452:
505:. "Good faith" protection under a Good Samaritan law means that a volunteer responder (not acting as a part of one's occupation) cannot be held civilly liable for the harm or death of a victim by providing improper or inadequate care, given that the harm or death was not intentional and the responder was acting within the limits of their training and in good faith. In the United States, Good Samaritan laws provide some protection for the use of AEDs by trained and untrained responders. AEDs create little liability if used correctly; NREMT-B and many state
29:
260:
311:
2102:
2114:
610:
173:
326:
391:
624:
438:
shock moving in an opposite polarity between the pads. Others may give a stepped approach to energy delivery, usually in a 200J, a second 200J, then 300J, and finally 360J shock, with any further shocks also being 360 Joules. This lower-energy waveform has proven more effective in clinical tests, as well as offering a reduced rate of complications and reduced recovery time.
222:, the heart is electrically active, but in a dysfunctional pattern that does not allow it to pump and circulate blood. In ventricular tachycardia, the heart beats too fast to effectively pump blood. Ultimately, ventricular tachycardia leads to ventricular fibrillation. In ventricular fibrillation, the electrical activity of the heart becomes chaotic, preventing the
430:
these had any impact on the survival outcome. All this recorded data can be either downloaded to a computer or printed out so that the providing organisation or responsible body is able to see the effectiveness of both CPR and defibrillation. Some AED units even provide feedback on the quality of the compressions provided by the rescuer.
598:
time that ranged from 52 to 144 seconds. This met the three minute goal. In some cases, the use of the AED required the continuous presence of building personnel. Future improvements include more obvious signage and public-access AEDs which do not require a staff member of the building to either retrieve or use the device.
597:
In a study published in 2017, researchers in Poland selected the main entrances of buildings which had AEDs, although the researchers themselves did not know the exact locations of the devices. In drills of pretend heart attack, the average time to bring the AED to the patient was 96 seconds, with a
869:
We got a short lesson in using an AED, which is an
Automated External Defibrillator. We had the thrill of yelling, "Clear!" Unfortunately this also brought on a little anxiety when Sean mentioned if the patient were a woman with a metal underwire in her bra or with metal piercings on her torso, we'd
521:
Act (Heart
Defibrillator Civil Liability), 2007 (Bill 171 – Subsection N)", passed in June, 2007, which protects individuals from liability for damages that may occur from their use of an AED to save someone's life at the immediate scene of an emergency unless damages are caused by gross negligence.
250:
and death, once cardiac arrest takes place. After approximately three to five minutes in cardiac arrest, irreversible brain/tissue damage may begin to occur. For every minute that a person in cardiac arrest goes without being successfully treated (by defibrillation), the chance of survival decreases
425:
When charged, the device instructs the user to ensure no one is touching the patient and then to press a button to deliver the shock; human intervention is usually required to deliver the shock to the patient in order to avoid the possibility of accidental injury to another person (which can result
349:
A trend that is developing is the purchase of AEDs to be used in the home, particularly by those with known existing heart conditions. The number of devices in the community has grown as prices have fallen to affordable levels. There has been some concern among medical professionals that these home
588:
In the late 1970s the Heart-Aid was developed as the first truly automated external defibrillator that was designed for the public. The principles of ABC assessment and a human voice relaying instructions helped bystanders respond to a sudden cardiac event while waiting for the first responders to
474:
An AED automatically diagnoses the heart rhythm and determines if a shock is needed. Automatic models will administer the shock without the user's command. Semi-automatic models will tell the user that a shock is needed, but the user must tell the machine to do so, usually by pressing a button. In
1047:, p. 65 (" safety surgical razor should be included in the AED kit.") The other items not directly mentioned in this text but are used in AED preparation, such as the gloves (used throughout patron assessment) and the towel, as the chest should be dried prior to AED pad attachment (id, at p. 64).
437:
depending on the model. This caused increased cardiac injury and in some cases second and third-degree burns around the shock pad sites. Newer AEDs (manufactured after late 2003) have tended to utilise biphasic algorithms which give two sequential lower-energy shocks of 120–200 joules, with each
429:
Many AED units have an 'event memory' which store the ECG of the patient along with details of the time the unit was activated and the number and strength of any shocks delivered. Some units also have voice recording abilities to monitor the actions taken by the personnel in order to ascertain if
381:
It is also important to ensure that the AED unit's batteries have not expired. The AED manufacturer will specify how often the batteries should be replaced. Each AED has a different recommended maintenance schedule outlined in the user manual. Common checkpoints on every checklist, however, also
377:
All manufacturers mark their electrode pads with an expiration date, and it is important to ensure that the pads are in date. The typical life expectancy of AED pads are between 18 and 30 months. This is usually marked on the outside of the pads. Some models are designed to make this date visible
341:
In order to make them highly visible, public access AEDs are often brightly coloured and are mounted in protective cases near the entrance of a building. When these protective cases are opened or the defibrillator is removed, some will sound a buzzer to alert nearby staff to their removal, though
321:
Automated external defibrillators are generally either kept where health professionals and first responders can use them (health facilities and ambulances) as well as public access units which can be found in public places including corporate and government offices, shopping centres, restaurants,
296:
In a study analyzing the effects of having AEDs immediately present during
Chicago's Heart Start program over a two-year period, of 22 individuals, 18 were in a cardiac arrhythmia which AEDs can treat. Of these 18, 11 survived. Of these 11 patients, 6 were treated by bystanders with absolutely no
530:
Legislation in
Australia varies by state, with separate liability issues relating to providing and using AED equipment. Each state and territory has enacted "Good Samaritan" laws that offer legal protection to a person who gives assistance in a medical emergency - the standard of care expected
267:
AEDs are designed to be used by laypersons who ideally should have received AED training. However, sixth-grade students have been reported to begin defibrillation within 90 seconds, as opposed to a trained operator beginning within 67 seconds. This is in contrast to more sophisticated manual and
547:
devices. Technical malfunctions likely contributed to more than 750 deaths in the 5-year period between 2004 and 2009, in most cases by component failures or design errors. During the same period, up to 70 types of AEDs were recalled, including recalls from every AED manufacturer in the world.
417:
When turned on or opened, the AED will instruct the user to connect the electrodes (pads) to the patient. Once the pads are attached, everyone should avoid touching the patient so as to avoid false readings by the unit. The pads allow the AED to examine the electrical output from the heart and
531:
corresponds to their training (or lack of training). In New South Wales, the Work Health and Safety
Regulation (2011) requires an employer to use a risk assessment to ensure that there is adequate provision for first aid; when there is a sufficient risk it warrants providing a defibrillator.
551:
In
January and February 2015, the FDA issued this news release: "The FDA issued a final order that will require AED manufacturers to submit premarket approval applications (PMAs), which undergo a more rigorous review than what was required to market these devices in the past. The agency's
675:
Kerber, Richard E; Becker, Lance B; Bourland, Joseph D; Cummins, Richard O; Hallstrom, Alfred P; Michos, Mary B; Nichol, Graham; Ornato, Joseph P; Thies, William H; White, Roger D; Zuckerman, Bram D (March 18, 1997). "Automatic
External Defibrillators for Public Access Defibrillation".
426:
from a responder or bystander touching the patient at the time of the shock). Depending on the manufacturer and particular model, after the shock is delivered most devices will analyze the patient and either instruct CPR to be performed, or prepare to administer another shock.
487:
Observational studies have shown that in out of hospital cardiac arrest, public access defibrillators when used were associated with 40% median survival. When operated by non-dispatched lay first responders they have the highest likelihood of leading to survival.
373:
Most manufacturers recommend checking the AED before every period of duty or on a regular basis for fixed units. Some units need to be switched on in order to perform a self check; other models have a self check system built in with a visible indicator.
475:
most circumstances, the user cannot override a "no shock" advisory by an AED. Some AEDs may be used on children – those under 55 lbs (25 kg) in weight or under age 8. If a particular model of AED is approved for pediatric use,
552:
strengthened review will focus on the critical requirements needed to ensure the safety and reliability of AEDs and their necessary accessories, including batteries, pad electrodes, adapters and hardware keys for pediatric use."
233:
AEDs, like all defibrillators, are not designed to shock asystole ('flat line' patterns) as this will not have a positive clinical outcome. The asystolic patient only has a chance of survival if, through a combination of CPR and
398:
An AED is "automatic" because of the unit's ability to autonomously analyse the patient's condition. To assist this, the vast majority of units have spoken prompts, and some may also have visual displays to instruct the user.
418:
determine if the patient is in a shockable rhythm (either ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia). If the device determines that a shock is warranted, it will use the battery to charge its internal
585:, a pioneer in emergency medical treatment. Pantridge's defibrillator required a trained operator to perform the shock procedure and charted a course for many new innovations in external defibrillation.
1416:
589:
get to scene. Many of the early innovations in the Heart-Aid model are still part of the current generation of AEDs, although some innovations, like the airway electrode have fallen from use.
382:
include a monthly check of the battery power by checking the green indicator light when powered on, condition and cleanliness of all cables and the unit, and check for the adequate supplies.
1575:
365:
for cutting through a patient's clothing to expose the chest; a small towel for wiping away any moisture on the chest, and a razor for shaving those with very hairy chests.
342:
this does not necessarily summon emergency services; trained AED operators should know to phone for an ambulance when sending for or using an AED. In
September 2008, the
422:
in preparation to deliver the shock. The device system is not only safer - charging only when required, but also allows for a faster delivery of the electric current.
164:
and the first automatic, public-use defibrillator was produced by the
Cardiac Resuscitation Company in the late 1970s. The unit was launched under the name Heart-Aid.
350:
users do not necessarily have appropriate training, and many advocate the more widespread use of community responders, who can be appropriately trained and managed.
1576:
Telec W, Baszko A, Dąbrowski M, Dąbrowska A, Sip M, Puslecki M, Kłosiewicz T, Potyrała P, Jurczyk W, Maciejewski A, Zalewski R, Witt M, Ladny JR, Szarpak L (2018).
463:, an automated external defibrillator (AED) requires minimal training to be used (or even no training). That is possible because all AEDs approved for use in the
937:
501:
Automated external defibrillators are now easy enough to use that most states in the United States include the "good faith" use of an AED by any person under
1376:
995:
573:
The first use of an external defibrillator on a human was in 1947 by Claude Beck. The portable version of the external defibrillator was invented in 1957 by
1445:
293:
found evidence that use of a defibrillator on a woman wearing an underwire bra can lead to arcing or fire but only in unusual and unlikely circumstances.
857:
1402:
471:
user. Most units are designed for use by non-medical operators. Their ease of use has given rise to the notion of public access defibrillation (PAD).
238:
drugs, one of the shockable rhythms can be established, which makes it imperative for CPR to be carried out prior to the arrival of a defibrillator.
1617:
343:
330:
1938:
1942:
1205:"The Effects of Public Access Defibrillation on Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies"
801:
U.S. Department of Labor
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2001). "Cardiac arrest a automated external defibrillators (AEDs)".
1958:
1702:
1127:
824:
715:
767:
2064:
1953:
882:
1289:
467:
and many other countries use an electronic voice to prompt users through each step. Many AEDs now include visual prompts in case of a
133:
With simple audio and visual commands, AEDs are designed to be simple to use for the layperson, and the use of AEDs is taught in many
1930:
346:
issued a 'universal AED sign' to be adopted throughout the world to indicate the presence of an AED, and this is shown on the right.
1948:
251:
by 7 percent per minute in the first three minutes, and decreases by 10 percent per minute as time advances beyond ~three minutes.
2309:
1968:
565:
and the surrounding area were at risk of failing, either because of low battery power or because adhesive pads had deteriorated.
246:
Uncorrected, these cardiac conditions (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, asystole) rapidly lead to irreversible
962:
1978:
1818:
407:
287:
and piercings on the torso must be removed before using the AED on someone to avoid interference. The American television show
1163:
2366:
1973:
1790:
1264:
1251:
2151:
2058:
1988:
1963:
1384:
2361:
1103:
433:
The first commercially available AEDs were all of a monophasic type, which gave a high-energy shock, up to 360 to 400
130:, the application of electricity which stops the arrhythmia, allowing the heart to re-establish an effective rhythm.
123:
941:
1755:
1695:
1449:
1417:"Effective Date of Requirement for Premarket Approval for Automated External Defibrillator Systems; Republication"
991:
2052:
1992:
1765:
2040:
2034:
1313:
966:
2196:
2117:
2022:
2005:
647:
637:
555:
In the United Kingdom there is concern that poor maintenance may make public defibrillators unreliable. The
226:
from effectively pumping blood. The fibrillation in the heart decreases over time, and will eventually reach
146:
1351:
2304:
2046:
2028:
2011:
1760:
1398:
540:
506:
200:, which is not the same as a heart attack. The rhythms that the device will treat are usually limited to:
2105:
1688:
2201:
2189:
1730:
1057:
1326:
800:
739:
33:
An opened and charged AED. This model is semi-automatic, due to the presence of a manual shock button.
2299:
138:
509:(EMT) training and many CPR classes incorporate or offer AED education as a part of their program.
211:
119:
2184:
2144:
1655:
451:
378:
through a 'window', although others will require the opening of the case to find the date stamp.
205:
1131:
816:
711:
2330:
1745:
763:
394:
The use of easily visible status indicator and pad expiration date on a Cardiac Science G3 AED
2242:
2086:
1857:
1830:
1611:
2340:
2247:
1863:
1740:
1725:
357:
for providing a barrier between patient and first aider during rescue breathing; a pair of
269:
59:
1017:
8:
2232:
1842:
1836:
1824:
674:
2335:
2137:
2016:
1920:
1711:
1234:
1151:
1082:
615:
544:
502:
468:
402:"External" refers to the fact that the operator applies the electrode pads to the bare
277:
219:
142:
1537:
1512:
1488:
1471:
1221:
1204:
2179:
2174:
1915:
1750:
1735:
1599:
1493:
1283:
1226:
919:
693:
235:
223:
177:
111:) is a portable electronic device that automatically diagnoses the life-threatening
84:
1578:"Automated external defibrillator use in public places: a study of acquisition time"
1552:
1238:
970:
1589:
1532:
1524:
1483:
1420:
1216:
1167:
909:
685:
582:
562:
539:
In 2012, AED's (automated external defibrillators) were under scrutiny by the U.S.
193:
161:
115:
2273:
847:
629:
574:
557:
518:
153:
74:
1327:"Legal and Ethical Issues Related to Resuscitation - Section 10: Guideline 10.5"
2278:
2263:
2222:
1847:
1809:
1798:
1302:
642:
358:
268:
semi-automatic defibrillators used by health professionals, which can act as a
197:
127:
1268:
1203:
Bækgaard, Josefine S.; Viereck, Søren; Møller, Thea Palsgaard; Ersbøl (2017).
2355:
2237:
1775:
1528:
1399:"FDA takes steps to improve reliability of automated external defibrillators"
1380:
689:
652:
464:
460:
362:
284:
259:
189:
276:) and perform other functions which require a skilled operator able to read
1770:
1603:
1497:
1230:
923:
247:
152:
The portable version of the defibrillator was invented in the mid-1960s by
1594:
1577:
697:
1905:
1869:
914:
897:
354:
289:
273:
1434:
White, David (21 July 2017). "Life-savers out of date". Henley Standard.
310:
2081:
1890:
1804:
64:
1152:
HeartSine AED CPR Advisor detects Compressions depth and rate feedback
322:
public transport, and any other location where people may congregate.
105:
automated external defibrillator or automatic electronic defibrillator
93:
2283:
2160:
2000:
1885:
1852:
1680:
1254:
National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved on 2013-03-18.
419:
411:
134:
172:
2325:
1910:
1900:
1895:
852:
609:
561:
reported on 21 July 2017 that more than half the defibrillators in
334:
227:
1656:
American Red Cross: Learn About Automated External Defibrillators
1472:"Pioneers in cardiology: Frank Pantridge, CBE, MC, MD, FRCP, FACC"
517:
In addition to Good Samaritan laws, Ontario, Canada also has the "
28:
2227:
1650:
578:
157:
112:
49:
39:
325:
2268:
1780:
1188:
434:
390:
1383:, March 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-28. 2012-02-27. Archived from
896:
Caffrey SL, Willoughby PJ, Pepe PE, Becker LB (October 2002).
403:
315:
2129:
1670:
1630:
1645:
1202:
895:
791:(participant's manual). Yardley, PA: StayWell, 2006. p. 63.
1660:
1675:
734:
732:
477:
all that is required is the use of more appropriate pads
1252:
Laws on Cardiac Arrest and Defibrillators, 2013 update.
1080:
543:(FDA) which considered reclassifying AEDs as class III
729:
1423:, February 3, 2015. Retrieved 2017-07-15. 2015-02-03.
1083:"AED Universe: A Northwest Health and Safety Company"
1665:
605:
414:
surgically implanted inside the body of a patient).
183:
684:(1677–1682). American Heart Association: 1677–82.
1448:. Case Western Reserve University. Archived from
898:"Public use of automated external defibrillators"
2353:
817:"How To Use an Automated External Defibrillator"
764:"Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Statistics"
344:International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation
331:International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation
1939:International Federation for Emergency Medicine
1943:International Conference on Emergency Medicine
1018:"Do It Yourself: The Home Heart Defibrillator"
241:
2145:
1696:
1128:"Zoll AED Plus Provides Compression Feedback"
305:
192:is used in cases of life-threatening cardiac
1959:Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians
1651:American Heart Association: Learn & Live
1616:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
368:
2065:Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient
1954:Australasian College for Emergency Medicine
1104:"ZOLL® AED Plus® Package w/Voice Recording"
883:"Underwire Bra Can Mess with Defibrillator"
2152:
2138:
1703:
1689:
1166:. ZOLL Medical Corporation. Archived from
27:
1593:
1536:
1487:
1377:"The Shocking Truth About Defibrillators"
1303:Laws on Cardiac Arrest and Defibrillators
1220:
913:
385:
329:The universal AED sign, developed by the
1949:American College of Emergency Physicians
1469:
1332:. Australian Resuscitation Council. 2015
845:
450:
389:
324:
309:
258:
218:In each of these two types of shockable
171:
2310:Wilderness emergency medical technician
1969:European Society for Emergency Medicine
1352:"Work Health and Safety Act 2011 No 10"
1015:
938:"Look for me in airports/Hockey arenas"
821:National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
254:
2354:
1979:American Academy of Emergency Medicine
1710:
1288:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1058:"Why Do AED Defibrillator Pads Expire"
670:
668:
2133:
1684:
1666:Sudden Cardiac Arrest Foundation (AU)
1510:
1446:"Claude Beck, defibrillation and CPR"
1433:
1405:, January 2015. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
963:"ILCOR presents a universal AED sign"
770:from the original on 19 November 2008
353:Typically, an AED kit will contain a
1974:Asian Society for Emergency Medicine
1041:CPR/AED for the Professional Rescuer
789:CPR/AED for the Professional Rescuer
446:
126:, and is able to treat them through
2059:Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics
1964:Royal College of Emergency Medicine
1314:Health System Improvement Act, 2007
665:
13:
860:from the original on 29 April 2009
16:Portable electronic medical device
14:
2378:
1639:
1489:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187677
1222:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029067
1016:Barnaby, Barnaby J (2005-05-03).
998:from the original on 13 June 2007
827:from the original on 23 June 2011
803:OSHA Publication No. TIB 01-12-17
300:
184:Conditions that the device treats
124:pulseless ventricular tachycardia
2218:Automated external defibrillator
2112:
2101:
2100:
1756:International emergency medicine
1646:Sudden Cardiac Arrest Foundation
1470:Shurlock, B (18 December 2007).
718:from the original on 3 July 2007
622:
608:
496:
455:Usual placement of pads on chest
22:Automated external defibrillator
2113:
2053:Pediatric Advanced Life Support
1766:Pre-hospital emergency medicine
1624:
1569:
1545:
1504:
1463:
1438:
1427:
1409:
1391:
1369:
1344:
1319:
1307:
1296:
1257:
1245:
1196:
1181:
1156:
1145:
1120:
1096:
1074:
1050:
1034:
1009:
992:"Heartstart Home Defibrillator"
984:
955:
930:
889:
592:
314:An AED at a railway station in
272:if the heart rate is too slow (
2041:Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns
2035:Neonatal Resuscitation Program
1081:Northwest Health; Safety Inc.
967:European Resuscitation Council
875:
846:de Vries, Lloyd (2006-03-22).
839:
809:
794:
781:
756:
704:
534:
297:previous training in AED use.
167:
1:
2197:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
2159:
2023:Advanced cardiac life support
2006:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
1511:Evans, Alun (April 2, 2005).
658:
648:Advanced cardiac life support
638:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
406:of the victim (as opposed to
147:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
2305:Emergency medical technician
2047:Pediatric basic life support
2029:Advanced trauma life support
2012:Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
1761:Pediatric emergency medicine
1164:"AED Plus Biphasic Waveform"
940:. 2010-02-10. Archived from
541:Food and Drug Administration
525:
507:Emergency Medical Technician
491:
7:
2367:Emergency medical equipment
601:
242:Effect of delayed treatment
208:(shortened to VT or V-Tach)
10:
2383:
2202:Emergency bleeding control
1731:Emergency medical services
1661:Resuscitation Council (UK)
568:
482:
306:Placement and availability
263:Defibrillator training kit
214:(shortened to VF or V-Fib)
2362:Cardiac electrophysiology
2318:
2300:Certified first responder
2292:
2256:
2210:
2167:
2095:
2074:
1987:
1929:
1878:
1789:
1718:
1316:Retrieved on 26 June 2007
740:"Heart-Aid Defibrillator"
512:
369:Preparation for operation
139:certified first responder
90:
80:
70:
58:
48:
38:
26:
21:
1906:Epinephrine / Adrenaline
1529:10.1136/bmj.330.7494.793
690:10.1161/01.cir.95.6.1677
441:
212:Ventricular fibrillation
120:ventricular fibrillation
1671:The National EMS Museum
994:. Philips Electronics.
408:internal defibrillators
206:Ventricular tachycardia
1356:legislation.nsw.gov.au
1193:Monday, March 16, 2020
766:. American Red Cross.
714:. American Red Cross.
456:
395:
386:Mechanism of operation
338:
318:
264:
188:An automated external
180:
176:A diagram showing the
2243:Nasopharyngeal airway
2087:Injury Severity Score
1858:Nasopharyngeal airway
1831:Intraosseous infusion
1595:10.5603/KP.a2017.0199
787:American Red Cross.
454:
393:
328:
313:
262:
196:which lead to sudden
175:
2248:Oropharyngeal airway
1864:Oropharyngeal airway
1741:Emergency psychiatry
1726:Emergency department
915:10.1056/NEJMoa020932
870:have to remove them.
255:Requirements for use
85:Manual defibrillator
54:defibrillator, defib
2341:Wilderness medicine
1843:Tracheal intubation
1837:Intravenous therapy
712:"CPR Adult Courses"
503:Good Samaritan laws
2336:Good Samaritan law
2017:Basic life support
1921:Sodium bicarbonate
1719:Emergency medicine
1712:Emergency medicine
1387:on April 15, 2013.
848:"Breathing Easier"
616:Electronics portal
545:premarket approval
457:
396:
361:gloves; a pair of
339:
319:
283:Bras with a metal
278:electrocardiograms
265:
220:cardiac arrhythmia
181:
143:basic life support
2349:
2348:
2180:Airway management
2175:Abdominal thrusts
2127:
2126:
1916:Magnesium sulfate
1825:Electrocardiogram
1751:Medical emergency
1736:Emergency nursing
1513:"Frank Pantridge"
447:Simplicity of use
236:cardiac stimulant
178:chain of survival
101:
100:
2374:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2116:
2115:
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81:Related items
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37:
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25:
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1993:Life support
1813:
1771:Major trauma
1626:
1612:cite journal
1585:
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1571:
1560:. Retrieved
1556:
1547:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1454:. Retrieved
1450:the original
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1385:the original
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1321:
1309:
1298:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1259:
1247:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1189:"AEDS Guide"
1183:
1172:. Retrieved
1168:the original
1158:
1147:
1136:. Retrieved
1132:the original
1122:
1111:. Retrieved
1107:
1098:
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1076:
1065:. Retrieved
1061:
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1036:
1025:. Retrieved
1021:
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1000:. Retrieved
986:
975:. Retrieved
971:the original
957:
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942:the original
932:
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877:
868:
862:. Retrieved
851:
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829:. Retrieved
820:
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796:
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772:. Retrieved
758:
747:. Retrieved
743:
720:. Retrieved
706:
681:
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593:Case studies
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248:brain damage
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151:
145:(BLS) level
132:
108:
104:
102:
2331:Golden hour
1870:Pocket mask
1746:Golden hour
1582:Kardiol Pol
1476:Circulation
1209:Circulation
678:Circulation
535:Reliability
355:face shield
290:MythBusters
274:bradycardia
194:arrhythmias
168:Indications
116:arrhythmias
71:Inventor(s)
2356:Categories
2168:Techniques
2082:NACA score
1891:Amiodarone
1805:Chest tube
1676:OpenAEDMap
1631:AED master
1562:2021-07-13
1557:EMS Museum
1456:2007-06-15
1361:16 October
1336:16 October
1275:2007-07-22
1174:2008-10-27
1138:2018-08-21
1113:2016-05-12
1088:21 January
1067:2021-07-28
1062:AED Brands
1027:2007-06-15
1002:2007-06-15
977:2019-10-07
948:2010-03-27
864:2009-04-22
774:2008-10-27
749:2021-07-13
744:EMS Museum
722:2007-06-28
659:References
412:electrodes
204:Pulseless
65:Cardiology
2257:Mnemonics
2211:Equipment
2161:First aid
2001:First aid
1886:Adenosine
1853:Combitube
1827:(ECG/EKG)
1791:Equipment
526:Australia
492:Liability
420:capacitor
285:underwire
270:pacemaker
224:ventricle
135:first aid
122:(VF) and
60:Specialty
2326:Bleeding
2233:Dressing
2190:Advanced
2106:Category
2067:(CCrISP)
1911:Naloxone
1901:Dopamine
1896:Atropine
1604:29168550
1498:18086933
1284:cite web
1239:21249432
1231:28687709
996:Archived
924:12393821
858:Archived
853:CBS News
825:Archived
768:Archived
716:Archived
602:See also
335:ISO 7010
228:asystole
50:Synonyms
2228:Bandage
2118:Outline
2043:(ACoRN)
1989:Courses
698:9118556
579:Belfast
569:History
483:Benefit
158:Belfast
113:cardiac
40:Acronym
2319:Topics
2279:SAMPLE
2269:OPQRST
2061:(ALSO)
2055:(PALS)
2049:(PBLS)
2031:(ATLS)
2025:(ACLS)
1781:Triage
1602:
1538:555899
1535:
1496:
1237:
1229:
922:
831:24 May
696:
513:Canada
435:joules
141:, and
2185:Basic
2037:(NRP)
2019:(BLS)
2008:(CPR)
1879:Drugs
1866:(OPA)
1860:(NPA)
1801:(BVM)
1330:(PDF)
1235:S2CID
1045:supra
442:Usage
404:chest
316:Japan
92:[
2284:SOAP
2274:RICE
1839:(IV)
1833:(IO)
1618:link
1600:PMID
1494:PMID
1363:2020
1338:2020
1290:link
1227:PMID
1090:2013
920:PMID
833:2011
694:PMID
337:E010
2264:ABC
1819:ICD
1814:AED
1590:doi
1533:PMC
1525:doi
1521:330
1517:BMJ
1484:doi
1480:116
1217:doi
1213:136
910:doi
906:347
686:doi
577:in
156:in
118:of
109:AED
103:An
44:AED
2358::
1991:/
1614:}}
1610:{{
1598:.
1586:76
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