial tasks is possible. Therefore,

1196: 684:

invented the first fully automated spinning mill driven by water power, known at the time as the

95: 6759: 4067: 2579:

Industrial automation incorporates programmable logic controllers in the manufacturing process.

2167: 7564: 7089: 5986: 5604:

Agriculture 4.0 – Agricultural robotics and automated equipment for sustainable crop production

3176: 3097: 2375: 2075: 2053: 1774: 1734: 1467: 1290: 1276: 211: 137: 6678: 5297: 5067: 4205: 4178: 4131: 3919: 746: 7675: 7529: 7139: 6981: 6350: 4444: 3811: 3703: 3667: 3166: 3107: 2952: 2934:

techniques and languages were needed to make such systems manageable, one of the first being

2482: 2413: 1998: 1987: 1764: 1324: 1312: 1165: 1116: 954: 922: 781: 670: 165: 117: 69: 31: 6404: 6371: 5490:"Slash CAD model build times with new AI-driven part creation methodology | GlobalSpec" 3842: 1459: 1354:(AI) as a good thing, due to the country's still-powerful unions and a more robust national 7625: 7549: 7314: 7274: 7124: 5704:"Global milking robots market size by type, by herd size, by geographic scope and forecast" 5659: 5422: 4939: 3304: 3219: 2931: 2861: 2440: 2297: 2162: 1778: 1439: 1411: 1092: 902: 831: 666: 607: 177: 142: 127: 4932: 4840:

The second machine age: work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies

3376:

The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era

2826: 8: 7796: 7774: 7716: 7579: 7279: 7119: 7048:

Digital Journalism, Drones, and Automation: The Language and Abstractions behind the News

6405: 6372: 5243: 4255: 3505:"Will robots and AI take your job? The economic and political consequences of automation" 3142: 3117: 3112: 2713: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2563: 2478: 2458: 2194: 1955: 1918: 1906: 1894: 1739: 1347: 1272: 1251: 1047: 998: 986: 811: 801: 754: 726: 512: 355: 160: 147: 100: 61: 6748:

Executive Office of the President, Artificial Intelligence, Automation and the Economy (

6195:

Pearce, Joshua M. (1 January 2014). "Introduction to Open-Source Hardware for Science".

5663: 5648:"Agricultural mechanization in Africa: Myths, realities and an emerging research agenda" 5262: 3624: 3582:

Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering

3308: 430:

costs, savings in material costs, and improvements to quality, accuracy, and precision.

7685: 7660: 7650: 7615: 7559: 7539: 7486: 7459: 7397: 7309: 7243: 7144: 7001: 6958: 6924: 6908: 6848: 6305: 6204: 6128: 5767: 5685: 4959: 4913: 4611: 4578: 4506: 3856: 3560: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3057: 2806: 2534: 1926: 1905:

Cognitive automation, as a subset of AI, is an emerging genus of automation enabled by

1809: 1782: 1422: 1407: 1319:

were making some job categories expendable, workers forcefully resisted these changes.

1161: 793: 773: 716:

for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt's partner Boulton saw one at a flour mill

654: 611: 508: 411: 223: 6928: 6709:(2nd ed.), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: International Society of Automation, 6654:. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd. On behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 3776: 3684: 3381: 2629:

needed to individually rewire the relays to change their operational characteristics.

7762: 7726: 7655: 7584: 7471: 7257: 7159: 7134: 7082: 7062: 7052: 7033: 7023: 6735: 6710: 6689: 6655: 6495: 6416: 6383: 6295: 6208: 6177: 6169: 6132: 6120: 6112: 6075: 5799: 5759: 5751: 5689: 5677: 5581: 5536: 5158: 5063: 4917: 4905: 4853: 4843: 4684: 4649: 4639: 4616: 4598: 4502: 4408: 4401: 4367: 4312: 4225: 4184: 4159: 4149: 3955: 3886: 3878: 3868: 3836: 3815: 3804: 3782: 3734: 3709: 3620: 3485: 3385: 3355: 3338: 3320: 3295: 3293:

Agrawal, Ajay; Gans, Joshua S.; Goldfarb, Avi (2023). "Do we want less automation?".

3203: 3102: 3071: 2985: 2707: 2674: 2496: 2446: 2229: 2025: 1910: 1756: 1592: 1581: 1451: 1355: 1332: 1255: 1034: 1018: 1006: 994: 990: 989:

developed the theory of discontinuous automatic control, which became widely used in

969: 910: 777: 758: 717: 681: 650: 531: 486: 462: 454: 395: 297: 6309: 5771: 5349: 4510: 4366:. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 475. 3564: 3337:

Lyshevski, S.E. Electromechanical Systems and Devices 1st Edition. CRC Press, 2008.

1536: 1111:& precision, electromagnetic sensing & effecting, etc., advantages include: 586: 7711: 7589: 7574: 7449: 7441: 7360: 7319: 7304: 7252: 7154: 6985: 6969: 6943: 6893: 6878: 6863: 6626: 6616: 6336: 6287: 6262: 6200: 6159: 6104: 5789: 5741: 5667: 5602: 5571: 5526: 5331: 5277: 5090: 5044: 5034: 4895: 4887: 4676: 4606: 4590: 4498: 4309:

A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements That Transformed Our Lives

4217: 4141: 3616: 3550: 3542: 3312: 3122: 2915: 2857: 2371: 2241: 2174: 2146: 2141: 2099: 2045: 1336: 1328: 785: 750: 708:

A centrifugal governor was used by Mr. Bunce of England in 1784 as part of a model

700: 674: 304: 292: 235: 6605:"Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation" 6048: 5020:"Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation" 3420: 2891: 2370:

Business process automation (BPA) is the technology-enabled automation of complex

2181:

The food retail industry has started to apply automation to the ordering process;

7620: 7605: 7508: 7498: 7490: 7355: 7228: 7206: 7196: 7046: 7013: 6671:

Automation and Technological Change: Report of the Twenty-first American Assembly

6108: 6006: 5976: 5949: 5282: 4448: 4213: 4137: 4114: 4016: 3772: 3588: 3240: 3225: 3208: 3154: 2993: 2977: 2492: 2395: 2379: 2225: 2132: 2125: 2057: 1949: 1877: 1705: 1625: 1600: 1596: 1343: 1281: 1026: 1014: 906: 886: 823: 738: 583: 568: 534:

blamed on automation have been cited as one of many factors in the resurgence of

275: 182: 152: 105: 5244:"Self-Driving Cars Could Help Save the Environment—Or Ruin It. It Depends on Us" 4525: 1339:, in protest over the cars' perceived threat to human safety and job prospects. 926:

feared the telephone system would consume all electricity production, prompting

7738: 7554: 7544: 7466: 7409: 7350: 7289: 7284: 7269: 7201: 5935: 3986: 3577: 3013: 2973: 2920: 2777: 2686: 2508: 1882: 1386: 1371: 1286: 1073: 874: 797: 600: 490: 434: 206: 132: 7005: 6912: 5893:

Wheelie: Toshiba's new robot is cute, autonomous and maybe even useful (video)

5672: 5647: 5335: 4653: 4221: 4145: 3890: 3374: 7790: 7690: 7645: 7329: 7324: 7299: 7294: 6173: 6164: 6147: 6116: 5755: 5681: 4909: 4857: 4688: 4680: 4602: 4052: 4048: 4000: 3489: 3086: 2787: 2488: 2304: 2255: 2202: 2182: 2114: 2109: 1800: 1585: 1416: 1294: 965: 961: 945: 863: 789: 662: 539: 5503: 5095: 5082: 5080: 4248:

The Programmable Logic Controller: its prehistory, emergence and application

3546: 3316: 1005:. Through Flugge-Lotz and others, the modern era saw time-domain design for 626: 7454: 7429: 7414: 7387: 7377: 7238: 7149: 6989: 6973: 6947: 6882: 6764: 6341: 6181: 6124: 5763: 5746: 5729: 5261:

Louis, Jean-Nicolas; Calo, Antonio; Leiviskä, Kauko; Pongrácz, Eva (2015).

4702: 4620: 4246: 3324: 3171: 2960:

can be used for designing a door system that can only be opened and closed.

2935: 2803: 2275: 2150: 2105: 1577: 1316: 689: 642: 641:, or self-driven machines advanced grain mills, furnaces, boilers, and the 630: 559: 482: 6897: 6867: 6291: 5621: 4821:"Silicon Valley luminaries are busily preparing for when robots take over" 4288: 546:

politics in the US, UK and France, among other countries since the 2010s.

7476: 7402: 7392: 7382: 7345: 7262: 7223: 7174: 6630: 6267: 6250: 5048: 4900: 4012: 4004: 3555: 3127: 2911: 2720: 2626: 2428: 2259: 2069: 2037: 2010: 2002: 1427: 1002: 814:

modules for hard-wired programmed logic controllers (the predecessors of

709: 685: 576: 493:

was begun in the 18th century and advanced rapidly in the 20th. The term

427: 382: 240: 6962: 6852: 6634: 5131: 4952: 4933:"The Future of Employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?" 4872: 4785:"Technology Will Replace Many Doctors, Lawyers, and Other Professionals" 4767:"THE FUTURE OF EMPLOYMENT: HOW SUSCEPTIBLE ARE JOBS TO COMPUTERISATION?" 4130:

Klingelnberg, W. Ferdinand (2013) . Pohl, Fritz; Reindl, Rudolf (eds.).

2499:

processes. General-purpose controllers for industrial processes include

2251: 1708:. Flexibility and distributed processes have led to the introduction of 6621: 5788:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2022. 5570:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2022. 5525:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2022. 5321: 5039: 4594: 4072: 4036: 4008: 3280:

Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and Systems

2869: 2622: 2190: 2049: 1969: 1612: 1435:) found that across the 21 OECD countries, 9% of jobs are automatable. 1379: 1079: 1010: 931: 827: 772:

The First and Second World Wars saw major advancements in the field of

713: 646: 633:

promoted automation through the need to control engine speed and power.

519: 474: 407: 265: 6729: 5441:"Cognitive automation: Streamlining knowledge processes | Deloitte US" 5155:

Innovation and Inequality: How Does Technical Progress Affect Workers?

4563:

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and Their Impact on the Workplace

3979:"INTERKAMA 1960 – Dusseldorf Exhibition of Automation and Instruments" 3520:"'People are lost': Voters in France's 'Trumplands' look to far right" 2001:(CAD) can use text-to-3D, image-to-3D, and video-to-3D to automate in 894:, Krone Mibakron, Bistat, Datapac, Norlog, SSR, or Procontic systems. 692:

in 1785, making it the first completely automated industrial process.

7640: 7534: 7233: 6538: 6520: 5848:"McDonald's automation a sign of declining service sector employment" 5794: 5576: 5531: 5379: 5181:

Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: Workforce Transitions in a Time of Automation

4544:"Children of the Magenta (Automation Paradox, pt. 1) – 99% Invisible" 4106:

Estacord – Das universelle Bausteinsystem für kontaktlose Steuerungen

3655: 3647: 3533:

Guarnieri, M. (2010). "The Roots of Automation Before Mechatronics".

3230: 3037: 3018: 2924: 2614: 2594:

They can be designed for multiple arrangements of digital and analog

2454: 2450: 2041: 2017: 2013: 1944: 1697: 1362: 927: 615: 572: 503: 442: 438: 403: 399: 49: 6576: 6555:

The elevator example is commonly used in programming texts, such as

5730:"Robotic milking: Technology, farm design, and effects on work flow" 2802:

A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller) is a

1635: 1547:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1181: 7680: 7630: 7105: 6772: 4891: 3051: 3033: 2981: 2865: 2568: 2520: 2224:

injuries, decreasing activity completion times, and assisting with

1937: 1887: 1728: 1375: 1320: 858: 543: 466: 458: 423: 415: 192: 7066: 7037: 3065: 645:

created a new requirement for automatic control systems including

599:, were developed by the Banu Musa brothers. They also described a 7610: 7191: 6248: 4930: 4044: 4032: 4024: 4020: 2221: 2021: 1157: 877: 849: 845: 841: 838: 473:

with reduced human intervention. Examples range from a household

470: 419: 77: 6095:

Boyd, James (18 January 2002). "Robotic Laboratory Automation".

5607:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 4163: 3882: 2736:

The definition of a closed loop control system according to the

7665: 7216: 7211: 6148:"Integration of Analytical Instruments with Computer Scripting" 4729:"Wielding Rocks and Knives, Arizonans Attack Self-Driving Cars" 4290:

Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research

4206:"4.1. Grundschaltungen mit Bipolar- und Feldeffekttransistoren" 3952:

A Great Leap Forward: 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth

2945:

In a typical hard-wired motor start and stop circuit (called a

2892:

Sequential control and logical sequence or system state control

2374:. It can help to streamline a business for simplicity, achieve 2247: 2198: 1794: 1367: 1243:

Current technology is unable to automate all the desired tasks.

898: 638: 614:

in the seventeenth century, and used to adjust the gap between

446: 216: 6720: 5823:"The decline of established American retailing threatens jobs" 5504:"The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the CAD Industry" 4953:

Chui, Michael; James Manyika; Mehdi Miremadi (November 2015).

4489:

Bainbridge, Lisanne (November 1983). "Ironies of automation".

3996:

Another point noticed was the widespread use of small-package

2246:

Automated mining involves the removal of human labor from the

1696:

Another major shift in automation is the increased demand for

418:, usually in combination. Complicated systems, such as modern 7635: 7183: 6251:"Industry 4.0: A Review on Industrial Automation and Robotic" 3183:

Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work

2997: 2989: 2610: 2588: 2555: 2543: 2487:

Industrial automation deals primarily with the automation of

2271: 1797:

and events with the flow of outputs to actuators and events.

1040: 196: 6197:

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Open-Source Hardware for Science

5977:

National Automated Highway System Research Program: A Review

5906:"The impact and opportunities of automation in construction" 4136:(in German) (softcover reprint of 15th hardcover ed.). 1346:

in that region or nation. For example, while a study by the

7670: 7074: 5622:"FAOSTAT: Discontinued archives and data series: Machinery" 5600: 5298:"Essential Guide to Modern Factory Automation | Smartsheet" 4212:. Springer-Lehrbuch (in German) (reprint of 2nd ed.). 3000:, raising heavy press-rolls, applying pressure to presses. 2525:

The rise of industrial automation is directly tied to the "

2418: 2274:) started the research and development of automated visual 2171: 1432: 450: 4842:. Andrew McAfee (First ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. 3599: 621: 30:

For a hierarchical presentation of automation topics, see

5869:

Automation Comes To The Coffeehouse With Robotic Baristas

5260: 5177: 5081:

Arntzi, Melanie; Terry Gregoryi; Ulrich Zierahni (2016).

3459:"Robots for Trump: Did automation swing the US election?" 2820:

In a PID loop, the controller continuously calculates an

2782: 2514: 2453:

operations. Typically this refers to operations within a

867: 5895:. TechCrunch (12 March 2010). Retrieved on 12 July 2013. 4306: 3834: 3032:. Such processes are typically designed with the aid of 5881:

New Pizza Express app lets diners pay bill using iPhone

4783:

Susskind, Richard; Susskind, Daniel (11 October 2016).

3436:"How Robots Caused Brexit and the Rise of Donald Trump" 1913:. Cognitive automation relies on multiple disciplines: 1119:(e.g., fewer strained backs from lifting heavy objects) 818:) emerged to replace electro-mechanical relay logic in 6463:"AI Automatic Label Applicator & Labelling System" 6072:

Practical Laboratory Automation: Made Easy with AutoIt

4931:

Carl Benedikt Frey; Michael Osborne (September 2013).

3973: 3971: 3670:, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", 2307:

authorized more than $ 650 million over six years for

725:

received relatively little scientific attention until

27:

Use of various control systems for operating equipment

3403: 3401: 2829: 2794:) is the desired process value or "set point", and y( 1619: 1331:

by destroying them. More recently, some residents of

433:

Automation includes the use of various equipment and

6688:, Ann Arbor, MI, USA: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 6325:"Los sistemas SCADA en la automatización industrial" 5952:. City of Publication: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 5472:"10 Best Artificial Intelligence (AI) 3D Generators" 5196:"Lights out manufacturing and its impact on society" 5087:

OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers

4029:

Ateliers des Constructions Electronique de Charleroi

3047: 2764:

Sequence control, in which a programmed sequence of

2705:

Fundamentally, there are two types of control loop:

2449:

or automated machinery to improve the efficiency of

1715:

Digital electronics helped too. Former analog-based

1491:

The expansion of lights out manufacturing requires:

6281: 6045:"Smart & Intelligent Home Automation Solutions" 6020:"Business Process Automation – Gartner IT Glossary" 5114:

Artificial Intelligence, Automation and the Economy

5083:"The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries" 4403:

Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution

3968: 3292: 1981: 1300: 780:. Other key advances in automatic controls include 6504: 6435: 5883:. Bighospitality.co.uk. Retrieved on 12 July 2013. 4400: 3803: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3733:. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd. pp. 47, 266. 3398: 3373: 2844: 2431:are common devices used in laboratory automation. 5646:Daum, Thomas; Birner, Regina (1 September 2020). 5188: 5128:"Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets" 4983:"Automation Will Change Jobs More Than Kill Them" 4873:"Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets" 4666: 4123: 2574: 1100:Relieving humans of monotonously repetitive work 7788: 6998:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 5963:Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act 5423:"What is Cognitive Automation – An Introduction" 4870: 4782: 4765:Frey, C. B.; Osborne, M.A. (17 September 2013). 4204:Weißel, Ralph; Schubert, Franz (7 March 2013) . 4108:(Catalog) (in German). Herxheim/Pfalz, Germany: 4060: 3903:Partington, Charles Frederick (1 January 1826). 2884:) which give their name to the controller type. 2790:of a PID controller in a feedback loop, where r( 2598:(I/O), extended temperature ranges, immunity to 2314:Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act 2108:and even smaller stores are rapidly introducing 2074:Many agricultural operations are automated with 1115:Relieving humans of dangerous work stresses and 669:invented the first automated loom. Around 1800, 4180:Logic Designer's Handbook: Circuits and Systems 4098: 3918:"A Catalogue of the Models, Machine, &c.". 3841:. New York, NY: Philosophical Library. p. 3747: 2270:The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( 2028:are used as tools to help streamline workflow. 1588:, were always early contenders for automation. 41:"Automate" redirects here. For other uses, see 6229:"What is machine vision, and how can it help?" 5350:"Automation - Definitions from Dictionary.com" 4398: 4203: 3835:Jacobson, Howard B.; Joseph S. Roueek (1959). 7090: 5871:. Singularity Hub. Retrieved on 12 July 2013. 5342: 5003:Arntz er al (Summer 2017). "Future of work". 4463:"Process automation, retrieved on 20.02.2010" 3945: 3943: 3685:"Charting the Globe and Tracking the Heavens" 2311:(ITS) and demonstration projects in the 1991 2031: 1727:, and operation. This was accompanied by the 1088:Reduced direct human labor costs and expenses 363: 7015:Automation Anxiety: Why and How to Save Work 6763: This article incorporates text from a 6355:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 5982:Transportation Research Board Special Report 5125: 4837: 4197: 4129: 4027:," say, is directly interchangeable with an 3954:. New Haven, London: Yale University Press. 3602:"Soft variable-structure controls: a survey" 3600:J. Adamy & A. Flemming (November 2004), 3502: 2910:Early development of sequential control was 2751: 2691: 2636: 7011: 6706:A Guide to the Automation Body of Knowledge 6673:, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall. 6322: 6244: 6242: 5376:"Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators" 5178:McKinsey Global Institute (December 2017). 5002: 4955:"Four fundamentals of workplace automation" 4871:Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual (2020). 4764: 4748:"The Robots are Coming, and Sweden is Fine" 4307:Constable, George; Somerville, Bob (1964). 4280: 4238: 3517: 2445:Logistics automation is the application of 2317:(ISTEA). Congress legislated in ISTEA that: 1837:Different types of automation tools exist: 1664:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1473: 1210:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 916: 807:Starting in 1958, various systems based on 688:. An automatic flour mill was developed by 7097: 7083: 6731:Levels of Automation in Production Systems 6652:A History of Control Engineering 1930-1955 6569:"MOTOR STARTERS START STOPS HAND OFF AUTO" 6545:. Clinton, MA US: The Colonial Press, Inc. 6527:. Clinton, MA US: The Colonial Press, Inc. 5645: 5152: 4980: 4526:"Paradox of Automation – The Personal MBA" 4488: 3940: 3902: 3731:A History of Control Engineering 1800–1930 3365: 2625:was very time-consuming and expensive, as 2177:being used at a bakery for food production 2063: 1106:Increased human freedom to do other things 1041:Advantages, disadvantages, and limitations 712:. The centrifugal governor was adopted by 370: 356: 76: 6829:Learn how and when to remove this message 6702: 6683: 6620: 6340: 6266: 6163: 5793: 5745: 5727: 5671: 5575: 5530: 5469: 5281: 5094: 5061: 5038: 4899: 4610: 4170: 3855: 3771: 3705:Adaptive Control Processes: A Guided Tour 3554: 3532: 3433: 1684:Learn how and when to remove this message 1563:Learn how and when to remove this message 1508: 1335:, have slashed tires and pelted rocks at 1230:Learn how and when to remove this message 507:), was not widely used before 1947, when 7044: 6239: 6145: 6069: 5214:"Checklist for Lights-Out Manufacturing" 5184:. Mckinsey & Company. pp. 1–20. 4974: 3456: 2951: 2781: 2756:One of the simplest types of control is 2719: 2699:Control loop § Open-loop and closed-loop 2554: 2472: 2417: 2338: 2166: 2128:in Japan, an example of automated retail 2119: 1867:Supervisory control and data acquisition 1799: 1151: 944: 737:Relay logic was introduced with factory 694: 625: 558: 381: 6649: 6484: 6402: 4946: 4745: 4633: 4576: 4386: 4349: 3934: 3760: 3728: 3702:Bellman, Richard E. (8 December 2015). 3701: 3407: 3277: 2872:terms, respectively (sometimes denoted 2670:This section may need to be cleaned up. 2434: 1900: 905:became the first chemical plant to use 622:Industrial Revolution in Western Europe 489:to a system. The mathematical basis of 14: 7789: 6668: 6475: 6194: 6146:Carvalho, Matheus C. (1 August 2013). 6009:. Kcrg.com. Retrieved on 12 July 2013. 5601:Santos Valle, S.; Kienzle, J. (2020). 4924: 4746:Goodman, Peter S. (27 December 2017). 4726: 4361: 4286: 4275: 4245:Walker, Mark John (8 September 2012). 4244: 3571: 3475: 3371: 3093:Automated storage and retrieval system 2550: 2515:Industrial Automation and Industry 4.0 1266: 1082:(consistency), of processes or product 985:1940s and 1950s, German mathematician 563:Ctesibius's clepsydra (3rd century BC) 515:, which were introduced in the 1930s. 7504:Simultaneous localization and mapping 7078: 6734:, Chalmers University of Technology, 6727: 6602: 6369: 5817: 5815: 5616: 5614: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5470:Abdullahi, Aminu (17 November 2023). 5017: 4442: 3949: 3012:(PLCs) are a type of special-purpose 2265: 979: 481:In the simplest type of an automatic 6785: 6767:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 ( 6537: 6519: 6094: 5126:Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual. 4660: 4427: 4176: 3810:. Cornell University Press. p. 3661: 3641: 3380:. Putnam Publishing Group. pp. 2852:as the difference between a desired 2655: 1745:Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems 1662:adding citations to reliable sources 1629: 1512: 1208:adding citations to reliable sources 1175: 1066:Increased throughput or productivity 6199:. Boston: Elsevier. pp. 1–11. 5950:Automated multi-camera surveillance 5854:. 19 September 2013. Archived from 5153:Saint-Paul, Gilles (21 July 2008). 4583:New Technology, Work and Employment 4523: 3801: 3434:Dashevsky, Evan (8 November 2017). 3214:Productivity improving technologies 3003: 2972:Solenoid valves are widely used on 2461:, with broader tasks undertaken by 2359: 2334: 1974:Manual activities and verifications 1750: 1055:could potentially be circumvented. 24: 6781: 6703:Trevathan, Vernon L., ed. (2006), 6205:10.1016/b978-0-12-410462-4.00001-9 5998:Hepker, Aaron. (27 November 2012) 5812: 5611: 5594: 5549: 5510: 5356:from the original on 29 April 2008 5220:. 4 September 2017. Archived from 4727:Romero, Simon (31 December 2018). 4265:from the original on 20 June 2018. 4080:from the original on 18 June 2018. 3781:. London: BBC Books. p. 265. 2860:and applies a correction based on 2287: 1977:Follow-up and email communications 1952:and document synthesis / reporting 1712:with Natural Features Navigation. 1620:Convertibility and turnaround time 1327:who protested the introduction of 575:described a float regulator for a 338:IEEE Robotics and Automation Award 25: 7808: 6374:Handbook of Industrial Automation 5948:Javed, O, & Shah, M. (2008). 5110:Executive Office of the President 4636:Automation and the future of work 3476:Harris, John (29 December 2016). 2771: 2201:is sometimes employed to replace 2187:The University of Texas at Austin 2156: 1397:According to a 2020 study in the 949:Automated pharmacology production 7768: 7757: 7756: 7173: 6790: 6758: 6609:Journal of Economic Perspectives 6561: 6549: 6531: 6513: 6469: 6455: 6429: 6411:. Taylor & Francis. p. 6407:Robotics and Automation Handbook 6396: 6378:. Taylor & Francis. p. 6363: 6316: 6275: 6221: 6188: 6152:Journal of Laboratory Automation 6139: 6088: 6063: 6037: 6012: 5992: 5969: 5955: 5942: 5923: 5898: 5886: 5874: 5862: 5027:Journal of Economic Perspectives 3621:10.1016/j.automatica.2004.05.017 3149:Fully Automated Luxury Communism 3064: 3050: 2697:This section is an excerpt from 2660: 2060:—can automate power production. 1982:Recent and emerging applications 1634: 1517: 1301:Societal impact and unemployment 1180: 826:and automation, including early 554: 7769: 6543:The Origins of Feedback Control 6525:The Origins of Feedback Control 6465:. Milliontech. 18 January 2018. 5975:Menzies, Thomas R., ed. 1998. " 5840: 5778: 5721: 5696: 5639: 5496: 5482: 5463: 5433: 5415: 5394: 5368: 5315: 5290: 5254: 5236: 5206: 5171: 5146: 5119: 5103: 5074: 5055: 5011: 4996: 4864: 4831: 4813: 4803:"Death of the American Trucker" 4795: 4776: 4758: 4739: 4720: 4695: 4627: 4570: 4554: 4536: 4517: 4482: 4473: 4455: 4436: 4430:Industrial Automation: Hands on 4421: 4407:. University of Toronto Press. 4392: 4380: 4355: 4343: 4325: 4300: 4269: 3928: 3911: 3896: 3849: 3828: 3795: 3765: 3722: 3695: 3677: 3652:The Origins of Feedback Control 3593: 3526: 3518:Clare Byrne (7 December 2016). 3511: 3496: 3469: 3457:Torrance, Jack (25 July 2017). 3423:(Report). The World Bank. 2019. 2798:) is the measured process value 2422:Automated laboratory instrument 2352:Automated side loader operation 2208: 1498:Long-term mechanic capabilities 1144:unanticipated costs and delays. 1085:Increased consistency of output 732: 497:, inspired by the earlier word 6686:Automation Impacts on Industry 6494:, Industrial Press Inc., 1999 6478:Programmable Logic Controllers 5157:. Princeton University Press. 4981:Steve Lohr (6 November 2015). 4577:Schaupp, Simon (23 May 2022). 3994:(12): 588–589. December 1960. 3865:Johns Hopkins University Press 3708:. Princeton University Press. 3503:Darrell West (18 April 2018). 3450: 3427: 3413: 3348: 3331: 3286: 3271: 3138:Dirty, dangerous and demeaning 3010:Programmable logic controllers 2992:are used to supply continuous 2969:elements in control circuits. 2940:programmable logic controllers 2839: 2833: 2581:Programmable logic controllers 2575:Programmable Logic Controllers 2501:programmable logic controllers 2009:could also be developed using 1501:Planned preventive maintenance 1431:Co-operation and Development ( 1171: 816:programmable logic controllers 13: 1: 6890:University of Minnesota Press 6845:American Economic Association 6813:and help improve the section. 6669:Dunlop, John T., ed. (1962), 6323:Pérez-López, Esteban (2015). 6047:. 15 May 2018. Archived from 5966:1991, part B, Section 6054(b) 5931:Rio to trial automated mining 4076:(in French). September 1962. 4068:"les relais statiques Norbit" 3259: 3161:The Human Use of Human Beings 2956:This state diagram shows how 2898:Programmable logic controller 2738:British Standards Institution 2531:industrial internet of things 2407: 2400:Home automation (also called 2309:intelligent transport systems 2137:online transaction processing 1873:Programmable logic controller 1791:programmable logic controller 1323:, for instance, were English 7104: 6955:Council on Foreign Relations 6769:license statement/permission 6329:Revista Tecnología en Marcha 6109:10.1126/science.295.5554.517 5402:"Effective host stimulation" 5352:. dictionary.reference.com. 5283:10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.05.158 4880:Journal of Political Economy 4503:10.1016/0005-1098(83)90046-8 3950:Field, Alexander J. (2011). 3264: 2527:Fourth Industrial Revolution 2467:enterprise resource planning 1769:computer-aided manufacturing 1400:Journal of Political Economy 745:1950s, German mathematician 7: 7514:Vision-guided robot systems 7051:. Oxford University Press. 6921:Brookings Institution Press 6492:Industrial Control Handbook 4838:Brynjolfsson, Erik (2014). 3421:The Changing Nature of Work 3043: 2366:Business process automation 2323:Secretary of Transportation 1923:machine learning algorithms 1915:natural language processing 1761:Computer-aided technologies 1543:the claims made and adding 1410:and Michael Osborne of the 1382:are at risk of automation. 1315:, when inventions like the 597:variable structure controls 469:and other applications and 36:Automation (disambiguation) 10: 7813: 7734:Technological unemployment 6940:Princeton University Press 6877:, 2019, pp. 196–211, 6875:Princeton University Press 6684:Ouellette, Robert (1983), 6595: 6480:(5th ed.). p. 3. 6438:"Managing man and machine" 6070:Carvalho, Matheus (2017). 4362:Landes, David. S. (1969). 4258:. pp. 223, 269, 308. 4210:Digitale Schaltungstechnik 3246:Technological unemployment 3236:Robotic process automation 3133:Data-driven control system 2895: 2815:industrial control systems 2775: 2696: 2684: 2651: 2640: 2559:Automated milling machines 2540:communication technologies 2518: 2476: 2438: 2411: 2393: 2384:Robotic process automation 2363: 2291: 2239: 2215:Automation in construction 2212: 2160: 2097: 2067: 2032:Automated power production 1985: 1861:Robotic process automation 1849:Distributed control system 1814:human–computer interaction 1806:automated online assistant 1623: 1480:Lights out (manufacturing) 1477: 1307:Technological unemployment 1304: 991:hysteresis control systems 820:industrial control systems 549: 288:Technological unemployment 47: 40: 29: 7752: 7722:Workplace robotics safety 7704: 7598: 7522: 7485: 7440: 7338: 7182: 7171: 7112: 6957:, 2016, pp. 139–50, 6942:, 2019, pp. 229–36, 6923:, 2022, pp. 123–50, 6557:Unified Modeling Language 5673:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100393 5336:10.1016/j.cad.2004.02.011 4399:Musson; Robinson (1969). 4222:10.1007/978-3-642-78387-6 4177:Parr, E. Andrew (1993) . 4146:10.1007/978-3-642-88367-5 2752:Discrete control (on/off) 2692:Open-loop and closed-loop 2643:Agent-assisted automation 2637:Agent-assisted automation 2294:Automated highway systems 2235: 2093: 1997:Artificially intelligent 1992: 1843:Artificial neural network 1826:(CHI), formerly known as 1824:computer human interfaces 1787:industrial control system 1710:Automated Guided Vehicles 1504:Commitment from the staff 930:to begin research on the 794:frequency domain analysis 592:Book of Ingenious Devices 43:Automate (disambiguation) 7000:, 2019, pp. 41–52, 6907:, 2019, pp. 13–40, 6905:Harvard University Press 6892:, 2019, pp. 41–50, 6862:, 2019, pp. 25–52, 6860:Harvard University Press 6603:Autor, David H. (2015). 6476:Bolten, William (2009). 6436:PricewaterhouseCoopers. 6403:Kurfess, Thomas (2005). 6345:(inactive 28 July 2024). 6165:10.1177/2211068213476288 5734:Journal of Dairy Science 5728:Rodenburg, Jack (2017). 5708:Verified Market Research 5018:Autor, David H. (2015). 4681:10.1177/0956797620929977 3924:. Vol. XXXXI. 1813. 3587:18 February 2008 at the 3507:. Brookings Institution. 3278:Groover, Mikell (2014). 3252:The War on Normal People 3026:automated teller machine 2672:It has been merged from 2463:supply chain engineering 1965:Customer, employee, and 1820:Human-machine interfaces 1495:Reliability of equipment 1474:Lights-out manufacturing 1460:lower average work hours 1023:nonlinear control theory 917:Significant applications 524:World Development Report 48:Not to be confused with 7570:Human–robot interaction 7020:Oxford University Press 6847:, 2019, pp. 3–30, 6370:Shell, Richard (2000). 6005:16 January 2013 at the 5985:253. Washington, D.C.: 5096:10.1787/5jlz9h56dvq7-en 4789:Harvard Business Review 4707:Encyclopedia Britannica 4634:Benanav, Aaron (2020). 3863:, Baltimore, Maryland: 3802:Liu, Tessie P. (1994). 3547:10.1109/MIE.2010.936772 3372:Rifkin, Jeremy (1995). 3317:10.1126/science.adh9429 3081:Artificial Intelligence 2745:Feedback Control System 2505:stand-alone I/O modules 2389: 2076:machinery and equipment 2064:Agricultural production 1961:Natural language search 1931:evidence-based learning 1855:Human machine interface 1755:Engineers can now have 1702:manufacturing processes 1580:, the manufacturing of 1391:The Second Machine Age, 1352:artificial intelligence 649:(invented in 1624; see 6990:10.2307/j.ctv1198x3v.7 6974:10.2307/j.ctvc77cz1.21 6948:10.2307/j.ctvh1dr13.22 6929:10.7864/j.ctv13xpqtd.9 6883:10.2307/j.ctvdf0jm5.19 6728:Frohm, Jorgen (2008), 6342:10.18845/tm.v28i4.2438 5987:National Academy Press 5910:McKinsey & Company 5747:10.3168/jds.2016-11715 5445:Deloitte United States 4548:99percentinvisible.org 4335:. 1983. Archived from 4311:. Joseph Henry Press. 4287:Jerome, Harry (1934). 3838:Automation and Society 3177:Intelligent automation 3098:Automation engineering 2961: 2846: 2799: 2725: 2560: 2423: 2376:digital transformation 2353: 2328: 2258:, particularly in the 2178: 2129: 2048:sources—together with 1828:man-machine interfaces 1816: 1808:on a website, with an 1775:Information technology 1735:Discrete manufacturing 1700:and convertibility in 1509:Health and environment 1468:universal basic income 1450:Based on a formula by 1291:algorithmic management 1277:language comprehension 1048:hazardous environments 950: 782:differential equations 705: 647:temperature regulators 634: 564: 463:stabilization of ships 387: 314:Trade shows and awards 34:. For other uses, see 7676:Starship Technologies 6982:Duke University Press 6898:10.5749/j.ctvdtphr3.6 6868:10.2307/j.ctvn5txpc.4 6292:10.1109/IMIS.2012.134 5858:on 19 September 2013. 5324:Computer-Aided Design 4669:Psychological Science 4133:Technisches Hilfsbuch 3674:, May 1991, p. 64-69. 3668:Donald Routledge Hill 3535:IEEE Ind. Electron. M 3167:Industrial Revolution 3108:Automation technician 2955: 2847: 2785: 2723: 2558: 2483:Laboratory automation 2473:Industrial automation 2421: 2414:Laboratory automation 2351: 2319: 2281:tracking surveillance 2170: 2123: 1999:computer-aided design 1988:Emerging technologies 1803: 1765:computer-aided design 1456:Toulouse 1 University 1313:Industrial Revolution 1166:Air France Flight 447 1152:Paradox of automation 1117:occupational injuries 955:continuous production 948: 923:telephone switchboard 698: 671:Joseph Marie Jacquard 629: 571:, about 270 BC, 562: 385: 86:Automation in general 32:Outline of automation 7626:Energid Technologies 7012:Estlund, C. (2021). 6984:, 2019, pp. 87–107, 6650:Bennett, S. (1993). 6286:. pp. 683–688. 6268:10.11113/jt.v78.9285 6051:on 19 September 2018 5652:Global Food Security 4967:on 7 November 2015. 4940:Oxford Martin School 4428:Lamb, Frank (2013). 3729:Bennett, S. (1979). 3220:The Right to Be Lazy 2845:{\displaystyle e(t)} 2827: 2441:Logistics automation 2435:Logistics automation 2298:Vehicular automation 2195:Conveyor belt system 2163:Automated restaurant 1901:Cognitive automation 1832:stationary engineers 1779:industrial machinery 1658:improve this section 1582:industrial chemicals 1440:Obama administration 1412:Oxford Martin School 1204:improve this section 999:fire-control systems 968:were automated with 903:Port Arthur Refinery 755:fire control systems 667:Jacques de Vaucanson 637:The introduction of 608:centrifugal governor 513:feedback controllers 449:, and heat-treating 257:Impact of automation 7717:Powered exoskeleton 6771:). Text taken from 6637:on 1 September 2022 6233:Control Engineering 5664:2020GlFS...2600393D 5270:IFAC-Papers on Line 5224:on 28 February 2018 4389:, pp. 65Note 1 4339:on 18 October 2017. 4256:The Open University 3857:Hounshell, David A. 3672:Scientific American 3446:on 8 November 2017. 3309:2023Sci...381..155A 3143:Feedforward control 3118:Control engineering 3113:Cognitive computing 2714:closed-loop control 2711:(feedforward), and 2604:non-volatile memory 2564:Industrial robotics 2551:Industrial robotics 2479:Building automation 2459:distribution center 1956:Contract management 1919:real-time computing 1907:cognitive computing 1895:simulation software 1767:(CAD software) and 1740:Industrial Ethernet 1584:, and all forms of 1348:Pew Research Center 1273:pattern recognition 1267:Current limitations 1252:diminishing returns 1130:of automation are: 1062:of automation are: 987:Irmgard Flugge-Lotz 802:stochastic analysis 747:Irmgard Flügge-Lotz 727:James Clerk Maxwell 675:a punch-card system 655:pressure regulators 601:feedback controller 589:brothers, in their 7686:Universal Robotics 7661:Intuitive Surgical 7651:Harvest Automation 7616:Barrett Technology 7398:Robotic spacecraft 7244:Audio-Animatronics 6622:10.1257/jep.29.3.3 6235:. 6 December 2018. 5382:on 30 January 2012 5302:www.smartsheet.com 5112:. December 2016. " 5040:10.1257/jep.29.3.3 4987:The New York Times 4960:McKinsey Quarterly 4752:The New York Times 4733:The New York Times 4595:10.1111/ntwe.12246 3199:Multi-agent system 3194:Mobile manipulator 3189:Machine to machine 3058:Electronics portal 2988:components. While 2962: 2842: 2807:feedback mechanism 2800: 2726: 2596:inputs and outputs 2561: 2535:Internet of Things 2424: 2372:business processes 2354: 2266:Video surveillance 2179: 2130: 2036:Technologies like 1945:Document redaction 1927:big data analytics 1817: 1593:automated vehicles 1528:possibly contains 1454:, an economist at 1423:McKinsey Quarterly 1408:Carl Benedikt Frey 1363:Carl Benedikt Frey 1162:Lisanne Bainbridge 1097:Increased accuracy 995:navigation systems 980:Space/computer age 951: 774:mass communication 759:navigation systems 718:Boulton & Watt 706: 677:to program looms. 635: 612:Christiaan Huygens 565: 455:telephone networks 412:electronic devices 388: 7784: 7783: 7727:Robotic tech vest 7656:Honeybee Robotics 7472:Electric unicycle 7425:remotely-operated 7058:978-0-190-65589-1 7045:Dowd, C. (2020). 7029:978-0-197-56610-7 6839: 6838: 6831: 6741:978-91-7385-055-1 6716:978-1-55617-984-6 6695:978-0-250-40609-8 6661:978-0-86341-280-6 6422:978-0-8493-1804-7 6389:978-0-8247-0373-8 6301:978-1-4673-1328-5 6214:978-0-12-410462-4 6103:(5554): 517–518. 6081:978-3-527-34158-0 5805:978-92-5-137080-3 5587:978-92-5-136043-9 5542:978-92-5-137005-6 5429:. 19 August 2019. 5218:CNC machine tools 5202:. 10 August 2016. 5200:RCR Wireless News 5164:978-0-691-12830-6 4849:978-0-393-23935-5 4809:. 2 January 2018. 4645:978-1-83976-129-4 4638:. London: Verso. 4414:978-0-8020-1637-9 4373:978-0-521-09418-4 4318:978-0-309-08908-1 4231:978-3-540-57012-7 4190:978-0-7506-0535-9 4110:Akkord-Radio GmbH 3961:978-0-300-15109-1 3874:978-0-8018-2975-8 3821:978-0-8014-8019-5 3788:978-0-563-20900-3 3778:The Ascent of Man 3740:978-0-86341-047-5 3715:978-1-4008-7466-8 3615:(11): 1821–1844, 3391:978-0-87477-779-6 3360:978-0-071-81645-8 3303:(6654): 155–158. 3204:Post-work society 3103:Automation Master 3072:Technology portal 2916:electrical relays 2813:) widely used in 2708:open-loop control 2683: 2682: 2675:Automatic control 2497:material handling 2447:computer software 2349: 2230:quality assurance 2175:industrial robots 1911:unstructured data 1757:numerical control 1694: 1693: 1686: 1573: 1572: 1565: 1530:original research 1452:Gilles Saint-Paul 1333:Chandler, Arizona 1256:logistic function 1240: 1239: 1232: 1134:High initial cost 1035:personal computer 1019:estimation theory 1007:nonlinear systems 970:Numerical control 911:computer hardware 778:signal processing 682:Richard Arkwright 651:Cornelius Drebbel 532:downward mobility 487:negative feedback 380: 379: 298:Post-work society 283:Self-driving cars 18:Automatic control 16:(Redirected from 7804: 7772: 7771: 7760: 7759: 7744:Fictional robots 7712:Critique of work 7361:Unmanned vehicle 7177: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7041: 6834: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6814: 6809:Please read the 6805:may need cleanup 6794: 6793: 6786: 6762: 6745: 6724: 6719:, archived from 6699: 6674: 6665: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6633:. Archived from 6624: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6579:on 13 April 2014 6575:. Archived from 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6517: 6511: 6508: 6502: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6410: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6377: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6354: 6346: 6344: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6255:Jurnal Teknologi 6246: 6237: 6236: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6167: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6016: 6010: 5996: 5990: 5973: 5967: 5959: 5953: 5946: 5940: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5819: 5810: 5809: 5797: 5795:10.4060/cc2624en 5782: 5776: 5775: 5749: 5740:(9): 7729–7738. 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5675: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5618: 5609: 5608: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5579: 5577:10.4060/cb9479en 5564: 5547: 5546: 5534: 5532:10.4060/cc2459en 5519: 5508: 5507: 5506:. 22 March 2023. 5500: 5494: 5493: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5447:. Archived from 5437: 5431: 5430: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5406: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5378:. Archived from 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5267: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5130:. Archived from 5123: 5117: 5116:." Pp. 2, 13–19. 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5042: 5024: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5005:Economic Lettets 5000: 4994: 4993: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4963:. Archived from 4950: 4944: 4943: 4937: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4903: 4886:(6): 2188–2244. 4877: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4827:. 6 August 2017. 4817: 4811: 4810: 4807:Rollingstone.com 4799: 4793: 4792: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4614: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4465:. Archived from 4459: 4453: 4452: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4406: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4284: 4278: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4253: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4155:978-3-64288368-2 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4102: 4096: 4081: 4064: 4058: 4057: 3983: 3975: 3966: 3965: 3947: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3809: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3773:Bronowski, Jacob 3769: 3763: 3758: 3745: 3744: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3681: 3675: 3665: 3659: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3629: 3623:, archived from 3606: 3597: 3591: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3558: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3463:Management Today 3454: 3448: 3447: 3442:. Archived from 3431: 3425: 3424: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3396: 3395: 3379: 3369: 3363: 3352: 3346: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3275: 3123:Critique of work 3074: 3069: 3068: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3004:Computer control 2858:process variable 2851: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2600:electrical noise 2360:Business process 2350: 2335:Waste management 2242:Automated mining 2100:Automated retail 2046:renewable energy 1777:, together with 1751:Automation tools 1706:production lines 1689: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1669: 1638: 1630: 1597:anti-lock brakes 1568: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1548: 1545:inline citations 1521: 1520: 1513: 1337:self-driving car 1329:weaving machines 1235: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1215: 1184: 1176: 1069:Improved quality 1033:(1974), and the 1031:filtering theory 890: 862: 786:stability theory 751:Second World War 701:flyball governor 659:float regulators 610:was invented by 372: 365: 358: 293:Jobless recovery 80: 57: 56: 21: 7812: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7787: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7748: 7700: 7621:Boston Dynamics 7606:Amazon Robotics 7594: 7518: 7509:Visual odometry 7499:Motion planning 7481: 7436: 7356:Continuum robot 7339:Classifications 7334: 7197:Anthropomorphic 7178: 7169: 7165:AI competitions 7108: 7103: 7073: 7059: 7030: 6835: 6824: 6818: 6815: 6808: 6801:Further reading 6795: 6791: 6784: 6782:Further reading 6755: 6742: 6723:on 4 July 2008. 6717: 6696: 6679:SSRN, part 2(3) 6662: 6640: 6638: 6598: 6593: 6592: 6582: 6580: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6554: 6550: 6536: 6532: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6489: 6485: 6474: 6470: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6446: 6444: 6434: 6430: 6423: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6368: 6364: 6348: 6347: 6321: 6317: 6302: 6280: 6276: 6247: 6240: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6193: 6189: 6144: 6140: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6068: 6064: 6054: 6052: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6028: 6026: 6018: 6017: 6013: 6007:Wayback Machine 5997: 5993: 5974: 5970: 5960: 5956: 5947: 5943: 5928: 5924: 5914: 5912: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5821: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5644: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5620: 5619: 5612: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5566: 5565: 5550: 5543: 5521: 5520: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5468: 5464: 5454: 5452: 5451:on 30 July 2017 5439: 5438: 5434: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5409:www.hcltech.com 5404: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5134:on 3 April 2018 5124: 5120: 5108: 5104: 5079: 5075: 5060: 5056: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5001: 4997: 4979: 4975: 4951: 4947: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4850: 4836: 4832: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4781: 4777: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4744: 4740: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4675:(8): 987–1000. 4665: 4661: 4646: 4632: 4628: 4575: 4571: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4550:. 23 June 2015. 4542: 4541: 4537: 4530:Personalmba.com 4524:Kaufman, Josh. 4522: 4518: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4469:on 17 May 2013. 4461: 4460: 4456: 4441: 4437: 4432:. pp. 1–4. 4426: 4422: 4415: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4270: 4262: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4216:. p. 116. 4214:Springer-Verlag 4202: 4198: 4191: 4175: 4171: 4156: 4140:. p. 135. 4138:Springer-Verlag 4128: 4124: 4112: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4017:instrumentation 3981: 3977: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3948: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3901: 3897: 3875: 3854: 3850: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3748: 3741: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3700: 3696: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3666: 3662: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3631: 3630:on 8 March 2021 3627: 3604: 3598: 3594: 3589:Wayback Machine 3576: 3572: 3531: 3527: 3522:. The Local.fr. 3516: 3512: 3501: 3497: 3474: 3470: 3455: 3451: 3432: 3428: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3370: 3366: 3353: 3349: 3336: 3332: 3291: 3287: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3241:Semi-automation 3226:Right to repair 3209:Process control 3155:Futures studies 3070: 3063: 3056: 3049: 3046: 3006: 2978:hydraulic fluid 2947:control circuit 2921:solenoid valves 2900: 2894: 2856:and a measured 2828: 2825: 2824: 2780: 2774: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2702: 2694: 2689: 2679: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2645: 2639: 2619:drum sequencers 2577: 2553: 2523: 2517: 2493:quality control 2485: 2475: 2443: 2437: 2416: 2410: 2398: 2396:Home automation 2392: 2380:service quality 2368: 2362: 2339: 2337: 2300: 2292:Main articles: 2290: 2288:Highway systems 2268: 2252:mining industry 2244: 2238: 2226:quality control 2217: 2211: 2165: 2159: 2133:Online shopping 2126:vending machine 2102: 2096: 2072: 2066: 2058:battery storage 2034: 1995: 1990: 1984: 1950:Data extraction 1903: 1878:Instrumentation 1753: 1725:parametrization 1717:instrumentation 1690: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1655: 1639: 1628: 1626:Turnaround time 1622: 1601:laminated glass 1569: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1534: 1522: 1518: 1511: 1482: 1476: 1344:organized labor 1325:textile workers 1309: 1303: 1282:Watson computer 1269: 1236: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1201: 1185: 1174: 1154: 1043: 1027:digital control 1015:optimal control 982: 919: 907:digital control 884: 856: 824:process control 739:electrification 735: 624: 569:Ptolemaic Egypt 557: 552: 453:, switching on 441:, processes in 435:control systems 376: 347: 309: 252: 187: 183:Vending machine 153:Semi-automation 53: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7810: 7800: 7799: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7766: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7746: 7741: 7739:Terrainability 7736: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7719: 7714: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7495: 7493: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7452: 7446: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7358: 7353: 7351:Cloud robotics 7348: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7255: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7194: 7188: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7102: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7079: 7072: 7071: 7057: 7042: 7028: 7009: 7006:resrep24525.11 6993: 6977: 6966: 6951: 6935: 6932: 6916: 6913:j.ctv24w634d.4 6901: 6886: 6871: 6856: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6798: 6796: 6789: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6754: 6753: 6746: 6740: 6725: 6715: 6700: 6694: 6681: 6675: 6666: 6660: 6647: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6560: 6548: 6530: 6512: 6503: 6483: 6468: 6454: 6428: 6421: 6395: 6388: 6362: 6315: 6300: 6274: 6238: 6220: 6213: 6187: 6158:(4): 328–333. 6138: 6087: 6080: 6062: 6036: 6011: 5991: 5968: 5954: 5941: 5936:The Australian 5922: 5897: 5885: 5873: 5861: 5839: 5811: 5804: 5777: 5720: 5695: 5638: 5610: 5593: 5586: 5548: 5541: 5509: 5495: 5481: 5462: 5432: 5414: 5393: 5367: 5341: 5314: 5289: 5253: 5235: 5205: 5187: 5170: 5163: 5145: 5118: 5102: 5073: 5054: 5010: 4995: 4973: 4945: 4923: 4892:10.1086/705716 4863: 4848: 4830: 4812: 4794: 4775: 4757: 4738: 4719: 4694: 4659: 4644: 4626: 4589:(2): 311–329. 4569: 4553: 4535: 4516: 4497:(6): 775–779. 4481: 4472: 4454: 4435: 4420: 4413: 4391: 4379: 4372: 4354: 4342: 4324: 4317: 4299: 4279: 4268: 4237: 4230: 4196: 4189: 4169: 4154: 4122: 4097: 4059: 3987:Wireless World 3967: 3960: 3939: 3927: 3910: 3895: 3873: 3848: 3827: 3820: 3794: 3787: 3764: 3746: 3739: 3721: 3714: 3694: 3676: 3660: 3640: 3592: 3578:Ahmad Y Hassan 3570: 3525: 3510: 3495: 3468: 3449: 3426: 3412: 3397: 3390: 3364: 3347: 3330: 3285: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3157: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3061: 3045: 3042: 3024:Control of an 3014:microprocessor 3005: 3002: 2974:compressed air 2896:Main article: 2893: 2890: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2778:PID controller 2776:Main article: 2773: 2772:PID controller 2770: 2753: 2750: 2703: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2687:Control system 2685:Main article: 2681: 2680: 2668: 2666: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2641:Main article: 2638: 2635: 2576: 2573: 2552: 2549: 2516: 2513: 2509:machine vision 2474: 2471: 2439:Main article: 2436: 2433: 2412:Main article: 2409: 2406: 2394:Main article: 2391: 2388: 2364:Main article: 2361: 2358: 2336: 2333: 2289: 2286: 2267: 2264: 2240:Main article: 2237: 2234: 2213:Main article: 2210: 2207: 2161:Main article: 2158: 2157:Food and drink 2155: 2098:Main article: 2095: 2092: 2068:Main article: 2065: 2062: 2033: 2030: 1994: 1991: 1986:Main article: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1947: 1902: 1899: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1883:Motion control 1880: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1752: 1749: 1692: 1691: 1642: 1640: 1633: 1624:Main article: 1621: 1618: 1571: 1570: 1525: 1523: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1478:Main article: 1475: 1472: 1387:Silicon Valley 1305:Main article: 1302: 1299: 1287:cost-effective 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1248: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1188: 1186: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1076: 1074:predictability 1070: 1067: 1042: 1039: 981: 978: 964:in the 1840s. 921:The automatic 918: 915: 734: 731: 623: 620: 556: 553: 551: 548: 491:control theory 378: 377: 375: 374: 367: 360: 352: 349: 348: 346: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 319: 316: 315: 311: 310: 308: 307: 302: 301: 300: 295: 285: 280: 279: 278: 268: 262: 259: 258: 254: 253: 251: 250: 245: 244: 243: 233: 231:Guided vehicle 228: 227: 226: 221: 220: 219: 212:Vacuum cleaner 203: 200: 199: 189: 188: 186: 185: 180: 175: 173:Teller machine 170: 169: 168: 163: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 113:Highway system 110: 109: 108: 98: 92: 89: 88: 82: 81: 73: 72: 66: 65: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7809: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7777: 7776: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7755: 7754: 7751: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7691:Wolf Robotics 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7646:Foster-Miller 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7565:Developmental 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7330:Soft robotics 7328: 7326: 7325:BEAM robotics 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7280:Entertainment 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7176: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113:Main articles 7111: 7107: 7100: 7095: 7093: 7088: 7086: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7050: 7049: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7016: 7010: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6917: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6833: 6830: 6822: 6812: 6811:editing guide 6806: 6802: 6797: 6788: 6787: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6750:December 2016 6747: 6743: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6636: 6632: 6631:1721.1/109476 6628: 6623: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6601: 6600: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6507: 6501: 6500:0-8311-3085-7 6497: 6493: 6487: 6479: 6472: 6464: 6458: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6408: 6399: 6391: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6375: 6366: 6358: 6352: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6278: 6269: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6243: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6216: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6191: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6083: 6077: 6074:. Wiley VCH. 6073: 6066: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6025: 6021: 6015: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5995: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5972: 5965: 5964: 5958: 5951: 5945: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5926: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5877: 5870: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5828: 5827:The Economist 5824: 5818: 5816: 5807: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5615: 5606: 5605: 5597: 5589: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5544: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5505: 5499: 5491: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5410: 5403: 5397: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5183: 5182: 5174: 5166: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5049:1721.1/109476 5046: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4949: 4941: 4936:(publication) 4934: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4901:1721.1/130324 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4565: 4564: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4410: 4405: 4404: 4395: 4388: 4383: 4375: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4292: 4291: 4283: 4277: 4272: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4249: 4241: 4233: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4126: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4056: 4054: 4053:Combi-element 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3980: 3974: 3972: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3944: 3937:, pp. 31 3936: 3931: 3923: 3922: 3914: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3823: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3807: 3798: 3790: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3742: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3698: 3690: 3689:Princeton.edu 3686: 3680: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3556:11577/2424833 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3521: 3514: 3506: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3422: 3416: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3393: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3377: 3368: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3289: 3281: 3274: 3270: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3087:Automate This 3084: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2994:rotary motion 2991: 2987: 2983: 2980:for powering 2979: 2975: 2970: 2967: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2889: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2836: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788:block diagram 2784: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2746: 2743:Likewise; "A 2742: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2709: 2700: 2688: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2658: 2657: 2649: 2644: 2634: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2584: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2565: 2557: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489:manufacturing 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2420: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2357: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2305:U.S. Congress 2299: 2295: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2256:human capital 2253: 2250:process. The 2249: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2203:waiting staff 2200: 2197:. The use of 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2124:A soft drink 2122: 2118: 2116: 2115:Eurasia Group 2111: 2110:self-checkout 2107: 2101: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2042:wind turbines 2039: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2007:CAD libraries 2004: 2000: 1989: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1936:According to 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1812:for enhanced 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1748: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1721:configuration 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1688: 1685: 1677: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1643:This section 1641: 1637: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1617: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1586:metal working 1583: 1579: 1567: 1564: 1556: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1526:This section 1524: 1515: 1514: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1471: 1469: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1444:MIT economics 1441: 1436: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1418: 1417:working paper 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1298: 1296: 1295:post-scarcity 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1231: 1223: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1189:This section 1187: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1129: 1128:disadvantages 1121: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 977: 973: 971: 967: 966:Machine tools 963: 962:James Nasmyth 958: 956: 947: 943: 939: 935: 933: 929: 924: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 893: 888: 883: 879: 876: 872: 869: 865: 860: 855: 851: 847: 843: 840: 836: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 812:digital logic 810: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 790:system theory 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 766: 762: 760: 757:and aircraft 756: 752: 748: 742: 740: 730: 728: 722: 719: 715: 711: 702: 697: 693: 691: 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 663:speed control 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 632: 631:Steam engines 628: 619: 617: 613: 609: 604: 602: 598: 594: 593: 588: 585: 580: 578: 574: 570: 561: 555:Early history 547: 545: 541: 540:protectionist 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 505: 501:(coming from 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 392: 384: 373: 368: 366: 361: 359: 354: 353: 351: 350: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 320: 318: 317: 313: 312: 306: 303: 299: 296: 294: 291: 290: 289: 286: 284: 281: 277: 274: 273: 272: 269: 267: 264: 263: 261: 260: 256: 255: 249: 246: 242: 239: 238: 237: 234: 232: 229: 225: 222: 218: 215: 214: 213: 210: 209: 208: 205: 204: 202: 201: 198: 194: 191: 190: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 167: 164: 162: 159: 158: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 107: 104: 103: 102: 99: 97: 94: 93: 91: 90: 87: 84: 83: 79: 75: 74: 71: 68: 67: 63: 59: 58: 55: 51: 44: 37: 33: 19: 7773: 7761: 7530:Evolutionary 7477:Robotic fins 7430:Robotic fish 7415:Telerobotics 7388:Nanorobotics 7378:Mobile robot 7315:Food service 7310:Agricultural 7160:Competitions 7145:Hall of Fame 7047: 7014: 6825: 6816: 6804: 6777:, FAO, FAO. 6773: 6765:free content 6730: 6721:the original 6705: 6685: 6670: 6651: 6639:. Retrieved 6635:the original 6612: 6608: 6583:14 September 6581:. Retrieved 6577:the original 6572: 6563: 6551: 6542: 6533: 6524: 6515: 6506: 6491: 6490:E. A. Parr, 6486: 6477: 6471: 6457: 6445:. Retrieved 6441: 6431: 6406: 6398: 6373: 6365: 6351:cite journal 6332: 6328: 6318: 6283: 6277: 6258: 6254: 6232: 6223: 6196: 6190: 6155: 6151: 6141: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6071: 6065: 6055:19 September 6053:. Retrieved 6049:the original 6039: 6027:. Retrieved 6023: 6014: 5994: 5981: 5971: 5961: 5957: 5944: 5934: 5925: 5913:. Retrieved 5909: 5900: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5856:the original 5851: 5842: 5830:. Retrieved 5826: 5785: 5780: 5737: 5733: 5723: 5711:. Retrieved 5707: 5698: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5629:. Retrieved 5625: 5603: 5596: 5567: 5522: 5498: 5484: 5475: 5465: 5453:. Retrieved 5449:the original 5444: 5435: 5426: 5417: 5408: 5396: 5384:. Retrieved 5380:the original 5370: 5358:. Retrieved 5344: 5330:(14): 1439. 5327: 5323: 5317: 5305:. Retrieved 5301: 5292: 5273: 5269: 5256: 5247: 5238: 5226:. Retrieved 5222:the original 5217: 5208: 5199: 5190: 5180: 5173: 5154: 5148: 5136:. Retrieved 5132:the original 5121: 5105: 5086: 5076: 5057: 5030: 5026: 5013: 5004: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4968: 4965:the original 4958: 4948: 4926: 4883: 4879: 4866: 4839: 4833: 4825:Mashable.com 4824: 4815: 4806: 4797: 4788: 4778: 4760: 4751: 4741: 4732: 4722: 4710:. Retrieved 4706: 4697: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4635: 4629: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4562: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4519: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4475: 4467:the original 4457: 4438: 4429: 4423: 4402: 4394: 4387:Bennett 1993 4382: 4363: 4357: 4352:, pp. 7 4350:Bennett 1993 4345: 4337:the original 4327: 4308: 4302: 4289: 4282: 4271: 4247: 4240: 4209: 4199: 4179: 4172: 4132: 4125: 4105: 4100: 4071: 4062: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3951: 3935:Bennett 1993 3930: 3920: 3913: 3898: 3860: 3851: 3837: 3830: 3805: 3797: 3777: 3767: 3761:Bennett 1979 3730: 3724: 3704: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3671: 3663: 3651: 3643: 3632:, retrieved 3625:the original 3612: 3608: 3595: 3573: 3541:(2): 42–43. 3538: 3534: 3528: 3513: 3498: 3482:The Guardian 3481: 3471: 3462: 3452: 3444:the original 3439: 3429: 3415: 3408:Bennett 1993 3375: 3367: 3350: 3333: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3279: 3273: 3250: 3218: 3181: 3172:Industry 4.0 3159: 3147: 3085: 3029: 3023: 3007: 2971: 2963: 2946: 2944: 2936:ladder logic 2929: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2862:proportional 2821: 2819: 2804:control loop 2801: 2795: 2791: 2765: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2744: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2717:(feedback). 2712: 2706: 2704: 2673: 2669: 2646: 2631: 2627:electricians 2608: 2593: 2585: 2578: 2562: 2533:(IIoT). An " 2524: 2486: 2465:systems and 2444: 2429:Autosamplers 2425: 2401: 2399: 2369: 2355: 2329: 2320: 2312: 2301: 2276:surveillance 2269: 2245: 2218: 2209:Construction 2180: 2151:Kiva Systems 2131: 2106:supermarkets 2103: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2044:, and other 2038:solar panels 2035: 1996: 1935: 1904: 1892: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1818: 1773: 1754: 1733: 1714: 1695: 1680: 1671: 1656:Please help 1644: 1610: 1605:fuel economy 1590: 1578:oil refining 1574: 1559: 1550: 1527: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1464: 1449: 1437: 1421: 1406:Research by 1405: 1398: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1360: 1341: 1317:steam engine 1310: 1280: 1270: 1226: 1217: 1202:Please help 1190: 1155: 1127: 1125: 1109: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1044: 983: 974: 959: 952: 940: 936: 920: 896: 806: 800:(1950), and 798:ship control 771: 767: 763: 743: 736: 733:20th century 723: 707: 690:Oliver Evans 679: 643:steam engine 639:prime movers 636: 605: 590: 581: 566: 517: 502: 498: 494: 483:control loop 480: 432: 390: 389: 138:Pool cleaner 85: 54: 7550:Open-source 7403:Space probe 7393:Necrobotics 7383:Microbotics 7346:Biorobotics 7275:Educational 7258:Articulated 7239:Animatronic 7224:Claytronics 6024:Gartner.com 5989:. pp. 2–50. 5915:13 November 5852:IT Business 5307:19 December 5228:28 February 5138:20 February 5033:(3): 3–30. 4712:28 December 4276:Rifkin 1995 4113: [ 3998:solid-state 3440:PC Magazine 3128:Cybernetics 2932:programming 2914:, by which 2912:relay logic 2822:error value 2623:change-over 2378:, increase 2260:third world 2070:Agriculture 2054:micro-grids 2050:smart grids 2003:3D modeling 1967:stakeholder 1698:flexibility 1613:smart homes 1428:methodology 1297:economics. 1247:maintained. 1172:Limitations 1003:electronics 885: [ 871:Sigmatronic 857: [ 809:solid-state 710:steam crane 686:water frame 661:(1700) and 577:water clock 536:nationalist 428:electricity 166:Switchboard 7797:Automation 7590:Ubiquitous 7580:Perceptual 7487:Navigation 7442:Locomotion 7420:Underwater 7305:Disability 7253:Industrial 7067:2019036451 7038:2021011887 6819:March 2023 6803:" section 6641:16 January 6539:Mayr, Otto 6521:Mayr, Otto 6447:4 December 6029:20 January 5658:: 100393. 5631:1 December 4654:1147891672 4491:Automatica 4449:1790436902 4073:Revue MBLE 4037:Telefunken 4003:(such as " 3891:1104810110 3609:Automatica 3343:1420069721 3260:References 3038:flowcharts 3019:algorithms 2986:mechanical 2966:interlocks 2925:cam timers 2870:derivative 2811:controller 2615:cam timers 2519:See also: 2477:See also: 2408:Laboratory 2183:McDonald's 2026:assistants 2024:. Ai CAD 2018:schematics 1970:onboarding 1553:March 2018 1537:improve it 1380:journalist 1356:safety net 1093:cycle time 1080:robustness 1072:Increased 1060:advantages 1011:navigation 932:transistor 828:Telefunken 714:James Watt 616:millstones 528:Job losses 520:World Bank 495:automation 475:thermostat 408:electrical 396:mechanical 391:Automation 266:Manumation 236:Industrial 224:Lawn mower 157:Telephone 118:Laboratory 70:Automation 7641:Figure AI 7599:Companies 7575:Paradigms 7560:Adaptable 7540:Simulator 7234:Automaton 7229:Companion 7140:Geography 6573:Exman.com 6174:2211-0682 6133:108766687 6117:0036-8075 5756:0022-0302 5690:225280050 5682:2211-9124 5386:2 January 4918:201370532 4910:0022-3808 4858:867423744 4703:"Luddite" 4689:0956-7976 4603:0268-1072 3775:(1990) . 3656:MIT Press 3648:Otto Mayr 3490:0261-3077 3265:Citations 3231:Robot tax 3034:use cases 3030:scenarios 2982:actuators 2964:Commonly 2591:systems. 2469:systems. 2455:warehouse 2451:logistics 2014:open data 1822:(HMI) or 1783:processes 1645:does not 1541:verifying 1191:does not 1126:The main 1078:Improved 1058:The main 928:Bell Labs 587:Banū Mūsā 573:Ctesibius 504:automaton 499:automatic 443:factories 439:machinery 424:airplanes 420:factories 416:computers 404:pneumatic 400:hydraulic 178:Vehicular 161:Attendant 148:Reasoning 143:Pop music 128:Broadcast 50:Automaton 7791:Category 7763:Category 7681:Symbotic 7631:FarmWise 7585:Situated 7555:Software 7523:Research 7467:Climbing 7290:Military 7285:Juggling 7270:Domestic 7202:Humanoid 7125:Glossary 7106:Robotics 6963:43946940 6853:26621237 6615:(3): 3. 6541:(1969). 6523:(1970). 6335:(4): 3. 6310:11670295 6261:(6–13). 6182:23413273 6125:11799250 6003:Archived 5772:11934286 5764:28711263 5360:22 April 5354:Archived 4621:35936383 4511:12667742 4445:ProQuest 4260:Archived 4164:67-23459 4078:Archived 4043:," or a 4041:Logistat 3883:83016269 3859:(1984), 3650:(1970). 3585:Archived 3565:24885437 3325:37440634 3044:See also 2866:integral 2854:setpoint 2766:discrete 2569:robotics 2521:Work 4.0 2402:domotics 2022:diagrams 1938:Deloitte 1888:Robotics 1865:SCADA – 1729:fieldbus 1674:May 2019 1376:engineer 1321:Luddites 1254:and the 1220:May 2019 1091:Reduced 1037:(1983). 1025:(1969), 1021:(1962), 1013:(1960), 1009:(1961), 993:such as 897:In 1959 892:Estacord 835:Logistat 804:(1941). 796:(1940), 792:(1938), 680:In 1771 673:created 657:(1681), 544:populist 471:vehicles 467:aircraft 459:steering 437:such as 207:Domestic 193:Robotics 101:Building 62:a series 60:Part of 7775:Outline 7705:Related 7696:Yaskawa 7611:Anybots 7491:mapping 7460:Hexapod 7455:Walking 7300:Service 7295:Medical 7207:Android 7192:Aerobot 7135:History 7120:Outline 6596:Sources 6097:Science 5713:24 July 5660:Bibcode 5455:30 July 5276:: 880. 5089:(189). 5068:3044448 4612:9347406 4166:. 0512. 4045:Mullard 4033:Logacec 4025:Simatic 4021:Siemens 4015:") and 3634:12 July 3305:Bibcode 3296:Science 2652:Control 2222:jobsite 1795:sensors 1666:removed 1651:sources 1535:Please 1262:limits. 1212:removed 1197:sources 1158:paradox 878:Logacec 850:Mullard 846:Philips 842:Simatic 839:Siemens 584:Persian 550:History 447:boilers 323:ASP-DAC 123:Library 96:Banking 7666:IRobot 7450:Tracks 7371:ground 7366:aerial 7320:Retail 7217:Gynoid 7212:Cyborg 7150:Ethics 7065: 7055: 7036: 7026: 7004: 6961: 6927: 6911: 6851: 6799:This " 6738: 6713: 6692: 6658: 6498: 6419: 6386: 6308: 6298: 6211: 6180: 6172: 6131: 6123: 6115: 6078: 5832:28 May 5802: 5770: 5762: 5754: 5688: 5680: 5584: 5539: 5161: 5066: 4916: 4908: 4856: 4846: 4687: 4652: 4642: 4619: 4609: 4601: 4509: 4447: 4411: 4370: 4315: 4228: 4187: 4162: 4152: 4051:" or " 4049:Norbit 3958: 3889: 3881: 3871: 3818: 3785: 3737: 3712: 3563: 3488: 3388: 3384:, 75. 3358: 3341: 3323: 2998:valves 2990:motors 2880:, and 2868:, and 2758:on-off 2611:relays 2495:, and 2248:mining 2236:Mining 2199:robots 2149:using 2147:Amazon 2142:Amazon 2094:Retail 2011:linked 2005:. Ai 1993:CAD AI 1929:, and 1871:PLC – 1859:RPA – 1853:HMI – 1847:DCS – 1841:ANN – 1810:avatar 1372:doctor 1368:lawyer 1001:, and 913:fell. 899:Texaco 882:Akkord 864:Norbit 414:, and 305:Threat 217:Roomba 197:robots 7636:FANUC 7545:Suite 7410:Swarm 7184:Types 7130:Index 7002:JSTOR 6959:JSTOR 6925:JSTOR 6909:JSTOR 6849:JSTOR 6306:S2CID 6129:S2CID 5768:S2CID 5686:S2CID 5476:eWEEK 5427:10xDS 5405:(PDF) 5266:(PDF) 5023:(PDF) 4914:S2CID 4876:(PDF) 4770:(PDF) 4507:S2CID 4294:(PDF) 4263:(PDF) 4252:(PDF) 4117:] 4035:," a 4001:logic 3982:(PDF) 3628:(PDF) 3605:(PDF) 3561:S2CID 2589:SCADA 2544:SCADA 2272:DARPA 2104:Many 1893:Host 1789:is a 889:] 861:] 854:Valvo 451:ovens 343:ICCAD 241:Paint 7671:KUKA 7535:Kits 7489:and 7155:Laws 7063:LCCN 7053:ISBN 7034:LCCN 7024:ISBN 6736:ISBN 6711:ISBN 6690:ISBN 6656:ISBN 6643:2018 6585:2013 6496:ISBN 6449:2017 6417:ISBN 6384:ISBN 6357:link 6296:ISBN 6209:ISBN 6178:PMID 6170:ISSN 6121:PMID 6113:ISSN 6076:ISBN 6057:2018 6031:2019 5917:2020 5834:2017 5800:ISBN 5760:PMID 5752:ISSN 5715:2022 5678:ISSN 5633:2021 5582:ISBN 5537:ISBN 5457:2017 5388:2006 5362:2008 5309:2023 5248:Time 5230:2018 5159:ISBN 5140:2018 5064:SSRN 4906:ISSN 4854:OCLC 4844:ISBN 4714:2017 4685:ISSN 4650:OCLC 4640:ISBN 4617:PMID 4599:ISSN 4409:ISBN 4368:ISBN 4313:ISBN 4226:ISBN 4185:ISBN 4160:LCCN 4150:ISBN 4011:," " 4007:," " 3956:ISBN 3887:OCLC 3879:LCCN 3869:ISBN 3816:ISBN 3783:ISBN 3735:ISBN 3710:ISBN 3636:2019 3486:ISSN 3386:ISBN 3356:ISBN 3339:ISBN 3321:PMID 3036:and 2481:and 2390:Home 2296:and 2228:and 2191:apps 2172:KUKA 2020:and 1781:and 1649:any 1647:cite 1438:The 1433:OECD 1195:any 1193:cite 1156:The 1029:and 1017:and 875:ACEC 822:for 788:and 776:and 606:The 582:The 542:and 530:and 518:The 509:Ford 333:DATE 276:Bias 195:and 106:Home 7263:arm 6986:doi 6970:doi 6944:doi 6894:doi 6879:doi 6864:doi 6627:hdl 6617:doi 6442:PwC 6337:doi 6288:doi 6263:doi 6201:doi 6160:doi 6105:doi 6101:295 5979:." 5933:." 5790:doi 5742:doi 5738:100 5668:doi 5626:FAO 5572:doi 5527:doi 5332:doi 5278:doi 5091:doi 5045:hdl 5035:doi 4896:hdl 4888:doi 4884:128 4677:doi 4607:PMC 4591:doi 4499:doi 4218:doi 4142:doi 4055:." 4013:not 4005:and 3617:doi 3551:hdl 3543:doi 3313:doi 3301:381 2984:on 2976:or 2958:UML 2457:or 2321:he 2016:of 1804:An 1660:by 1599:or 1539:by 1206:by 901:'s 868:BBC 832:AEG 753:to 653:), 522:'s 328:DAC 271:OOL 248:ODD 133:Mix 7793:: 7061:. 7032:. 7022:. 7018:. 6625:. 6613:29 6611:. 6607:. 6571:. 6440:. 6415:. 6382:. 6380:46 6353:}} 6349:{{ 6333:28 6331:. 6327:. 6304:. 6294:. 6259:78 6257:. 6253:. 6241:^ 6231:. 6207:. 6176:. 6168:. 6156:18 6154:. 6150:. 6127:. 6119:. 6111:. 6099:. 6022:. 5908:. 5850:. 5825:. 5814:^ 5798:. 5766:. 5758:. 5750:. 5736:. 5732:. 5706:. 5684:. 5676:. 5666:. 5656:26 5654:. 5650:. 5624:. 5613:^ 5580:. 5551:^ 5535:. 5512:^ 5474:. 5443:. 5425:. 5407:. 5328:36 5326:. 5300:. 5274:48 5272:. 5268:. 5246:. 5216:. 5198:. 5085:. 5043:. 5031:29 5029:. 5025:. 4989:. 4985:. 4957:. 4938:. 4912:. 4904:. 4894:. 4882:. 4878:. 4852:. 4823:. 4805:. 4787:. 4750:. 4731:. 4705:. 4683:. 4673:31 4671:. 4648:. 4615:. 4605:. 4597:. 4587:38 4585:. 4581:. 4546:. 4528:. 4505:. 4495:19 4493:. 4224:. 4208:. 4158:. 4148:. 4115:de 4070:. 4009:or 3992:66 3990:. 3984:. 3970:^ 3942:^ 3885:, 3877:, 3867:, 3814:. 3812:91 3749:^ 3687:. 3654:, 3613:40 3611:, 3607:, 3580:, 3559:. 3549:. 3537:. 3484:. 3480:. 3461:. 3438:. 3400:^ 3382:66 3319:. 3311:. 3299:. 2876:, 2864:, 2817:. 2786:A 2617:, 2613:, 2606:. 2503:, 2491:, 2232:. 2205:. 2153:. 2117:. 2056:, 2052:, 2040:, 1933:. 1925:, 1921:, 1917:, 1834:. 1747:. 1723:, 1378:, 1374:, 1370:, 1358:. 1275:, 997:, 957:. 934:. 887:de 880:, 873:, 866:, 859:de 844:, 837:, 784:, 761:. 699:A 618:. 538:, 465:, 461:, 457:, 445:, 422:, 410:, 406:, 402:, 398:, 64:on 7098:e 7091:t 7084:v 7069:. 7040:. 7008:. 6992:. 6988:: 6976:. 6972:: 6965:. 6950:. 6946:: 6931:. 6915:. 6900:. 6896:: 6885:. 6881:: 6870:. 6866:: 6855:. 6832:) 6826:( 6821:) 6817:( 6807:. 6752:) 6744:. 6698:. 6664:. 6645:. 6629:: 6619:: 6587:. 6451:. 6425:. 6413:5 6392:. 6359:) 6339:: 6312:. 6290:: 6271:. 6265:: 6217:. 6203:: 6184:. 6162:: 6135:. 6107:: 6084:. 6059:. 6033:. 5939:. 5929:" 5919:. 5836:. 5808:. 5792:: 5774:. 5744:: 5717:. 5692:. 5670:: 5662:: 5635:. 5590:. 5574:: 5545:. 5529:: 5492:. 5478:. 5459:. 5411:. 5390:. 5364:. 5338:. 5334:: 5311:. 5286:. 5280:: 5250:. 5232:. 5167:. 5142:. 5099:. 5093:: 5070:. 5051:. 5047:: 5037:: 5007:. 4942:. 4920:. 4898:: 4890:: 4860:. 4791:. 4772:. 4754:. 4735:. 4716:. 4691:. 4679:: 4656:. 4623:. 4593:: 4566:. 4532:. 4513:. 4501:: 4451:. 4417:. 4376:. 4321:. 4296:. 4234:. 4220:: 4193:. 4144:: 4119:. 4047:" 4039:" 4031:" 4023:" 3964:. 3907:. 3845:. 3843:8 3824:. 3791:. 3743:. 3718:. 3691:. 3658:. 3619:: 3567:. 3553:: 3545:: 3539:4 3492:. 3465:. 3410:. 3394:. 3362:. 3345:. 3327:. 3315:: 3307:: 3282:. 2882:D 2878:I 2874:P 2840:) 2837:t 2834:( 2831:e 2809:( 2796:t 2792:t 2701:. 2678:. 1687:) 1681:( 1676:) 1672:( 1668:. 1654:. 1566:) 1560:( 1555:) 1551:( 1533:. 1258:. 1233:) 1227:( 1222:) 1218:( 1214:. 1200:. 852:/ 848:/ 830:/ 371:e 364:t 357:v 52:. 45:. 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.